- --config <file>
-
Read configuration options from the specified file. Please see the section CONFIG FILES for documentation on the file format. If the same option is defined in the config file and as a parameter, the parameter overrides the config file.
- -t <type>, --type <type>
-
Set the type of network. There are two options: tap devices process Ethernet frames tun devices process IP packets. [default: tap]
- -d <name>, --device <name>
-
Name of the virtual device. Any %d will be filled with a free number. [default: vpncloud%d]
- --device-path <path>
-
The path of the base device inode, e.g. /dev/net/run.
- -m <mode>, --mode <mode>
-
The mode of the VPN. The VPN can like a router, a switch or a hub. A hub will send all data always to all peers. A switch will learn addresses from incoming data and only send data to all peers when the address is unknown. A router will send data according to known subnets of the peers and ignore them otherwise. The normal mode is switch for tap devices and router for tun devices. [default: normal]
- -l <addr>, --listen <addr>
-
The address on which to listen for data. This can be simply a port number or a full address in form IP:PORT. If the IP is specified as '\*' or only a port number is given, then the socket will listen on all IPs (v4 and v6), otherwise the socket will only listen on the given IP. [default: 3210]
- -c <addr>, --connect <addr>
-
Address of a peer to connect to. The address should be in the form addr:port. If the node is not started, the connection will be retried periodically. This parameter can be repeated to connect to multiple peers.
- -s <subnet>, --subnet <subnet>
-
The local subnets to use. This parameter should be in the form address/prefixlen where address is an IPv4 address, an IPv6 address, or a MAC address. The prefix length is the number of significant front bits that distinguish the subnet from other subnets. Example: 10.1.1.0/24.
- --shared-key <key>
-
An optional shared key to encrypt the VPN data. If this option is not set, the traffic will be sent unencrypted.
- --crypto <method>
-
The encryption method to use ("aes128", "aes256", or "chacha20"). Most current CPUs have special support for AES256 so this should be faster. For older computers lacking this support, CHACHA20 is the fastest option. [default: chacha20]
- --magic <id>
-
Override the 4-byte magic header of each packet. This header identifies the network and helps to distinguish it from other networks and other applications. The id can either be a 4 byte / 8 character hexadecimal string or an arbitrary string prefixed with "hash:" which will then be hashed into 4 bytes.
- --peer-timeout <secs>
-
Peer timeout in seconds. The peers will exchange information periodically and drop peers that are silent for this period of time. [default: 600]
- --keepalive <secs>
-
Interval of peer exchange messages in seconds. The peers will exchange information periodically to keep connections alive. This setting overrides how often this will happen. [default: peer-timeout/2-60]
- --dst-timeout <secs>
-
Switch table entry timeout in seconds. This parameter is only used in switch mode. Addresses that have not been seen for the given period of time will be forgotten. [default: 300]
- --beacon-store <path|command>
-
Periodically store beacons containing the address of this node in the given file or via the given command. If the parameter value starts with a pipe character (|), the rest of the value is interpreted as a shell command. Otherwise the value is interpreted as a file to write the beacon to. If this parameter is not given, beacon storage is disabled. Please see the section BEACONS for more information.
- --beacon-load <path|command>
-
Periodically load beacons containing the addresses of other nodes from the given file or via the given command. If the parameter value starts with a pipe character (|), the rest of the value is interpreted as a shell command. Otherwise the value is interpreted as a file to read the beacon from. If this parameter is not given, beacon loading is disabled. Please see the section BEACONS for more information.
- --beacon-interval <secs>
-
Beacon storage/loading interval in seconds. If configured to do so via --beacon-store and --beacon-load, the node will periodically store its beacon and load beacons of other nodes. This parameter defines the interval in seconds. [default: 3600]
- --ifup <command>
-
A command to setup the network interface. The command will be run (as parameter to sh -c) when the device has been created to configure it. The name of the allocated device will be available via the environment variable IFNAME. Please note that this command is executed with the full permissions of the caller.
- --ifdown <command>
-
A command to bring down the network interface. The command will be run (as parameter to sh -c) to remove any configuration from the device. The name of the allocated device will be available via the environment variable IFNAME. Please note that this command is executed with the (limited) permissions of the user and group given as --user and --group.
- --pid-file <file>
-
Store the process id in this file when running in the background. If set, the given file will be created containing the process id of the new background process. This option is only used when running in background.
- --user <user>
- --group <group>
-
Change the user and/or group of the process once all the setup has been done.
- --log-file <file>
-
If set, print logs also to the given file. The file will be created and truncated if is exists.
- --stats-file <file>
-
If set, periodically write statistics on peers and current traffic to the given file. The file will be periodically overwritten with new data.
- --statsd-server <server>
-
If set, periodically send statistics on current traffic and some important events to the given statsd server (host:port).
- --statsd-prefix <prefix>
-
Sets the prefix to use for all statsd entries. [default: vpncloud]
- --daemon
-
Spawn a background process instead of running the process in the foreground. If this flag is set, the process will first carry out all the initialization, then drop permissions if --user or --group is used and then spawn a background process and write its process id to a file if --pid-file is set. Then, the main process will exit and the background process continues to provide the VPN. At the time, when the main process exits, the interface exists and is properly configured to be used.
- --no-port-forwarding
-
Disable automatic port forward. If this option is not set, VpnCloud tries to detect a NAT router and automatically add a port forwarding to it.
- -v, --verbose
-
Print debug information, including information for data being received and sent.
- -q, --quiet
-
Only print errors and warnings.
- -h, --help
-
Display the help.
VpnCloud is a simple VPN over UDP. It creates a virtual network interface on the host and forwards all received data via UDP to the destination. It can work in 3 different modes:
- Switch mode
-
In this mode, the VPN will dynamically learn addresses as they are used as source addresses and use them to forward data to its destination. Addresses that have not been seen for some time (option dst_timeout) will be forgotten. Data for unknown addresses will be broadcast to all peers. This mode is the default mode for TAP devices that process Ethernet frames but it can also be used with TUN devices and IP packets.
- Hub mode
-
In this mode, all data will always be broadcast to all peers. This mode uses lots of bandwidth and should only be used in special cases.
- Router mode
-
In this mode, data will be forwarded based on preconfigured address ranges ("subnets"). Data for unknown nodes will be silently ignored. This mode is the default mode for TUN devices that work with IP packets but it can also be used with TAP devices and Ethernet frames.
All connected VpnCloud nodes will form a peer-to-peer network and cross-connect automatically until the network is fully connected. The nodes will periodically exchange information with the other nodes to signal that they are still active and to allow the automatic cross-connect behavior. There are some important things to note:
-
To avoid that different networks that reuse each others addresses merge due to the cross-connect behavior, the magic option can be used and set to any unique string to identify the network. The magic must be the same on all nodes of the same VPN network.
-
The cross-connect behavior can be able to connect nodes that are behind firewalls or NATs as it can function as hole-punching.
-
The management traffic will increase with the peer number quadratically. It should still be reasonably small for high node numbers (below 10 KiB/s for 10.000 nodes). A longer peer_timeout can be used to reduce the traffic further. For high node numbers, router mode should be used as it never broadcasts data.
VpnCloud does not implement any loop-avoidance. Since data received on the UDP socket will only be sent to the local network interface and vice versa, VpnCloud cannot produce loops on its own. On the TAP device, however STP data can be transported to avoid loops caused by other network components.
For TAP devices, IEEE 802.1q frames (VLAN tagged) are detected and forwarded based on separate MAC tables. Any nested tags (Q-in-Q) will be ignored.
In the example scenario, a simple layer 2 network tunnel is established. Most likely those commands need to be run as root using sudo.
First, VpnCloud need to be started on both nodes (the address after -c is the address of the remote node and the the X in the interface address must be unique among all nodes, e.g. 0, 1, 2, …):
vpncloud -c REMOTE_HOST:PORT --ifup 'ifconfig $IFNAME 10.0.0.X/24 mtu 1400 up'
Afterwards, the interface can be used to communicate.
In this example, 2 nodes and their subnets should communicate using IP. First, VpnCloud need to be started on both nodes:
vpncloud -t tun -c REMOTE_HOST:PORT --subnet 10.0.X.0/24 --ifup 'ifconfig $IFNAME 10.0.X.1/16 mtu 1400 up'
It is important to configure the interface in a way that all addresses on the VPN can be reached directly. E.g. if subnets 10.0.1.0/24, 10.0.2.0/24 and so on are used, the interface needs to be configured as 10.0.1.1/16. For TUN devices, this means that the prefix length of the subnets (/24 in this example) must be different than the prefix length that the interface is configured with (/16 in this example).
-
VpnCloud can be used to connect two separate networks. TAP networks can be bridged using brctl and TUN networks must be routed. It is very important to be careful when setting up such a scenario in order to avoid network loops, security issues, DHCP issues and many more problems.
-
TAP devices will forward DHCP data. If done intentionally, this can be used to assign unique addresses to all participants. If this happens accidentally, it can conflict with DHCP servers of the local network and can have severe side effects.
-
VpnCloud is not designed for high security use cases. Although the used crypto primitives are expected to be very secure, their application has not been reviewed. The shared key is hashed using PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256 to derive a key, which is used to encrypt the payload of messages using ChaCha20Poly1305, AES128-GCM, or AES256-GCM. The encryption includes an authentication that also protects the header. This method does only protect against attacks on single messages but not against attacks that manipulate the message series itself (i.e. suppress messages, reorder them, or duplicate them).
The config file is a YAML file that contains configuration values. All entries are optional and override the defaults. Please see the section OPTIONS for detailed descriptions of the options.
- device_type
-
Set the type of network. Same as --type
- device_name
-
Name of the virtual device. Same as --device
- device_path
-
Set the path of the base device. Same as --device-path
- ifup
-
A command to setup the network interface. Same as --ifup
- ifdown
-
A command to bring down the network interface. Same as --ifdown
- crypto
-
The encryption method to use. Same as --crypto
- shared_key
-
The shared key to encrypt all traffic. Same as --shared-key
- magic
-
Override the 4-byte magic header of each packet. Same as --magic
- port
-
A port number to listen on. This option is DEPRECATED.
- listen
-
The address on which to listen for data. Same as --listen
- peers
-
A list of addresses to connect to. See --connect
- peer_timeout
-
Peer timeout in seconds. Same as--peer-timeout
- beacon_store
-
Path or command to store beacons. Same as --beacon-store
- beacon_load
-
Path or command to load beacons. Same as --beacon-load
- beacon_interval
-
Interval for loading and storing beacons in seconds. Same as --beacon-interval
- mode
-
The mode of the VPN. Same as --mode
- dst_timeout
-
Switch table entry timeout in seconds. Same as --dst-timeout
- subnets
-
A list of local subnets to use. See --subnet
- port_forwarding
-
Whether to activate port forwardig. See --no-port-forwarding
- user
-
The name of a user to run the background process under. Same as --user
- group
-
The name of a group to run the background process under. Same as --group
- pid_file
-
The path of the pid file to create. Same as --pid-file
- stats_file
-
The path of the statistics file. Same as --stats-file
- statsd_server
-
Server to report statistics to. Same as --statsd-server
- statsd_prefix
-
Prefix to use when reporting to statsd. Same as --statsd-prefix
device_type: tun device_name: vpncloud%d ifup: ifconfig $IFNAME 10.0.1.1/16 mtu 1400 up crypto: aes256 shared_key: mysecret listen: 3210 peers: - remote.machine.foo:3210 - remote.machine.bar:3210 peer_timeout: 600 mode: normal subnets: - 10.0.1.0/24 port_forwarding: true user: nobody group: nogroup pid_file: /run/vpncloud.pid
Beacons are short character sequences that contain a timestamp and a list of addresses. They can be published and retrieved by other nodes to find peers without the need for static addresses.
The beacons are short (less than 100 characters), encrypted and encoded with printable characters to allow publishing them in various places on the internet, e.g.:
-
On shared drives or synchronized folders (e.g. on Dropbox)
-
Via a dedicated database
-
Via a general purpose message board of message service (e.g. Twitter)
The beacons are very robust. They only consist of alphanumeric characters and can be interleaved with non-alphanumeric characters (e.g. whitespace). Also the beacons contain a prefix and suffix that depends on the configured network magic and secret key (if set) so that all nodes can find beacons in a long text.
When beacons are stored or loaded via a command (using the pipe character |), the command is interpreted using the configured shell sh. This command has access to the following environment variables:
- $begin
-
The prefix of the beacon.
- $end
-
The suffix of the beacon.
- $data (only on store)
-
The middle part of the beacon. Do not use this without prefix and suffix!
- $beacon (only on store)
-
The full beacon consisting of prefix, data and suffix. The commands are called in separate threads, so even longer running commands will not block the node.
When a statsd server is configured (either via --statsd-server or the config option statsd_server), VpnCloud sends out the following statistics every minute.
Gauge values: peer_count:: Current number of peers table_entries:: Number of routing table / switch table entries
The following statistics consist of two keys: .bytes and .packets that hold the values in bytes and packets. All values refer to the traffic during the last minute: traffic.protocol.inbound:: Complete incoming traffic with all peers traffic.protocol.outbound:: Complete outgoing traffic with all peers traffic.payload.inbound:: Incoming payload traffic with all peers traffic.payload.outbound:: Outgoing payload traffic with all peers invalid_protocol_traffic:: Invalid incoming protocol traffic dropped_payload:: Outgoing traffic that could not be routed
All keys are prefixed by a common prefix. The prefix defaults to vpncloud but can be changed via --statsd-prefix or the config option statsd_prefix.
The protocol of VpnCloud is kept as simple as possible to allow other implementations and to maximize the performance.
Every packet sent over UDP contains the following header (in order):
- 4 bytes magic
-
This field is used to identify the packet and to sort out packets that do not belong. The default is [0x76, 0x70, 0x6e, 0x01] ("vpn\x01"). This field can be used to identify VpnCloud packets and might be set to something different to hide the protocol.
- 1 byte crypto method
-
This field specifies the method that must be used to decrypt the rest of the data. The currently supported methods are:
-
Method 0, No encryption: Rest of the data can be read without decrypting it.
-
Method 1, ChaCha20: The header is followed by a 12 byte nonce. The rest of the data is encrypted with the libsodium::crypto_aead_chacha20poly1305_ietf method, using the 8 byte header as additional data.
-
Method 2, AES256: The header is followed by a 12 byte nonce. The rest of the data is encrypted with the libsodium::crypto_aead_aes256gcm method, using the 8 byte header as additional data.
-
- 2 reserved bytes
-
that are currently unused and set to 0
- 1 byte for the message type
-
This byte specifies the type of message that follows. Currently the following message types are supported:
-
Type 0: Data packet
-
Type 1: Peer list
-
Type 2: Initial message
-
Type 3: Closing message
-
After this 8 byte header, the rest of the message follows. It is encrypted using the method specified in the header.
In the decrypted data, the message as specified in the message type field will follow:
- Data packet (message type 0)
-
This packet contains payload. The format of the data depends on the device type. For TUN devices, this data contains an IP packet. For TAP devices it contains an Ethernet frame. The data starts right after the header and ends at the end of the packet. If it is an Ethernet frame, it will start with the destination MAC and end with the payload. It does not contain the preamble, SFD, padding, and CRC fields.
- Peer list (message type 1)
-
This packet contains the peer list of the sender. The first byte after the switch byte contains the number of IPv4 addresses that follow. After that, the specified number of addresses follow, where each address is encoded in 6 bytes. The first 4 bytes are the IPv4 address and the later 2 bytes are port number (both in network byte order). After those addresses, the next byte contains the number of IPv6 addresses that follow. After that, the specified number of addresses follow, where each address is encoded in 18 bytes. The first 16 bytes are the IPv6 address and the later 2 bytes are port number (both in network byte order).
- Initial message (message type 2)
-
This packet contains the following information:
-
The stage of the initialization process
-
A random node id to distinguish different nodes
-
All the local subnets claimed by the nodes
Its first byte marks the stage of the initial handshake process. The next 16 bytes contain the unique node id. After that, the list of local subnets follows. The subnet list is encoded in the following way: Its first byte of data contains the number of encoded subnets that follow. After that, the given number of encoded subnets follow. For each subnet, the first byte is the length of bytes in the base address and is followed by the given number of base address bytes and one additional byte that is the prefix length of the subnet. The addresses for the subnet will be encoded like they are encoded in their native protocol (4 bytes for IPv4, 16 bytes for IPv6, and 6 bytes for a MAC address) with the exception of MAC addresses in a VLan which will be encoded in 8 bytes where the first 2 bytes are the VLan number in network byte order and the later 6 bytes are the MAC address.
-
- Closing message (message type 3)
-
This packet does not contain any more data.
Nodes are expected to send an initial message with stage 0 whenever they connect to a node they were not connected to before. As a reply to this message, another initial should be sent with stage 1. Also a peer list message should be sent as a reply.
When connected, nodes should periodically send their peer list to all of their peers to spread this information and to avoid peer timeouts. To avoid the cubic growth of management traffic, nodes should at a certain network size start sending partial peer lists instead of the full list. A reasonable number would be about 20 peers. The subsets should be selected randomly.
Nodes should remove peers from their peer list after a certain period of inactivity or when receiving a closing message. Before shutting down, nodes should send the closing message to all of their peers in order to avoid receiving further data until the timeout is reached.
Nodes should only add nodes to their peer list after receiving an initial message from them instead of adding them right from the peer list of another peer. This is necessary to avoid the case of a large network keeping dead nodes alive.