rb.php

<?php

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * RedBean Logging interface.
 * Provides a uniform and convenient logging
 * interface throughout RedBeanPHP.
 *
 * @file    RedBean/Logging.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface Logger
{
	/**
	 * A logger (for PDO or OCI driver) needs to implement the log method.
	 * The log method will receive logging data. Note that the number of parameters is 0, this means
	 * all parameters are optional and the number may vary. This way the logger can be used in a very
	 * flexible way. Sometimes the logger is used to log a simple error message and in other
	 * situations sql and bindings are passed.
	 * The log method should be able to accept all kinds of parameters and data by using
	 * functions like func_num_args/func_get_args.
	 *
	 * @param string $message, ...
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function log();
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Logger {

use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;

/**
 * Logger. Provides a basic logging function for RedBeanPHP.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Logger.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class RDefault implements Logger
{
	/**
	 * Logger modes
	 */
	const C_LOGGER_ECHO  = 0;
	const C_LOGGER_ARRAY = 1;

	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $mode = 0;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $logs = array();

	/**
	 * Default logger method logging to STDOUT.
	 * This is the default/reference implementation of a logger.
	 * This method will write the message value to STDOUT (screen) unless
	 * you have changed the mode of operation to C_LOGGER_ARRAY.
	 *
	 * @param $message (optional) message to log (might also be data or output)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function log()
	{
		if ( func_num_args() < 1 ) return;

		foreach ( func_get_args() as $argument ) {
			if ( is_array( $argument ) ) {
				$log = var_export( $argument, TRUE );
				if ( $this->mode === self::C_LOGGER_ECHO ) {
					echo $log;
				} else {
					$this->logs[] = $log;
				}
			} else {
				if ( $this->mode === self::C_LOGGER_ECHO ) {
					echo $argument;
				} else {
					$this->logs[] = $argument;
				}
			}

			if ( $this->mode === self::C_LOGGER_ECHO ) echo "<br>" . PHP_EOL;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the internal log array.
	 * The internal log array is where all log messages are stored.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getLogs()
	{
		return $this->logs;
	}

	/**
	 * Clears the internal log array, removing all
	 * previously stored entries.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function clear()
	{
		$this->logs = array();
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Selects a logging mode.
	 * There are several options available.
	 *
	 * * C_LOGGER_ARRAY - log silently, stores entries in internal log array only
	 * * C_LOGGER_ECHO  - also forward log messages directly to STDOUT
	 *
	 * @param integer $mode mode of operation for logging object
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setMode( $mode )
	{
		if ($mode !== self::C_LOGGER_ARRAY && $mode !== self::C_LOGGER_ECHO ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Invalid mode selected for logger, use C_LOGGER_ARRAY or C_LOGGER_ECHO.' );
		}
		$this->mode = $mode;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Searches for all log entries in internal log array
	 * for $needle and returns those entries.
	 * This method will return an array containing all matches for your
	 * search query.
	 *
	 * @param string $needle phrase to look for in internal log array
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function grep( $needle )
	{
		$found = array();
		foreach( $this->logs as $logEntry ) {
			if ( strpos( $logEntry, $needle ) !== FALSE ) $found[] = $logEntry;
		}
		return $found;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault {

use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault as RDefault;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;

/**
 * Debug logger.
 * A special logger for debugging purposes.
 * Provides debugging logging functions for RedBeanPHP.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Logger/RDefault/Debug.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Debug extends RDefault implements Logger
{
	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $strLen = 40;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $noCLI = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $flagUseStringOnlyBinding = FALSE;

	/**
	 * Toggles CLI override. By default debugging functions will
	 * output differently based on PHP_SAPI values. This function
	 * allows you to override the PHP_SAPI setting. If you set
	 * this to TRUE, CLI output will be suppressed in favour of
	 * HTML output. So, to get HTML on the command line use
	 * setOverrideCLIOutput( TRUE ).
	 *
	 * @param boolean $yesNo CLI-override setting flag
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setOverrideCLIOutput( $yesNo )
	{
		self::$noCLI = $yesNo;
	}

	/**
	 * Writes a query for logging with all bindings / params filled
	 * in.
	 *
	 * @param string $newSql      the query
	 * @param array  $newBindings the bindings to process (key-value pairs)
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function writeQuery( $newSql, $newBindings )
	{
		//avoid str_replace collisions: slot1 and slot10 (issue 407).
		uksort( $newBindings, function( $a, $b ) {
			return ( strlen( $b ) - strlen( $a ) );
		} );

		$newStr = $newSql;
		foreach( $newBindings as $slot => $value ) {
			if ( strpos( $slot, ':' ) === 0 ) {
				$newStr = str_replace( $slot, $this->fillInValue( $value ), $newStr );
			}
		}
		return $newStr;
	}

	/**
	 * Fills in a value of a binding and truncates the
	 * resulting string if necessary.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $value bound value
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function fillInValue( $value )
	{
		if ( is_array( $value ) && count( $value ) == 2 ) {
			$paramType = end( $value );
			$value = reset( $value );
		} else {
			$paramType = NULL;
		}

		if ( is_null( $value ) ) $value = 'NULL';

		if ( $this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding ) $paramType = \PDO::PARAM_STR;

		if ( $paramType != \PDO::PARAM_INT && $paramType != \PDO::PARAM_STR ) {
			if ( \RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter::canBeTreatedAsInt( $value ) || $value === 'NULL') {
				$paramType = \PDO::PARAM_INT;
			} else {
				$paramType = \PDO::PARAM_STR;
			}
		}

		if ( strlen( $value ) > ( $this->strLen ) ) {
			$value = substr( $value, 0, ( $this->strLen ) ).'... ';
		}

		if ($paramType === \PDO::PARAM_STR) {
			$value = '\''.$value.'\'';
		}

		return $value;
	}

	/**
	 * Depending on the current mode of operation,
	 * this method will either log and output to STDIN or
	 * just log.
	 *
	 * Depending on the value of constant PHP_SAPI this function
	 * will format output for console or HTML.
	 *
	 * @param string $str string to log or output and log
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function output( $str )
	{
		$this->logs[] = $str;
		if ( !$this->mode ) {
			$highlight = FALSE;
			/* just a quick heuristic to highlight schema changes */
			if ( strpos( $str, 'CREATE' ) === 0
			|| strpos( $str, 'ALTER' ) === 0
			|| strpos( $str, 'DROP' ) === 0) {
				$highlight = TRUE;
			}
			if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli' && !self::$noCLI) {
				if ($highlight) echo "\e[91m";
				echo $str, PHP_EOL;
				echo "\e[39m";
			} else {
				if ($highlight) {
					echo "<b style=\"color:red\">{$str}</b>";
				} else {
					echo $str;
				}
				echo '<br />';
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Normalizes the slots in an SQL string.
	 * Replaces question mark slots with :slot1 :slot2 etc.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql sql to normalize
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function normalizeSlots( $sql )
	{
		$newSql = $sql;
		$i = 0;
		while(strpos($newSql, '?') !== FALSE ){
			$pos   = strpos( $newSql, '?' );
			$slot  = ':slot'.$i;
			$begin = substr( $newSql, 0, $pos );
			$end   = substr( $newSql, $pos+1 );
			if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli' && !self::$noCLI) {
				$newSql = "{$begin}\e[32m{$slot}\e[39m{$end}";
			} else {
				$newSql = "{$begin}<b style=\"color:green\">$slot</b>{$end}";
			}
			$i ++;
		}
		return $newSql;
	}

	/**
	 * Normalizes the bindings.
	 * Replaces numeric binding keys with :slot1 :slot2 etc.
	 *
	 * @param array $bindings bindings to normalize
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function normalizeBindings( $bindings )
	{
		$i = 0;
		$newBindings = array();
		foreach( $bindings as $key => $value ) {
			if ( is_numeric($key) ) {
				$newKey = ':slot'.$i;
				$newBindings[$newKey] = $value;
				$i++;
			} else {
				$newBindings[$key] = $value;
			}
		}
		return $newBindings;
	}

	/**
	 * Logger method.
	 *
	 * Takes a number of arguments tries to create
	 * a proper debug log based on the available data.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function log()
	{
		if ( func_num_args() < 1 ) return;

		$sql = func_get_arg( 0 );

		if ( func_num_args() < 2) {
			$bindings = array();
		} else {
			$bindings = func_get_arg( 1 );
		}

		if ( !is_array( $bindings ) ) {
			return $this->output( $sql );
		}

		$newSql = $this->normalizeSlots( $sql );
		$newBindings = $this->normalizeBindings( $bindings );
		$newStr = $this->writeQuery( $newSql, $newBindings );
		$this->output( $newStr );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the max string length for the parameter output in
	 * SQL queries. Set this value to a reasonable number to
	 * keep you SQL queries readable.
	 *
	 * @param integer $len string length
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setParamStringLength( $len = 20 )
	{
		$this->strLen = max(0, $len);
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Whether to bind all parameters as strings.
	 * If set to TRUE this will cause all integers to be bound as STRINGS.
	 * This will NOT affect NULL values.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $yesNo pass TRUE to bind all parameters as strings.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setUseStringOnlyBinding( $yesNo = false )
	{
		$this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding = (boolean) $yesNo;
		return $this;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * Interface for database drivers.
 * The Driver API conforms to the ADODB pseudo standard
 * for database drivers.
 *
 * @file       RedBeanPHP/Driver.php
 * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license    BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface Driver
{
	/**
	 * Runs a query and fetches results as a multi dimensional array.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function GetAll( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Runs a query and fetches results as a column.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function GetCol( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Runs a query and returns results as a single cell.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function GetOne( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Runs a query and returns results as an associative array
	 * indexed by the first column.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function GetAssocRow( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Runs a query and returns a flat array containing the values of
	 * one row.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function GetRow( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Executes SQL code and allows key-value binding.
	 * This function allows you to provide an array with values to bind
	 * to query parameters. For instance you can bind values to question
	 * marks in the query. Each value in the array corresponds to the
	 * question mark in the query that matches the position of the value in the
	 * array. You can also bind values using explicit keys, for instance
	 * array(":key"=>123) will bind the integer 123 to the key :key in the
	 * SQL. This method has no return value.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return int Affected Rows
	 */
	public function Execute( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns the latest insert ID if driver does support this
	 * feature.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function GetInsertID();

	/**
	 * Returns the number of rows affected by the most recent query
	 * if the currently selected driver driver supports this feature.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function Affected_Rows();

	/**
	 * Returns a cursor-like object from the database.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return Cursor
	 */
	public function GetCursor( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Toggles debug mode. In debug mode the driver will print all
	 * SQL to the screen together with some information about the
	 * results.
	 *
	 * This method is for more fine-grained control. Normally
	 * you should use the facade to start the query debugger for
	 * you. The facade will manage the object wirings necessary
	 * to use the debugging functionality.
	 *
	 * Usage (through facade):
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::debug( TRUE );
	 * ...rest of program...
	 * R::debug( FALSE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how to use the RedBeanPHP
	 * query debugger through the facade.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $trueFalse turn on/off
	 * @param Logger  $logger    logger instance
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setDebugMode( $tf, $customLogger );

	/**
	 * Commits a transaction.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function CommitTrans();

	/**
	 * Starts a transaction.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function StartTrans();

	/**
	 * Rolls back a transaction.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function FailTrans();

	/**
	 * Resets the internal Query Counter.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function resetCounter();

	/**
	 * Returns the number of SQL queries processed.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getQueryCount();

	/**
	 * Sets initialization code for connection.
	 *
	 * @param callable|NULL $code code
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setInitCode( $code );

	/**
	 * Returns the version string from the database server.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function DatabaseServerVersion();
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Driver {

use RedBeanPHP\Driver as Driver;
use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQL;
use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault as RDefault;
use RedBeanPHP\PDOCompatible as PDOCompatible;
use RedBeanPHP\Cursor\PDOCursor as PDOCursor;

/**
 * PDO Driver
 * This Driver implements the RedBean Driver API.
 * for RedBeanPHP. This is the standard / default database driver
 * for RedBeanPHP.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/PDO.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community, Desfrenes
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) Desfrenes & Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class RPDO implements Driver
{
	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $max;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $dsn;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $loggingEnabled = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var Logger|NULL
	 */
	protected $logger = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var \PDO|NULL
	 */
	protected $pdo;

	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $affectedRows;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $resultArray;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $connectInfo = array();

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $isConnected = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var bool
	 */
	protected $flagUseStringOnlyBinding = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $queryCounter = 0;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $mysqlCharset = '';

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $mysqlCollate = '';

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $stringifyFetches = TRUE;

	/**
	 * @var string|NULL
	 */
	protected $initSQL = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var callable|NULL
	 */
	protected $initCode = NULL;

	/**
	 * Binds parameters. This method binds parameters to a PDOStatement for
	 * Query Execution. This method binds parameters as NULL, INTEGER or STRING
	 * and supports both named keys and question mark keys.
	 *
	 * @param \PDOStatement $statement PDO Statement instance
	 * @param array         $bindings  values that need to get bound to the statement
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function bindParams( $statement, $bindings )
	{
		foreach ( $bindings as $key => &$value ) {
			$k = is_integer( $key ) ? $key + 1 : $key;

			if ( is_array( $value ) && count( $value ) == 2 ) {
				$paramType = end( $value );
				$value = reset( $value );
			} else {
				$paramType = NULL;
			}

			if ( is_null( $value ) ) {
				$statement->bindValue( $k, NULL, \PDO::PARAM_NULL );
				continue;
			}

			if ( $paramType != \PDO::PARAM_INT && $paramType != \PDO::PARAM_STR ) {
				if ( !$this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding && AQueryWriter::canBeTreatedAsInt( $value ) && abs( $value ) <= $this->max ) {
					$paramType = \PDO::PARAM_INT;
				} else {
					$paramType = \PDO::PARAM_STR;
				}
			}

			$statement->bindParam( $k, $value, $paramType );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * This method runs the actual SQL query and binds a list of parameters to the query.
	 * slots. The result of the query will be stored in the protected property
	 * $rs (always array). The number of rows affected (result of rowcount, if supported by database)
	 * is stored in protected property $affectedRows. If the debug flag is set
	 * this function will send debugging output to screen buffer.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      the SQL string to be send to database server
	 * @param array  $bindings the values that need to get bound to the query slots
	 * @param array  $options
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 * @throws SQL
	 */
	public function runQuery( $sql, $bindings, $options = array() )
	{
		$this->connect();
		if ( $this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger ) {
			$this->logger->log( $sql, $bindings );
		}
		try {
			if ( strpos( 'pgsql', $this->dsn ) === 0 ) {
				if (defined('\\PDO::PGSQL_ATTR_DISABLE_NATIVE_PREPARED_STATEMENT')) {
                 			$statement = @$this->pdo->prepare($sql, array(\PDO::PGSQL_ATTR_DISABLE_NATIVE_PREPARED_STATEMENT => TRUE));
             			} else {
                 			$statement = $this->pdo->prepare($sql);
             			}
			} else {
				$statement = $this->pdo->prepare( $sql );
			}
			$this->bindParams( $statement, $bindings );
			$statement->execute();
			$this->queryCounter ++;
			$this->affectedRows = $statement->rowCount();
			if ( isset( $options['noFetch'] ) && $options['noFetch'] ) {
				$this->resultArray = array();
				return $statement;
			}
			if ( $statement->columnCount() ) {
				$fetchStyle = ( isset( $options['fetchStyle'] ) ) ? $options['fetchStyle'] : NULL;
				if ( is_null( $fetchStyle) ) {
					$this->resultArray = $statement->fetchAll();
				} else {
					$this->resultArray = $statement->fetchAll( $fetchStyle );
				}
				if ( $this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger ) {
					$this->logger->log( 'resultset: ' . count( $this->resultArray ) . ' rows' );
				}
			} else {
				$this->resultArray = array();
			}
		} catch ( \PDOException $e ) {
			//Unfortunately the code field is supposed to be int by default (php)
			//So we need a property to convey the SQL State code.
			$err = $e->getMessage();
			if ( $this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger ) $this->logger->log( 'An error occurred: ' . $err );
			$exception = new SQL( $err, 0, $e );
			$exception->setSQLState( $e->getCode() );
			$exception->setDriverDetails( $e->errorInfo );
			throw $exception;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Try to fix MySQL character encoding problems.
	 * MySQL < 5.5.3 does not support proper 4 byte unicode but they
	 * seem to have added it with version 5.5.3 under a different label: utf8mb4.
	 * We try to select the best possible charset based on your version data.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function setEncoding()
	{
		$driver = $this->pdo->getAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME );
		if ($driver === 'mysql') {
			$charset = $this->hasCap( 'utf8mb4' ) ? 'utf8mb4' : 'utf8';
			$collate = $this->hasCap( 'utf8mb4_520' ) ? '_unicode_520_ci' : '_unicode_ci';
			$this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND, 'SET NAMES '. $charset ); //on every re-connect
			/* #624 removed space before SET NAMES because it causes trouble with ProxySQL */
			$this->pdo->exec('SET NAMES '. $charset); //also for current connection
			$this->mysqlCharset = $charset;
			$this->mysqlCollate = $charset . $collate;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Determine if a database supports a particular feature.
	 * Currently this function can be used to detect the following features:
	 *
	 * - utf8mb4
	 * - utf8mb4 520
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $this->hasCap( 'utf8mb4_520' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * By default, RedBeanPHP uses this method under the hood to make sure
	 * you use the latest UTF8 encoding possible for your database.
	 *
	 * @param string $db_cap identifier of database capability
	 *
	 * @return int|false Whether the database feature is supported, FALSE otherwise.
	 **/
	protected function hasCap( $db_cap )
	{
		$compare = FALSE;
		$version = $this->pdo->getAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION );
		switch ( strtolower( $db_cap ) ) {
			case 'utf8mb4':
				//oneliner, to boost code coverage (coverage does not span versions)
				if ( version_compare( $version, '5.5.3', '<' ) ) { return FALSE; }
				$client_version = $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION );
				/*
				 * libmysql has supported utf8mb4 since 5.5.3, same as the MySQL server.
				 * mysqlnd has supported utf8mb4 since 5.0.9.
				 */
				if ( strpos( $client_version, 'mysqlnd' ) !== FALSE ) {
					$client_version = preg_replace( '/^\D+([\d.]+).*/', '$1', $client_version );
					$compare = version_compare( $client_version, '5.0.9', '>=' );
				} else {
					$compare = version_compare( $client_version, '5.5.3', '>=' );
				}
			break;
			case 'utf8mb4_520':
				$compare = version_compare( $version, '5.6', '>=' );
			break;
		}

		return $compare;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor. You may either specify dsn, user and password or
	 * just give an existing PDO connection.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $driver = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $password );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how to create a driver
	 * instance from a database connection string (dsn), a username
	 * and a password. It's also possible to pass a PDO object.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $driver = new RPDO( $existingConnection );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The second example shows how to create an RPDO instance
	 * from an existing PDO object.
	 *
	 * @param string|\PDO   $dsn  database connection string
	 * @param string        $user optional, username to sign in
	 * @param string        $pass optional, password for connection login
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __construct( $dsn, $user = NULL, $pass = NULL, $options = array() )
	{
		if ( is_object( $dsn ) ) {
			$this->pdo = $dsn;
			$this->isConnected = TRUE;
			$this->setEncoding();
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,\PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE,\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC );
			// make sure that the dsn at least contains the type
			$this->dsn = $this->getDatabaseType();
		} else {
			$this->dsn = $dsn;
			$this->connectInfo = array( 'pass' => $pass, 'user' => $user );
			if (is_array($options)) $this->connectInfo['options'] = $options;
		}

		//PHP 5.3 PDO SQLite has a bug with large numbers:
		if ( ( strpos( $this->dsn, 'sqlite' ) === 0 && PHP_MAJOR_VERSION === 5 && PHP_MINOR_VERSION === 3 ) ||  defined('HHVM_VERSION') || $this->dsn === 'test-sqlite-53' ) {
			$this->max = 2147483647; //otherwise you get -2147483648 ?! demonstrated in build #603 on Travis.
		} elseif ( strpos( $this->dsn, 'cubrid' ) === 0 ) {
			$this->max = 2147483647; //bindParam in pdo_cubrid also fails...
		} else {
			$this->max = PHP_INT_MAX; //the normal value of course (makes it possible to use large numbers in LIMIT clause)
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Sets PDO in stringify fetch mode.
	 * If set to TRUE, this method will make sure all data retrieved from
	 * the database will be fetched as a string. Default: TRUE.
	 *
	 * To set it to FALSE...
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::getDatabaseAdapter()->getDatabase()->stringifyFetches( FALSE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Important!
	 * Note, this method only works if you set the value BEFORE the connection
	 * has been establish. Also, this setting ONLY works with SOME drivers.
	 * It's up to the driver to honour this setting.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $bool
	 */
	public function stringifyFetches( $bool ) {
		$this->stringifyFetches = $bool;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the best possible encoding for MySQL based on version data.
	 * This method can be used to obtain the best character set parameters
	 * possible for your database when constructing a table creation query
	 * containing clauses like:  CHARSET=... COLLATE=...
	 * This is a MySQL-specific method and not part of the driver interface.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $charset_collate = $this->adapter->getDatabase()->getMysqlEncoding( TRUE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param boolean $retCol pass TRUE to return both charset/collate
	 *
	 * @return string|array
	 */
	public function getMysqlEncoding( $retCol = FALSE )
	{
		if( $retCol )
			return array( 'charset' => $this->mysqlCharset, 'collate' => $this->mysqlCollate );
		return $this->mysqlCharset;
	}

	/**
	 * Whether to bind all parameters as strings.
	 * If set to TRUE this will cause all integers to be bound as STRINGS.
	 * This will NOT affect NULL values.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $yesNo pass TRUE to bind all parameters as strings.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setUseStringOnlyBinding( $yesNo )
	{
		$this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding = (boolean) $yesNo;
		if ( $this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger && method_exists($this->logger,'setUseStringOnlyBinding')) {
			$this->logger->setUseStringOnlyBinding( $this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the maximum value to be bound as integer, normally
	 * this value equals PHP's MAX INT constant, however sometimes
	 * PDO driver bindings cannot bind large integers as integers.
	 * This method allows you to manually set the max integer binding
	 * value to manage portability/compatibility issues among different
	 * PHP builds. This method will return the old value.
	 *
	 * @param integer $max maximum value for integer bindings
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function setMaxIntBind( $max )
	{
		if ( !is_integer( $max ) ) throw new RedException( 'Parameter has to be integer.' );
		$oldMax = $this->max;
		$this->max = $max;
		return $oldMax;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets initialization code to execute upon connecting.
	 *
	 * @param callable|NULL $code
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setInitCode($code)
	{
		$this->initCode= $code;
	}

	/**
	 * Establishes a connection to the database using PHP\PDO
	 * functionality. If a connection has already been established this
	 * method will simply return directly. This method also turns on
	 * UTF8 for the database and PDO-ERRMODE-EXCEPTION as well as
	 * PDO-FETCH-ASSOC.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function connect()
	{
		if ( $this->isConnected ) return;
		try {
			$user = $this->connectInfo['user'];
			$pass = $this->connectInfo['pass'];
			$options = array();
			if (isset($this->connectInfo['options']) && is_array($this->connectInfo['options'])) {
				$options = $this->connectInfo['options'];
			}
			$this->pdo = new \PDO( $this->dsn, $user, $pass, $options );
			$this->setEncoding();
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES, $this->stringifyFetches );
			//cant pass these as argument to constructor, CUBRID driver does not understand...
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE, \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC );
			$this->isConnected = TRUE;
			/* run initialisation query if any */
			if ( $this->initSQL !== NULL ) {
				$this->Execute( $this->initSQL );
				$this->initSQL = NULL;
			}
			if ( $this->initCode !== NULL ) {
				$code = $this->initCode;
				$code( $this->pdo->getAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION ) );
			}
		} catch ( \PDOException $exception ) {
			$matches = array();
			$dbname  = ( preg_match( '/dbname=(\w+)/', $this->dsn, $matches ) ) ? $matches[1] : '?';
			throw new \PDOException( 'Could not connect to database (' . $dbname . ').', $exception->getCode() );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Directly sets PDO instance into driver.
	 * This method might improve performance, however since the driver does
	 * not configure this instance terrible things may happen... only use
	 * this method if you are an expert on RedBeanPHP, PDO and UTF8 connections and
	 * you know your database server VERY WELL.
	 *
	 * - connected     TRUE|FALSE (treat this instance as connected, default: TRUE)
	 * - setEncoding   TRUE|FALSE (let RedBeanPHP set encoding for you, default: TRUE)
	 * - setAttributes TRUE|FALSE (let RedBeanPHP set attributes for you, default: TRUE)*
	 * - setDSNString  TRUE|FALSE (extract DSN string from PDO instance, default: TRUE)
	 * - stringFetch   TRUE|FALSE (whether you want to stringify fetches or not, default: TRUE)
	 * - runInitCode   TRUE|FALSE (run init code if any, default: TRUE)
	 *
	 * *attributes:
	 * - RedBeanPHP will ask database driver to throw Exceptions on errors (recommended for compatibility)
         * - RedBeanPHP will ask database driver to use associative arrays when fetching (recommended for compatibility)
	 *
	 * @param \PDO    $pdo       PDO instance
	 * @param array   $options   Options to apply
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setPDO( \PDO $pdo, $options = array() ) {
		$this->pdo = $pdo;

		$connected     = TRUE;
		$setEncoding   = TRUE;
		$setAttributes = TRUE;
		$setDSNString  = TRUE;
		$runInitCode   = TRUE;
		$stringFetch   = TRUE;

		if ( isset($options['connected']) )     $connected     = $options['connected'];
		if ( isset($options['setEncoding']) )   $setEncoding   = $options['setEncoding'];
		if ( isset($options['setAttributes']) ) $setAttributes = $options['setAttributes'];
		if ( isset($options['setDSNString']) )  $setDSNString  = $options['setDSNString'];
		if ( isset($options['runInitCode']) )   $runInitCode   = $options['runInitCode'];
		if ( isset($options['stringFetch']) )   $stringFetch   = $options['stringFetch'];

		if ($connected) $this->isConnected = $connected;
		if ($setEncoding) $this->setEncoding();
		if ($setAttributes) {
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,\PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE,\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC );
			$this->pdo->setAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES, $stringFetch );
		}
		if ($runInitCode) {
			/* run initialisation query if any */
			if ( $this->initSQL !== NULL ) {
				$this->Execute( $this->initSQL );
				$this->initSQL = NULL;
			}
			if ( $this->initCode !== NULL ) {
				$code = $this->initCode;
				$code( $this->pdo->getAttribute( \PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION ) );
			}
		}
		if ($setDSNString) $this->dsn = $this->getDatabaseType();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetAll
	 */
	public function GetAll( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->runQuery( $sql, $bindings );
		return $this->resultArray;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetAssocRow
	 */
	public function GetAssocRow( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->runQuery( $sql, $bindings, array(
				'fetchStyle' => \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC
			)
		);
		return $this->resultArray;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetCol
	 */
	public function GetCol( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$rows = $this->GetAll( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( empty( $rows ) || !is_array( $rows ) ) {
			return array();
		}

		$cols = array();
		foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
			$cols[] = reset( $row );
		}

		return $cols;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetOne
	 */
	public function GetOne( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$arr = $this->GetAll( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( empty( $arr[0] ) || !is_array( $arr[0] ) ) {
			return NULL;
		}

		return reset( $arr[0] );
	}

	/**
	 * Alias for getOne().
	 * Backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL
	 * @param array  $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return string|NULL
	 */
	public function GetCell( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->GetOne( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetRow
	 */
	public function GetRow( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$arr = $this->GetAll( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( is_array( $arr ) && count( $arr ) ) {
			return reset( $arr );
		}

		return array();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::Execute
	 */
	public function Execute( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->runQuery( $sql, $bindings );
		return $this->affectedRows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetInsertID
	 */
	public function GetInsertID()
	{
		$this->connect();

		return (int) $this->pdo->lastInsertId();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::GetCursor
	 */
	public function GetCursor( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$statement = $this->runQuery( $sql, $bindings, array( 'noFetch' => TRUE ) );
		$cursor = new PDOCursor( $statement, \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC );
		return $cursor;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::Affected_Rows
	 */
	public function Affected_Rows()
	{
		$this->connect();
		return (int) $this->affectedRows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::setDebugMode
	 */
	public function setDebugMode( $tf, $logger = NULL )
	{
		$this->connect();
		$this->loggingEnabled = (bool) $tf;
		if ( $this->loggingEnabled and !$logger ) {
			$logger = new RDefault();
		}
		$this->setLogger( $logger );
	}

	/**
	 * Injects Logger object.
	 * Sets the logger instance you wish to use.
	 *
	 * This method is for more fine-grained control. Normally
	 * you should use the facade to start the query debugger for
	 * you. The facade will manage the object wirings necessary
	 * to use the debugging functionality.
	 *
	 * Usage (through facade):
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::debug( TRUE );
	 * ...rest of program...
	 * R::debug( FALSE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how to use the RedBeanPHP
	 * query debugger through the facade.
	 *
	 * @param Logger $logger the logger instance to be used for logging
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setLogger( Logger $logger )
	{
		$this->logger = $logger;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Gets Logger object.
	 * Returns the currently active Logger instance.
	 *
	 * @return Logger
	 */
	public function getLogger()
	{
		return $this->logger;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::StartTrans
	 */
	public function StartTrans()
	{
		$this->connect();
		$this->pdo->beginTransaction();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::CommitTrans
	 */
	public function CommitTrans()
	{
		$this->connect();
		$this->pdo->commit();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Driver::FailTrans
	 */
	public function FailTrans()
	{
		$this->connect();
		$this->pdo->rollback();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the name of database driver for PDO.
	 * Uses the PDO attribute DRIVER NAME to obtain the name of the
	 * PDO driver. Use this method to identify the current PDO driver
	 * used to provide access to the database. Example of a database
	 * driver string:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * mysql
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * echo R::getDatabaseAdapter()->getDatabase()->getDatabaseType();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above prints the current database driver string to
	 * stdout.
	 *
	 * Note that this is a driver-specific method, not part of the
	 * driver interface. This method might not be available in other
	 * drivers since it relies on PDO.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDatabaseType()
	{
		$this->connect();
		return $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the version identifier string of the database client.
	 * This method can be used to identify the currently installed
	 * database client. Note that this method will also establish a connection
	 * (because this is required to obtain the version information).
	 *
	 * Example of a version string:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5c5906d452ec590732a93b051f3827e02749b83 $
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * echo R::getDatabaseAdapter()->getDatabase()->getDatabaseVersion();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above will print the version string to stdout.
	 *
	 * Note that this is a driver-specific method, not part of the
	 * driver interface. This method might not be available in other
	 * drivers since it relies on PDO.
	 *
	 * To obtain the database server version, use getDatabaseServerVersion()
	 * instead.
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function getDatabaseVersion()
	{
		$this->connect();
		return $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the underlying PHP PDO instance.
	 * For some low-level database operations you'll need access to the PDO
	 * object. Not that this method is only available in RPDO and other
	 * PDO based database drivers for RedBeanPHP. Other drivers may not have
	 * a method like this. The following example demonstrates how to obtain
	 * a reference to the PDO instance from the facade:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $pdo = R::getDatabaseAdapter()->getDatabase()->getPDO();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return \PDO
	 */
	public function getPDO()
	{
		$this->connect();
		return $this->pdo;
	}

	/**
	 * Closes the database connection.
	 * While database connections are closed automatically at the end of the PHP script,
	 * closing database connections is generally recommended to improve performance.
	 * Closing a database connection will immediately return the resources to PHP.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::setup( ... );
	 * ... do stuff ...
	 * R::close();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function close()
	{
		$this->pdo         = NULL;
		$this->isConnected = FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns TRUE if the current PDO instance is connected.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function isConnected()
	{
		return $this->isConnected && $this->pdo;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles logging, enables or disables logging.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $enable TRUE to enable logging
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setEnableLogging( $enable )
	{
		$this->loggingEnabled = (boolean) $enable;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Resets the query counter.
	 * The query counter can be used to monitor the number
	 * of database queries that have
	 * been processed according to the database driver. You can use this
	 * to monitor the number of queries required to render a page.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::resetQueryCount();
	 * echo R::getQueryCount() . ' queries processed.';
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function resetCounter()
	{
		$this->queryCounter = 0;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the number of SQL queries processed.
	 * This method returns the number of database queries that have
	 * been processed according to the database driver. You can use this
	 * to monitor the number of queries required to render a page.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * echo R::getQueryCount() . ' queries processed.';
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getQueryCount()
	{
		return $this->queryCounter;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the maximum value treated as integer parameter
	 * binding.
	 *
	 * This method is mainly for testing purposes but it can help
	 * you solve some issues relating to integer bindings.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getIntegerBindingMax()
	{
		return $this->max;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets a query to be executed upon connecting to the database.
	 * This method provides an opportunity to configure the connection
	 * to a database through an SQL-based interface. Objects can provide
	 * an SQL string to be executed upon establishing a connection to
	 * the database. This has been used to solve issues with default
	 * foreign key settings in SQLite3 for instance, see Github issues:
	 * #545 and #548.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql SQL query to run upon connecting to database
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setInitQuery( $sql ) {
		$this->initSQL = $sql;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the version string from the database server.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function DatabaseServerVersion() {
		return trim( strval( $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION) ) );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Either as Either;

/**
 * PHP 5.3 compatibility
 * We extend JsonSerializable to avoid namespace conflicts,
 * can't define interface with special namespace in PHP
 */
if (interface_exists('\JsonSerializable')) { interface Jsonable extends \JsonSerializable {}; } else { interface Jsonable {}; }

/**
 * OODBBean (Object Oriented DataBase Bean).
 *
 * to exchange information with the database. A bean represents
 * a single table row and offers generic services for interaction
 * with databases systems as well as some meta-data.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/OODBBean.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 * @desc    OODBBean represents a bean. RedBeanPHP uses beans
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class OODBBean implements \IteratorAggregate,\ArrayAccess,\Countable,Jsonable
{
	/**
	 * FUSE error modes.
	 */
	const C_ERR_IGNORE    = FALSE;
	const C_ERR_LOG       = 1;
	const C_ERR_NOTICE    = 2;
	const C_ERR_WARN      = 3;
	const C_ERR_EXCEPTION = 4;
	const C_ERR_FUNC      = 5;
	const C_ERR_FATAL     = 6;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $useFluidCount = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $convertArraysToJSON = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $errorHandlingFUSE = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var callable|NULL
	 */
	protected static $errorHandler = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected static $aliases = array();

	/**
	 * If this is set to TRUE, the __toString function will
	 * encode all properties as UTF-8 to repair invalid UTF-8
	 * encodings and prevent exceptions (which are uncatchable from within
	 * a __toString-function).
	 *
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $enforceUTF8encoding = FALSE;

	/**
	 * This is where the real properties of the bean live. They are stored and retrieved
	 * by the magic getter and setter (__get and __set).
	 *
	 * @var array $properties
	 */
	protected $properties = array();

	/**
	 * Here we keep the meta data of a bean.
	 *
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $__info = array();

	/**
	 * The BeanHelper allows the bean to access the toolbox objects to implement
	 * rich functionality, otherwise you would have to do everything with R or
	 * external objects.
	 *
	 * @var BeanHelper|NULL
	 */
	protected $beanHelper = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var string|NULL
	 */
	protected $fetchType = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $withSql = '';

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $withParams = array();

	/**
	 * @var string|NULL
	 */
	protected $aliasName = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var string|NULL
	 */
	protected $via = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $noLoad = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $all = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var string|NULL
	 */
	protected $castProperty = NULL;

	/**
	 * If fluid count is set to TRUE then $bean->ownCount() will
	 * return 0 if the table does not exists.
	 * Only for backward compatibility.
	 * Returns previous value.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $toggle toggle
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function useFluidCount( $toggle )
	{
		$old = self::$useFluidCount;
		self::$useFluidCount = $toggle;
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * If this is set to TRUE, the __toString function will
	 * encode all properties as UTF-8 to repair invalid UTF-8
	 * encodings and prevent exceptions (which are uncatchable from within
	 * a __toString-function).
	 *
	 * @param boolean $toggle TRUE to enforce UTF-8 encoding (slower)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	 public static function setEnforceUTF8encoding( $toggle )
	 {
		 self::$enforceUTF8encoding = (boolean) $toggle;
	 }

	/**
	 * Sets the error mode for FUSE.
	 * What to do if a FUSE model method does not exist?
	 * You can set the following options:
	 *
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_IGNORE (default), ignores the call, returns NULL
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_LOG, logs the incident using error_log
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_NOTICE, triggers a E_USER_NOTICE
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_WARN, triggers a E_USER_WARNING
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_EXCEPTION, throws an exception
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_FUNC, allows you to specify a custom handler (function)
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_FATAL, triggers a E_USER_ERROR
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * Custom handler method signature: handler( array (
	 * 	'message' => string
	 * 	'bean' => OODBBean
	 * 	'method' => string
	 * ) )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This method returns the old mode and handler as an array.
	 *
	 * @param integer       $mode error handling mode
	 * @param callable|NULL $func custom handler
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function setErrorHandlingFUSE($mode, $func = NULL) {
		if (
			   $mode !== self::C_ERR_IGNORE
			&& $mode !== self::C_ERR_LOG
			&& $mode !== self::C_ERR_NOTICE
			&& $mode !== self::C_ERR_WARN
			&& $mode !== self::C_ERR_EXCEPTION
			&& $mode !== self::C_ERR_FUNC
			&& $mode !== self::C_ERR_FATAL
		) throw new \Exception( 'Invalid error mode selected' );

		if ( $mode === self::C_ERR_FUNC && !is_callable( $func ) ) {
			throw new \Exception( 'Invalid error handler' );
		}

		$old = array( self::$errorHandlingFUSE, self::$errorHandler );
		self::$errorHandlingFUSE = $mode;
		if ( is_callable( $func ) ) {
			self::$errorHandler = $func;
		} else {
			self::$errorHandler = NULL;
		}
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles array to JSON conversion. If set to TRUE any array
	 * set to a bean property that's not a list will be turned into
	 * a JSON string. Used together with AQueryWriter::useJSONColumns this
	 * extends the data type support for JSON columns. Returns the previous
	 * value of the flag.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag flag
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function convertArraysToJSON( $flag )
	{
		$old = self::$convertArraysToJSON;
		self::$convertArraysToJSON = $flag;
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets global aliases.
	 * Registers a batch of aliases in one go. This works the same as
	 * fetchAs and setAutoResolve but explicitly. For instance if you register
	 * the alias 'cover' for 'page' a property containing a reference to a
	 * page bean called 'cover' will correctly return the page bean and not
	 * a (non-existent) cover bean.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::aliases( array( 'cover' => 'page' ) );
	 * $book = R::dispense( 'book' );
	 * $page = R::dispense( 'page' );
	 * $book->cover = $page;
	 * R::store( $book );
	 * $book = $book->fresh();
	 * $cover = $book->cover;
	 * echo $cover->getMeta( 'type' ); //page
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The format of the aliases registration array is:
	 *
	 * {alias} => {actual type}
	 *
	 * In the example above we use:
	 *
	 * cover => page
	 *
	 * From that point on, every bean reference to a cover
	 * will return a 'page' bean. Note that with autoResolve this
	 * feature along with fetchAs() is no longer very important, although
	 * relying on explicit aliases can be a bit faster.
	 *
	 * @param array $list list of global aliases to use
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function aliases( $list )
	{
		self::$aliases = $list;
	}

	/**
	 * Return list of global aliases
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function getAliases()
	{
		return self::$aliases;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets a meta property for all beans. This is a quicker way to set
	 * the meta properties for a collection of beans because this method
	 * can directly access the property arrays of the beans.
	 * This method returns the beans.
	 *
	 * @param array  $beans    beans to set the meta property of
	 * @param string $property property to set
	 * @param mixed  $value    value
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function setMetaAll( $beans, $property, $value )
	{
		foreach( $beans as $bean ) {
			if ( $bean instanceof OODBBean ) $bean->__info[ $property ] = $value;
			if ( $property == 'type' && !empty($bean->beanHelper)) {
				$bean->__info['model'] = $bean->beanHelper->getModelForBean( $bean );
			}
		}
		return $beans;
	}

	/**
	 * Accesses the shared list of a bean.
	 * To access beans that have been associated with the current bean
	 * using a many-to-many relationship use sharedXList where
	 * X is the type of beans in the list.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $person = R::load( 'person', $id );
	 * $friends = $person->sharedFriendList;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The code snippet above demonstrates how to obtain all beans of
	 * type 'friend' that have associated using an N-M relation.
	 * This is a private method used by the magic getter / accessor.
	 * The example illustrates usage through these accessors.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type    the name of the list you want to retrieve
	 * @param OODB    $redbean instance of the RedBeanPHP OODB class
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox instance of ToolBox (to get access to core objects)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function getSharedList( $type, $redbean, $toolbox )
	{
		$writer = $toolbox->getWriter();
		if ( $this->via ) {
			$oldName = $writer->getAssocTable( array( $this->__info['type'], $type ) );
			if ( $oldName !== $this->via ) {
				//set the new renaming rule
				$writer->renameAssocTable( $oldName, $this->via );
			}
			$this->via = NULL;
		}
		$beans = array();
		if ($this->getID()) {
			$type             = $this->beau( $type );
			$assocManager     = $redbean->getAssociationManager();
			$beans            = $assocManager->related( $this, $type, $this->withSql, $this->withParams );
		}
		return $beans;
	}

	/**
	 * Accesses the ownList. The 'own' list contains beans
	 * associated using a one-to-many relation. The own-lists can
	 * be accessed through the magic getter/setter property
	 * ownXList where X is the type of beans in that list.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book = R::load( 'book', $id );
	 * $pages = $book->ownPageList;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above demonstrates how to access the
	 * pages associated with the book. Since this is a private method
	 * meant to be used by the magic accessors, the example uses the
	 * magic getter instead.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type   name of the list you want to retrieve
	 * @param OODB        $oodb   The RB OODB object database instance
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function getOwnList( $type, $redbean )
	{
		$type = $this->beau( $type );
		if ( $this->aliasName ) {
			$parentField = $this->aliasName;
			$myFieldLink = $parentField . '_id';

			$this->__info['sys.alias.' . $type] = $this->aliasName;

			$this->aliasName = NULL;
		} else {
			$parentField = $this->__info['type'];
			$myFieldLink = $parentField . '_id';
		}
		$beans = array();
		if ( $this->getID() ) {
			reset( $this->withParams );
			$firstKey = count( $this->withParams ) > 0
				? key( $this->withParams )
				: 0;
			if ( is_int( $firstKey ) ) {
				$sql = "{$myFieldLink} = ? {$this->withSql}";
				$bindings = array_merge( array( $this->getID() ), $this->withParams );
			} else {
				$sql = "{$myFieldLink} = :slot0 {$this->withSql}";
				$bindings           = $this->withParams;
				$bindings[':slot0'] = $this->getID();
			}
			$beans = $redbean->find( $type, array(), $sql, $bindings );
		}
		foreach ( $beans as $beanFromList ) {
			$beanFromList->__info['sys.parentcache.' . $parentField] = $this;
		}
		return $beans;
	}

	/**
	 * Initializes a bean. Used by OODB for dispensing beans.
	 * It is not recommended to use this method to initialize beans. Instead
	 * use the OODB object to dispense new beans. You can use this method
	 * if you build your own bean dispensing mechanism.
	 * This is not recommended.
	 *
	 * Unless you know what you are doing, do NOT use this method.
	 * This is for advanced users only!
	 *
	 * @param string          $type       type of the new bean
	 * @param BeanHelper|NULL $beanhelper bean helper to obtain a toolbox and a model
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function initializeForDispense( $type, $beanhelper = NULL )
	{
		$this->beanHelper         = $beanhelper;
		$this->__info['type']     = $type;
		$this->__info['sys.id']   = 'id';
		$this->__info['sys.orig'] = array( 'id' => 0 );
		$this->__info['tainted']  = TRUE;
		$this->__info['changed']  = TRUE;
		$this->__info['changelist'] = array();
		if ( $beanhelper ) {
			$this->__info['model'] = $this->beanHelper->getModelForBean( $this );
		}
		$this->properties['id']   = 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the Bean Helper. Normally the Bean Helper is set by OODB.
	 * Here you can change the Bean Helper. The Bean Helper is an object
	 * providing access to a toolbox for the bean necessary to retrieve
	 * nested beans (bean lists: ownBean, sharedBean) without the need to
	 * rely on static calls to the facade (or make this class dep. on OODB).
	 *
	 * @param BeanHelper $helper helper to use for this bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setBeanHelper( BeanHelper $helper )
	{
		$this->beanHelper = $helper;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an ArrayIterator so you can treat the bean like
	 * an array with the properties container as its contents.
	 * This method is meant for PHP and allows you to access beans as if
	 * they were arrays, i.e. using array notation:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean[$key] = $value;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note that not all PHP functions work with the array interface.
	 *
	 * @return \ArrayIterator
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function getIterator()
	{
		return new \ArrayIterator( $this->properties );
	}

	/**
	 * Imports all values from an associative array $array. Chainable.
	 * This method imports the values in the first argument as bean
	 * property and value pairs. Use the second parameter to provide a
	 * selection. If a selection array is passed, only the entries
	 * having keys mentioned in the selection array will be imported.
	 * Set the third parameter to TRUE to preserve spaces in selection keys.
	 *
	 * @param array        $array     what you want to import
	 * @param string|array $selection selection of values
	 * @param boolean      $notrim    if TRUE selection keys will NOT be trimmed
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function import( $array, $selection = FALSE, $notrim = FALSE )
	{
		if ( is_string( $selection ) ) {
			$selection = explode( ',', $selection );
		}
		if ( is_array( $selection ) ) {
			if ( $notrim ) {
				$selected = array_flip($selection);
			} else {
				$selected = array();
				foreach ( $selection as $key => $select ) {
					$selected[trim( $select )] = TRUE;
				}
			}
		} else {
			$selected = FALSE;
		}
		foreach ( $array as $key => $value ) {
			if ( $key != '__info' ) {
				if ( !$selected || isset( $selected[$key] ) ) {
					if ( is_array($value ) ) {
						if ( isset( $value['_type'] ) ) {
							$bean = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getRedBean()->dispense( $value['_type'] );
							unset( $value['_type'] );
							$bean->import($value);
							$this->$key = $bean;
						} else {
							$listBeans = array();
							foreach( $value as $listKey => $listItem ) {
								$bean = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getRedBean()->dispense( $listItem['_type'] );
								unset( $listItem['_type'] );
								$bean->import($listItem);
								$list = &$this->$key;
								$list[ $listKey ] = $bean;
							}
						}
					} else {
						$this->$key = $value;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Same as import() but trims all values by default.
	 * Set the second parameter to apply a different function.
	 *
	 * @param array        $array     what you want to import
	 * @param callable     $function  function to apply (default is trim)
	 * @param string|array $selection selection of values
	 * @param boolean      $notrim    if TRUE selection keys will NOT be trimmed
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function trimport( $array, $function='trim', $selection = FALSE, $notrim = FALSE ) {
		return $this->import( array_map( $function, $array ), $selection, $notrim );
	}

	/**
	* Imports an associative array directly into the
	* internal property array of the bean as well as the
	* meta property sys.orig and sets the changed flag to FALSE.
	* This is used by the repository objects to inject database rows
	* into the beans. It is not recommended to use this method outside
	* of a bean repository.
	*
	* @param array $row a database row
	*
	* @return self
	*/
	public function importRow( $row )
	{
		$this->properties = $row;
		$this->__info['sys.orig'] = $row;
		$this->__info['changed'] = FALSE;
		$this->__info['changelist'] = array();
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Imports data from another bean. Chainable.
	 * Copies the properties from the source bean to the internal
	 * property list.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $copy->importFrom( $bean );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above demonstrates how to make a shallow copy
	 * of a bean using the importFrom() method.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $sourceBean the source bean to take properties from
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function importFrom( OODBBean $sourceBean )
	{
		$this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
		$this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;
		$this->properties = $sourceBean->properties;

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Injects the properties of another bean but keeps the original ID.
	 * Just like import() but keeps the original ID.
	 * Chainable.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $otherBean the bean whose properties you would like to copy
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function inject( OODBBean $otherBean )
	{
		$myID = $this->properties['id'];
		$this->import( $otherBean->export( FALSE, FALSE, TRUE ) );
		$this->id = $myID;

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Exports the bean as an array.
	 * This function exports the contents of a bean to an array and returns
	 * the resulting array. Depending on the parameters you can also
	 * export an entire graph of beans, apply filters or exclude meta data.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bookData = $book->export( TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, [ 'author' ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above exports all bean properties to an array
	 * called $bookData including its meta data, parent objects but without
	 * any beans of type 'author'.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $meta    set to TRUE if you want to export meta data as well
	 * @param boolean $parents set to TRUE if you want to export parents as well
	 * @param boolean $onlyMe  set to TRUE if you want to export only this bean
	 * @param array   $filters optional whitelist for export
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function export( $meta = FALSE, $parents = FALSE, $onlyMe = FALSE, $filters = array() )
	{
		$arr = array();
		if ( $parents ) {
			foreach ( $this as $key => $value ) {
				if ( substr( $key, -3 ) != '_id' ) continue;

				$prop = substr( $key, 0, strlen( $key ) - 3 );
				$this->$prop;
			}
		}
		$hasFilters = is_array( $filters ) && count( $filters );
		foreach ( $this as $key => $value ) {
			if ( !$onlyMe && is_array( $value ) ) {
				$vn = array();

				foreach ( $value as $i => $b ) {
					if ( !( $b instanceof OODBBean ) ) continue;
					$vn[] = $b->export( $meta, FALSE, FALSE, $filters );
					$value = $vn;
				}
			} elseif ( $value instanceof OODBBean ) { if ( $hasFilters ) { //has to be on one line, otherwise code coverage miscounts as miss
					if ( !in_array( strtolower( $value->getMeta( 'type' ) ), $filters ) ) continue;
				}
				$value = $value->export( $meta, $parents, FALSE, $filters );
			}
			$arr[$key] = $value;
		}
		if ( $meta ) {
			$arr['__info'] = $this->__info;
		}
		return $arr;
	}

	/**
	 * Implements isset() function for use as an array.
	 * This allows you to use isset() on bean properties.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->title = 'my book';
	 * echo isset($book['title']); //TRUE
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example illustrates how one can apply the
	 * isset() function to a bean.
	 *
	 * @param string $property name of the property you want to check
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function __isset( $property )
	{
		$property = $this->beau( $property );
		if ( strpos( $property, 'xown' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 4, 1 ) ) ) {
			$property = substr($property, 1);
		}
		return isset( $this->properties[$property] );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether a related bean exists.
	 * For instance if a post bean has a related author, this method
	 * can be used to check if the author is set without loading the author.
	 * This method works by checking the related ID-field.
	 *
	 * @param string $property name of the property you wish to check
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function exists( $property )
	{
		$property = $this->beau( $property );
		/* fixes issue #549, see Base/Bean test */
		$hiddenRelationField = "{$property}_id";
		if ( array_key_exists( $hiddenRelationField, $this->properties ) ) {
			if ( !is_null( $this->properties[$hiddenRelationField] ) ) {
				return TRUE;
			}
		}
		return FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the ID of the bean.
	 * If for some reason the ID has not been set, this method will
	 * return NULL. This is actually the same as accessing the
	 * id property using $bean->id. The ID of a bean is its primary
	 * key and should always correspond with a table column named
	 * 'id'.
	 *
	 * @return string|NULL
	 */
	public function getID()
	{
		return ( isset( $this->properties['id'] ) ) ? (string) $this->properties['id'] : NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Unsets a property of a bean.
	 * Magic method, gets called implicitly when
	 * performing the unset() operation
	 * on a bean property.
	 *
	 * @param  string $property property to unset
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __unset( $property )
	{
		$property = $this->beau( $property );

		if ( strpos( $property, 'xown' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 4, 1 ) ) ) {
			$property = substr($property, 1);
		}
		unset( $this->properties[$property] );
		$shadowKey = 'sys.shadow.'.$property;
		if ( isset( $this->__info[ $shadowKey ] ) ) unset( $this->__info[$shadowKey] );
		//also clear modifiers
		$this->clearModifiers();
		return;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the bean wrapped in an Either-instance.
	 * This allows the user to extract data from the bean using a chain
	 * of methods without any NULL checks, similar to the ?? operator but also
	 * in a way that is compatible with older versions of PHP.
	 * For more details consult the documentation of the Either class.
	 *
	 * @return Either
	 */
	public function either() {
		return new Either( $this );
	}

	/**
	 * Adds WHERE clause conditions to ownList retrieval.
	 * For instance to get the pages that belong to a book you would
	 * issue the following command: $book->ownPage
	 * However, to order these pages by number use:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->with(' ORDER BY `number` ASC ')->ownPage
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * the additional SQL snippet will be merged into the final
	 * query.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL to be added to retrieval query.
	 * @param array  $bindings array with parameters to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function with( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->withSql    = $sql;
		$this->withParams = $bindings;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Just like with(). Except that this method prepends the SQL query snippet
	 * with AND which makes it slightly more comfortable to use a conditional
	 * SQL snippet. For instance to filter an own-list with pages (belonging to
	 * a book) on specific chapters you can use:
	 *
	 * $book->withCondition(' chapter = 3 ')->ownPage
	 *
	 * This will return in the own list only the pages having 'chapter == 3'.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL to be added to retrieval query (prefixed by AND)
	 * @param array  $bindings array with parameters to bind to SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function withCondition( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->withSql    = ' AND ' . $sql;
		$this->withParams = $bindings;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Tells the bean to (re)load the following list without any
	 * conditions. If you have an ownList or sharedList with a
	 * condition you can use this method to reload the entire list.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean->with( ' LIMIT 3 ' )->ownPage; //Just 3
	 * $bean->all()->ownPage; //Reload all pages
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function all()
	{
		$this->all = TRUE;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Tells the bean to only access the list but not load
	 * its contents. Use this if you only want to add something to a list
	 * and you have no interest in retrieving its contents from the database.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->noLoad()->ownPage[] = $newPage;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above we add the $newPage bean to the
	 * page list of book without loading all the pages first.
	 * If you know in advance that you are not going to use
	 * the contents of the list, you may use the noLoad() modifier
	 * to make sure the queries required to load the list will not
	 * be executed.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function noLoad()
	{
		$this->noLoad = TRUE;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares an own-list to use an alias. This is best explained using
	 * an example. Imagine a project and a person. The project always involves
	 * two persons: a teacher and a student. The person beans have been aliased in this
	 * case, so to the project has a teacher_id pointing to a person, and a student_id
	 * also pointing to a person. Given a project, we obtain the teacher like this:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $project->fetchAs('person')->teacher;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Now, if we want all projects of a teacher we cant say:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $teacher->ownProject
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * because the $teacher is a bean of type 'person' and no project has been
	 * assigned to a person. Instead we use the alias() method like this:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $teacher->alias('teacher')->ownProject
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * now we get the projects associated with the person bean aliased as
	 * a teacher.
	 *
	 * @param string $aliasName the alias name to use
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function alias( $aliasName )
	{
		$this->aliasName = $this->beau( $aliasName );
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns properties of bean as an array.
	 * This method returns the raw internal property list of the
	 * bean. Only use this method for optimization purposes. Otherwise
	 * use the export() method to export bean data to arrays.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getProperties()
	{
		return $this->properties;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns properties of bean as an array.
	 * This method returns the raw internal property list of the
	 * bean. Only use this method for optimization purposes. Otherwise
	 * use the export() method to export bean data to arrays.
	 * This method returns an array with the properties array and
	 * the type (string).
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getPropertiesAndType()
	{
		return array( $this->properties, $this->__info['type'] );
	}

	/**
	 * Turns a camelcase property name into an underscored property name.
	 *
	 * Examples:
	 *
	 * - oneACLRoute -> one_acl_route
	 * - camelCase -> camel_case
	 *
	 * Also caches the result to improve performance.
	 *
	 * @param string $property property to un-beautify
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function beau( $property )
	{
		static $beautifulColumns = array();

		if ( ctype_lower( $property ) ) return $property;
		if (
			( strpos( $property, 'own' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 3, 1 ) ) )
			|| ( strpos( $property, 'xown' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 4, 1 ) ) )
			|| ( strpos( $property, 'shared' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 6, 1 ) ) )
		) {

			$property = preg_replace( '/List$/', '', $property );
			return $property;
		}
		if ( !isset( $beautifulColumns[$property] ) ) {
			$beautifulColumns[$property] = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake( $property );
		}
		return $beautifulColumns[$property];
	}

	/**
	 * Modifiers are a powerful concept in RedBeanPHP, they make it possible
	 * to change the way a property has to be loaded.
	 * RedBeanPHP uses property modifiers using a prefix notation like this:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->fetchAs('page')->cover;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Here, we load a bean of type page, identified by the cover property
	 * (or cover_id in the database). Because the modifier is called before
	 * the property is accessed, the modifier must be remembered somehow,
	 * this changes the state of the bean. Accessing a property causes the
	 * bean to clear its modifiers. To clear the modifiers manually you can
	 * use this method.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->with( 'LIMIT 1' );
	 * $book->clearModifiers()->ownPageList;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, the 'LIMIT 1' clause is
	 * cleared before accessing the pages of the book, causing all pages
	 * to be loaded in the list instead of just one.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function clearModifiers()
	{
		$this->withSql    = '';
		$this->withParams = array();
		$this->aliasName  = NULL;
		$this->fetchType  = NULL;
		$this->noLoad     = FALSE;
		$this->all        = FALSE;
		$this->via        = NULL;
		$this->castProperty = NULL;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether a list is opened in exclusive mode or not.
	 * If a list has been opened in exclusive mode this method will return TRUE,
	 * otherwise it will return FALSE.
	 *
	 * @param string $listName name of the list to check
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function isListInExclusiveMode( $listName )
	{
		$listName = $this->beau( $listName );

		if ( strpos( $listName, 'xown' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $listName, 4, 1 ) ) ) {
			$listName = substr($listName, 1);
		}
		$listName = lcfirst( substr( $listName, 3 ) );
		return ( isset( $this->__info['sys.exclusive-'.$listName] ) && $this->__info['sys.exclusive-'.$listName] );
	}

	/**
	 * Magic Getter. Gets the value for a specific property in the bean.
	 * If the property does not exist this getter will make sure no error
	 * occurs. This is because RedBean allows you to query (probe) for
	 * properties. If the property can not be found this method will
	 * return NULL instead.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $title = $book->title;
	 * $pages = $book->ownPageList;
	 * $tags  = $book->sharedTagList;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example aboves lists several ways to invoke the magic getter.
	 * You can use the magic setter to access properties, own-lists,
	 * exclusive own-lists (xownLists) and shared-lists.
	 *
	 * @param string $property name of the property you wish to obtain the value of
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function &__get( $property )
	{
		$isEx          = FALSE;
		$isOwn         = FALSE;
		$isShared      = FALSE;
		if ( !ctype_lower( $property ) ) {
			$property = $this->beau( $property );
			if ( strpos( $property, 'xown' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 4, 1 ) ) ) {
				$property = substr($property, 1);
				$listName = lcfirst( substr( $property, 3 ) );
				$isEx     = TRUE;
				$isOwn    = TRUE;
				$this->__info['sys.exclusive-'.$listName] = TRUE;
			} elseif ( strpos( $property, 'own' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 3, 1 ) ) )  {
				$isOwn    = TRUE;
				$listName = lcfirst( substr( $property, 3 ) );
			} elseif ( strpos( $property, 'shared' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 6, 1 ) ) ) {
				$isShared = TRUE;
			}
		}
		$fieldLink      = $property . '_id';
		$exists         = isset( $this->properties[$property] );

		//If not exists and no field link and no list, bail out.
		if ( !$exists && !isset($this->$fieldLink) && (!$isOwn && !$isShared )) {
			$this->clearModifiers();
			/**
			 * Github issue:
			 * Remove $NULL to directly return NULL #625
			 * @@ -1097,8 +1097,7 @@ public function &__get( $property )
			 *		$this->all        = FALSE;
			 *		$this->via        = NULL;
			 *
			 * - $NULL = NULL;
			 * - return $NULL;
			 * + return NULL;
			 *
			 * leads to regression:
			 * PHP Stack trace:
			 * PHP 1. {main}() testje.php:0
			 * PHP 2. RedBeanPHP\OODBBean->__get() testje.php:22
			 * Notice: Only variable references should be returned by reference in rb.php on line 2529
			 */
			$NULL = NULL;
			return $NULL;
		}

		$hasAlias       = (!is_null($this->aliasName));
		$differentAlias = ($hasAlias && $isOwn && isset($this->__info['sys.alias.'.$listName])) ?
									($this->__info['sys.alias.'.$listName] !== $this->aliasName) : FALSE;
		$hasSQL         = ($this->withSql !== '' || $this->via !== NULL);
		$hasAll         = (boolean) ($this->all);

		//If exists and no list or exits and list not changed, bail out.
		if ( $exists && ((!$isOwn && !$isShared ) || (!$hasSQL && !$differentAlias && !$hasAll)) ) {
			$castProperty = $this->castProperty;
			$this->clearModifiers();
			if (!is_null($castProperty)) {
				$object = new $castProperty( $this->properties[$property] );
				return $object;
			}
			return $this->properties[$property];
		}

		list( $redbean, , , $toolbox ) = $this->beanHelper->getExtractedToolbox();

		//If it's another bean, then we load it and return
		if ( isset( $this->$fieldLink ) ) {
			$this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
			if ( isset( $this->__info["sys.parentcache.$property"] ) ) {
				$bean = $this->__info["sys.parentcache.$property"];
			} else {
				if ( isset( self::$aliases[$property] ) ) {
					$type = self::$aliases[$property];
				} elseif ( $this->fetchType ) {
					$type = $this->fetchType;
					$this->fetchType = NULL;
				} else {
					$type = $property;
				}
				$bean = NULL;
				if ( !is_null( $this->properties[$fieldLink] ) ) {
					$bean = $redbean->load( $type, $this->properties[$fieldLink] );
				}
			}
			$this->properties[$property] = $bean;
			$this->clearModifiers();
			return $this->properties[$property];
		}

		/* Implicit: elseif ( $isOwn || $isShared ) */
		if ( $this->noLoad ) {
			$beans = array();
		} elseif ( $isOwn ) {
			$beans = $this->getOwnList( $listName, $redbean );
		} else {
			$beans = $this->getSharedList( lcfirst( substr( $property, 6 ) ), $redbean, $toolbox );
		}
		$this->properties[$property]          = $beans;
		$this->__info["sys.shadow.$property"] = $beans;
		$this->__info['tainted']              = TRUE;
		$this->clearModifiers();
		return $this->properties[$property];

	}

	/**
	 * Magic Setter. Sets the value for a specific property.
	 * This setter acts as a hook for OODB to mark beans as tainted.
	 * The tainted meta property can be retrieved using getMeta("tainted").
	 * The tainted meta property indicates whether a bean has been modified and
	 * can be used in various caching mechanisms.
	 *
	 * @param string $property name of the property you wish to assign a value to
	 * @param  mixed $value    the value you want to assign
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __set( $property, $value )
	{
		$isEx          = FALSE;
		$isOwn         = FALSE;
		$isShared      = FALSE;

		if ( !ctype_lower( $property ) ) {
			$property = $this->beau( $property );
			if ( strpos( $property, 'xown' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 4, 1 ) ) ) {
				$property = substr($property, 1);
				$listName = lcfirst( substr( $property, 3 ) );
				$isEx     = TRUE;
				$isOwn    = TRUE;
				$this->__info['sys.exclusive-'.$listName] = TRUE;
			} elseif ( strpos( $property, 'own' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 3, 1 ) ) )  {
				$isOwn    = TRUE;
				$listName = lcfirst( substr( $property, 3 ) );
			} elseif ( strpos( $property, 'shared' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $property, 6, 1 ) ) ) {
				$isShared = TRUE;
			}
		} elseif ( self::$convertArraysToJSON && is_array( $value ) ) {
			$value = json_encode( $value );
		}

		$hasAlias       = (!is_null($this->aliasName));
		$differentAlias = ($hasAlias && $isOwn && isset($this->__info['sys.alias.'.$listName])) ?
								($this->__info['sys.alias.'.$listName] !== $this->aliasName) : FALSE;
		$hasSQL         = ($this->withSql !== '' || $this->via !== NULL);
		$exists         = isset( $this->properties[$property] );
		$fieldLink      = $property . '_id';
		$isFieldLink	= (($pos = strrpos($property, '_id')) !== FALSE) && array_key_exists( ($fieldName = substr($property, 0, $pos)), $this->properties );


		if ( ($isOwn || $isShared) &&  (!$exists || $hasSQL || $differentAlias) ) {

			if ( !$this->noLoad ) {
				list( $redbean, , , $toolbox ) = $this->beanHelper->getExtractedToolbox();
				if ( $isOwn ) {
					$beans = $this->getOwnList( $listName, $redbean );
				} else {
					$beans = $this->getSharedList( lcfirst( substr( $property, 6 ) ), $redbean, $toolbox );
				}
				$this->__info["sys.shadow.$property"] = $beans;
			}
		}

		$this->clearModifiers();

		$this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
		$this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;
		array_push( $this->__info['changelist'], $property );

		if ( array_key_exists( $fieldLink, $this->properties ) && !( $value instanceof OODBBean ) ) {
			if ( is_null( $value ) || $value === FALSE ) {

				unset( $this->properties[ $property ]);
				$this->properties[ $fieldLink ] = NULL;

				return;
			} else {
				throw new RedException( 'Cannot cast to bean.' );
			}
		}

		if ( $isFieldLink ){
			unset( $this->properties[ $fieldName ]);
			$this->properties[ $property ] = NULL;
		}


		if ( $value === FALSE ) {
			$value = '0';
		} elseif ( $value === TRUE ) {
			$value = '1';
			/* for some reason there is some kind of bug in xdebug so that it doesn't count this line otherwise... */
		} elseif ( ( ( $value instanceof \DateTime ) or ( $value instanceof \DateTimeInterface ) ) ) { $value = $value->format( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' ); }
		$this->properties[$property] = $value;
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated
	 *
	 * Sets a property of the bean allowing you to keep track of
	 * the state yourself. This method sets a property of the bean and
	 * allows you to control how the state of the bean will be affected.
	 *
	 * While there may be some circumstances where this method is needed,
	 * this method is considered to be extremely dangerous.
	 * This method is only for advanced users.
	 *
	 * @param string  $property     property
	 * @param mixed   $value        value
	 * @param boolean $updateShadow whether you want to update the shadow
	 * @param boolean $taint        whether you want to mark the bean as tainted
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setProperty( $property, $value, $updateShadow = FALSE, $taint = FALSE )
	{
		$this->properties[$property] = $value;

		if ( $updateShadow ) {
			$this->__info['sys.shadow.' . $property] = $value;
		}

		if ( $taint ) {
			$this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
			$this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the value of a meta property. A meta property
	 * contains additional information about the bean object that will not
	 * be stored in the database. Meta information is used to instruct
	 * RedBeanPHP as well as other systems how to deal with the bean.
	 * If the property cannot be found this getter will return NULL instead.
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean->setMeta( 'flush-cache', TRUE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * RedBeanPHP also stores meta data in beans, this meta data uses
	 * keys prefixed with 'sys.' (system).
	 *
	 * @param string $path    path to property in meta data
	 * @param mixed  $default default value
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function getMeta( $path, $default = NULL )
	{
		return ( isset( $this->__info[$path] ) ) ? $this->__info[$path] : $default;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a value from the data bundle.
	 * The data bundle might contain additional data send from an SQL query,
	 * for instance, the total number of rows. If the property cannot be
	 * found, the default value will be returned. If no default has
	 * been specified, this method returns NULL.
	 *
	 * @param string $key     key
	 * @param mixed  $default default (defaults to NULL)
	 *
	 * @return mixed;
	 */
	public function info( $key, $default = NULL ) {
		return ( isset( $this->__info['data.bundle'][$key] ) ) ? $this->__info['data.bundle'][$key] : $default;
	}

	/**
	 * Gets and unsets a meta property.
	 * Moves a meta property out of the bean.
	 * This is a short-cut method that can be used instead
	 * of combining a get/unset.
	 *
	 * @param string $path    path to property in meta data
	 * @param mixed  $default default value
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function moveMeta( $path, $value = NULL )
	{
		if ( isset( $this->__info[$path] ) ) {
			$value = $this->__info[ $path ];
			unset( $this->__info[ $path ] );
		}
		return $value;
	}

	/**
	 * Stores a value in the specified Meta information property.
	 * The first argument should be the key to store the value under,
	 * the second argument should be the value. It is common to use
	 * a path-like notation for meta data in RedBeanPHP like:
	 * 'my.meta.data', however the dots are purely for readability, the
	 * meta data methods do not store nested structures or hierarchies.
	 *
	 * @param string $path  path / key to store value under
	 * @param mixed  $value value to store in bean (not in database) as meta data
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function setMeta( $path, $value )
	{
		$this->__info[$path] = $value;
		if ( $path == 'type' && !empty($this->beanHelper)) {
			$this->__info['model'] = $this->beanHelper->getModelForBean( $this );
		}

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Copies the meta information of the specified bean
	 * This is a convenience method to enable you to
	 * exchange meta information easily.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to copy meta data of
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function copyMetaFrom( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$this->__info = $bean->__info;

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Captures a dynamic casting.
	 * Enables you to obtain a bean value as an object by type-hinting
	 * the desired return object using asX where X is the class you wish
	 * to use as a wrapper for the property.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * $dateTime = $bean->asDateTime()->date;
	 *
	 * @param string $method method (asXXX)...
	 *
	 * @return self|NULL
	 */
	public function captureDynamicCasting( $method )
	{
		if ( strpos( $method, 'as' ) === 0 && ctype_upper( substr( $method, 2, 1) ) === TRUE ) {
			$this->castProperty = substr( $method, 2 );
			return $this;
		}
		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Sends the call to the registered model.
	 * This method can also be used to override bean behaviour.
	 * In that case you don't want an error or exception to be triggered
	 * if the method does not exist in the model (because it's optional).
	 * Unfortunately we cannot add an extra argument to __call() for this
	 * because the signature is fixed. Another option would be to set
	 * a special flag ( i.e. $this->isOptionalCall ) but that would
	 * cause additional complexity because we have to deal with extra temporary state.
	 * So, instead I allowed the method name to be prefixed with '@', in practice
	 * nobody creates methods like that - however the '@' symbol in PHP is widely known
	 * to suppress error handling, so we can reuse the semantics of this symbol.
	 * If a method name gets passed starting with '@' the overrideDontFail variable
	 * will be set to TRUE and the '@' will be stripped from the function name before
	 * attempting to invoke the method on the model. This way, we have all the
	 * logic in one place.
	 *
	 * @param string $method name of the method
	 * @param array  $args   argument list
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function __call( $method, $args )
	{
		if ( empty( $this->__info['model'] ) ) {
			return $this->captureDynamicCasting($method);
		}

		$overrideDontFail = FALSE;
		if ( strpos( $method, '@' ) === 0 ) {
			$method = substr( $method, 1 );
			$overrideDontFail = TRUE;
		}

		if ( !is_callable( array( $this->__info['model'], $method ) ) ) {

			$self = $this->captureDynamicCasting($method);
			if ($self) return $self;

			if ( self::$errorHandlingFUSE === FALSE || $overrideDontFail ) {
				return NULL;
			}

			if ( in_array( $method, array( 'update', 'open', 'delete', 'after_delete', 'after_update', 'dispense' ), TRUE ) ) {
				return NULL;
			}

			$message = "FUSE: method does not exist in model: $method";
			if ( self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_LOG ) {
				error_log( $message );
				return NULL;
			} elseif ( self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_NOTICE ) {
				trigger_error( $message, E_USER_NOTICE );
				return NULL;
			} elseif ( self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_WARN ) {
				trigger_error( $message, E_USER_WARNING );
				return NULL;
			} elseif ( self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_EXCEPTION ) {
				throw new \Exception( $message );
			} elseif ( self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_FUNC ) {
				$func = self::$errorHandler;
				return $func(array(
					'message' => $message,
					'method' => $method,
					'args' => $args,
					'bean' => $this
				));
			}
			trigger_error( $message, E_USER_ERROR );
			return NULL;
		}

		return call_user_func_array( array( $this->__info['model'], $method ), $args );
	}

	/**
	 * Implementation of __toString Method
	 * Routes call to Model. If the model implements a __toString() method this
	 * method will be called and the result will be returned. In case of an
	 * echo-statement this result will be printed. If the model does not
	 * implement a __toString method, this method will return a JSON
	 * representation of the current bean.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function __toString()
	{
		$string = $this->__call( '@__toString', array() );

		if ( $string === NULL ) {
			$list = array();
			foreach($this->properties as $property => $value) {
				if (is_scalar($value)) {
					if ( self::$enforceUTF8encoding ) {
						$list[$property] = mb_convert_encoding($value, 'UTF-8', 'UTF-8');
					} else {
						$list[$property] = $value;
					}
				}
			}
			$data = json_encode( $list );
			return $data;
		} else {
			return $string;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
	 * like an array.
	 * Call gets routed to __set.
	 *
	 * @param  mixed $offset offset string
	 * @param  mixed $value  value
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function offsetSet( $offset, $value )
	{
		$this->__set( $offset, $value );
	}

	/**
	 * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
	 * like an array.
	 *
	 * Array functions do not reveal x-own-lists and list-alias because
	 * you dont want duplicate entries in foreach-loops.
	 * Also offers a slight performance improvement for array access.
	 *
	 * @param  mixed $offset property
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function offsetExists( $offset )
	{
		return $this->__isset( $offset );
	}

	/**
	 * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
	 * like an array.
	 * Unsets a value from the array/bean.
	 *
	 * Array functions do not reveal x-own-lists and list-alias because
	 * you don't want duplicate entries in foreach-loops.
	 * Also offers a slight performance improvement for array access.
	 *
	 * @param  mixed $offset property
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function offsetUnset( $offset )
	{
		$this->__unset( $offset );
	}

	/**
	 * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
	 * like an array.
	 * Returns value of a property.
	 *
	 * Array functions do not reveal x-own-lists and list-alias because
	 * you don't want duplicate entries in foreach-loops.
	 * Also offers a slight performance improvement for array access.
	 *
	 * @param  mixed $offset property
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function &offsetGet( $offset )
	{
		return $this->__get( $offset );
	}

	/**
	 * Chainable method to cast a certain ID to a bean; for instance:
	 * $person = $club->fetchAs('person')->member;
	 * This will load a bean of type person using member_id as ID.
	 *
	 * @param  string $type preferred fetch type
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function fetchAs( $type )
	{
		$this->fetchType = $type;

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares to load a bean using the bean type specified by
	 * another property.
	 * Similar to fetchAs but uses a column instead of a direct value.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $car = R::load( 'car', $id );
	 * $engine = $car->poly('partType')->part;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, we have a bean of type car that
	 * may consists of several parts (i.e. chassis, wheels).
	 * To obtain the 'engine' we access the property 'part'
	 * using the type (i.e. engine) specified by the property
	 * indicated by the argument of poly().
	 * This essentially is a polymorph relation, hence the name.
	 * In database this relation might look like this:
	 *
	 * partType | part_id
	 * --------------------
	 * engine   | 1020300
	 * wheel    | 4820088
	 * chassis  | 7823122
	 *
	 * @param string $field field name to use for mapping
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function poly( $field )
	{
		return $this->fetchAs( $this->$field );
	}

	/**
	 * Traverses a bean property with the specified function.
	 * Recursively iterates through the property invoking the
	 * function for each bean along the way passing the bean to it.
	 *
	 * Can be used together with with, withCondition, alias and fetchAs.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $task
	 *    ->withCondition(' priority >= ? ', [ $priority ])
	 *    ->traverse('ownTaskList', function( $t ) use ( &$todo ) {
	 *       $todo[] = $t->descr;
	 *    } );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example, we create a to-do list by traversing a
	 * hierarchical list of tasks while filtering out all tasks
	 * having a low priority.
	 *
	 * @param string $property property
	 * @param callable $function function
	 * @param integer|NULL $maxDepth maximum depth for traversal
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 * @throws RedException
	 */
	public function traverse( $property, $function, $maxDepth = NULL, $depth = 1 )
	{
		$this->via = NULL;
		if ( strpos( $property, 'shared' ) !== FALSE ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Traverse only works with (x)own-lists.' );
		}

		if ( !is_null( $maxDepth ) ) {
			if ( !$maxDepth-- ) return $this;
		}

		$oldFetchType = $this->fetchType;
		$oldAliasName = $this->aliasName;
		$oldWith      = $this->withSql;
		$oldBindings  = $this->withParams;

		$beans = $this->$property;

		if ( $beans === NULL ) return $this;

		if ( !is_array( $beans ) ) $beans = array( $beans );

		foreach( $beans as $bean ) {
			$function( $bean, $depth );
			$bean->fetchType  = $oldFetchType;
			$bean->aliasName  = $oldAliasName;
			$bean->withSql    = $oldWith;
			$bean->withParams = $oldBindings;

			$bean->traverse( $property, $function, $maxDepth, $depth + 1 );
		}

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Implementation of Countable interface. Makes it possible to use
	 * count() function on a bean. This method gets invoked if you use
	 * the count() function on a bean. The count() method will return
	 * the number of properties of the bean, this includes the id property.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean = R::dispense('bean');
	 * $bean->property1 = 1;
	 * $bean->property2 = 2;
	 * echo count($bean); //prints 3 (cause id is also a property)
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above will print the number 3 to stdout.
	 * Although we have assigned values to just two properties, the
	 * primary key id is also a property of the bean and together
	 * that makes 3. Besides using the count() function, you can also
	 * call this method using a method notation: $bean->count().
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function count()
	{
		return count( $this->properties );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether a bean is empty or not.
	 * A bean is empty if it has no other properties than the id field OR
	 * if all the other properties are 'empty()' (this might
	 * include NULL and FALSE values).
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $newBean = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $newBean->isEmpty(); // TRUE
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above demonstrates that newly dispensed beans are
	 * considered 'empty'.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function isEmpty()
	{
		$empty = TRUE;
		foreach ( $this->properties as $key => $value ) {
			if ( $key == 'id' ) {
				continue;
			}
			if ( !empty( $value ) ) {
				$empty = FALSE;
			}
		}

		return $empty;
	}

	/**
	 * Chainable setter.
	 * This method is actually the same as just setting a value
	 * using a magic setter (->property = ...). The difference
	 * is that you can chain these setters like this:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->setAttr('title', 'mybook')->setAttr('author', 'me');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This is the same as setting both properties $book->title and
	 * $book->author. Sometimes a chained notation can improve the
	 * readability of the code.
	 *
	 * @param string $property the property of the bean
	 * @param mixed  $value    the value you want to set
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function setAttr( $property, $value )
	{
		$this->$property = $value;

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience method.
	 * Unsets all properties in the internal properties array.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean->property = 1;
	 * $bean->unsetAll( array( 'property' ) );
	 * $bean->property; //NULL
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above the 'property' of the bean will be
	 * unset, resulting in the getter returning NULL instead of 1.
	 *
	 * @param array $properties properties you want to unset.
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function unsetAll( $properties )
	{
		foreach ( $properties as $prop ) {
			if ( isset( $this->properties[$prop] ) ) {
				unset( $this->properties[$prop] );
			}
		}
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns original (old) value of a property.
	 * You can use this method to see what has changed in a
	 * bean. The original value of a property is the value that
	 * this property has had since the bean has been retrieved
	 * from the databases.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->title = 'new title';
	 * $oldTitle = $book->old('title');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example shows how to use the old() method.
	 * Here we set the title property of the bean to 'new title', then
	 * we obtain the original value using old('title') and store it in
	 * a variable $oldTitle.
	 *
	 * @param string $property name of the property you want the old value of
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function old( $property )
	{
		$old = $this->getMeta( 'sys.orig', array() );

		if ( array_key_exists( $property, $old ) ) {
			return $old[$property];
		}

		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience method.
	 *
	 * Returns TRUE if the bean has been changed, or FALSE otherwise.
	 * Same as $bean->getMeta('tainted');
	 * Note that a bean becomes tainted as soon as you retrieve a list from
	 * the bean. This is because the bean lists are arrays and the bean cannot
	 * determine whether you have made modifications to a list so RedBeanPHP
	 * will mark the whole bean as tainted.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function isTainted()
	{
		return $this->getMeta( 'tainted' );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns TRUE if the value of a certain property of the bean has been changed and
	 * FALSE otherwise.
	 *
	 * Note that this method will return TRUE if applied to a loaded list.
	 * Also note that this method keeps track of the bean's history regardless whether
	 * it has been stored or not. Storing a bean does not undo its history,
	 * to clean the history of a bean use: clearHistory().
	 *
	 * @param string  $property name of the property you want the change-status of
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function hasChanged( $property )
	{
		return ( array_key_exists( $property, $this->properties ) ) ?
			$this->old( $property ) != $this->properties[$property] : FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns TRUE if the specified list exists, has been loaded
	 * and has been changed:
	 * beans have been added or deleted.
	 * This method will not tell you anything about
	 * the state of the beans in the list.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->hasListChanged( 'ownPage' ); // FALSE
	 * array_pop( $book->ownPageList );
	 * $book->hasListChanged( 'ownPage' ); // TRUE
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example, the first time we ask whether the
	 * own-page list has been changed we get FALSE. Then we pop
	 * a page from the list and the hasListChanged() method returns TRUE.
	 *
	 * @param string $property name of the list to check
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function hasListChanged( $property )
	{
		if ( !array_key_exists( $property, $this->properties ) ) return FALSE;
		$diffAdded = array_diff_assoc( $this->properties[$property], $this->__info['sys.shadow.'.$property] );
		if ( count( $diffAdded ) ) return TRUE;
		$diffMissing = array_diff_assoc( $this->__info['sys.shadow.'.$property], $this->properties[$property] );
		if ( count( $diffMissing ) ) return TRUE;
		return FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * Clears (syncs) the history of the bean.
	 * Resets all shadow values of the bean to their current value.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book->title = 'book';
	 * echo $book->hasChanged( 'title' ); //TRUE
	 * R::store( $book );
	 * echo $book->hasChanged( 'title' ); //TRUE
	 * $book->clearHistory();
	 * echo $book->hasChanged( 'title' ); //FALSE
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note that even after store(), the history of the bean still
	 * contains the act of changing the title of the book.
	 * Only after invoking clearHistory() will the history of the bean
	 * be cleared and will hasChanged() return FALSE.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function clearHistory()
	{
		$this->__info['sys.orig'] = array();
		foreach( $this->properties as $key => $value ) {
			if ( is_scalar($value) ) {
				$this->__info['sys.orig'][$key] = $value;
			} else {
				$this->__info['sys.shadow.'.$key] = $value;
			}
		}
		$this->__info[ 'changelist' ] = array();
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a N-M relation by linking an intermediate bean.
	 * This method can be used to quickly connect beans using indirect
	 * relations. For instance, given an album and a song you can connect the two
	 * using a track with a number like this:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $album->link('track', array('number'=>1))->song = $song;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * or:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $album->link($trackBean)->song = $song;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * What this method does is adding the link bean to the own-list, in this case
	 * ownTrack. If the first argument is a string and the second is an array or
	 * a JSON string then the linking bean gets dispensed on-the-fly as seen in
	 * example #1. After preparing the linking bean, the bean is returned thus
	 * allowing the chained setter: ->song = $song.
	 *
	 * @param string|OODBBean $typeOrBean    type of bean to dispense or the full bean
	 * @param string|array    $qualification JSON string or array (optional)
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function link( $typeOrBean, $qualification = array() )
	{
		if ( is_string( $typeOrBean ) ) {
			$typeOrBean = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake( $typeOrBean );
			$bean = $this->beanHelper->getToolBox()->getRedBean()->dispense( $typeOrBean );
			if ( is_string( $qualification ) ) {
				$data = json_decode( $qualification, TRUE );
			} else {
				$data = $qualification;
			}
			foreach ( $data as $key => $value ) {
				$bean->$key = $value;
			}
		} else {
			$bean = $typeOrBean;
		}
		$list = 'own' . ucfirst( $bean->getMeta( 'type' ) );
		array_push( $this->$list, $bean );
		return $bean;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a bean of the given type with the same ID of as
	 * the current one. This only happens in a one-to-one relation.
	 * This is as far as support for 1-1 goes in RedBeanPHP. This
	 * method will only return a reference to the bean, changing it
	 * and storing the bean will not update the related one-bean.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $author = R::load( 'author', $id );
	 * $biography = $author->one( 'bio' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example loads the biography associated with the author
	 * using a one-to-one relation. These relations are generally not
	 * created (nor supported) by RedBeanPHP.
	 *
	 * @param  $type type of bean to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function one( $type ) {
		return $this->beanHelper
			->getToolBox()
			->getRedBean()
			->load( $type, $this->id );
	}

	/**
	 * Reloads the bean.
	 * Returns the same bean freshly loaded from the database.
	 * This method is equal to the following code:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $id = $bean->id;
	 * $type = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
	 * $bean = R::load( $type, $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This is just a convenience method to reload beans
	 * quickly.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::exec( ...update query... );
	 * $book = $book->fresh();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The code snippet above illustrates how to obtain changes
	 * caused by an UPDATE query, simply by reloading the bean using
	 * the fresh() method.
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function fresh()
	{
		return $this->beanHelper
			->getToolbox()
			->getRedBean()
			->load( $this->getMeta( 'type' ), $this->properties['id'] );
	}

	/**
	 * Registers a association renaming globally.
	 * Use via() and link() to associate shared beans using a
	 * 3rd bean that will act as an intermediate type. For instance
	 * consider an employee and a project. We could associate employees
	 * with projects using a sharedEmployeeList. But, maybe there is more
	 * to the relationship than just the association. Maybe we want
	 * to qualify the relation between a project and an employee with
	 * a role: 'developer', 'designer', 'tester' and so on. In that case,
	 * it might be better to introduce a new concept to reflect this:
	 * the participant. However, we still want the flexibility to
	 * query our employees in one go. This is where link() and via()
	 * can help. You can still introduce the more applicable
	 * concept (participant) and have your easy access to the shared beans.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $Anna = R::dispense( 'employee' );
	 * $Anna->badge   = 'Anna';
	 * $project = R::dispense( 'project' );
	 * $project->name = 'x';
	 * $Anna->link( 'participant', array(
	 *	 'arole' => 'developer'
	 *	) )->project = $project;
	 * R::storeAll( array( $project,  $Anna )  );
	 * $employees = $project
	 *	->with(' ORDER BY badge ASC ')
	 *  ->via( 'participant' )
	 *  ->sharedEmployee;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This piece of code creates a project and an employee.
	 * It then associates the two using a via-relation called
	 * 'participant' ( employee <-> participant <-> project ).
	 * So, there will be a table named 'participant' instead of
	 * a table named 'employee_project'. Using the via() method, the
	 * employees associated with the project are retrieved 'via'
	 * the participant table (and an SQL snippet to order them by badge).
	 *
	 * @param string $via type you wish to use for shared lists
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function via( $via )
	{
		$this->via = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake( $via );

		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Counts all own beans of type $type.
	 * Also works with alias(), with() and withCondition().
	 * Own-beans or xOwn-beans (exclusively owned beans) are beans
	 * that have been associated using a one-to-many relation. They can
	 * be accessed through the ownXList where X is the type of the
	 * associated beans.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $Bill->alias( 'author' )
	 *      ->countOwn( 'book' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above counts all the books associated with 'author'
	 * $Bill.
	 *
	 * @param string $type the type of bean you want to count
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function countOwn( $type )
	{
		$type = $this->beau( $type );
		if ( $this->aliasName ) {
			$myFieldLink     = $this->aliasName . '_id';
			$this->aliasName = NULL;
		} else {
			$myFieldLink = $this->__info['type'] . '_id';
		}
		$count = 0;
		if ( $this->getID() ) {
			reset( $this->withParams );
			$firstKey = count( $this->withParams ) > 0
				? key( $this->withParams )
				: 0;
			if ( is_int( $firstKey ) ) {
				$sql = "{$myFieldLink} = ? {$this->withSql}";
				$bindings = array_merge( array( $this->getID() ), $this->withParams );
			} else {
				$sql = "{$myFieldLink} = :slot0 {$this->withSql}";
				$bindings           = $this->withParams;
				$bindings[':slot0'] = $this->getID();
			}
			if ( !self::$useFluidCount ) {
				$count = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getWriter()->queryRecordCount( $type, array(), $sql, $bindings );
			} else {
				$count = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getRedBean()->count( $type, $sql, $bindings );
			}
		}
		$this->clearModifiers();
		return (int) $count;
	}

	/**
	 * Counts all shared beans of type $type.
	 * Also works with via(), with() and withCondition().
	 * Shared beans are beans that have an many-to-many relation.
	 * They can be accessed using the sharedXList, where X the
	 * type of the shared bean.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book = R::dispense( 'book' );
	 * $book->sharedPageList = R::dispense( 'page', 5 );
	 * R::store( $book );
	 * echo $book->countShared( 'page' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The code snippet above will output '5', because there
	 * are 5 beans of type 'page' in the shared list.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean you wish to count
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function countShared( $type )
	{
		$toolbox = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox();
		$redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
		$writer  = $toolbox->getWriter();
		if ( $this->via ) {
			$oldName = $writer->getAssocTable( array( $this->__info['type'], $type ) );
			if ( $oldName !== $this->via ) {
				//set the new renaming rule
				$writer->renameAssocTable( $oldName, $this->via );
				$this->via = NULL;
			}
		}
		$type  = $this->beau( $type );
		$count = 0;
		if ( $this->getID() ) {
			$count = $redbean->getAssociationManager()->relatedCount( $this, $type, $this->withSql, $this->withParams );
		}
		$this->clearModifiers();
		return (integer) $count;
	}

	/**
	 * Iterates through the specified own-list and
	 * fetches all properties (with their type) and
	 * returns the references.
	 * Use this method to quickly load indirectly related
	 * beans in an own-list. Whenever you cannot use a
	 * shared-list this method offers the same convenience
	 * by aggregating the parent beans of all children in
	 * the specified own-list.
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $quest->aggr( 'xownQuestTarget', 'target', 'quest' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Loads (in batch) and returns references to all
	 * quest beans residing in the $questTarget->target properties
	 * of each element in the xownQuestTargetList.
	 *
	 * @param string      $list     the list you wish to process
	 * @param string      $property the property to load
	 * @param string|NULL $type     the type of bean residing in this property (optional)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function &aggr( $list, $property, $type = NULL )
	{
		$this->via = NULL;
		$ids = $beanIndex = $references = array();

		if ( strlen( $list ) < 4 ) throw new RedException('Invalid own-list.');
		if ( strpos( $list, 'own') !== 0 ) throw new RedException('Only own-lists can be aggregated.');
		if ( !ctype_upper( substr( $list, 3, 1 ) ) ) throw new RedException('Invalid own-list.');

		if ( is_null( $type ) ) $type = $property;

		foreach( $this->$list as $bean ) {
			$field = $property . '_id';
			if ( isset( $bean->$field)  ) {
				$ids[] = $bean->$field;
				$beanIndex[$bean->$field] = $bean;
			}
		}

		$beans = $this->beanHelper->getToolBox()->getRedBean()->batch( $type, $ids );

		//now preload the beans as well
		foreach( $beans as $bean ) {
			$beanIndex[$bean->id]->setProperty( $property, $bean );
		}

		foreach( $beanIndex as $indexedBean ) {
			$references[] = $indexedBean->$property;
		}

		return $references;
	}

	/**
	 * Tests whether the database identities of two beans are equal.
	 * Two beans are considered 'equal' if:
	 *
	 * a. the types of the beans match
	 * b. the ids of the beans match
	 *
	 * Returns TRUE if the beans are considered equal according to this
	 * specification and FALSE otherwise.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $coffee->fetchAs( 'flavour' )->taste->equals(
	 *    R::enum('flavour:mocca')
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above compares the flavour label 'mocca' with
	 * the flavour label attached to the $coffee bean. This illustrates
	 * how to use equals() with RedBeanPHP-style enums.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|null $bean other bean
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function equals(OODBBean $bean)
	{
		if ( is_null($bean) ) return false;

		return (bool) (
			   ( (string) $this->properties['id'] === (string) $bean->properties['id'] )
			&& ( (string) $this->__info['type']   === (string) $bean->__info['type']   )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Magic method jsonSerialize,
	 * implementation for the \JsonSerializable interface,
	 * this method gets called by json_encode and
	 * facilitates a better JSON representation
	 * of the bean. Exports the bean on JSON serialization,
	 * for the JSON fans.
	 *
	 * Models can override jsonSerialize (issue #651) by
	 * implementing a __jsonSerialize method which should return
	 * an array. The __jsonSerialize override gets called with
	 * the @ modifier to prevent errors or warnings.
	 *
	 * @see  http://php.net/manual/en/class.jsonserializable.php
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	 #[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
	public function jsonSerialize()
	{
		$json = $this->__call( '@__jsonSerialize', array( ) );

		if ( $json !== NULL ) {
			return $json;
		}

		return $this->export();
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\Observer as Observer;

/**
 * Observable
 * Base class for Observables
 *
 * @file            RedBeanPHP/Observable.php
 * @author          Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license         BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
abstract class Observable { //bracket must be here - otherwise coverage software does not understand.

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	private $observers = array();

	/**
	 * Implementation of the Observer Pattern.
	 * Adds an event listener to the observable object.
	 * First argument should be the name of the event you wish to listen for.
	 * Second argument should be the object that wants to be notified in case
	 * the event occurs.
	 *
	 * @param string   $eventname event identifier
	 * @param Observer $observer  observer instance
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function addEventListener( $eventname, Observer $observer )
	{
		if ( !isset( $this->observers[$eventname] ) ) {
			$this->observers[$eventname] = array();
		}

		if ( in_array( $observer, $this->observers[$eventname] ) ) {
			return;
		}

		$this->observers[$eventname][] = $observer;
	}

	/**
	 * Notifies listeners.
	 * Sends the signal $eventname, the event identifier and a message object
	 * to all observers that have been registered to receive notification for
	 * this event. Part of the observer pattern implementation in RedBeanPHP.
	 *
	 * @param string $eventname event you want signal
	 * @param mixed  $info      message object to send along
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function signal( $eventname, $info )
	{
		if ( !isset( $this->observers[$eventname] ) ) {
			$this->observers[$eventname] = array();
		}

		foreach ( $this->observers[$eventname] as $observer ) {
			$observer->onEvent( $eventname, $info );
		}
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * Observer.
 *
 * Interface for Observer object. Implementation of the
 * observer pattern.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Observer.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 * @desc    Part of the observer pattern in RedBean
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface Observer
{
	/**
	 * An observer object needs to be capable of receiving
	 * notifications. Therefore the observer needs to implement the
	 * onEvent method with two parameters: the event identifier specifying the
	 * current event and a message object (in RedBeanPHP this can also be a bean).
	 *
	 * @param string $eventname event identifier
	 * @param mixed  $bean      a message sent along with the notification
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function onEvent( $eventname, $bean );
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * Adapter Interface.
 * Describes the API for a RedBeanPHP Database Adapter.
 * This interface defines the API contract for
 * a RedBeanPHP Database Adapter.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Adapter.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface Adapter
{
	/**
	 * Should returns a string containing the most recent SQL query
	 * that has been processed by the adapter.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getSQL();

	/**
	 * Executes an SQL Statement using an array of values to bind
	 * If $noevent is TRUE then this function will not signal its
	 * observers to notify about the SQL execution; this to prevent
	 * infinite recursion when using observers.
	 *
	 * @param string  $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array   $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 * @param boolean $noevent  no event firing
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function exec( $sql, $bindings = array(), $noevent = FALSE );

	/**
	 * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
	 * This method returns a multi dimensional resultset similar to getAll
	 * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
	 * SQL query.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function get( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
	 * This method returns a single row (one array) resultset.
	 * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
	 * SQL query.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 *
	 * @return array|NULL
	 */
	public function getRow( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
	 * This method returns a single column (one array) resultset.
	 * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
	 * SQL query.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getCol( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
	 * This method returns a single cell, a scalar value as the resultset.
	 * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
	 * SQL query.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 *
	 * @return string|NULL
	 */
	public function getCell( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Executes the SQL query specified in $sql and indexes
	 * the row by the first column.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getAssoc( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Executes the SQL query specified in $sql and returns
	 * an associative array where the column names are the keys.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      String containing SQL code for databaseQL
	 * @param array  $bindings values to bind
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getAssocRow( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns the latest insert ID.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getInsertID();

	/**
	 * Returns the number of rows that have been
	 * affected by the last update statement.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getAffectedRows();

	/**
	 * Returns a database agnostic Cursor object.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      string containing SQL code for database
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to bind to parameters in query string
	 *
	 * @return Cursor
	 */
	public function getCursor( $sql, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns the original database resource. This is useful if you want to
	 * perform operations on the driver directly instead of working with the
	 * adapter. RedBean will only access the adapter and never to talk
	 * directly to the driver though.
	 *
	 * @return Driver
	 */
	public function getDatabase();

	/**
	 * This method is part of the RedBean Transaction Management
	 * mechanisms.
	 * Starts a transaction.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function startTransaction();

	/**
	 * This method is part of the RedBean Transaction Management
	 * mechanisms.
	 * Commits the transaction.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function commit();

	/**
	 * This method is part of the RedBean Transaction Management
	 * mechanisms.
	 * Rolls back the transaction.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function rollback();

	/**
	 * Closes database connection.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function close();

	/**
	 * Sets a driver specific option.
	 * Using this method you can access driver-specific functions.
	 * If the selected option exists the value will be passed and
	 * this method will return boolean TRUE, otherwise it will return
	 * boolean FALSE.
	 *
	 * @param string $optionKey   option key
	 * @param string $optionValue option value
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function setOption( $optionKey, $optionValue );

	/**
	 * Returns the version string from the database server.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDatabaseServerVersion();
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Adapter {

use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
use RedBeanPHP\Driver as Driver;

/**
 * DBAdapter (Database Adapter)
 *
 * An adapter class to connect various database systems to RedBean
 * Database Adapter Class. The task of the database adapter class is to
 * communicate with the database driver. You can use all sorts of database
 * drivers with RedBeanPHP. The default database drivers that ships with
 * the RedBeanPHP library is the RPDO driver ( which uses the PHP Data Objects
 * Architecture aka PDO ).
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Adapter/DBAdapter.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class DBAdapter extends Observable implements Adapter
{
	/**
	 * @var Driver
	 */
	private $db = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	private $sql = '';

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 *
	 * Creates an instance of the RedBean Adapter Class.
	 * This class provides an interface for RedBean to work
	 * with ADO compatible DB instances.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $database = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $pass );
	 * $adapter = new DBAdapter( $database );
	 * $writer = new PostgresWriter( $adapter );
	 * $oodb = new OODB( $writer, FALSE );
	 * $bean = $oodb->dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $bean->name = 'coffeeBean';
	 * $id = $oodb->store( $bean );
	 * $bean = $oodb->load( 'bean', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates the 3 RedBeanPHP core objects:
	 * the Adapter, the Query Writer and the OODB instance and
	 * wires them together. The example also demonstrates some of
	 * the methods that can be used with OODB, as you see, they
	 * closely resemble their facade counterparts.
	 *
	 * The wiring process: create an RPDO instance using your database
	 * connection parameters. Create a database adapter from the RPDO
	 * object and pass that to the constructor of the writer. Next,
	 * create an OODB instance from the writer. Now you have an OODB
	 * object.
	 *
	 * @param Driver $database ADO Compatible DB Instance
	 */
	public function __construct( $database )
	{
		$this->db = $database;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a string containing the most recent SQL query
	 * processed by the database adapter, thus conforming to the
	 * interface:
	 *
	 * @see Adapter::getSQL
	 *
	 * Methods like get(), getRow() and exec() cause this SQL cache
	 * to get filled. If no SQL query has been processed yet this function
	 * will return an empty string.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getSQL()
	{
		return $this->sql;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::exec
	 */
	public function exec( $sql, $bindings = array(), $noevent = FALSE )
	{
		if ( !$noevent ) {
			$this->sql = $sql;
			$this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );
		}

		return $this->db->Execute( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::get
	 */
	public function get( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->sql = $sql;
		$this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );

		return $this->db->GetAll( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getRow
	 */
	public function getRow( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->sql = $sql;
		$this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );

		return $this->db->GetRow( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getCol
	 */
	public function getCol( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->sql = $sql;
		$this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );

		return $this->db->GetCol( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getAssoc
	 */
	public function getAssoc( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$this->sql = $sql;

		$this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );

		$rows  = $this->db->GetAll( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( !$rows ) return array();

		$assoc = array();

		foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
			if ( empty( $row ) ) continue;

			$key   = array_shift( $row );
			switch ( count( $row ) ) {
				case 0:
					$value = $key;
					break;
				case 1:
					$value = reset( $row );
					break;
				default:
					$value = $row;
			}

			$assoc[$key] = $value;
		}

		return $assoc;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getAssocRow
	 */
	public function getAssocRow($sql, $bindings = array())
	{
		$this->sql = $sql;
		$this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );

		return $this->db->GetAssocRow( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getCell
	 */
	public function getCell( $sql, $bindings = array(), $noSignal = NULL )
	{
		$this->sql = $sql;

		if ( !$noSignal ) $this->signal( 'sql_exec', $this );

		return $this->db->GetOne( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getCursor
	 */
	public function getCursor( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->db->GetCursor( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getInsertID
	 */
	public function getInsertID()
	{
		return $this->db->getInsertID();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getAffectedRows
	 */
	public function getAffectedRows()
	{
		return $this->db->Affected_Rows();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getDatabase
	 */
	public function getDatabase()
	{
		return $this->db;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::startTransaction
	 */
	public function startTransaction()
	{
		$this->db->StartTrans();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::commit
	 */
	public function commit()
	{
		$this->db->CommitTrans();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::rollback
	 */
	public function rollback()
	{
		$this->db->FailTrans();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::close.
	 */
	public function close()
	{
		$this->db->close();
	}

	/**
	 * Sets initialization code for connection.
	 *
	 * @param callable $code
	 */
	public function setInitCode($code) {
		$this->db->setInitCode($code);
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::setOption
	 */
	public function setOption( $optionKey, $optionValue ) {
		if ( method_exists( $this->db, $optionKey ) ) {
			call_user_func( array( $this->db, $optionKey ), $optionValue );
			return TRUE;
		}
		return FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Adapter::getDatabaseServerVersion
	 */
	public function getDatabaseServerVersion()
	{
		return $this->db->DatabaseServerVersion();
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * Database Cursor Interface.
 * A cursor is used by Query Writers to fetch Query Result rows
 * one row at a time. This is useful if you expect the result set to
 * be quite large. This interface describes the API of a database
 * cursor. There can be multiple implementations of the Cursor,
 * by default RedBeanPHP offers the PDOCursor for drivers shipping
 * with RedBeanPHP and the NULLCursor.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Cursor.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface Cursor
{
	/**
	 * Should retrieve the next row of the result set.
	 * This method is used to iterate over the result set.
	 *
	 * @return array|NULL
	 */
	public function getNextItem();

	/**
	 * Resets the cursor by closing it and re-executing the statement.
	 * This reloads fresh data from the database for the whole collection.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function reset();

	/**
	 * Closes the database cursor.
	 * Some databases require a cursor to be closed before executing
	 * another statement/opening a new cursor.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function close();
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Cursor {

use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;

/**
 * PDO Database Cursor
 * Implementation of PDO Database Cursor.
 * Used by the BeanCollection to fetch one bean at a time.
 * The PDO Cursor is used by Query Writers to support retrieval
 * of large bean collections. For instance, this class is used to
 * implement the findCollection()/BeanCollection functionality.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Cursor/PDOCursor.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class PDOCursor implements Cursor
{
	/**
	 * @var \PDOStatement
	 */
	protected $res;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $fetchStyle;

	/**
	 * Constructor, creates a new instance of a PDO Database Cursor.
	 *
	 * @param \PDOStatement $res        the PDO statement
	 * @param string       $fetchStyle fetch style constant to use
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __construct( \PDOStatement $res, $fetchStyle )
	{
		$this->res = $res;
		$this->fetchStyle = $fetchStyle;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Cursor::getNextItem
	 */
	public function getNextItem()
	{
		return $this->res->fetch();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Cursor::reset
	 */
	public function reset()
	{
		$this->close();
		$this->res->execute();
	}

	/**
	 * @see Cursor::close
	 */
	public function close()
	{
		$this->res->closeCursor();
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Cursor {

use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;

/**
 * NULL Database Cursor
 * Implementation of the NULL Cursor.
 * Used for an empty BeanCollection. This Cursor
 * can be used for instance if a query fails but the interface
 * demands a cursor to be returned.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Cursor/NULLCursor.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class NullCursor implements Cursor
{
	/**
	 * @see Cursor::getNextItem
	 */
	public function getNextItem()
	{
		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Cursor::reset
	 */
	public function reset()
	{
		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * @see Cursor::close
	 */
	public function close()
	{
		return NULL;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;
use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;

/**
 * BeanCollection.
 *
 * The BeanCollection represents a collection of beans and
 * makes it possible to use database cursors. The BeanCollection
 * has a method next() to obtain the first, next and last bean
 * in the collection. The BeanCollection does not implement the array
 * interface nor does it try to act like an array because it cannot go
 * backward or rewind itself.
 *
 * Use the BeanCollection for large datasets where skip/limit is not an
 * option. Keep in mind that ID-marking (querying a start ID) is a decent
 * alternative though.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/BeanCollection.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class BeanCollection
{
	/**
	 * @var Cursor
	 */
	protected $cursor = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var Repository
	 */
	protected $repository = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $type = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $mask = NULL;

	/**
	 * Constructor, creates a new instance of the BeanCollection.
	 *
	 * @param string     $type       type of beans in this collection
	 * @param Repository $repository repository to use to generate bean objects
	 * @param Cursor     $cursor     cursor object to use
	 * @param string     $mask       meta mask to apply (optional)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __construct( $type, Repository $repository, Cursor $cursor, $mask = '__meta' )
	{
		$this->type = $type;
		$this->cursor = $cursor;
		$this->repository = $repository;
		$this->mask = $mask;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the next bean in the collection.
	 * If called the first time, this will return the first bean in the collection.
	 * If there are no more beans left in the collection, this method
	 * will return NULL.
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public function next()
	{
		$row = $this->cursor->getNextItem();
		if ( $row ) {
			$beans = $this->repository->convertToBeans( $this->type, array( $row ), $this->mask );
			return reset( $beans );
		}
		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Resets the collection from the start, like a fresh() on a bean.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function reset()
	{
		$this->cursor->reset();
	}

	/**
	 * Closes the underlying cursor (needed for some databases).
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function close()
	{
		$this->cursor->close();
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * QueryWriter
 * Interface for QueryWriters.
 * Describes the API for a QueryWriter.
 *
 * Terminology:
 *
 * - beautified property (a camelCased property, has to be converted first)
 * - beautified type (a camelCased type, has to be converted first)
 * - type (a bean type, corresponds directly to a table)
 * - property (a bean property, corresponds directly to a column)
 * - table (a checked and quoted type, ready for use in a query)
 * - column (a checked and quoted property, ready for use in query)
 * - tableNoQ (same as type, but in context of a database operation)
 * - columnNoQ (same as property, but in context of a database operation)
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface QueryWriter
{
	/**
	 * SQL filter constants
	 */
	const C_SQLFILTER_READ  = 'r';
	const C_SQLFILTER_WRITE = 'w';

	/**
	 * Query Writer constants.
	 */
	const C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE                  = 1;
	const C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN                 = 2;
	const C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION = 3;
	const C_SQLSTATE_LOCK_TIMEOUT                   = 4;

	/**
	 * Define data type regions
	 *
	 * 00 - 80: normal data types
	 * 80 - 99: special data types, only scan/code if requested
	 * 99     : specified by user, don't change
	 */
	const C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL   = 80;
	const C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIFIED = 99;

	/**
	 * Define GLUE types for use with glueSQLCondition methods.
	 * Determines how to prefix a snippet of SQL before appending it
	 * to other SQL (or integrating it, mixing it otherwise).
	 *
	 * WHERE - glue as WHERE condition
	 * AND   - glue as AND condition
	 */
	const C_GLUE_WHERE = 1;
	const C_GLUE_AND   = 2;

	/**
	 * CTE Select Snippet
	 * Constants specifying select snippets for CTE queries
	 */
	 const C_CTE_SELECT_NORMAL = FALSE;
	 const C_CTE_SELECT_COUNT  = TRUE;

	/**
	 * Parses an sql string to create joins if needed.
	 *
	 * For instance with $type = 'book' and $sql = ' @joined.author.name LIKE ? OR @joined.detail.title LIKE ? '
	 * parseJoin will return the following SQL:
	 * ' LEFT JOIN `author` ON `author`.id = `book`.author_id
	 *   LEFT JOIN `detail` ON `detail`.id = `book`.detail_id
	 *   WHERE author.name LIKE ? OR detail.title LIKE ? '
	 *
	 * @note this feature requires Narrow Field Mode to be activated (default).
	 *
	 * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
	 * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
	 *
	 * @param string         $type the source type for the join
	 * @param string         $sql  the sql string to be parsed
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function parseJoin( $type, $sql );

	/**
	 * Writes an SQL Snippet for a JOIN, returns the
	 * SQL snippet string.
	 *
	 * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
	 * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type         source type
	 * @param string  $targetType   target type (type to join)
	 * @param string  $leftRight    type of join (possible: 'LEFT', 'RIGHT' or 'INNER')
	 * @param string  $joinType     relation between joined tables (possible: 'parent', 'own', 'shared')
	 * @param boolean $firstOfChain is it the join of a chain (or the only join)
	 * @param string  $suffix       suffix to add for aliasing tables (for joining same table multiple times)
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function writeJoin( $type, $targetType, $leftRight, $joinType, $firstOfChain, $suffix );

	/**
	 * Glues an SQL snippet to the beginning of a WHERE clause.
	 * This ensures users don't have to add WHERE to their query snippets.
	 *
	 * The snippet gets prefixed with WHERE or AND
	 * if it starts with a condition.
	 *
	 * If the snippet does NOT start with a condition (or this function thinks so)
	 * the snippet is returned as-is.
	 *
	 * The GLUE type determines the prefix:
	 *
	 * * NONE  prefixes with WHERE
	 * * WHERE prefixes with WHERE and replaces AND if snippets starts with AND
	 * * AND   prefixes with AND
	 *
	 * This method will never replace WHERE with AND since a snippet should never
	 * begin with WHERE in the first place. OR is not supported.
	 *
	 * Only a limited set of clauses will be recognized as non-conditions.
	 * For instance beginning a snippet with complex statements like JOIN or UNION
	 * will not work. This is too complex for use in a snippet.
	 *
	 * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
	 * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
	 *
	 * @param string       $sql  SQL Snippet
	 * @param integer|NULL $glue the GLUE type - how to glue (C_GLUE_WHERE or C_GLUE_AND)
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function glueSQLCondition( $sql, $glue = NULL );

	/**
	 * Determines if there is a LIMIT 1 clause in the SQL.
	 * If not, it will add a LIMIT 1. (used for findOne).
	 *
	 * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
	 * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql query to scan and adjust
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function glueLimitOne( $sql );

	/**
	 * Returns the tables that are in the database.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getTables();

	/**
	 * This method will create a table for the bean.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean you want to create a table for
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function createTable( $type );

	/**
	 * Returns an array containing all the columns of the specified type.
	 * The format of the return array looks like this:
	 * $field => $type where $field is the name of the column and $type
	 * is a database specific description of the datatype.
	 *
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean you want to obtain a column list of
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getColumns( $type );

	/**
	 * Returns the Column Type Code (integer) that corresponds
	 * to the given value type. This method is used to determine the minimum
	 * column type required to represent the given value. There are two modes of
	 * operation: with or without special types. Scanning without special types
	 * requires the second parameter to be set to FALSE. This is useful when the
	 * column has already been created and prevents it from being modified to
	 * an incompatible type leading to data loss. Special types will be taken
	 * into account when a column does not exist yet (parameter is then set to TRUE).
	 *
	 * Special column types are determines by the AQueryWriter constant
	 * C_DATA_TYPE_ONLY_IF_NOT_EXISTS (usually 80). Another 'very special' type is type
	 * C_DATA_TYPE_MANUAL (usually 99) which represents a user specified type. Although
	 * no special treatment has been associated with the latter for now.
	 *
	 * @param mixed   $value                   value
	 * @param boolean $alsoScanSpecialForTypes take special types into account
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function scanType( $value, $alsoScanSpecialForTypes = FALSE );

	/**
	 * This method will add a column to a table.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type   name of the table
	 * @param string  $column name of the column
	 * @param integer $field  data type for field
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function addColumn( $type, $column, $field );

	/**
	 * Returns the Type Code for a Column Description.
	 * Given an SQL column description this method will return the corresponding
	 * code for the writer. If the include specials flag is set it will also
	 * return codes for special columns. Otherwise special columns will be identified
	 * as specified columns.
	 *
	 * @param string  $typedescription description
	 * @param boolean $includeSpecials whether you want to get codes for special columns as well
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function code( $typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE );

	/**
	 * This method will widen the column to the specified data type.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type     type / table that needs to be adjusted
	 * @param string  $column   column that needs to be altered
	 * @param integer $datatype target data type
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function widenColumn( $type, $column, $datatype );

	/**
	 * Selects records from the database.
	 * This methods selects the records from the database that match the specified
	 * type, conditions (optional) and additional SQL snippet (optional).
	 *
	 * @param string      $type       name of the table you want to query
	 * @param array       $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
	 * @param string|NULL $addSql     additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function queryRecord( $type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Selects records from the database and returns a cursor.
	 * This methods selects the records from the database that match the specified
	 * type, conditions (optional) and additional SQL snippet (optional).
	 *
	 * @param string      $type       name of the table you want to query
	 * @param array       $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
	 * @param string|NULL $addSql     additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return Cursor
	 */
	public function queryRecordWithCursor( $type, $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns records through an intermediate type. This method is used to obtain records using a link table and
	 * allows the SQL snippets to reference columns in the link table for additional filtering or ordering.
	 *
	 * @param string $sourceType source type, the reference type you want to use to fetch related items on the other side
	 * @param string $destType   destination type, the target type you want to get beans of
	 * @param mixed  $linkID     ID to use for the link table
	 * @param string $addSql     Additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array  $bindings   Bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function queryRecordRelated( $sourceType, $destType, $linkID, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns the row that links $sourceType $sourceID to $destType $destID in an N-M relation.
	 *
	 * @param string $sourceType source type, the first part of the link you're looking for
	 * @param string $destType   destination type, the second part of the link you're looking for
	 * @param string $sourceID   ID for the source
	 * @param string $destID     ID for the destination
	 *
	 * @return array|null
	 */
	public function queryRecordLink( $sourceType, $destType, $sourceID, $destID );

	/**
	 * Counts the number of records in the database that match the
	 * conditions and additional SQL.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type       name of the table you want to query
	 * @param array       $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
	 * @param string|NULL $addSql     additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function queryRecordCount( $type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns the number of records linked through $linkType and satisfying the SQL in $addSQL/$bindings.
	 *
	 * @param string $sourceType source type
	 * @param string $targetType the thing you want to count
	 * @param mixed  $linkID     the of the source type
	 * @param string $addSQL     additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array  $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function queryRecordCountRelated( $sourceType, $targetType, $linkID, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns all rows of specified type that have been tagged with one of the
	 * strings in the specified tag list array.
	 *
	 * Note that the additional SQL snippet can only be used for pagination,
	 * the SQL snippet will be appended to the end of the query.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type     the bean type you want to query
	 * @param array   $tagList  an array of strings, each string containing a tag title
	 * @param boolean $all      if TRUE only return records that have been associated with ALL the tags in the list
	 * @param string  $addSql   addition SQL snippet, for pagination
	 * @param array   $bindings parameter bindings for additional SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function queryTagged( $type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Like queryTagged but only counts.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type     the bean type you want to query
	 * @param array   $tagList  an array of strings, each string containing a tag title
	 * @param boolean $all      if TRUE only return records that have been associated with ALL the tags in the list
	 * @param string  $addSql   addition SQL snippet, for pagination
	 * @param array   $bindings parameter bindings for additional SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function queryCountTagged( $type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Returns all parent rows or child rows of a specified row.
	 * Given a type specifier and a primary key id, this method returns either all child rows
	 * as defined by having <type>_id = id or all parent rows as defined per id = <type>_id
	 * taking into account an optional SQL snippet along with parameters.
	 *
	 * The $select parameter can be used to adjust the select snippet of the query.
	 * Possible values are: C_CTE_SELECT_NORMAL (just select all columns, default), C_CTE_SELECT_COUNT
	 * (count rows) used for countParents and countChildren functions - or you can specify a
	 * string yourself like 'count(distinct brand)'.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     the bean type you want to query rows for
	 * @param integer     $id       id of the reference row
	 * @param boolean     $up       TRUE to query parent rows, FALSE to query child rows
	 * @param string|NULL $addSql   optional SQL snippet to embed in the query
	 * @param array       $bindings parameter bindings for additional SQL snippet
	 * @param bool        $select   Select Snippet to use when querying (optional)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression( $type, $id, $up = TRUE, $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $select = QueryWriter::C_CTE_SELECT_NORMAL );

	/**
	 * This method should update (or insert a record), it takes
	 * a table name, a list of update values ( $field => $value ) and an
	 * primary key ID (optional). If no primary key ID is provided, an
	 * INSERT will take place.
	 * Returns the new ID.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string       $type         name of the table to update
	 * @param array        $updatevalues list of update values
	 * @param integer|NULL $id           optional primary key ID value
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function updateRecord( $type, $updatevalues, $id = NULL );

	/**
	 * Deletes records from the database.
	 * @note $addSql is always prefixed with ' WHERE ' or ' AND .'
	 *
	 * @param string $type       name of the table you want to query
	 * @param array  $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
	 * @param string $addSql     additional SQL
	 * @param array  $bindings   bindings
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function deleteRecord( $type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = '', $bindings = array() );

	/**
	 * Deletes all links between $sourceType and $destType in an N-M relation.
	 *
	 * @param string $sourceType source type
	 * @param string $destType   destination type
	 * @param string $sourceID   source ID
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function deleteRelations( $sourceType, $destType, $sourceID );

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueConstraint
	 */
	public function addUniqueIndex( $type, $columns );

	/**
	 * This method will add a UNIQUE constraint index to a table on columns $columns.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string $type               target bean type
	 * @param array  $columnsPartOfIndex columns to include in index
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function addUniqueConstraint( $type, $columns );

	/**
	 * This method will check whether the SQL state is in the list of specified states
	 * and returns TRUE if it does appear in this list or FALSE if it
	 * does not. The purpose of this method is to translate the database specific state to
	 * a one of the constants defined in this class and then check whether it is in the list
	 * of standard states provided.
	 *
	 * @param string $state SQL state to consider
	 * @param array  $list  list of standardized SQL state constants to check against
	 * @param array  $extraDriverDetails Some databases communicate state information in a driver-specific format
	 *                                   rather than through the main sqlState code. For those databases, this extra
	 *                                   information can be used to determine the standardized state
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function sqlStateIn( $state, $list, $extraDriverDetails = array() );

	/**
	 * This method will remove all beans of a certain type.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param  string $type bean type
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function wipe( $type );

	/**
	 * This method will add a foreign key from type and field to
	 * target type and target field.
	 * The foreign key is created without an action. On delete/update
	 * no action will be triggered. The FK is only used to allow database
	 * tools to generate pretty diagrams and to make it easy to add actions
	 * later on.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 *
	 * @param  string $type           type that will have a foreign key field
	 * @param  string $targetType     points to this type
	 * @param  string $property       field that contains the foreign key value
	 * @param  string $targetProperty field where the fk points to
	 * @param  bool   $isDep          whether target is dependent and should cascade on update/delete
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function addFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = FALSE );

	/**
	 * This method will add an index to a type and field with name
	 * $name.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     type to add index to
	 * @param string $name     name of the new index
	 * @param string $property field to index
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function addIndex( $type, $name, $property );

	/**
	 * Checks and filters a database structure element like a table of column
	 * for safe use in a query. A database structure has to conform to the
	 * RedBeanPHP DB security policy which basically means only alphanumeric
	 * symbols are allowed. This security policy is more strict than conventional
	 * SQL policies and does therefore not require database specific escaping rules.
	 *
	 * @param string  $databaseStructure name of the column/table to check
	 * @param boolean $noQuotes          TRUE to NOT put backticks or quotes around the string
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function esc( $databaseStructure, $dontQuote = FALSE );

	/**
	 * Removes all tables and views from the database.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function wipeAll();

	/**
	 * Renames an association. For instance if you would like to refer to
	 * album_song as: track you can specify this by calling this method like:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * renameAssociation('album_song','track')
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This allows:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $album->sharedSong
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * to add/retrieve beans from track instead of album_song.
	 * Also works for exportAll().
	 *
	 * This method also accepts a single associative array as
	 * its first argument.
	 *
	 * @param string|array $fromType original type name, or array
	 * @param string       $toType   new type name (only if 1st argument is string)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function renameAssocTable( $fromType, $toType = NULL );

	/**
	 * Returns the format for link tables.
	 * Given an array containing two type names this method returns the
	 * name of the link table to be used to store and retrieve
	 * association records. For instance, given two types: person and
	 * project, the corresponding link table might be: 'person_project'.
	 *
	 * @param  array $types two types array($type1, $type2)
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getAssocTable( $types );

}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

/**
 * RedBeanPHP Abstract Query Writer.
 * Represents an abstract Database to RedBean
 * To write a driver for a different database for RedBean
 * Contains a number of functions all implementors can
 * inherit or override.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/AQueryWriter.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
abstract class AQueryWriter
{
	/**
	 * Constant: Select Snippet 'FOR UPDATE'
	 */
	const C_SELECT_SNIPPET_FOR_UPDATE = 'FOR UPDATE';
	const C_DATA_TYPE_ONLY_IF_NOT_EXISTS = 80;
	const C_DATA_TYPE_MANUAL = 99;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	private static $sqlFilters = array();

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	private static $flagSQLFilterSafeMode = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	private static $flagNarrowFieldMode = TRUE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $flagUseJSONColumns = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $enableISNULLConditions = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	public static $renames = array();

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $defaultValue = 'NULL';

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $quoteCharacter = '';

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $flagUseCache = TRUE;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $cache = array();

	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $maxCacheSizePerType = 20;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $sqlSelectSnippet = '';

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $typeno_sqltype = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $sqltype_typeno = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $encoding = array();

	/**
	 * @var bool
	 */
	protected static $noNuke = false;

	/**
	 * Sets a data definition template to change the data
	 * creation statements per type.
	 *
	 * For instance to add  ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC to all MySQL tables
	 * upon creation:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $sql = $writer->getDDLTemplate( 'createTable', '*' );
	 * $writer->setDDLTemplate( 'createTable', '*', $sql . '  ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC ' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * For property-specific templates set $beanType to:
	 * account.username -- then the template will only be applied to SQL statements relating
	 * to that column/property.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     ( 'createTable' | 'widenColumn' | 'addColumn' )
	 * @param string $beanType ( type of bean or '*' to apply to all types )
	 * @param string $template SQL template, contains %s for slots
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setDDLTemplate( $type, $beanType, $template )
	{
		$this->DDLTemplates[ $type ][ $beanType ] = $template;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the specified data definition template.
	 * If no template can be found for the specified type, the template for
	 * '*' will be returned instead.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     ( 'createTable' | 'widenColumn' | 'addColumn' )
	 * @param string      $beanType ( type of bean or '*' to apply to all types )
	 * @param string|NULL $property specify if you're looking for a property-specific template
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDDLTemplate( $type, $beanType = '*', $property = NULL )
	{
		$key = ( $property ) ? "{$beanType}.{$property}" : $beanType;
		if ( isset( $this->DDLTemplates[ $type ][ $key ] ) ) {
			return $this->DDLTemplates[ $type ][ $key ];
		}
		if ( isset( $this->DDLTemplates[ $type ][ $beanType ] ) ) {
			return $this->DDLTemplates[ $type ][ $beanType ];
		}
		return $this->DDLTemplates[ $type ][ '*' ];
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles support for IS-NULL-conditions.
	 * If IS-NULL-conditions are enabled condition arrays
	 * for functions including findLike() are treated so that
	 * 'field' => NULL will be interpreted as field IS NULL
	 * instead of being skipped. Returns the previous
	 * value of the flag.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag TRUE or FALSE
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function useISNULLConditions( $flag )
	{
		$old = self::$enableISNULLConditions;
		self::$enableISNULLConditions = $flag;
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles support for automatic generation of JSON columns.
	 * Using JSON columns means that strings containing JSON will
	 * cause the column to be created (not modified) as a JSON column.
	 * However it might also trigger exceptions if this means the DB attempts to
	 * convert a non-json column to a JSON column. Returns the previous
	 * value of the flag.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag TRUE or FALSE
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function useJSONColumns( $flag )
	{
		$old = self::$flagUseJSONColumns;
		self::$flagUseJSONColumns = $flag;
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles support for nuke().
	 * Can be used to turn off the nuke() feature for security reasons.
	 * Returns the old flag value.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag TRUE or FALSE
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function forbidNuke( $flag ) {
		$old = self::$noNuke;
		self::$noNuke = (bool) $flag;
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether a number can be treated like an int.
	 *
	 * @param  string $value string representation of a certain value
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function canBeTreatedAsInt( $value )
	{
		return (bool) ( strval( $value ) === strval( intval( $value ) ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getAssocTableFormat
	 */
	public static function getAssocTableFormat( $types )
	{
		sort( $types );

		$assoc = implode( '_', $types );

		return ( isset( self::$renames[$assoc] ) ) ? self::$renames[$assoc] : $assoc;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::renameAssociation
	 */
	public static function renameAssociation( $from, $to = NULL )
	{
		if ( is_array( $from ) ) {
			foreach ( $from as $key => $value ) self::$renames[$key] = $value;

			return;
		}

		self::$renames[$from] = $to;
	}

	/**
	 * Globally available service method for RedBeanPHP.
	 * Converts a camel cased string to a snake cased string.
	 *
	 * @param string $camel camelCased string to convert to snake case
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function camelsSnake( $camel )
	{
		return strtolower( preg_replace( '/(?<=[a-z])([A-Z])|([A-Z])(?=[a-z])/', '_$1$2', $camel ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Globally available service method for RedBeanPHP.
	 * Converts a snake cased string to a camel cased string.
	 *
	 * @param string  $snake   snake_cased string to convert to camelCase
	 * @param boolean $dolphin exception for Ids - (bookId -> bookID)
	 *                         too complicated for the human mind, only dolphins can understand this
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function snakeCamel( $snake, $dolphinMode = false )
	{
		$camel = lcfirst( str_replace(' ', '', ucwords( str_replace('_', ' ', $snake ) ) ) );
		if ( $dolphinMode ) {
			$camel = preg_replace( '/(\w)Id$/', '$1ID', $camel );
		}
		return $camel;
	}

	/**
	 * Clears renames.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function clearRenames()
	{
		self::$renames = array();
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles 'Narrow Field Mode'.
	 * In Narrow Field mode the queryRecord method will
	 * narrow its selection field to
	 *
	 * SELECT {table}.*
	 *
	 * instead of
	 *
	 * SELECT *
	 *
	 * This is a better way of querying because it allows
	 * more flexibility (for instance joins). However if you need
	 * the wide selector for backward compatibility; use this method
	 * to turn OFF Narrow Field Mode by passing FALSE.
	 * Default is TRUE.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $narrowField TRUE = Narrow Field FALSE = Wide Field
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setNarrowFieldMode( $narrowField )
	{
		self::$flagNarrowFieldMode = (boolean) $narrowField;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets SQL filters.
	 * This is a lowlevel method to set the SQL filter array.
	 * The format of this array is:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 * 		'<MODE, i.e. 'r' for read, 'w' for write>' => array(
	 * 			'<TABLE NAME>' => array(
	 * 				'<COLUMN NAME>' => '<SQL>'
	 * 			)
	 * 		)
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 *   QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ => array(
	 * 	'book' => array(
	 * 		'title' => ' LOWER(book.title) '
	 * 	)
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note that you can use constants instead of magical chars
	 * as keys for the uppermost array.
	 * This is a lowlevel method. For a more friendly method
	 * please take a look at the facade: R::bindFunc().
	 *
	 * @param array list of filters to set
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setSQLFilters( $sqlFilters, $safeMode = FALSE )
	{
		self::$flagSQLFilterSafeMode = (boolean) $safeMode;
		self::$sqlFilters = $sqlFilters;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns current SQL Filters.
	 * This method returns the raw SQL filter array.
	 * This is a lowlevel method. For a more friendly method
	 * please take a look at the facade: R::bindFunc().
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function getSQLFilters()
	{
		return self::$sqlFilters;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a cache key for the cache values passed.
	 * This method returns a fingerprint string to be used as a key to store
	 * data in the writer cache.
	 *
	 * @param array $keyValues key-value to generate key for
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function getCacheKey( $keyValues )
	{
		return json_encode( $keyValues );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the values associated with the provided cache tag and key.
	 *
	 * @param string $cacheTag cache tag to use for lookup
	 * @param string $key      key to use for lookup
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	private function getCached( $cacheTag, $key )
	{
		$sql = $this->adapter->getSQL();
		if ($this->updateCache()) {
			if ( isset( $this->cache[$cacheTag][$key] ) ) {
				return $this->cache[$cacheTag][$key];
			}
		}

		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the previous query had a keep-cache tag.
	 * If so, the cache will persist, otherwise the cache will be flushed.
	 *
	 * Returns TRUE if the cache will remain and FALSE if a flush has
	 * been performed.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	private function updateCache()
	{
		$sql = $this->adapter->getSQL();
		if ( strpos( $sql, '-- keep-cache' ) !== strlen( $sql ) - 13 ) {
			// If SQL has been taken place outside of this method then something else then
			// a select query might have happened! (or instruct to keep cache)
			$this->cache = array();
			return FALSE;
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Stores data from the writer in the cache under a specific key and cache tag.
	 * A cache tag is used to make sure the cache remains consistent. In most cases the cache tag
	 * will be the bean type, this makes sure queries associated with a certain reference type will
	 * never contain conflicting data.
	 * Why not use the cache tag as a key? Well
	 * we need to make sure the cache contents fits the key (and key is based on the cache values).
	 * Otherwise it would be possible to store two different result sets under the same key (the cache tag).
	 *
	 * In previous versions you could only store one key-entry, I have changed this to
	 * improve caching efficiency (issue #400).
	 *
	 * @param string    $cacheTag cache tag (secondary key)
	 * @param string    $key      key to store values under
	 * @param array|int $values   rows or count to be stored
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function putResultInCache( $cacheTag, $key, $values )
	{
		if ( isset( $this->cache[$cacheTag] ) ) {
			if ( count( $this->cache[$cacheTag] ) > $this->maxCacheSizePerType ) array_shift( $this->cache[$cacheTag] );
		} else {
			$this->cache[$cacheTag] = array();
		}
		$this->cache[$cacheTag][$key] = $values;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates an SQL snippet from a list of conditions of format:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 *    key => array(
	 *           value1, value2, value3 ....
	 *        )
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param array  $conditions list of conditions
	 * @param array  $bindings   parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 * @param string $addSql     additional SQL snippet to append to result
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function makeSQLFromConditions( $conditions, &$bindings, $addSql = '' )
	{
		reset( $bindings );
		$firstKey       = key( $bindings );
		$paramTypeIsNum = ( is_numeric( $firstKey ) );
		$counter        = 0;

		$sqlConditions = array();
		foreach ( $conditions as $column => $values ) {
			if ( $values === NULL ) {
				if ( self::$enableISNULLConditions ) {
					$sqlConditions[] = $this->esc( $column ) . ' IS NULL';
				}
				continue;
			}

			if ( is_array( $values ) ) {
				if ( empty( $values ) ) continue;
			} else {
				$values = array( $values );
			}

			$checkOODB = reset( $values );
			if ( $checkOODB instanceof OODBBean && $checkOODB->getMeta( 'type' ) === $column && substr( $column, -3 ) != '_id' )
				$column = $column . '_id';


			$sql = $this->esc( $column );
			$sql .= ' IN ( ';

			if ( $paramTypeIsNum ) {
				$sql .= implode( ',', array_fill( 0, count( $values ), '?' ) ) . ' ) ';

				array_unshift($sqlConditions, $sql);

				foreach ( $values as $k => $v ) {
					if ( $v instanceof OODBBean ) {
						$v = $v->id;
					}
					$values[$k] = strval( $v );

					array_unshift( $bindings, $v );
				}
			} else {

				$slots = array();

				foreach( $values as $k => $v ) {
					if ( $v instanceof OODBBean ) {
						$v = $v->id;
					}
					$slot            = ':slot'.$counter++;
					$slots[]         = $slot;
					$bindings[$slot] = strval( $v );
				}

				$sql .= implode( ',', $slots ).' ) ';
				$sqlConditions[] = $sql;
			}
		}

		$sql = '';
		if ( !empty( $sqlConditions ) ) {
			$sql .= " WHERE ( " . implode( ' AND ', $sqlConditions ) . ") ";
		}

		$addSql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql, !empty( $sqlConditions ) ? QueryWriter::C_GLUE_AND : NULL );
		if ( $addSql ) $sql .= $addSql;

		return $sql;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the table names and column names for a relational query.
	 *
	 * @param string  $sourceType type of the source bean
	 * @param string  $destType   type of the bean you want to obtain using the relation
	 * @param boolean $noQuote    TRUE if you want to omit quotes
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function getRelationalTablesAndColumns( $sourceType, $destType, $noQuote = FALSE )
	{
		$linkTable   = $this->esc( $this->getAssocTable( array( $sourceType, $destType ) ), $noQuote );
		$sourceCol   = $this->esc( $sourceType . '_id', $noQuote );

		if ( $sourceType === $destType ) {
			$destCol = $this->esc( $destType . '2_id', $noQuote );
		} else {
			$destCol = $this->esc( $destType . '_id', $noQuote );
		}

		$sourceTable = $this->esc( $sourceType, $noQuote );
		$destTable   = $this->esc( $destType, $noQuote );

		return array( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol );
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether a string can be considered JSON or not.
	 * This is used by writers that support JSON columns. However
	 * we don't want that code duplicated over all JSON supporting
	 * Query Writers.
	 *
	 * @param string $value value to determine 'JSONness' of.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	protected function isJSON( $value )
	{
		return (
			is_string($value) &&
			is_array(json_decode($value, TRUE)) &&
			(json_last_error() == JSON_ERROR_NONE)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Given a type and a property name this method
	 * returns the foreign key map section associated with this pair.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     name of the type
	 * @param string $property name of the property
	 *
	 * @return array|NULL
	 */
	protected function getForeignKeyForTypeProperty( $type, $property )
	{
		$property = $this->esc( $property, TRUE );

		try {
			$map = $this->getKeyMapForType( $type );
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			return NULL;
		}

		foreach( $map as $key ) {
			if ( $key['from'] === $property ) return $key;
		}
		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the foreign key map (FKM) for a type.
	 * A foreign key map describes the foreign keys in a table.
	 * A FKM always has the same structure:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 * 	'name'      => <name of the foreign key>
	 *    'from'      => <name of the column on the source table>
	 *    'table'     => <name of the target table>
	 *    'to'        => <name of the target column> (most of the time 'id')
	 *    'on_update' => <update rule: 'SET NULL','CASCADE' or 'RESTRICT'>
	 *    'on_delete' => <delete rule: 'SET NULL','CASCADE' or 'RESTRICT'>
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @note the keys in the result array are FKDLs, i.e. descriptive unique
	 * keys per source table. Also see: AQueryWriter::makeFKLabel for details.
	 *
	 * @param string $type the bean type you wish to obtain a key map of
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function getKeyMapForType( $type )
	{
		return array();
	}

	/**
	 * This method makes a key for a foreign key description array.
	 * This key is a readable string unique for every source table.
	 * This uniform key is called the FKDL Foreign Key Description Label.
	 * Note that the source table is not part of the FKDL because
	 * this key is supposed to be 'per source table'. If you wish to
	 * include a source table, prefix the key with 'on_table_<SOURCE>_'.
	 *
	 * @param string $from  the column of the key in the source table
	 * @param string $type  the type (table) where the key points to
	 * @param string $to    the target column of the foreign key (mostly just 'id')
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function makeFKLabel($from, $type, $to)
	{
		return "from_{$from}_to_table_{$type}_col_{$to}";
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an SQL Filter snippet for reading.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function getSQLFilterSnippet( $type )
	{
		$existingCols = array();
		if (self::$flagSQLFilterSafeMode) {
			$existingCols = $this->getColumns( $type );
		}

		$sqlFilters = array();
		if ( isset( self::$sqlFilters[QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ][$type] ) ) {
			foreach( self::$sqlFilters[QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ][$type] as $property => $sqlFilter ) {
				if ( !self::$flagSQLFilterSafeMode || isset( $existingCols[$property] ) ) {
					$sqlFilters[] = $sqlFilter.' AS '.$property.' ';
				}
			}
		}
		$sqlFilterStr = ( count($sqlFilters) ) ? ( ','.implode( ',', $sqlFilters ) ) : '';
		return $sqlFilterStr;
	}

	/**
	 * Generates a list of parameters (slots) for an SQL snippet.
	 * This method calculates the correct number of slots to insert in the
	 * SQL snippet and determines the correct type of slot. If the bindings
	 * array contains named parameters this method will return named ones and
	 * update the keys in the value list accordingly (that's why we use the &).
	 *
	 * If you pass an offset the bindings will be re-added to the value list.
	 * Some databases cant handle duplicate parameter names in queries.
	 *
	 * @param array   &$valueList    list of values to generate slots for (gets modified if needed)
	 * @param array   $otherBindings list of additional bindings
	 * @param integer $offset        start counter at...
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function getParametersForInClause( &$valueList, $otherBindings, $offset = 0 )
	{
		if ( is_array( $otherBindings ) && count( $otherBindings ) > 0 ) {
			reset( $otherBindings );

			$key = key( $otherBindings );

			if ( !is_numeric($key) ) {
				$filler  = array();
				$newList = (!$offset) ? array() : $valueList;
				$counter = $offset;

				foreach( $valueList as $value ) {
					$slot           = ':slot' . ( $counter++ );
					$filler[]       = $slot;
					$newList[$slot] = $value;
				}

				// Change the keys!
				$valueList = $newList;

				return implode( ',', $filler );
			}
		}

		return implode( ',', array_fill( 0, count( $valueList ), '?' ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Adds a data type to the list of data types.
	 * Use this method to add a new column type definition to the writer.
	 * Used for UUID support.
	 *
	 * @param integer $dataTypeID    magic number constant assigned to this data type
	 * @param string  $SQLDefinition SQL column definition (e.g. INT(11))
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	protected function addDataType( $dataTypeID, $SQLDefinition )
	{
		$this->typeno_sqltype[ $dataTypeID ] = $SQLDefinition;
		$this->sqltype_typeno[ $SQLDefinition ] = $dataTypeID;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the sql that should follow an insert statement.
	 *
	 * @param string $table name
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function getInsertSuffix( $table )
	{
		return '';
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether a value starts with zeros. In this case
	 * the value should probably be stored using a text datatype instead of a
	 * numerical type in order to preserve the zeros.
	 *
	 * @param string $value value to be checked.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	protected function startsWithZeros( $value )
	{
		$value = strval( $value );

		if ( strlen( $value ) > 1 && strpos( $value, '0' ) === 0 && strpos( $value, '0.' ) !== 0 ) {
			return TRUE;
		} else {
			return FALSE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Inserts a record into the database using a series of insert columns
	 * and corresponding insertvalues. Returns the insert id.
	 *
	 * @param string $table         table to perform query on
	 * @param array  $insertcolumns columns to be inserted
	 * @param array  $insertvalues  values to be inserted
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	protected function insertRecord( $type, $insertcolumns, $insertvalues )
	{
		$default = $this->defaultValue;
		$suffix  = $this->getInsertSuffix( $type );
		$table   = $this->esc( $type );

		if ( count( $insertvalues ) > 0 && is_array( $insertvalues[0] ) && count( $insertvalues[0] ) > 0 ) {

			$insertSlots = array();
			foreach ( $insertcolumns as $k => $v ) {
				$insertcolumns[$k] = $this->esc( $v );

				if (isset(self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$v])) {
					$insertSlots[] = self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$v];
				} else {
					$insertSlots[] = '?';
				}
			}

			$insertSQL = "INSERT INTO $table ( id, " . implode( ',', $insertcolumns ) . " ) VALUES
			( $default, " . implode( ',', $insertSlots ) . " ) $suffix";

			$ids = array();
			foreach ( $insertvalues as $i => $insertvalue ) {
				$ids[] = $this->adapter->getCell( $insertSQL, $insertvalue, $i );
			}

			$result = count( $ids ) === 1 ? array_pop( $ids ) : $ids;
		} else {
			$result = $this->adapter->getCell( "INSERT INTO $table (id) VALUES($default) $suffix" );
		}

		if ( $suffix ) return $result;

		$last_id = $this->adapter->getInsertID();

		return $last_id;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks table name or column name.
	 *
	 * @param string $table table string
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function check( $struct )
	{
		if ( !is_string( $struct ) || !preg_match( '/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$/', $struct ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Identifier does not conform to RedBeanPHP security policies.' );
		}

		return $struct;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether the specified type (i.e. table) already exists in the database.
	 * Not part of the Object Database interface!
	 *
	 * @param string $table table name
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function tableExists( $table )
	{
		$tables = $this->getTables();

		return in_array( $table, $tables );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::glueSQLCondition
	 */
	public function glueSQLCondition( $sql, $glue = NULL )
	{
		static $snippetCache = array();

		if ( is_null( $sql ) ) {
			return '';
		}

		if ( trim( $sql ) === '' ) {
			return $sql;
		}

		$key = $glue . '|' . $sql;

		if ( isset( $snippetCache[$key] ) ) {
			return $snippetCache[$key];
		}

		$lsql = ltrim( $sql );

		if ( preg_match( '/^(INNER|LEFT|RIGHT|JOIN|AND|OR|WHERE|ORDER|GROUP|HAVING|LIMIT|OFFSET)\s+/i', $lsql ) ) {
			if ( $glue === QueryWriter::C_GLUE_WHERE && stripos( $lsql, 'AND' ) === 0 ) {
				$snippetCache[$key] = ' WHERE ' . substr( $lsql, 3 );
			} else {
				$snippetCache[$key] = $sql;
			}
		} else {
			$snippetCache[$key] = ( ( $glue === QueryWriter::C_GLUE_AND ) ? ' AND ' : ' WHERE ') . $sql;
		}

		return $snippetCache[$key];
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::glueLimitOne
	 */
	public function glueLimitOne( $sql = '')
	{
		return ( strpos( strtoupper( ' ' . $sql ), ' LIMIT ' ) === FALSE ) ? ( $sql . ' LIMIT 1 ' ) : $sql;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::esc
	 */
	public function esc( $dbStructure, $dontQuote = FALSE )
	{
		$this->check( $dbStructure );

		return ( $dontQuote ) ? $dbStructure : $this->quoteCharacter . $dbStructure . $this->quoteCharacter;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addColumn
	 */
	public function addColumn( $beanType, $column, $field )
	{
		$table  = $beanType;
		$type   = $field;
		$table  = $this->esc( $table );
		$column = $this->esc( $column );

		$type = ( isset( $this->typeno_sqltype[$type] ) ) ? $this->typeno_sqltype[$type] : '';

		$this->adapter->exec( sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate('addColumn', $beanType, $column ), $table, $column, $type ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::updateRecord
	 */
	public function updateRecord( $type, $updatevalues, $id = NULL )
	{
		$table = $type;

		if ( !$id ) {
			$insertcolumns = $insertvalues = array();

			foreach ( $updatevalues as $pair ) {
				$insertcolumns[] = $pair['property'];
				$insertvalues[]  = $pair['value'];
			}

			//Otherwise psql returns string while MySQL/SQLite return numeric causing problems with additions (array_diff)
			return (string) $this->insertRecord( $table, $insertcolumns, array( $insertvalues ) );
		}

		if ( $id && !count( $updatevalues ) ) {
			return $id;
		}

		$table = $this->esc( $table );
		$sql   = "UPDATE $table SET ";

		$p = $v = array();

		foreach ( $updatevalues as $uv ) {

			if ( isset( self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$uv['property']] ) ) {
				$p[] = " {$this->esc( $uv["property"] )} = ". self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$uv['property']];
			} else {
				$p[] = " {$this->esc( $uv["property"] )} = ? ";
			}

			$v[] = $uv['value'];
		}

		$sql .= implode( ',', $p ) . ' WHERE id = ? ';

		$v[] = $id;

		$this->adapter->exec( $sql, $v );

		return $id;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::parseJoin
	 */
	public function parseJoin( $type, $sql, $cteType = NULL )
	{
		if ( strpos( $sql, '@' ) === FALSE ) {
			return $sql;
		}

		$sql = ' ' . $sql;
		$joins = array();
		$joinSql = '';

		if ( !preg_match_all( '#@((shared|own|joined)\.[^\s(,=!?]+)#', $sql, $matches ) )
			return $sql;

		$expressions = $matches[1];
		// Sort to make the joins from the longest to the shortest
		uasort( $expressions, function($a, $b) {
			return substr_count( $b, '.' ) - substr_count( $a, '.' );
		});

		$nsuffix = 1;
		foreach ( $expressions as $exp ) {
			$explosion = explode( '.', $exp );
			$joinTable = $type;
			$joinType  = array_shift( $explosion );
			$lastPart  = array_pop( $explosion );
			$lastJoin  = end($explosion);
			if ( ( $index = strpos( $lastJoin, '[' ) ) !== FALSE ) {
				$lastJoin = substr( $lastJoin, 0, $index);
			}
			reset($explosion);

			// Let's check if we already joined that chain
			// If that's the case we skip this
			$joinKey  = implode( '.', $explosion );
			foreach ( $joins as $chain => $suffix ) {
				if ( strpos ( $chain, $joinKey ) === 0 ) {
					$sql = str_replace( "@{$exp}", "{$lastJoin}__rb{$suffix}.{$lastPart}", $sql );
					continue 2;
				}
			}
			$sql = str_replace( "@{$exp}", "{$lastJoin}__rb{$nsuffix}.{$lastPart}", $sql );
			$joins[$joinKey] = $nsuffix;

			// We loop on the elements of the join
			$i = 0;
			while ( TRUE ) {
				$joinInfo = $explosion[$i];
				if ( $i ) {
					$joinType = $explosion[$i-1];
					$joinTable = $explosion[$i-2];
				}

				$aliases = array();
				if ( ( $index = strpos( $joinInfo, '[' ) ) !== FALSE ) {
					if ( preg_match_all( '#(([^\s:/\][]+)[/\]])#', $joinInfo, $matches ) ) {
						$aliases = $matches[2];
						$joinInfo = substr( $joinInfo, 0, $index);
					}
				}
				if ( ( $index = strpos( $joinTable, '[' ) ) !== FALSE ) {
					$joinTable = substr( $joinTable, 0, $index);
				}

				if ( $i ) {
					$joinSql .= $this->writeJoin( $joinTable, $joinInfo, 'INNER', $joinType, FALSE, "__rb{$nsuffix}", $aliases, NULL );
				} else {
					$joinSql .= $this->writeJoin( $joinTable, $joinInfo, 'LEFT', $joinType, TRUE, "__rb{$nsuffix}", $aliases, $cteType );
				}

				$i += 2;
				if ( !isset( $explosion[$i] ) ) {
					break;
				}
			}
			$nsuffix++;
		}

		$sql = str_ireplace( ' where ', ' WHERE ', $sql );
		if ( strpos( $sql, ' WHERE ') === FALSE ) {
			if ( preg_match( '/^(ORDER|GROUP|HAVING|LIMIT|OFFSET)\s+/i', trim($sql) ) ) {
				$sql = "{$joinSql} {$sql}";
			} else {
				$sql = "{$joinSql} WHERE {$sql}";
			}
		} else {
			$sqlParts = explode( ' WHERE ', $sql, 2 );
			$sql = "{$sqlParts[0]} {$joinSql} WHERE {$sqlParts[1]}";
		}

		return $sql;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::writeJoin
	 */
	public function writeJoin( $type, $targetType, $leftRight = 'LEFT', $joinType = 'parent', $firstOfChain = TRUE, $suffix = '', $aliases = array(), $cteType = NULL )
	{
		if ( $leftRight !== 'LEFT' && $leftRight !== 'RIGHT' && $leftRight !== 'INNER' )
			throw new RedException( 'Invalid JOIN.' );

		$globalAliases = OODBBean::getAliases();
		if ( isset( $globalAliases[$targetType] ) ) {
			$destType      = $globalAliases[$targetType];
			$asTargetTable = $this->esc( $targetType.$suffix );
		} else {
			$destType      = $targetType;
			$asTargetTable = $this->esc( $destType.$suffix );
		}

		if ( $firstOfChain ) {
			$table = $this->esc( $type );
		} else {
			$table = $this->esc( $type.$suffix );
		}
		$targetTable = $this->esc( $destType );

		if ( $joinType == 'shared' ) {

			if ( isset( $globalAliases[$type] ) ) {
				$field      = $this->esc( $globalAliases[$type], TRUE );
				if ( $aliases && count( $aliases ) === 1 ) {
					$assocTable = reset( $aliases );
				} else {
					$assocTable = $this->getAssocTable( array( $cteType ? $cteType : $globalAliases[$type], $destType ) );
				}
			} else {
				$field      = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
				if ( $aliases && count( $aliases ) === 1 ) {
					$assocTable = reset( $aliases );
				} else {
					$assocTable = $this->getAssocTable( array( $cteType ? $cteType : $type, $destType ) );
				}
			}
			$linkTable      = $this->esc( $assocTable );
			$asLinkTable    = $this->esc( $assocTable.$suffix );
			$leftField      = "id";
			$rightField     = $cteType ? "{$cteType}_id" : "{$field}_id";
			$linkField      = $this->esc( $destType, TRUE );
			$linkLeftField  = "id";
			$linkRightField = "{$linkField}_id";

			$joinSql = " {$leftRight} JOIN {$linkTable}";
			if ( isset( $globalAliases[$targetType] ) || $suffix ) {
				$joinSql .= " AS {$asLinkTable}";
			}
			$joinSql .= " ON {$table}.{$leftField} = {$asLinkTable}.{$rightField}";
			$joinSql .= " {$leftRight} JOIN {$targetTable}";
			if ( isset( $globalAliases[$targetType] ) || $suffix ) {
				$joinSql .= " AS {$asTargetTable}";
			}
			$joinSql .= " ON {$asTargetTable}.{$linkLeftField} = {$asLinkTable}.{$linkRightField}";

		} elseif ( $joinType == 'own' ) {

			$field      = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
			$rightField = "id";

			$joinSql = " {$leftRight} JOIN {$targetTable}";
			if ( isset( $globalAliases[$targetType] ) || $suffix ) {
				$joinSql .= " AS {$asTargetTable}";
			}

			if ( $aliases ) {
				$conditions = array();
				foreach ( $aliases as $alias ) {
					$conditions[] = "{$asTargetTable}.{$alias}_id = {$table}.{$rightField}";
				}
				$joinSql .= " ON ( " . implode( ' OR ', $conditions ) . " ) ";
			} else {
				$leftField  = $cteType ? "{$cteType}_id" : "{$field}_id";
				$joinSql .= " ON {$asTargetTable}.{$leftField} = {$table}.{$rightField} ";
			}

		} else {

			$field      = $this->esc( $targetType, TRUE );
			$leftField  = "id";

			$joinSql = " {$leftRight} JOIN {$targetTable}";
			if ( isset( $globalAliases[$targetType] ) || $suffix ) {
				$joinSql .= " AS {$asTargetTable}";
			}

			if ( $aliases ) {
				$conditions = array();
				foreach ( $aliases as $alias ) {
					$conditions[] = "{$asTargetTable}.{$leftField} = {$table}.{$alias}_id";
				}
				$joinSql .= " ON ( " . implode( ' OR ', $conditions ) . " ) ";
			} else {
				$rightField = "{$field}_id";
				$joinSql .= " ON {$asTargetTable}.{$leftField} = {$table}.{$rightField} ";
			}

		}

		return $joinSql;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets an SQL snippet to be used for the next queryRecord() operation.
	 * A select snippet will be inserted at the end of the SQL select statement and
	 * can be used to modify SQL-select commands to enable locking, for instance
	 * using the 'FOR UPDATE' snippet (this will generate an SQL query like:
	 * 'SELECT * FROM ... FOR UPDATE'. After the query has been executed the
	 * SQL snippet will be erased. Note that only the first upcoming direct or
	 * indirect invocation of queryRecord() through batch(), find() or load()
	 * will be affected. The SQL snippet will be cached.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql SQL snippet to use in SELECT statement.
	 *
	 * return self
	 */
	public function setSQLSelectSnippet( $sqlSelectSnippet = '' ) {
		$this->sqlSelectSnippet = $sqlSelectSnippet;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecord
	 */
	public function queryRecord( $type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		if ( $this->flagUseCache && $this->sqlSelectSnippet != self::C_SELECT_SNIPPET_FOR_UPDATE ) {
			$key = $this->getCacheKey( array( $conditions, trim("$addSql {$this->sqlSelectSnippet}"), $bindings, 'select' ) );
			if ( $cached = $this->getCached( $type, $key ) ) {
				return $cached;
			}
		}

		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$sqlFilterStr = '';
		if ( count( self::$sqlFilters ) ) {
			$sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet( $type );
		}

		if ( is_array ( $conditions ) && !empty ( $conditions ) ) {
			$sql = $this->makeSQLFromConditions( $conditions, $bindings, $addSql );
		} else {
			$sql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql );
		}
		$sql = $this->parseJoin( $type, $sql );
		$fieldSelection = self::$flagNarrowFieldMode ? "{$table}.*" : '*';
		$sql   = "SELECT {$fieldSelection} {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$table} {$sql} {$this->sqlSelectSnippet} -- keep-cache";
		$this->sqlSelectSnippet = '';
		$rows  = $this->adapter->get( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache && !empty( $key ) ) {
			$this->putResultInCache( $type, $key, $rows );
		}

		return $rows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordWithCursor
	 */
	public function queryRecordWithCursor( $type, $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$sqlFilterStr = '';
		if ( count( self::$sqlFilters ) ) {
			$sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet( $type );
		}

		$sql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql, NULL );

		$sql = $this->parseJoin( $type, $sql );
		$fieldSelection = self::$flagNarrowFieldMode ? "{$table}.*" : '*';

		$sql = "SELECT {$fieldSelection} {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$table} {$sql} -- keep-cache";

		return $this->adapter->getCursor( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordRelated
	 */
	public function queryRecordRelated( $sourceType, $destType, $linkIDs, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns( $sourceType, $destType );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$key = $this->getCacheKey( array( $sourceType, implode( ',', $linkIDs ), trim($addSql), $bindings, 'selectrelated' ) );
			if ( $cached = $this->getCached( $destType, $key ) ) {
				return $cached;
			}
		}

		$addSql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql, QueryWriter::C_GLUE_WHERE );
		$inClause = $this->getParametersForInClause( $linkIDs, $bindings );

		$sqlFilterStr = '';
		if ( count( self::$sqlFilters ) ) {
			$sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet( $destType );
		}

		if ( $sourceType === $destType ) {
			$inClause2 = $this->getParametersForInClause( $linkIDs, $bindings, count( $bindings ) ); //for some databases
			$sql = "
			SELECT
				{$destTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr} ,
				COALESCE(
				NULLIF({$linkTable}.{$sourceCol}, {$destTable}.id),
				NULLIF({$linkTable}.{$destCol}, {$destTable}.id)) AS linked_by
			FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} IN ($inClause) ) OR
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$destCol} IN ($inClause2) )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";

			$linkIDs = array_merge( $linkIDs, $linkIDs );
		} else {
			$sql = "
			SELECT
				{$destTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr},
				{$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} AS linked_by
			FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} IN ($inClause) )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";
		}

		$bindings = array_merge( $linkIDs, $bindings );

		$rows = $this->adapter->get( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$this->putResultInCache( $destType, $key, $rows );
		}

		return $rows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordLink
	 */
	public function queryRecordLink( $sourceType, $destType, $sourceID, $destID )
	{
		list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns( $sourceType, $destType );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$key = $this->getCacheKey( array( $sourceType, $destType, $sourceID, $destID, 'selectlink' ) );
			if ( $cached = $this->getCached( $linkTable, $key ) ) {
				return $cached;
			}
		}

		$sqlFilterStr = '';
		if ( count( self::$sqlFilters ) ) {
			$linkType = $this->getAssocTable( array( $sourceType, $destType ) );
			$sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet( "{$linkType}" );
		}

		if ( $sourceTable === $destTable ) {
			$sql = "SELECT {$linkTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE ( {$sourceCol} = ? AND {$destCol} = ? ) OR
				 ( {$destCol} = ? AND {$sourceCol} = ? ) -- keep-cache";
			$row = $this->adapter->getRow( $sql, array( $sourceID, $destID, $sourceID, $destID ) );
		} else {
			$sql = "SELECT {$linkTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE {$sourceCol} = ? AND {$destCol} = ? -- keep-cache";
			$row = $this->adapter->getRow( $sql, array( $sourceID, $destID ) );
		}

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$this->putResultInCache( $linkTable, $key, $row );
		}

		return $row;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns or counts all rows of specified type that have been tagged with one of the
	 * strings in the specified tag list array.
	 *
	 * Note that the additional SQL snippet can only be used for pagination,
	 * the SQL snippet will be appended to the end of the query.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type     the bean type you want to query
	 * @param array   $tagList  an array of strings, each string containing a tag title
	 * @param boolean $all      if TRUE only return records that have been associated with ALL the tags in the list
	 * @param string  $addSql   addition SQL snippet, for pagination
	 * @param array   $bindings parameter bindings for additional SQL snippet
	 * @param string  $wrap     SQL wrapper string (use %s for subquery)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function queryTaggedGeneric( $type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array(), $wrap = '%s' )
	{
		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$key = $this->getCacheKey( array( implode( ',', $tagList ), $all, trim($addSql), $bindings, 'selectTagged' ) );
			if ( $cached = $this->getCached( $type, $key ) ) {
				return $cached;
			}
		}

		$assocType = $this->getAssocTable( array( $type, 'tag' ) );
		$assocTable = $this->esc( $assocType );
		$assocField = $type . '_id';
		$table = $this->esc( $type );
		$slots = implode( ',', array_fill( 0, count( $tagList ), '?' ) );
		$score = ( $all ) ? count( $tagList ) : 1;

		$sql = "
			SELECT {$table}.* FROM {$table}
			INNER JOIN {$assocTable} ON {$assocField} = {$table}.id
			INNER JOIN tag ON {$assocTable}.tag_id = tag.id
			WHERE tag.title IN ({$slots})
			GROUP BY {$table}.id
			HAVING count({$table}.id) >= ?
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache
		";
		$sql = sprintf($wrap,$sql);

		$bindings = array_merge( $tagList, array( $score ), $bindings );
		$rows = $this->adapter->get( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$this->putResultInCache( $type, $key, $rows );
		}

		return $rows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryTagged
	 */
	public function queryTagged( $type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->queryTaggedGeneric( $type, $tagList, $all, $addSql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryCountTagged
	 */
	public function queryCountTagged( $type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$rows = $this->queryTaggedGeneric( $type, $tagList, $all, $addSql, $bindings, 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS counted FROM (%s) AS counting' );
		return intval($rows[0]['counted']);
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordCount
	 */
	public function queryRecordCount( $type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$key = $this->getCacheKey( array( $conditions, trim($addSql), $bindings, 'count' ) );
			if ( $cached = $this->getCached( $type, $key ) ) {
				return $cached;
			}
		}

		$table  = $this->esc( $type );

		if ( is_array ( $conditions ) && !empty ( $conditions ) ) {
			$sql = $this->makeSQLFromConditions( $conditions, $bindings, $addSql );
		} else {
			$sql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql );
		}

		$sql = $this->parseJoin( $type, $sql );

		$sql    = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$table} {$sql} -- keep-cache";
		$count  = (int) $this->adapter->getCell( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$this->putResultInCache( $type, $key, $count );
		}

		return $count;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordCountRelated
	 */
	public function queryRecordCountRelated( $sourceType, $destType, $linkID, $addSql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns( $sourceType, $destType );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$cacheType = "#{$sourceType}/{$destType}";
			$key = $this->getCacheKey( array( $sourceType, $destType, $linkID, trim($addSql), $bindings, 'countrelated' ) );
			if ( $cached = $this->getCached( $cacheType, $key ) ) {
				return $cached;
			}
		}

		if ( $sourceType === $destType ) {
			$sql = "
			SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} = ? ) OR
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$destCol} = ? )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";

			$bindings = array_merge( array( $linkID, $linkID ), $bindings );
		} else {
			$sql = "
			SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} = ? )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";

			$bindings = array_merge( array( $linkID ), $bindings );
		}

		$count = (int) $this->adapter->getCell( $sql, $bindings );

		if ( $this->flagUseCache ) {
			$this->putResultInCache( $cacheType, $key, $count );
		}

		return $count;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression
	 */
	public function queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression( $type, $id, $up = TRUE, $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $selectForm = FALSE )
	{
		if ($selectForm === QueryWriter::C_CTE_SELECT_COUNT) {
			$selectForm = "count(redbeantree.*)";
		} elseif ( $selectForm === QueryWriter::C_CTE_SELECT_NORMAL ) {
			$selectForm = "redbeantree.*";
		}
		$alias     = $up ? 'parent' : 'child';
		$direction = $up ? " {$alias}.{$type}_id = {$type}.id " : " {$alias}.id = {$type}.{$type}_id ";
		/* allow numeric and named param bindings, if '0' exists then numeric */
		if ( array_key_exists( 0,$bindings ) ) {
			array_unshift( $bindings, $id );
			$idSlot = '?';
		} else {
			$idSlot = ':slot0';
			$bindings[$idSlot] = $id;
		}
		$sql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql, QueryWriter::C_GLUE_WHERE );
		$sql = $this->parseJoin( 'redbeantree', $sql, $type );
		$rows = $this->adapter->get("
			WITH RECURSIVE redbeantree AS
			(
				SELECT *
				FROM {$type} WHERE {$type}.id = {$idSlot}
				UNION ALL
				SELECT {$type}.* FROM {$type}
				INNER JOIN redbeantree {$alias} ON {$direction}
			)
			SELECT {$selectForm} FROM redbeantree {$sql};",
			$bindings
		);
		return $rows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::deleteRecord
	 */
	public function deleteRecord( $type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$table  = $this->esc( $type );

		if ( is_array ( $conditions ) && !empty ( $conditions ) ) {
			$sql = $this->makeSQLFromConditions( $conditions, $bindings, $addSql );
		} else {
			$sql = $this->glueSQLCondition( $addSql );
		}

		$sql    = "DELETE FROM {$table} {$sql}";

		return $this->adapter->exec( $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::deleteRelations
	 */
	public function deleteRelations( $sourceType, $destType, $sourceID )
	{
		list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns( $sourceType, $destType );

		if ( $sourceTable === $destTable ) {
			$sql = "DELETE FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE ( {$sourceCol} = ? ) OR
				( {$destCol} = ?  )
			";

			$this->adapter->exec( $sql, array( $sourceID, $sourceID ) );
		} else {
			$sql = "DELETE FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE {$sourceCol} = ? ";

			$this->adapter->exec( $sql, array( $sourceID ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::widenColumn
	 */
	public function widenColumn( $type, $property, $dataType )
	{
		if ( !isset($this->typeno_sqltype[$dataType]) ) return FALSE;

		$table   = $this->esc( $type );
		$column  = $this->esc( $property );

		$newType = $this->typeno_sqltype[$dataType];

		$this->adapter->exec( sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'widenColumn', $type, $column ), $type, $column, $column, $newType ) );

		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::wipe
	 */
	public function wipe( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$this->adapter->exec( "TRUNCATE $table " );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::renameAssocTable
	 */
	public function renameAssocTable( $from, $to = NULL )
	{
		self::renameAssociation( $from, $to );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getAssocTable
	 */
	public function getAssocTable( $types )
	{
		return self::getAssocTableFormat( $types );
	}

	/**
	 * Turns caching on or off. Default: off.
	 * If caching is turned on retrieval queries fired after eachother will
	 * use a result row cache.
	 *
	 * @param boolean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setUseCache( $yesNo )
	{
		$this->flushCache();

		$this->flagUseCache = (bool) $yesNo;
	}

	/**
	 * Flushes the Query Writer Cache.
	 * Clears the internal query cache array and returns its overall
	 * size.
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function flushCache( $newMaxCacheSizePerType = NULL, $countCache = TRUE )
	{
		if ( !is_null( $newMaxCacheSizePerType ) && $newMaxCacheSizePerType > 0 ) {
			$this->maxCacheSizePerType = $newMaxCacheSizePerType;
		}
		$count = $countCache ? count( $this->cache, COUNT_RECURSIVE ) : NULL;
		$this->cache = array();
		return $count;
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated Use esc() instead.
	 *
	 * @param string  $column   column to be escaped
	 * @param boolean $noQuotes omit quotes
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function safeColumn( $column, $noQuotes = FALSE )
	{
		return $this->esc( $column, $noQuotes );
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated Use esc() instead.
	 *
	 * @param string  $table    table to be escaped
	 * @param boolean $noQuotes omit quotes
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function safeTable( $table, $noQuotes = FALSE )
	{
		return $this->esc( $table, $noQuotes );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueConstraint
	 */
	public function addUniqueIndex( $type, $properties )
	{
		return $this->addUniqueConstraint( $type, $properties );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

/**
 * RedBeanPHP MySQLWriter.
 * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
 * This QueryWriter provides support for the MySQL/MariaDB database platform.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/MySQL.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class MySQL extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter
{
	/**
	 * Data types
	 */
	const C_DATATYPE_BOOL             = 0;
	const C_DATATYPE_UINT32           = 2;
	const C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE           = 3;
	const C_DATATYPE_TEXT7            = 4; //InnoDB cant index varchar(255) utf8mb4 - so keep 191 as long as possible
	const C_DATATYPE_TEXT8            = 5;
	const C_DATATYPE_TEXT16           = 6;
	const C_DATATYPE_TEXT32           = 7;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE     = 80;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME = 81;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_TIME     = 83;  //MySQL time column (only manual)
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT    = 90;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LINESTRING = 91;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON    = 92;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY      = 93;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_JSON       = 94;  //JSON support (only manual)

	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED        = 99;

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $quoteCharacter = '`';

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $DDLTemplates = array(
		'addColumn' => array(
			'*' => 'ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s %s '
		),
		'createTable' => array(
			'*' => 'CREATE TABLE %s (id INT( 11 ) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY ( id )) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=%s COLLATE=%s '
		),
		'widenColumn' => array(
			'*' => 'ALTER TABLE `%s` CHANGE %s %s %s '
		)
	);

	/**
	 * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
	 */
	protected function getKeyMapForType( $type )
	{
		$databaseName = $this->adapter->getCell('SELECT DATABASE()');
		$table = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$keys = $this->adapter->get('
			SELECT
				information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name AS `name`,
				information_schema.key_column_usage.referenced_table_name AS `table`,
				information_schema.key_column_usage.column_name AS `from`,
				information_schema.key_column_usage.referenced_column_name AS `to`,
				information_schema.referential_constraints.update_rule AS `on_update`,
				information_schema.referential_constraints.delete_rule AS `on_delete`
				FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
				INNER JOIN information_schema.referential_constraints
				ON information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_name = information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name
			WHERE
				information_schema.key_column_usage.table_schema = :database
				AND information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_schema  = :database
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema  = :database
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.table_name = :table
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name != \'PRIMARY\'
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.referenced_table_name IS NOT NULL
		', array( ':database' => $databaseName, ':table' => $table ) );
		$keyInfoList = array();
		foreach ( $keys as $k ) {
			$label = $this->makeFKLabel( $k['from'], $k['table'], $k['to'] );
			$keyInfoList[$label] = array(
				'name'          => $k['name'],
				'from'          => $k['from'],
				'table'         => $k['table'],
				'to'            => $k['to'],
				'on_update'     => $k['on_update'],
				'on_delete'     => $k['on_delete']
			);
		}
		return $keyInfoList;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 * Most of the time, you do not need to use this constructor,
	 * since the facade takes care of constructing and wiring the
	 * RedBeanPHP core objects. However if you would like to
	 * assemble an OODB instance yourself, this is how it works:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $database = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $pass );
	 * $adapter = new DBAdapter( $database );
	 * $writer = new PostgresWriter( $adapter );
	 * $oodb = new OODB( $writer, FALSE );
	 * $bean = $oodb->dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $bean->name = 'coffeeBean';
	 * $id = $oodb->store( $bean );
	 * $bean = $oodb->load( 'bean', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates the 3 RedBeanPHP core objects:
	 * the Adapter, the Query Writer and the OODB instance and
	 * wires them together. The example also demonstrates some of
	 * the methods that can be used with OODB, as you see, they
	 * closely resemble their facade counterparts.
	 *
	 * The wiring process: create an RPDO instance using your database
	 * connection parameters. Create a database adapter from the RPDO
	 * object and pass that to the constructor of the writer. Next,
	 * create an OODB instance from the writer. Now you have an OODB
	 * object.
	 *
	 * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
	 * @param array   $options options array
	 */
	public function __construct( Adapter $adapter, $options = array() )
	{
		$this->typeno_sqltype = array(
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL             => ' TINYINT(1) UNSIGNED ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_UINT32           => ' INT(11) UNSIGNED ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE           => ' DOUBLE ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT7            => ' VARCHAR(191) ',
			MYSQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT8	           => ' VARCHAR(255) ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT16           => ' TEXT ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT32           => ' LONGTEXT ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE     => ' DATE ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME => ' DATETIME ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_TIME     => ' TIME ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT    => ' POINT ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LINESTRING => ' LINESTRING ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON => ' POLYGON ',
			MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY    => ' DECIMAL(10,2) ',
			MYSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_JSON     => ' JSON '
		);

		$this->sqltype_typeno = array();

		foreach ( $this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v ) {
			$this->sqltype_typeno[trim( strtolower( $v ) )] = $k;
		}

		$this->adapter = $adapter;
		$this->encoding = $this->adapter->getDatabase()->getMysqlEncoding();
		$me = $this;
		if (!isset($options['noInitcode']))
		$this->adapter->setInitCode(function($version) use(&$me) {
			try {
				if (strpos($version, 'maria')===FALSE && intval($version)>=8) {
						$me->useFeature('ignoreDisplayWidth');
				}
			} catch( \Exception $e ){}
		});
	}

	/**
	 * Enables certain features/dialects.
	 *
	 * - ignoreDisplayWidth required for MySQL8+
	 *   (automatically set by setup() if you pass dsn instead of PDO object)
	 *
	 * @param string $name feature ID
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function useFeature($name) {
		if ($name == 'ignoreDisplayWidth') {
			$this->typeno_sqltype[MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL] = ' TINYINT UNSIGNED ';
			$this->typeno_sqltype[MySQL::C_DATATYPE_UINT32] = ' INT UNSIGNED ';
			foreach ( $this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v ) {
				$this->sqltype_typeno[trim( strtolower( $v ) )] = $k;
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
	 * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getTypeForID()
	{
		return self::C_DATATYPE_UINT32;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getTables
	 */
	public function getTables()
	{
		return $this->adapter->getCol( 'show tables' );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::createTable
	 */
	public function createTable( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$charset_collate = $this->adapter->getDatabase()->getMysqlEncoding( TRUE );
		$charset = $charset_collate['charset'];
		$collate = $charset_collate['collate'];

		$sql = sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'createTable', $type ), $table, $charset, $collate );

		$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
	 */
	public function getColumns( $table )
	{
		$columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get( "DESCRIBE " . $this->esc( $table ) );

		$columns = array();
		foreach ( $columnsRaw as $r ) {
			$columns[$r['Field']] = $r['Type'];
		}

		return $columns;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::scanType
	 */
	public function scanType( $value, $flagSpecial = FALSE )
	{
		if ( is_null( $value ) ) return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL;
		if ( $value === INF ) return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT7;

		if ( $flagSpecial ) {
			if ( preg_match( '/^-?\d+\.\d{2}$/', $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY;
			}
			if ( preg_match( '/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d$/', $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE;
			}
			if ( preg_match( '/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d$/', $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME;
			}
			if ( preg_match( '/^POINT\(/', $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT;
			}
			if ( preg_match( '/^LINESTRING\(/', $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LINESTRING;
			}
			if ( preg_match( '/^POLYGON\(/', $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON;
			}
			if ( self::$flagUseJSONColumns && $this->isJSON( $value ) ) {
				return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_JSON;
			}
		}

		//setter turns TRUE FALSE into 0 and 1 because database has no real bools (TRUE and FALSE only for test?).
		if ( $value === FALSE || $value === TRUE || $value === '0' || $value === '1' || $value === 0 || $value === 1 ) {
			return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL;
		}

		if ( is_float( $value ) ) return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;

		if ( !$this->startsWithZeros( $value ) ) {

			if ( is_numeric( $value ) && ( floor( $value ) == $value ) && $value >= 0 && $value <= 4294967295 ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_UINT32;
			}

			if ( is_numeric( $value ) ) {
				return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;
			}
		}

		if ( mb_strlen( $value, 'UTF-8' ) <= 191 ) {
			return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT7;
		}

		if ( mb_strlen( $value, 'UTF-8' ) <= 255 ) {
			return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT8;
		}

		if ( mb_strlen( $value, 'UTF-8' ) <= 65535 ) {
			return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT16;
		}

		return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT32;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::code
	 */
	public function code( $typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE )
	{
		if ( isset( $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] ) ) {
			$r = $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription];
		} else {
			$r = self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
		}

		if ( $includeSpecials ) {
			return $r;
		}

		if ( $r >= QueryWriter::C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL ) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
		}

		return $r;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
	 */
	public function addUniqueConstraint( $type, $properties )
	{
		$tableNoQ = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$columns = array();
		foreach( $properties as $key => $column ) $columns[$key] = $this->esc( $column );
		$table = $this->esc( $type );
		sort( $columns ); // Else we get multiple indexes due to order-effects
		$name = 'UQ_' . sha1( implode( ',', $columns ) );
		try {
			$sql = "ALTER TABLE $table
						 ADD UNIQUE INDEX $name (" . implode( ',', $columns ) . ")";
			$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			//do nothing, don't use alter table ignore, this will delete duplicate records in 3-ways!
			return FALSE;
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
	 */
	public function addIndex( $type, $name, $property )
	{
		try {
			$table  = $this->esc( $type );
			$name   = preg_replace( '/\W/', '', $name );
			$column = $this->esc( $property );
			$this->adapter->exec( "CREATE INDEX $name ON $table ($column) " );
			return TRUE;
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addFK
	 */
	public function addFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDependent = FALSE )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );
		$targetTable = $this->esc( $targetType );
		$targetTableNoQ = $this->esc( $targetType, TRUE );
		$field = $this->esc( $property );
		$fieldNoQ = $this->esc( $property, TRUE );
		$targetField = $this->esc( $targetProperty );
		$targetFieldNoQ = $this->esc( $targetProperty, TRUE );
		$tableNoQ = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$fieldNoQ = $this->esc( $property, TRUE );
		if ( !is_null( $this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty( $tableNoQ, $fieldNoQ ) ) ) return FALSE;

		//Widen the column if it's incapable of representing a foreign key (at least INT).
		$columns = $this->getColumns( $tableNoQ );
		$idType = $this->getTypeForID();
		if ( $this->code( $columns[$fieldNoQ] ) !==  $idType ) {
			$this->widenColumn( $type, $property, $idType );
		}

		$fkName = 'fk_'.($tableNoQ.'_'.$fieldNoQ);
		$cName = 'c_'.$fkName;
		try {
			$this->adapter->exec( "
				ALTER TABLE {$table}
				ADD CONSTRAINT $cName
				FOREIGN KEY $fkName ( `{$fieldNoQ}` ) REFERENCES `{$targetTableNoQ}`
				(`{$targetFieldNoQ}`) ON DELETE " . ( $isDependent ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' ) . ' ON UPDATE '.( $isDependent ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' ).';');
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			// Failure of fk-constraints is not a problem
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
	 */
	public function sqlStateIn( $state, $list, $extraDriverDetails = array() )
	{
		$stateMap = array(
			'42S02' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
			'42S22' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
			'23000' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION,
		);

		if ( $state == 'HY000' && !empty( $extraDriverDetails[1] ) ) {
			$driverCode = $extraDriverDetails[1];

			if ( $driverCode == '1205' && in_array( QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_LOCK_TIMEOUT, $list ) ) {
				return TRUE;
			}
		}

		return in_array( ( isset( $stateMap[$state] ) ? $stateMap[$state] : '0' ), $list );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
	 */
	public function wipeAll()
	{
		if (AQueryWriter::$noNuke) throw new \Exception('The nuke() command has been disabled using noNuke() or R::feature(novice/...).');
		$this->adapter->exec( 'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;' );

		foreach ( $this->getTables() as $t ) {
			try { $this->adapter->exec( "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$t`" ); } catch ( SQLException $e ) { ; }
			try { $this->adapter->exec( "DROP VIEW IF EXISTS `$t`" ); } catch ( SQLException $e ) { ; }
		}

		$this->adapter->exec( 'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;' );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

/**
 * RedBeanPHP SQLiteWriter with support for SQLite types
 * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
 * This QueryWriter provides support for the SQLite database platform.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/SQLiteT.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class SQLiteT extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter
{
	/**
	 * Data types
	 */
	const C_DATATYPE_INTEGER   = 0;
	const C_DATATYPE_NUMERIC   = 1;
	const C_DATATYPE_TEXT      = 2;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED = 99;

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $quoteCharacter = '`';

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $tableArchive = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $DDLTemplates = array(
		'addColumn' => array(
			'*' => 'ALTER TABLE `%s` ADD `%s` %s'
		),
		'createTable' => array(
			'*' => 'CREATE TABLE %s ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT )'
		),
		'widenColumn' => array(
			'*' => ',`%s` %s '
		)
	);

	/**
	 * Gets all information about a table (from a type).
	 *
	 * Format:
	 * array(
	 *    name => name of the table
	 *    columns => array( name => datatype )
	 *    indexes => array() raw index information rows from PRAGMA query
	 *    keys => array() raw key information rows from PRAGMA query
	 * )
	 *
	 * @param string $type type you want to get info of
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function getTable( $type )
	{
		$tableName = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$columns   = $this->getColumns( $type );
		$indexes   = $this->getIndexes( $type );
		$keys      = $this->getKeyMapForType( $type );

		$table = array(
			'columns' => $columns,
			'indexes' => $indexes,
			'keys' => $keys,
			'name' => $tableName
		);

		$this->tableArchive[$tableName] = $table;

		return $table;
	}

	/**
	 * Puts a table. Updates the table structure.
	 * In SQLite we can't change columns, drop columns, change or add foreign keys so we
	 * have a table-rebuild function. You simply load your table with getTable(), modify it and
	 * then store it with putTable()...
	 *
	 * @param array $tableMap information array
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function putTable( $tableMap )
	{
		$table = $tableMap['name'];
		$q     = array();
		$q[]   = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_backup;";

		$oldColumnNames = array_keys( $this->getColumns( $table ) );

		foreach ( $oldColumnNames as $k => $v ) $oldColumnNames[$k] = "`$v`";

		$q[] = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp_backup(" . implode( ",", $oldColumnNames ) . ");";
		$q[] = "INSERT INTO tmp_backup SELECT * FROM `$table`;";
		$q[] = "PRAGMA foreign_keys = 0 ";
		$q[] = "DROP TABLE `$table`;";

		$newTableDefStr = '';
		foreach ( $tableMap['columns'] as $column => $type ) {
			if ( $column != 'id' ) {
				$newTableDefStr .= sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'widenColumn', $table, $column ), $column, $type );
			}
		}

		$fkDef = '';
		foreach ( $tableMap['keys'] as $key ) {
			$fkDef .= ", FOREIGN KEY(`{$key['from']}`)
						 REFERENCES `{$key['table']}`(`{$key['to']}`)
						 ON DELETE {$key['on_delete']} ON UPDATE {$key['on_update']}";
		}

		$q[] = "CREATE TABLE `$table` ( `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT  $newTableDefStr  $fkDef );";

		foreach ( $tableMap['indexes'] as $name => $index ) {
			if ( strpos( $name, 'UQ_' ) === 0 ) {
				$cols = explode( '__', substr( $name, strlen( 'UQ_' . $table ) ) );
				foreach ( $cols as $k => $v ) $cols[$k] = "`$v`";
				$q[] = "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX $name ON `$table` (" . implode( ',', $cols ) . ")";
			} else $q[] = "CREATE INDEX $name ON `$table` ({$index['name']}) ";
		}

		$q[] = "INSERT INTO `$table` SELECT * FROM tmp_backup;";
		$q[] = "DROP TABLE tmp_backup;";
		$q[] = "PRAGMA foreign_keys = 1 ";

		foreach ( $q as $sq ) $this->adapter->exec( $sq );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the an array describing the indexes for type $type.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type to describe indexes of
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function getIndexes( $type )
	{
		$table   = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$indexes = $this->adapter->get( "PRAGMA index_list('$table')" );

		$indexInfoList = array();
		foreach ( $indexes as $i ) {
			$indexInfoList[$i['name']] = $this->adapter->getRow( "PRAGMA index_info('{$i['name']}') " );

			$indexInfoList[$i['name']]['unique'] = $i['unique'];
		}

		return $indexInfoList;
	}

	/**
	 * Adds a foreign key to a type.
	 * Note: cant put this in try-catch because that can hide the fact
	 * that database has been damaged.
	 *
	 * @param  string  $type        type you want to modify table of
	 * @param  string  $targetType  target type
	 * @param  string  $field       field of the type that needs to get the fk
	 * @param  string  $targetField field where the fk needs to point to
	 * @param  integer $buildopt    0 = NO ACTION, 1 = ON DELETE CASCADE
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	protected function buildFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $constraint = FALSE )
	{
		$table           = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$targetTable     = $this->esc( $targetType, TRUE );
		$column          = $this->esc( $property, TRUE );
		$targetColumn    = $this->esc( $targetProperty, TRUE );

		$tables = $this->getTables();
		if ( !in_array( $targetTable, $tables ) ) return FALSE;

		if ( !is_null( $this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty( $table, $column ) ) ) return FALSE;
		$t = $this->getTable( $table );
		$consSQL = ( $constraint ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' );
		$label   = 'from_' . $column . '_to_table_' . $targetTable . '_col_' . $targetColumn;
		$t['keys'][$label] = array(
			'table'     => $targetTable,
			'from'      => $column,
			'to'        => $targetColumn,
			'on_update' => $consSQL,
			'on_delete' => $consSQL
		);
		$this->putTable( $t );
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
	 */
	protected function getKeyMapForType( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$keys  = $this->adapter->get( "PRAGMA foreign_key_list('$table')" );
		$keyInfoList = array();
		foreach ( $keys as $k ) {
			$label = $this->makeFKLabel( $k['from'], $k['table'], $k['to'] );
			$keyInfoList[$label] = array(
				'name'          => $label,
				'from'          => $k['from'],
				'table'         => $k['table'],
				'to'            => $k['to'],
				'on_update'     => $k['on_update'],
				'on_delete'     => $k['on_delete']
			);
		}
		return $keyInfoList;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 * Most of the time, you do not need to use this constructor,
	 * since the facade takes care of constructing and wiring the
	 * RedBeanPHP core objects. However if you would like to
	 * assemble an OODB instance yourself, this is how it works:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $database = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $pass );
	 * $adapter = new DBAdapter( $database );
	 * $writer = new PostgresWriter( $adapter );
	 * $oodb = new OODB( $writer, FALSE );
	 * $bean = $oodb->dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $bean->name = 'coffeeBean';
	 * $id = $oodb->store( $bean );
	 * $bean = $oodb->load( 'bean', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates the 3 RedBeanPHP core objects:
	 * the Adapter, the Query Writer and the OODB instance and
	 * wires them together. The example also demonstrates some of
	 * the methods that can be used with OODB, as you see, they
	 * closely resemble their facade counterparts.
	 *
	 * The wiring process: create an RPDO instance using your database
	 * connection parameters. Create a database adapter from the RPDO
	 * object and pass that to the constructor of the writer. Next,
	 * create an OODB instance from the writer. Now you have an OODB
	 * object.
	 *
	 * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
	 */
	public function __construct( Adapter $adapter )
	{
		$this->typeno_sqltype = array(
			SQLiteT::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER => 'INTEGER',
			SQLiteT::C_DATATYPE_NUMERIC => 'NUMERIC',
			SQLiteT::C_DATATYPE_TEXT    => 'TEXT',
		);

		$this->sqltype_typeno = array();

		foreach ( $this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v ) {
			$this->sqltype_typeno[$v] = $k;
		}

		$this->adapter = $adapter;
		$this->adapter->setOption( 'setInitQuery', ' PRAGMA foreign_keys = 1 ' );
	}

	/**
	 * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
	 * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
	 *
	 * @return integer $const data type to be used for IDS.
	 */
	public function getTypeForID()
	{
		return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::scanType
	 */
	public function scanType( $value, $flagSpecial = FALSE )
	{
		if ( $value === NULL ) return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
		if ( $value === INF ) return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

		if ( $this->startsWithZeros( $value ) ) return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

		if ( $value === TRUE || $value === FALSE )  return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;

		if ( is_numeric( $value ) && ( intval( $value ) == $value ) && $value < 2147483648 && $value > -2147483648 ) return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;

		if ( ( is_numeric( $value ) && $value < 2147483648 && $value > -2147483648)
			|| preg_match( '/\d{4}\-\d\d\-\d\d/', $value )
			|| preg_match( '/\d{4}\-\d\d\-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d/', $value )
		) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_NUMERIC;
		}

		return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addColumn
	 */
	public function addColumn( $table, $column, $type )
	{
		$column = $this->check( $column );
		$table  = $this->check( $table );
		$type   = $this->typeno_sqltype[$type];

		$this->adapter->exec( sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'addColumn', $table, $column ), $table, $column, $type ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::code
	 */
	public function code( $typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE )
	{
		$r = ( ( isset( $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] ) ) ? $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] : 99 );

		return $r;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::widenColumn
	 */
	public function widenColumn( $type, $column, $datatype )
	{
		$t = $this->getTable( $type );

		$t['columns'][$column] = $this->typeno_sqltype[$datatype];

		$this->putTable( $t );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getTables();
	 */
	public function getTables()
	{
		return $this->adapter->getCol( "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
			WHERE type='table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence';" );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::createTable
	 */
	public function createTable( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$sql = sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'createTable', $type ), $table );

		$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
	 */
	public function getColumns( $table )
	{
		$table      = $this->esc( $table, TRUE );

		$columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get( "PRAGMA table_info('$table')" );

		$columns    = array();
		foreach ( $columnsRaw as $r ) $columns[$r['name']] = $r['type'];

		return $columns;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
	 */
	public function addUniqueConstraint( $type, $properties )
	{
		$tableNoQ = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$name  = 'UQ_' . $this->esc( $type, TRUE ) . implode( '__', $properties );
		$t     = $this->getTable( $type );
		$t['indexes'][$name] = array( 'name' => $name );
		try {
			$this->putTable( $t );
		} catch( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
	 */
	public function sqlStateIn( $state, $list, $extraDriverDetails = array() )
	{
		$stateMap = array(
			'23000' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION
		);
		if ( $state == 'HY000'
		&& isset($extraDriverDetails[1])
		&& $extraDriverDetails[1] == 1
		&& ( in_array( QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE, $list )
			|| in_array( QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN, $list )
		)) {
			return TRUE;
		}
		return in_array( ( isset( $stateMap[$state] ) ? $stateMap[$state] : '0' ), $list );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets an SQL snippet to be used for the next queryRecord() operation.
	 * SQLite has no SELECT-FOR-UPDATE and filters this.
	 *
	 * @param string $sqlSelectSnippet SQL snippet to use in SELECT statement.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function setSQLSelectSnippet( $sqlSelectSnippet = '' ) {
		if ( $sqlSelectSnippet === AQueryWriter::C_SELECT_SNIPPET_FOR_UPDATE) $sqlSelectSnippet = '';
		$this->sqlSelectSnippet = $sqlSelectSnippet;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
	 */
	public function addIndex( $type, $name, $column )
	{
		$columns = $this->getColumns( $type );
		if ( !isset( $columns[$column] ) ) return FALSE;

		$table  = $this->esc( $type );
		$name   = preg_replace( '/\W/', '', $name );
		$column = $this->esc( $column, TRUE );

		try {
			$t = $this->getTable( $type );
			$t['indexes'][$name] = array( 'name' => $column );
			$this->putTable( $t );
			return TRUE;
		} catch( SQLException $exception ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::wipe
	 */
	public function wipe( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$this->adapter->exec( "DELETE FROM $table " );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addFK
	 */
	public function addFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = FALSE )
	{
		return $this->buildFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
	 */
	public function wipeAll()
	{
		if (AQueryWriter::$noNuke) throw new \Exception('The nuke() command has been disabled using noNuke() or R::feature(novice/...).');
		$this->adapter->exec( 'PRAGMA foreign_keys = 0 ' );

		foreach ( $this->getTables() as $t ) {
			try { $this->adapter->exec( "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$t`" ); } catch ( SQLException $e ) { ; }
			try { $this->adapter->exec( "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$t`" ); } catch ( SQLException $e ) { ; }
		}

		$this->adapter->exec( 'PRAGMA foreign_keys = 1 ' );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

/**
 * RedBeanPHP PostgreSQL Query Writer.
 * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
 * This QueryWriter provides support for the PostgreSQL database platform.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/PostgreSQL.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class PostgreSQL extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter
{
	/**
	 * Data types
	 */
	const C_DATATYPE_INTEGER          = 0;
	const C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE           = 1;
	const C_DATATYPE_TEXT             = 3;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE     = 80;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME = 81;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_TIME     = 82; //TIME (no zone) only manual
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_TIMEZ    = 83; //TIME (plus zone) only manual
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT    = 90;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LSEG     = 91;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_CIRCLE   = 92;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY    = 93;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON  = 94;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY2   = 95; //Numbers only money, i.e. fixed point numeric
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_JSON     = 96; //JSON support (only manual)
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED        = 99;

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $quoteCharacter = '"';

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $defaultValue = 'DEFAULT';

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $DDLTemplates = array(
		'addColumn' => array(
			'*' => 'ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s %s '
		),
		'createTable' => array(
			'*' => 'CREATE TABLE %s (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY) '
		),
		'widenColumn' => array(
			'*' => 'ALTER TABLE %s ALTER COLUMN %s TYPE %s'
		)
	);

	/**
	 * Returns the insert suffix SQL Snippet
	 *
	 * @param string $table table
	 *
	 * @return  string $sql SQL Snippet
	 */
	protected function getInsertSuffix( $table )
	{
		return 'RETURNING id ';
	}

	/**
	 * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
	 */
	protected function getKeyMapForType( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$keys = $this->adapter->get( '
			SELECT
			information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name AS "name",
			information_schema.key_column_usage.column_name AS "from",
			information_schema.constraint_table_usage.table_name AS "table",
			information_schema.constraint_column_usage.column_name AS "to",
			information_schema.referential_constraints.update_rule AS "on_update",
			information_schema.referential_constraints.delete_rule AS "on_delete"
				FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
			INNER JOIN information_schema.constraint_table_usage
				ON (
					information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name = information_schema.constraint_table_usage.constraint_name
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema = information_schema.constraint_table_usage.constraint_schema
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_catalog = information_schema.constraint_table_usage.constraint_catalog
				)
			INNER JOIN information_schema.constraint_column_usage
				ON (
					information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name = information_schema.constraint_column_usage.constraint_name
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema = information_schema.constraint_column_usage.constraint_schema
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_catalog = information_schema.constraint_column_usage.constraint_catalog
				)
			INNER JOIN information_schema.referential_constraints
				ON (
					information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name = information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_name
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema = information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_schema
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_catalog = information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_catalog
				)
			WHERE
				information_schema.key_column_usage.table_catalog = current_database()
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.table_schema = ANY( current_schemas( FALSE ) )
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.table_name = ?
		', array( $type ) );
		$keyInfoList = array();
		foreach ( $keys as $k ) {
			$label = $this->makeFKLabel( $k['from'], $k['table'], $k['to'] );
			$keyInfoList[$label] = array(
				'name'          => $k['name'],
				'from'          => $k['from'],
				'table'         => $k['table'],
				'to'            => $k['to'],
				'on_update'     => $k['on_update'],
				'on_delete'     => $k['on_delete']
			);
		}
		return $keyInfoList;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 * Most of the time, you do not need to use this constructor,
	 * since the facade takes care of constructing and wiring the
	 * RedBeanPHP core objects. However if you would like to
	 * assemble an OODB instance yourself, this is how it works:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $database = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $pass );
	 * $adapter = new DBAdapter( $database );
	 * $writer = new PostgresWriter( $adapter );
	 * $oodb = new OODB( $writer, FALSE );
	 * $bean = $oodb->dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $bean->name = 'coffeeBean';
	 * $id = $oodb->store( $bean );
	 * $bean = $oodb->load( 'bean', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates the 3 RedBeanPHP core objects:
	 * the Adapter, the Query Writer and the OODB instance and
	 * wires them together. The example also demonstrates some of
	 * the methods that can be used with OODB, as you see, they
	 * closely resemble their facade counterparts.
	 *
	 * The wiring process: create an RPDO instance using your database
	 * connection parameters. Create a database adapter from the RPDO
	 * object and pass that to the constructor of the writer. Next,
	 * create an OODB instance from the writer. Now you have an OODB
	 * object.
	 *
	 * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
	 */
	public function __construct( Adapter $adapter )
	{
		$this->typeno_sqltype = array(
			self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER          => ' integer ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE           => ' double precision ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT             => ' text ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE     => ' date ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_TIME     => ' time ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_TIMEZ    => ' time with time zone ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME => ' timestamp without time zone ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT    => ' point ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LSEG     => ' lseg ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_CIRCLE   => ' circle ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY    => ' money ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY2   => ' numeric(10,2) ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON  => ' polygon ',
			self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_JSON     => ' json ',
		);

		$this->sqltype_typeno = array();

		foreach ( $this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v ) {
			$this->sqltype_typeno[trim( strtolower( $v ) )] = $k;
		}

		$this->adapter = $adapter;
	}

	/**
	 * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
	 * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getTypeForID()
	{
		return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getTables
	 */
	public function getTables()
	{
		return $this->adapter->getCol( 'SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = ANY( current_schemas( FALSE ) )' );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::createTable
	 */
	public function createTable( $type )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );

		$this->adapter->exec( sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'createTable', $type ), $table ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
	 */
	public function getColumns( $table )
	{
		$table      = $this->esc( $table, TRUE );

		$columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get( "SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='$table' AND table_schema = ANY( current_schemas( FALSE ) )" );

		$columns = array();
		foreach ( $columnsRaw as $r ) {
			$columns[$r['column_name']] = $r['data_type'];
		}

		return $columns;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::scanType
	 */
	public function scanType( $value, $flagSpecial = FALSE )
	{
		if ( $value === INF ) return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

		if ( $flagSpecial && $value ) {
			if ( preg_match( '/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d(\.\d{1,6})?$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\)$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^\[\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\),\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\)\]$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LSEG;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^\<\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\),[\d\.]+\>$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_CIRCLE;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^\((\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\),?)+\)$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^\-?(\$|€|¥|£)[\d,\.]+$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY;
			}

			if ( preg_match( '/^-?\d+\.\d{2}$/', $value ) ) {
				return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY2;
			}
			if ( self::$flagUseJSONColumns && $this->isJSON( $value ) ) {
				return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_JSON;
			}
		}

		if ( is_float( $value ) ) return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;

		if ( $this->startsWithZeros( $value ) ) return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

		if ( $value === FALSE || $value === TRUE || $value === NULL || ( is_numeric( $value )
				&& AQueryWriter::canBeTreatedAsInt( $value )
				&& $value < 2147483648
				&& $value > -2147483648 )
		) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
		} elseif ( is_numeric( $value ) ) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;
		} else {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::code
	 */
	public function code( $typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE )
	{
		$r = ( isset( $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] ) ) ? $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] : 99;

		if ( $includeSpecials ) return $r;

		if ( $r >= QueryWriter::C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL ) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
		}

		return $r;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::widenColumn
	 */
	public function widenColumn( $beanType, $column, $datatype )
	{
		$table   = $beanType;
		$type    = $datatype;

		$table   = $this->esc( $table );
		$column  = $this->esc( $column );

		$newtype = $this->typeno_sqltype[$type];

		$this->adapter->exec( sprintf( $this->getDDLTemplate( 'widenColumn', $beanType, $column ), $table, $column, $newtype ) );

	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
	 */
	public function addUniqueConstraint( $type, $properties )
	{
		$tableNoQ = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$columns = array();
		foreach( $properties as $key => $column ) $columns[$key] = $this->esc( $column );
		$table = $this->esc( $type );
		sort( $columns ); //else we get multiple indexes due to order-effects
		$name = "UQ_" . sha1( $table . implode( ',', $columns ) );
		$sql = "ALTER TABLE {$table}
                ADD CONSTRAINT $name UNIQUE (" . implode( ',', $columns ) . ")";
		try {
			$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
		} catch( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
	 */
	public function sqlStateIn( $state, $list, $extraDriverDetails = array() )
	{
		$stateMap = array(
			'42P01' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
			'42703' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
			'23505' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION,
			'55P03' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_LOCK_TIMEOUT
		);
		return in_array( ( isset( $stateMap[$state] ) ? $stateMap[$state] : '0' ), $list );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
	 */
	public function addIndex( $type, $name, $property )
	{
		$table  = $this->esc( $type );
		$name   = preg_replace( '/\W/', '', $name );
		$column = $this->esc( $property );

		try {
			$this->adapter->exec( "CREATE INDEX {$name} ON $table ({$column}) " );
			return TRUE;
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addFK
	 */
	public function addFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = FALSE )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $type );
		$targetTable = $this->esc( $targetType );
		$field = $this->esc( $property );
		$targetField = $this->esc( $targetProperty );
		$tableNoQ = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$fieldNoQ = $this->esc( $property, TRUE );
		if ( !is_null( $this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty( $tableNoQ, $fieldNoQ ) ) ) return FALSE;
		try{
			$delRule = ( $isDep ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' );
			$this->adapter->exec( "ALTER TABLE {$table}
				ADD FOREIGN KEY ( {$field} ) REFERENCES  {$targetTable}
				({$targetField}) ON DELETE {$delRule} ON UPDATE {$delRule} DEFERRABLE ;" );
			return TRUE;
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
	 */
	public function wipeAll()
	{
		if (AQueryWriter::$noNuke) throw new \Exception('The nuke() command has been disabled using noNuke() or R::feature(novice/...).');
		$this->adapter->exec( 'SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED' );

		foreach ( $this->getTables() as $t ) {
			$t = $this->esc( $t );
			//Some plugins (PostGIS have unremovable tables/views), avoid exceptions.
			try { $this->adapter->exec( "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS $t CASCADE " ); }catch( \Exception $e ) {}
		}

		$this->adapter->exec( 'SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE' );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

/**
 * RedBeanPHP CUBRID Writer.
 * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
 * This QueryWriter provides support for the CUBRID database platform.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/CUBRID.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class CUBRID extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter
{
	/**
	 * Data types
	 */
	const C_DATATYPE_INTEGER          = 0;
	const C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE           = 1;
	const C_DATATYPE_STRING           = 2;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE     = 80;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME = 81;
	const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED        = 99;

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $quoteCharacter = '`';

	/**
	 * This method adds a foreign key from type and field to
	 * target type and target field.
	 * The foreign key is created without an action. On delete/update
	 * no action will be triggered. The FK is only used to allow database
	 * tools to generate pretty diagrams and to make it easy to add actions
	 * later on.
	 * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
	 *
	 * @param  string  $type           type that will have a foreign key field
	 * @param  string  $targetType     points to this type
	 * @param  string  $property       field that contains the foreign key value
	 * @param  string  $targetProperty field where the fk points to
	 * @param  boolean $isDep          is dependent
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected function buildFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = FALSE )
	{
		$table           = $this->esc( $type );
		$tableNoQ        = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$targetTable     = $this->esc( $targetType );
		$targetTableNoQ  = $this->esc( $targetType, TRUE );
		$column          = $this->esc( $property );
		$columnNoQ       = $this->esc( $property, TRUE );
		$targetColumn    = $this->esc( $targetProperty );
		if ( !is_null( $this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty( $tableNoQ, $columnNoQ ) ) ) return FALSE;
		$needsToDropFK   = FALSE;
		$casc = ( $isDep ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' );
		$sql  = "ALTER TABLE $table ADD CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY($column) REFERENCES $targetTable($targetColumn) ON DELETE $casc ";
		try {
			$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
		} catch( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
	 */
	protected function getKeyMapForType( $type  )
	{
		$sqlCode = $this->adapter->get("SHOW CREATE TABLE `{$type}`");
		if (!isset($sqlCode[0])) return array();
		$matches = array();
		preg_match_all( '/CONSTRAINT\s+\[([\w_]+)\]\s+FOREIGN\s+KEY\s+\(\[([\w_]+)\]\)\s+REFERENCES\s+\[([\w_]+)\](\s+ON\s+DELETE\s+(CASCADE|SET\sNULL|RESTRICT|NO\sACTION)\s+ON\s+UPDATE\s+(SET\sNULL|RESTRICT|NO\sACTION))?/', $sqlCode[0]['CREATE TABLE'], $matches );
		$list = array();
		if (!isset($matches[0])) return $list;
		$max = count($matches[0]);
		for($i = 0; $i < $max; $i++) {
			$label = $this->makeFKLabel( $matches[2][$i], $matches[3][$i], 'id' );
			$list[ $label ] = array(
				'name' => $matches[1][$i],
				'from' => $matches[2][$i],
				'table' => $matches[3][$i],
				'to' => 'id',
				'on_update' => $matches[6][$i],
				'on_delete' => $matches[5][$i]
			);
		}
		return $list;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 * Most of the time, you do not need to use this constructor,
	 * since the facade takes care of constructing and wiring the
	 * RedBeanPHP core objects. However if you would like to
	 * assemble an OODB instance yourself, this is how it works:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $database = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $pass );
	 * $adapter = new DBAdapter( $database );
	 * $writer = new PostgresWriter( $adapter );
	 * $oodb = new OODB( $writer, FALSE );
	 * $bean = $oodb->dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $bean->name = 'coffeeBean';
	 * $id = $oodb->store( $bean );
	 * $bean = $oodb->load( 'bean', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates the 3 RedBeanPHP core objects:
	 * the Adapter, the Query Writer and the OODB instance and
	 * wires them together. The example also demonstrates some of
	 * the methods that can be used with OODB, as you see, they
	 * closely resemble their facade counterparts.
	 *
	 * The wiring process: create an RPDO instance using your database
	 * connection parameters. Create a database adapter from the RPDO
	 * object and pass that to the constructor of the writer. Next,
	 * create an OODB instance from the writer. Now you have an OODB
	 * object.
	 *
	 * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
	 */
	public function __construct( Adapter $adapter )
	{
		$this->typeno_sqltype = array(
			CUBRID::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER          => ' INTEGER ',
			CUBRID::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE           => ' DOUBLE ',
			CUBRID::C_DATATYPE_STRING           => ' STRING ',
			CUBRID::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE     => ' DATE ',
			CUBRID::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME => ' DATETIME ',
		);

		$this->sqltype_typeno = array();

		foreach ( $this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v ) {
			$this->sqltype_typeno[trim( ( $v ) )] = $k;
		}

		$this->sqltype_typeno['STRING(1073741823)'] = self::C_DATATYPE_STRING;

		$this->adapter = $adapter;
	}

	/**
	 * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
	 * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function getTypeForID()
	{
		return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getTables
	 */
	public function getTables()
	{
		$rows = $this->adapter->getCol( "SELECT class_name FROM db_class WHERE is_system_class = 'NO';" );

		return $rows;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::createTable
	 */
	public function createTable( $table )
	{
		$sql  = 'CREATE TABLE '
			. $this->esc( $table )
			. ' ("id" integer AUTO_INCREMENT, CONSTRAINT "pk_'
			. $this->esc( $table, TRUE )
			. '_id" PRIMARY KEY("id"))';

		$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
	 */
	public function getColumns( $table )
	{
		$table = $this->esc( $table );

		$columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get( "SHOW COLUMNS FROM $table" );

		$columns = array();
		foreach ( $columnsRaw as $r ) {
			$columns[$r['Field']] = $r['Type'];
		}

		return $columns;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::scanType
	 */
	public function scanType( $value, $flagSpecial = FALSE )
	{
		if ( is_null( $value ) ) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
		}

		if ( $flagSpecial ) {
			if ( preg_match( '/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d$/', $value ) ) {
				return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE;
			}
			if ( preg_match( '/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d$/', $value ) ) {
				return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME;
			}
		}

		$value = strval( $value );

		if ( !$this->startsWithZeros( $value ) ) {
			if ( is_numeric( $value ) && ( floor( $value ) == $value ) && $value >= -2147483647 && $value <= 2147483647 ) {
				return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
			}
			if ( is_numeric( $value ) ) {
				return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;
			}
		}

		return self::C_DATATYPE_STRING;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::code
	 */
	public function code( $typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE )
	{
		$r = ( ( isset( $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] ) ) ? $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] : self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED );

		if ( $includeSpecials ) {
			return $r;
		}

		if ( $r >= QueryWriter::C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL ) {
			return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
		}

		return $r;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addColumn
	 */
	public function addColumn( $type, $column, $field )
	{
		$table  = $type;
		$type   = $field;

		$table  = $this->esc( $table );
		$column = $this->esc( $column );

		$type   = array_key_exists( $type, $this->typeno_sqltype ) ? $this->typeno_sqltype[$type] : '';

		$this->adapter->exec( "ALTER TABLE $table ADD COLUMN $column $type " );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
	 */
	public function addUniqueConstraint( $type, $properties )
	{
		$tableNoQ = $this->esc( $type, TRUE );
		$columns = array();
		foreach( $properties as $key => $column ) $columns[$key] = $this->esc( $column );
		$table = $this->esc( $type );
		sort( $columns ); // else we get multiple indexes due to order-effects
		$name = 'UQ_' . sha1( implode( ',', $columns ) );
		$sql = "ALTER TABLE $table ADD CONSTRAINT UNIQUE $name (" . implode( ',', $columns ) . ")";
		try {
			$this->adapter->exec( $sql );
		} catch( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
	 */
	public function sqlStateIn( $state, $list, $extraDriverDetails = array() )
	{
		return ( $state == 'HY000' ) ? ( count( array_diff( array(
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION,
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE
			), $list ) ) !== 3 ) : FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
	 */
	public function addIndex( $type, $name, $column )
	{
		try {
			$table  = $this->esc( $type );
			$name   = preg_replace( '/\W/', '', $name );
			$column = $this->esc( $column );
			$this->adapter->exec( "CREATE INDEX $name ON $table ($column) " );
			return TRUE;
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::addFK
	 */
	public function addFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDependent = FALSE )
	{
		return $this->buildFK( $type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDependent );
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
	 */
	public function wipeAll()
	{
		if (AQueryWriter::$noNuke) throw new \Exception('The nuke() command has been disabled using noNuke() or R::feature(novice/...).');
		foreach ( $this->getTables() as $t ) {
			foreach ( $this->getKeyMapForType( $t ) as $k ) {
				$this->adapter->exec( "ALTER TABLE \"$t\" DROP FOREIGN KEY \"{$k['name']}\"" );
			}
		}
		foreach ( $this->getTables() as $t ) {
			$this->adapter->exec( "DROP TABLE \"$t\"" );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @see QueryWriter::esc
	 */
	public function esc( $dbStructure, $noQuotes = FALSE )
	{
		return parent::esc( strtolower( $dbStructure ), $noQuotes );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * RedBean\Exception Base.
 * Represents the base class for RedBeanPHP\Exceptions.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Exception.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class RedException extends \Exception
{
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\RedException {

use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;

/**
 * SQL Exception.
 * Represents a generic database exception independent of the underlying driver.
 *
 * @file       RedBeanPHP/RedException/SQL.php
 * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license    BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class SQL extends RedException
{
	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	private $sqlState;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	private $driverDetails = array();

	/**
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getDriverDetails()
	{
		return $this->driverDetails;
	}

	/**
	 * @param array $driverDetails
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setDriverDetails($driverDetails)
	{
		$this->driverDetails = $driverDetails;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an ANSI-92 compliant SQL state.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getSQLState()
	{
		return $this->sqlState;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the raw SQL STATE, possibly compliant with
	 * ANSI SQL error codes - but this depends on database driver.
	 *
	 * @param string $sqlState SQL state error code
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setSQLState( $sqlState )
	{
		$this->sqlState = $sqlState;
	}

	/**
	 * To String prints both code and SQL state.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function __toString()
	{
		return '[' . $this->getSQLState() . '] - ' . $this->getMessage()."\n".
				'trace: ' . $this->getTraceAsString();
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;
use RedBeanPHP\Cursor\NullCursor as NullCursor;

/**
 * Abstract Repository.
 *
 * OODB manages two repositories, a fluid one that
 * adjust the database schema on-the-fly to accommodate for
 * new bean types (tables) and new properties (columns) and
 * a frozen one for use in a production environment. OODB
 * allows you to swap the repository instances using the freeze()
 * method.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Repository.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
abstract class Repository
{
	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $stash = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $nesting = 0;

	/**
	 * @var QueryWriter
	 */
	protected $writer;

	/**
	 * @var boolean|array
	 */
	protected $partialBeans = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	public $oodb = NULL;

	/**
	 * Toggles 'partial bean mode'. If this mode has been
	 * selected the repository will only update the fields of a bean that
	 * have been changed rather than the entire bean.
	 * Pass the value TRUE to select 'partial mode' for all beans.
	 * Pass the value FALSE to disable 'partial mode'.
	 * Pass an array of bean types if you wish to use partial mode only
	 * for some types.
	 * This method will return the previous value.
	 *
	 * @param boolean|array $yesNoBeans List of type names or 'all'
	 *
	 * @return boolean|array
	 */
	public function usePartialBeans( $yesNoBeans )
	{
		$oldValue = $this->partialBeans;
		$this->partialBeans = $yesNoBeans;
		return $oldValue;
	}

	/**
	 * Fully processes a bean and updates the associated records in the database.
	 * First the bean properties will be grouped as 'embedded' bean,
	 * addition, deleted 'trash can' or residue. Next, the different groups
	 * of beans will be processed accordingly and the reference bean (i.e.
	 * the one that was passed to the method as an argument) will be stored.
	 * Each type of list (own/shared) has 3 bean processors: 
	 *
	 * - trashCanProcessor : removes the bean or breaks its association with the current bean
	 * - additionProcessor : associates the bean with the current one
	 * - residueProcessor  : manages beans in lists that 'remain' but may need to be updated
	 * 
	 * This method first groups the beans and then calls the
	 * internal processing methods.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to process
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function storeBeanWithLists( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$sharedAdditions = $sharedTrashcan = $sharedresidue = $sharedItems = $ownAdditions = $ownTrashcan = $ownresidue = $embeddedBeans = array(); //Define groups
		foreach ( $bean as $property => $value ) {
			$value = ( $value instanceof SimpleModel ) ? $value->unbox() : $value;
			if ( $value instanceof OODBBean ) {
				$this->processEmbeddedBean( $embeddedBeans, $bean, $property, $value );
				$bean->setMeta("sys.typeof.{$property}", $value->getMeta('type'));
			} elseif ( is_array( $value ) ) {
				foreach($value as &$item) {
					$item = ( $item instanceof SimpleModel ) ? $item->unbox() : $item;
				}
				$originals = $bean->moveMeta( 'sys.shadow.' . $property, array() );
				if ( strpos( $property, 'own' ) === 0 ) {
					list( $ownAdditions, $ownTrashcan, $ownresidue ) = $this->processGroups( $originals, $value, $ownAdditions, $ownTrashcan, $ownresidue );
					$listName = lcfirst( substr( $property, 3 ) );
					if ($bean->moveMeta( 'sys.exclusive-'.  $listName ) ) {
						OODBBean::setMetaAll( $ownTrashcan, 'sys.garbage', TRUE );
						OODBBean::setMetaAll( $ownAdditions, 'sys.buildcommand.fkdependson', $bean->getMeta( 'type' ) );
					}
					unset( $bean->$property );
				} elseif ( strpos( $property, 'shared' ) === 0 ) {
					list( $sharedAdditions, $sharedTrashcan, $sharedresidue ) = $this->processGroups( $originals, $value, $sharedAdditions, $sharedTrashcan, $sharedresidue );
					unset( $bean->$property );
				}
			}
		}
		$this->storeBean( $bean );
		$this->processTrashcan( $bean, $ownTrashcan );
		$this->processAdditions( $bean, $ownAdditions );
		$this->processResidue( $ownresidue );
		$this->processSharedTrashcan( $bean, $sharedTrashcan );
		$this->processSharedAdditions( $bean, $sharedAdditions );
		$this->processSharedResidue( $bean, $sharedresidue );
	}

	/**
	 * Process groups. Internal function. Processes different kind of groups for
	 * storage function. Given a list of original beans and a list of current beans,
	 * this function calculates which beans remain in the list (residue), which
	 * have been deleted (are in the trashcan) and which beans have been added
	 * (additions).
	 *
	 * @param  array $originals originals
	 * @param  array $current   the current beans
	 * @param  array $additions beans that have been added
	 * @param  array $trashcan  beans that have been deleted
	 * @param  array $residue   beans that have been left untouched
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function processGroups( $originals, $current, $additions, $trashcan, $residue )
	{
		return array(
			array_merge( $additions, array_diff( $current, $originals ) ),
			array_merge( $trashcan, array_diff( $originals, $current ) ),
			array_merge( $residue, array_intersect( $current, $originals ) )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Processes a list of beans from a bean.
	 * A bean may contain lists. This
	 * method handles shared addition lists; i.e.
	 * the $bean->sharedObject properties.
	 * Shared beans will be associated with each other using the
	 * Association Manager.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean            the bean
	 * @param array    $sharedAdditions list with shared additions
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processSharedAdditions( $bean, $sharedAdditions )
	{
		foreach ( $sharedAdditions as $addition ) {
			if ( $addition instanceof OODBBean ) {
				$this->oodb->getAssociationManager()->associate( $addition, $bean );
			} else {
				throw new RedException( 'Array may only contain OODBBeans' );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Processes a list of beans from a bean.
	 * A bean may contain lists. This
	 * method handles own lists; i.e.
	 * the $bean->ownObject properties.
	 * A residue is a bean in an own-list that stays
	 * where it is. This method checks if there have been any
	 * modification to this bean, in that case
	 * the bean is stored once again, otherwise the bean will be left untouched.
	 *
	 * @param array    $ownresidue list to process
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processResidue( $ownresidue )
	{
		foreach ( $ownresidue as $residue ) {
			if ( $residue->getMeta( 'tainted' ) ) {
				$this->store( $residue );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Processes a list of beans from a bean. A bean may contain lists. This
	 * method handles own lists; i.e. the $bean->ownObject properties.
	 * A trash can bean is a bean in an own-list that has been removed
	 * (when checked with the shadow). This method
	 * checks if the bean is also in the dependency list. If it is the bean will be removed.
	 * If not, the connection between the bean and the owner bean will be broken by
	 * setting the ID to NULL.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean   to process
	 * @param array    $ownTrashcan list to process
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processTrashcan( $bean, $ownTrashcan )
	{
		foreach ( $ownTrashcan as $trash ) {

			$myFieldLink = $bean->getMeta( 'type' ) . '_id';
			$alias = $bean->getMeta( 'sys.alias.' . $trash->getMeta( 'type' ) );
			if ( $alias ) $myFieldLink = $alias . '_id';

			if ( $trash->getMeta( 'sys.garbage' ) === TRUE ) {
				$this->trash( $trash );
			} else {
				$trash->$myFieldLink = NULL;
				$this->store( $trash );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Unassociates the list items in the trashcan.
	 * This bean processor processes the beans in the shared trash can.
	 * This group of beans has been deleted from a shared list.
	 * The affected beans will no longer be associated with the bean
	 * that contains the shared list.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean           bean to process
	 * @param array    $sharedTrashcan list to process
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processSharedTrashcan( $bean, $sharedTrashcan )
	{
		foreach ( $sharedTrashcan as $trash ) {
			$this->oodb->getAssociationManager()->unassociate( $trash, $bean );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Stores all the beans in the residue group.
	 * This bean processor processes the beans in the shared residue
	 * group. This group of beans 'remains' in the list but might need
	 * to be updated or synced. The affected beans will be stored
	 * to perform the required database queries.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean          bean to process
	 * @param array    $sharedresidue list to process
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processSharedResidue( $bean, $sharedresidue )
	{
		foreach ( $sharedresidue as $residue ) {
			$this->store( $residue );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether the bean has 'loaded lists' or
	 * 'loaded embedded beans' that need to be processed
	 * by the store() method.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to be examined
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	protected function hasListsOrObjects( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$processLists = FALSE;
		foreach ( $bean as $value ) {
			if ( is_array( $value ) || is_object( $value ) ) {
				$processLists = TRUE;
				break;
			}
		}

		return $processLists;
	}

	/**
	 * Converts an embedded bean to an ID, removes the bean property and
	 * stores the bean in the embedded beans array. The id will be
	 * assigned to the link field property, i.e. 'bean_id'.
	 *
	 * @param array    $embeddedBeans destination array for embedded bean
	 * @param OODBBean $bean          target bean to process
	 * @param string   $property      property that contains the embedded bean
	 * @param OODBBean $value         embedded bean itself
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processEmbeddedBean( &$embeddedBeans, $bean, $property, OODBBean $value )
	{
		$linkField = $property . '_id';
		if ( !$value->id || $value->getMeta( 'tainted' ) ) {
			$this->store( $value );
		}
		$id = $value->id;
		if ($bean->$linkField != $id) $bean->$linkField = $id;
		$bean->setMeta( 'cast.' . $linkField, 'id' );
		$embeddedBeans[$linkField] = $value;
		unset( $bean->$property );
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor, requires a query writer and OODB.
	 * Creates a new instance of the bean respository class.
	 *
	 * @param OODB        $oodb   instance of object database
	 * @param QueryWriter $writer the Query Writer to use for this repository
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __construct( OODB $oodb, QueryWriter $writer )
	{
		$this->writer = $writer;
		$this->oodb = $oodb;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether a OODBBean bean is valid.
	 * If the type is not valid or the ID is not valid it will
	 * throw an exception: Security. To be valid a bean
	 * must abide to the following rules:
	 *
	 * - It must have an primary key id property named: id
	 * - It must have a type
	 * - The type must conform to the RedBeanPHP naming policy
	 * - All properties must be valid
	 * - All values must be valid
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean the bean that needs to be checked
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function check( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		//Is all meta information present?
		if ( !isset( $bean->id ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Bean has incomplete Meta Information id ' );
		}
		if ( !( $bean->getMeta( 'type' ) ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Bean has incomplete Meta Information II' );
		}
		//Pattern of allowed characters
		$pattern = '/[^a-z0-9_]/i';
		//Does the type contain invalid characters?
		if ( preg_match( $pattern, $bean->getMeta( 'type' ) ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Bean Type is invalid' );
		}
		//Are the properties and values valid?
		foreach ( $bean as $prop => $value ) {
			if (
				is_array( $value )
				|| ( is_object( $value ) )
			) {
				throw new RedException( "Invalid Bean value: property $prop" );
			} else if (
				strlen( $prop ) < 1
				|| preg_match( $pattern, $prop )
			) {
				throw new RedException( "Invalid Bean property: property $prop" );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Dispenses a new bean (a OODBBean Bean Object)
	 * of the specified type. Always
	 * use this function to get an empty bean object. Never
	 * instantiate a OODBBean yourself because it needs
	 * to be configured before you can use it with RedBean. This
	 * function applies the appropriate initialization /
	 * configuration for you.
	 *
	 * To use a different class for beans (instead of OODBBean) set:
	 * REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS to the name of the class to be used.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type              type of bean you want to dispense
	 * @param int     $number            number of beans you would like to get
	 * @param boolean $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|OODBBean[]
	 */
	public function dispense( $type, $number = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE )
	{
		$OODBBEAN = defined( 'REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS' ) ? REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS : '\RedBeanPHP\OODBBean';
		$beans = array();
		for ( $i = 0; $i < $number; $i++ ) {
			$bean = new $OODBBEAN;
			$bean->initializeForDispense( $type, $this->oodb->getBeanHelper() );
			$this->check( $bean );
			$this->oodb->signal( 'dispense', $bean );
			$beans[] = $bean;
		}

		return ( count( $beans ) === 1 && !$alwaysReturnArray ) ? array_pop( $beans ) : $beans;
	}

	/**
	 * Searches the database for a bean that matches conditions $conditions and sql $addSQL
	 * and returns an array containing all the beans that have been found.
	 *
	 * Conditions need to take form:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... 'John', 'Steve' )
	 *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... )
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * All conditions are glued together using the AND-operator, while all value lists
	 * are glued using IN-operators thus acting as OR-conditions.
	 *
	 * Note that you can use property names; the columns will be extracted using the
	 * appropriate bean formatter.
	 *
	 * @param string $type       type of beans you are looking for
	 * @param array  $conditions list of conditions
	 * @param string $sql        SQL to be used in query
	 * @param array  $bindings   whether you prefer to use a WHERE clause or not (TRUE = not)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function find( $type, $conditions = array(), $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		//for backward compatibility, allow mismatch arguments:
		if ( is_array( $sql ) ) {
			if ( isset( $sql[1] ) ) {
				$bindings = $sql[1];
			}
			$sql = $sql[0];
		}
		try {
			$beans = $this->convertToBeans( $type, $this->writer->queryRecord( $type, $conditions, $sql, $bindings ) );

			return $beans;
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );
		}

		return array();
	}

	/**
	 * Finds a BeanCollection.
	 * Given a type, an SQL snippet and optionally some parameter bindings
	 * this methods returns a BeanCollection for your query.
	 *
	 * The BeanCollection represents a collection of beans and
	 * makes it possible to use database cursors. The BeanCollection
	 * has a method next() to obtain the first, next and last bean
	 * in the collection. The BeanCollection does not implement the array
	 * interface nor does it try to act like an array because it cannot go
	 * backward or rewind itself.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     type of beans you are looking for
	 * @param string $sql      SQL to be used in query
	 * @param array  $bindings whether you prefer to use a WHERE clause or not (TRUE = not)
	 *
	 * @return BeanCollection
	 */
	public function findCollection( $type, $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		try {
			$cursor = $this->writer->queryRecordWithCursor( $type, $sql, $bindings );
			return new BeanCollection( $type, $this, $cursor );
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );
		}
		return new BeanCollection( $type, $this, new NullCursor );
	}

	/**
	 * Stores a bean in the database. This method takes a
	 * OODBBean Bean Object $bean and stores it
	 * in the database. If the database schema is not compatible
	 * with this bean and RedBean runs in fluid mode the schema
	 * will be altered to store the bean correctly.
	 * If the database schema is not compatible with this bean and
	 * RedBean runs in frozen mode it will throw an exception.
	 * This function returns the primary key ID of the inserted
	 * bean.
	 *
	 * The return value is an integer if possible. If it is not possible to
	 * represent the value as an integer a string will be returned. We use
	 * explicit casts instead of functions to preserve performance
	 * (0.13 vs 0.28 for 10000 iterations on Core i3).
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean to store
	 *
	 * @return integer|string
	 */
	public function store( $bean )
	{
		$processLists = $this->hasListsOrObjects( $bean );
		if ( !$processLists && !$bean->getMeta( 'tainted' ) ) {
			return $bean->getID(); //bail out!
		}
		$this->oodb->signal( 'update', $bean );
		$processLists = $this->hasListsOrObjects( $bean ); //check again, might have changed by model!
		if ( $processLists ) {
			$this->storeBeanWithLists( $bean );
		} else {
			$this->storeBean( $bean );
		}
		$this->oodb->signal( 'after_update', $bean );

		return ( (string) $bean->id === (string) (int) $bean->id ) ? (int) $bean->id : (string) $bean->id;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of beans. Pass a type and a series of ids and
	 * this method will bring you the corresponding beans.
	 *
	 * important note: Because this method loads beans using the load()
	 * function (but faster) it will return empty beans with ID 0 for
	 * every bean that could not be located. The resulting beans will have the
	 * passed IDs as their keys.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of beans
	 * @param array  $ids  ids to load
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function batch( $type, $ids )
	{
		if ( !$ids ) {
			return array();
		}
		$collection = array();
		try {
			$rows = $this->writer->queryRecord( $type, array( 'id' => $ids ) );
		} catch ( SQLException $e ) {
			$this->handleException( $e );
			$rows = FALSE;
		}
		$this->stash[$this->nesting] = array();
		if ( !$rows ) {
			return array();
		}
		foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
			$this->stash[$this->nesting][$row['id']] = $row;
		}
		foreach ( $ids as $id ) {
			$collection[$id] = $this->load( $type, $id );
		}
		$this->stash[$this->nesting] = NULL;

		return $collection;
	}

	/**
	 * This is a convenience method; it converts database rows
	 * (arrays) into beans. Given a type and a set of rows this method
	 * will return an array of beans of the specified type loaded with
	 * the data fields provided by the result set from the database.
	 *
	 * New in 4.3.2: meta mask. The meta mask is a special mask to send
	 * data from raw result rows to the meta store of the bean. This is
	 * useful for bundling additional information with custom queries.
	 * Values of every column who's name starts with $mask will be
	 * transferred to the meta section of the bean under key 'data.bundle'.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of beans you would like to have
	 * @param array  $rows rows from the database result
	 * @param string $mask meta mask to apply (optional)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function convertToBeans( $type, $rows, $mask = '__meta' )
	{
		$masktype = gettype( $mask );
		switch ( $masktype ) {
			case 'string':
				break;
			case 'array':
				$maskflip = array();
				foreach ( $mask as $m ) {
					if ( !is_string( $m ) ) {
						$mask = NULL;
						$masktype = 'NULL';
						break 2;
					}
					$maskflip[$m] = TRUE;
				}
				$mask = $maskflip;
				break;
			default:
				$mask = NULL;
				$masktype = 'NULL';
		}

		$collection                  = array();
		$this->stash[$this->nesting] = array();
		foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
			if ( $mask !== NULL ) {
				$meta = array();
				foreach( $row as $key => $value ) {
					if ( $masktype === 'string' ) {
						if ( strpos( $key, $mask ) === 0 ) {
							unset( $row[$key] );
							$meta[$key] = $value;
						}
					} elseif ( $masktype === 'array' ) {
						if ( isset( $mask[$key] ) ) {
							unset( $row[$key] );
							$meta[$key] = $value;
						}
					}
				}
			}

			$id                               = $row['id'];
			$this->stash[$this->nesting][$id] = $row;
			$collection[$id]                  = $this->load( $type, $id );

			if ( $mask !== NULL ) {
				$collection[$id]->setMeta( 'data.bundle', $meta );
			}
		}
		$this->stash[$this->nesting] = NULL;

		return $collection;
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of beans of type $type.
	 * This method accepts a second argument to modify the count-query.
	 * A third argument can be used to provide bindings for the SQL snippet.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     type of bean we are looking for
	 * @param string $addSQL   additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function count( $type, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$type = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake( $type );
		try {
			$count = (int) $this->writer->queryRecordCount( $type, array(), $addSQL, $bindings );
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );
			$count = 0;
		}
		return $count;
	}

	/**
	 * Removes a bean from the database.
	 * This function will remove the specified OODBBean
	 * Bean Object from the database.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean you want to remove from database
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function trash( $bean )
	{
		$this->oodb->signal( 'delete', $bean );
		foreach ( $bean as $property => $value ) {
			if ( $value instanceof OODBBean ) {
				unset( $bean->$property );
			}
			if ( is_array( $value ) ) {
				if ( strpos( $property, 'own' ) === 0 ) {
					unset( $bean->$property );
				} elseif ( strpos( $property, 'shared' ) === 0 ) {
					unset( $bean->$property );
				}
			}
		}
		try {
			$deleted = $this->writer->deleteRecord( $bean->getMeta( 'type' ), array( 'id' => array( $bean->id ) ) );
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );
		}
		$bean->id = 0;
		$this->oodb->signal( 'after_delete', $bean );
		return isset($deleted) ? $deleted : 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether the specified table already exists in the database.
	 * Not part of the Object Database interface!
	 *
	 * @param string $table table name
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function tableExists( $table )
	{
		return $this->writer->tableExists( $table );
	}

	/**
	 * Trash all beans of a given type.
	 * Wipes an entire type of bean. After this operation there
	 * will be no beans left of the specified type.
	 * This method will ignore exceptions caused by database
	 * tables that do not exist.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean you wish to delete all instances of
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function wipe( $type )
	{
		try {
			$this->writer->wipe( $type );

			return TRUE;
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			if ( !$this->writer->sqlStateIn( $exception->getSQLState(), array( QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE ), $exception->getDriverDetails() ) ) {
				throw $exception;
			}

			return FALSE;
		}
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Repository {

use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;

/**
 * Fluid Repository.
 * OODB manages two repositories, a fluid one that
 * adjust the database schema on-the-fly to accommodate for
 * new bean types (tables) and new properties (columns) and
 * a frozen one for use in a production environment. OODB
 * allows you to swap the repository instances using the freeze()
 * method.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Repository/Fluid.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Fluid extends Repository
{
	/**
	 * Figures out the desired type given the cast string ID.
	 * Given a cast ID, this method will return the associated
	 * type (INT(10) or VARCHAR for instance). The returned type
	 * can be processed by the Query Writer to build the specified
	 * column for you in the database. The Cast ID is actually just
	 * a superset of the QueryWriter types. In addition to default
	 * Query Writer column types you can pass the following 'cast types':
	 * 'id' and 'string'. These will map to Query Writer specific
	 * column types (probably INT and VARCHAR).
	 *
	 * @param string $cast cast identifier
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	private function getTypeFromCast( $cast )
	{
		if ( $cast == 'string' ) {
			$typeno = $this->writer->scanType( 'STRING' );
		} elseif ( $cast == 'id' ) {
			$typeno = $this->writer->getTypeForID();
		} elseif ( isset( $this->writer->sqltype_typeno[$cast] ) ) {
			$typeno = $this->writer->sqltype_typeno[$cast];
		} else {
			throw new RedException( 'Invalid Cast' );
		}

		return $typeno;
	}

	/**
	 * Orders the Query Writer to create a table if it does not exist already and
	 * adds a note in the build report about the creation.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to update report of
	 * @param string         $table table to check and create if not exists
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function createTableIfNotExists( OODBBean $bean, $table )
	{
		//Does table exist? If not, create
		if ( !$this->tableExists( $this->writer->esc( $table, TRUE ) ) ) {
			$this->writer->createTable( $table );
			$bean->setMeta( 'buildreport.flags.created', TRUE );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Modifies the table to fit the bean data.
	 * Given a property and a value and the bean, this method will
	 * adjust the table structure to fit the requirements of the property and value.
	 * This may include adding a new column or widening an existing column to hold a larger
	 * or different kind of value. This method employs the writer to adjust the table
	 * structure in the database. Schema updates are recorded in meta properties of the bean.
	 *
	 * This method will also apply indexes, unique constraints and foreign keys.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean   $bean     bean to get cast data from and store meta in
	 * @param string     $property property to store
	 * @param mixed      $value    value to store
	 * @param array|NULL &$columns
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function modifySchema( OODBBean $bean, $property, $value, &$columns = NULL )
	{
		$doFKStuff = FALSE;
		$table   = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
		if ($columns === NULL) {
			$columns = $this->writer->getColumns( $table );
		}
		$columnNoQ = $this->writer->esc( $property, TRUE );
		if ( !$this->oodb->isChilled( $bean->getMeta( 'type' ) ) ) {
			if ( $bean->getMeta( "cast.$property", -1 ) !== -1 ) { //check for explicitly specified types
				$cast   = $bean->getMeta( "cast.$property" );
				$typeno = $this->getTypeFromCast( $cast );
			} else {
				$cast   = FALSE;
				$typeno = $this->writer->scanType( $value, TRUE );
			}
			if ( isset( $columns[$this->writer->esc( $property, TRUE )] ) ) { //Is this property represented in the table ?
				if ( !$cast ) { //rescan without taking into account special types >80
					$typeno = $this->writer->scanType( $value, FALSE );
				}
				$sqlt = $this->writer->code( $columns[$this->writer->esc( $property, TRUE )] );
				if ( $typeno > $sqlt ) { //no, we have to widen the database column type
					$this->writer->widenColumn( $table, $property, $typeno );
					$bean->setMeta( 'buildreport.flags.widen', TRUE );
					$doFKStuff = TRUE;
				}
			} else {
				$this->writer->addColumn( $table, $property, $typeno );
				$bean->setMeta( 'buildreport.flags.addcolumn', TRUE );
				$doFKStuff = TRUE;
			}
			if ($doFKStuff) {
				if (strrpos($columnNoQ, '_id')===(strlen($columnNoQ)-3)) {
					$destinationColumnNoQ = substr($columnNoQ, 0, strlen($columnNoQ)-3);
					$indexName = "index_foreignkey_{$table}_{$destinationColumnNoQ}";
					$this->writer->addIndex($table, $indexName, $columnNoQ);
					$typeof = $bean->getMeta("sys.typeof.{$destinationColumnNoQ}", $destinationColumnNoQ);
					$isLink = $bean->getMeta( 'sys.buildcommand.unique', FALSE );
					//Make FK CASCADING if part of exclusive list (dependson=typeof) or if link bean
					$isDep = ( $bean->moveMeta( 'sys.buildcommand.fkdependson' ) === $typeof || is_array( $isLink ) );
					$result = $this->writer->addFK( $table, $typeof, $columnNoQ, 'id', $isDep );
					//If this is a link bean and all unique columns have been added already, then apply unique constraint
					if ( is_array( $isLink ) && !count( array_diff( $isLink, array_keys( $this->writer->getColumns( $table ) ) ) ) ) {
						$this->writer->addUniqueConstraint( $table, $bean->moveMeta('sys.buildcommand.unique') );
						$bean->setMeta("sys.typeof.{$destinationColumnNoQ}", NULL);
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Part of the store() functionality.
	 * Handles all new additions after the bean has been saved.
	 * Stores addition bean in own-list, extracts the id and
	 * adds a foreign key. Also adds a constraint in case the type is
	 * in the dependent list.
	 *
	 * Note that this method raises a custom exception if the bean
	 * is not an instance of OODBBean. Therefore it does not use
	 * a type hint. This allows the user to take action in case
	 * invalid objects are passed in the list.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean         bean to process
	 * @param array    $ownAdditions list of addition beans in own-list
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function processAdditions( $bean, $ownAdditions )
	{
		$beanType = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );

		foreach ( $ownAdditions as $addition ) {
			if ( $addition instanceof OODBBean ) {

				$myFieldLink = $beanType . '_id';
				$alias = $bean->getMeta( 'sys.alias.' . $addition->getMeta( 'type' ) );
				if ( $alias ) $myFieldLink = $alias . '_id';

				$addition->$myFieldLink = $bean->id;
				$addition->setMeta( 'cast.' . $myFieldLink, 'id' );

				if ($alias) {
					$addition->setMeta( "sys.typeof.{$alias}", $beanType );
				} else {
					$addition->setMeta( "sys.typeof.{$beanType}", $beanType );
				}

				$this->store( $addition );
			} else {
				throw new RedException( 'Array may only contain OODBBeans' );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Stores a cleaned bean; i.e. only scalar values. This is the core of the store()
	 * method. When all lists and embedded beans (parent objects) have been processed and
	 * removed from the original bean the bean is passed to this method to be stored
	 * in the database.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean the clean bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function storeBean( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		if ( $bean->getMeta( 'changed' ) ) {
			$this->check( $bean );
			$table = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
			$this->createTableIfNotExists( $bean, $table );

			$updateValues = array();

			$partial = ( $this->partialBeans === TRUE || ( is_array( $this->partialBeans ) && in_array( $table, $this->partialBeans ) ) );
			if ( $partial ) {
				$mask = $bean->getMeta( 'changelist' );
				$bean->setMeta( 'changelist', array() );
			}

			$columnCache = NULL;
			foreach ( $bean as $property => $value ) {
				if ( $partial && !in_array( $property, $mask ) ) continue;
				if ( $property !== 'id' ) {
					$this->modifySchema( $bean, $property, $value, $columnCache );
				}
				if ( $property !== 'id' ) {
					$updateValues[] = array( 'property' => $property, 'value' => $value );
				}
			}

			$bean->id = $this->writer->updateRecord( $table, $updateValues, $bean->id );
			$bean->setMeta( 'changed', FALSE );
		}
		$bean->setMeta( 'tainted', FALSE );
	}

	/**
	 * Exception handler.
	 * Fluid and Frozen mode have different ways of handling
	 * exceptions. Fluid mode (using the fluid repository) ignores
	 * exceptions caused by the following:
	 *
	 * - missing tables
	 * - missing column
	 *
	 * In these situations, the repository will behave as if
	 * no beans could be found. This is because in fluid mode
	 * it might happen to query a table or column that has not been
	 * created yet. In frozen mode, this is not supposed to happen
	 * and the corresponding exceptions will be thrown.
	 *
	 * @param \Exception $exception exception
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function handleException( \Exception $exception )
	{
		if ( !$this->writer->sqlStateIn( $exception->getSQLState(),
			array(
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN ),
				$exception->getDriverDetails() )
		) {
			throw $exception;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Loads a bean from the object database.
	 * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
	 * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
	 * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
	 * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
	 * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
	 * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
	 * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
	 * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
	 * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
	 * same as dispense().
	 *
	 * Important note:
	 * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
	 * the specified type will be generated and returned.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
	 * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function load( $type, $id )
	{
		$rows = array();
		$bean = $this->dispense( $type );
		if ( isset( $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id] ) ) {
			$row = $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id];
		} else {
			try {
				$rows = $this->writer->queryRecord( $type, array( 'id' => array( $id ) ) );
			} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
				if (
					$this->writer->sqlStateIn(
						$exception->getSQLState(),
						array(
							QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
							QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE
						),
						$exception->getDriverDetails()
					)
				) {
					$rows = array();
				} else {
					throw $exception;
				}
			}
			if ( !count( $rows ) ) {
				return $bean;
			}
			$row = array_pop( $rows );
		}
		$bean->importRow( $row );
		$this->nesting++;
		$this->oodb->signal( 'open', $bean );
		$this->nesting--;

		return $bean->setMeta( 'tainted', FALSE );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Repository {

use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;

/**
 * Frozen Repository.
 * OODB manages two repositories, a fluid one that
 * adjust the database schema on-the-fly to accommodate for
 * new bean types (tables) and new properties (columns) and
 * a frozen one for use in a production environment. OODB
 * allows you to swap the repository instances using the freeze()
 * method.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Repository/Frozen.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Frozen extends Repository
{
	/**
	 * Exception handler.
	 * Fluid and Frozen mode have different ways of handling
	 * exceptions. Fluid mode (using the fluid repository) ignores
	 * exceptions caused by the following:
	 *
	 * - missing tables
	 * - missing column
	 *
	 * In these situations, the repository will behave as if
	 * no beans could be found. This is because in fluid mode
	 * it might happen to query a table or column that has not been
	 * created yet. In frozen mode, this is not supposed to happen
	 * and the corresponding exceptions will be thrown.
	 *
	 * @param \Exception $exception exception
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function handleException( \Exception $exception )
	{
		throw $exception;
	}

	/**
	 * Stores a cleaned bean; i.e. only scalar values. This is the core of the store()
	 * method. When all lists and embedded beans (parent objects) have been processed and
	 * removed from the original bean the bean is passed to this method to be stored
	 * in the database.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean the clean bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function storeBean( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		if ( $bean->getMeta( 'changed' ) ) {

			list( $properties, $table ) = $bean->getPropertiesAndType();
			$id = $properties['id'];
			unset($properties['id']);
			$updateValues = array();
			$k1 = 'property';
			$k2 = 'value';

			$partial = ( $this->partialBeans === TRUE || ( is_array( $this->partialBeans ) && in_array( $table, $this->partialBeans ) ) );
			if ( $partial ) {
				$mask = $bean->getMeta( 'changelist' );
				$bean->setMeta( 'changelist', array() );
			}

			foreach( $properties as $key => $value ) {
				if ( $partial && !in_array( $key, $mask ) ) continue;
				$updateValues[] = array( $k1 => $key, $k2 => $value );
			}
			$bean->id = $this->writer->updateRecord( $table, $updateValues, $id );
			$bean->setMeta( 'changed', FALSE );
		}
		$bean->setMeta( 'tainted', FALSE );
	}

	/**
	 * Part of the store() functionality.
	 * Handles all new additions after the bean has been saved.
	 * Stores addition bean in own-list, extracts the id and
	 * adds a foreign key. Also adds a constraint in case the type is
	 * in the dependent list.
	 *
	 * Note that this method raises a custom exception if the bean
	 * is not an instance of OODBBean. Therefore it does not use
	 * a type hint. This allows the user to take action in case
	 * invalid objects are passed in the list.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean         bean to process
	 * @param array    $ownAdditions list of addition beans in own-list
	 *
	 * @return void
	 * @throws RedException
	 */
	protected function processAdditions( $bean, $ownAdditions )
	{
		$beanType = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );

		$cachedIndex = array();
		foreach ( $ownAdditions as $addition ) {
			if ( $addition instanceof OODBBean ) {

				$myFieldLink = $beanType . '_id';
				$alias = $bean->getMeta( 'sys.alias.' . $addition->getMeta( 'type' ) );
				if ( $alias ) $myFieldLink = $alias . '_id';

				$addition->$myFieldLink = $bean->id;
				$addition->setMeta( 'cast.' . $myFieldLink, 'id' );
				$this->store( $addition );

			} else {
				throw new RedException( 'Array may only contain OODBBeans' );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Loads a bean from the object database.
	 * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
	 * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
	 * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
	 * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
	 * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
	 * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
	 * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
	 * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
	 * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
	 * same as dispense().
	 *
	 * Important note:
	 * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
	 * the specified type will be generated and returned.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
	 * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 * @throws SQLException
	 */
	public function load( $type, $id )
	{
		$rows = array();
		$bean = $this->dispense( $type );
		if ( isset( $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id] ) ) {
			$row = $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id];
		} else {
			$rows = $this->writer->queryRecord( $type, array( 'id' => array( $id ) ) );
			if ( !count( $rows ) ) {
				return $bean;
			}
			$row = array_pop( $rows );
		}
		$bean->importRow( $row );
		$this->nesting++;
		$this->oodb->signal( 'open', $bean );
		$this->nesting--;

		return $bean->setMeta( 'tainted', FALSE );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;
use RedBeanPHP\Repository\Fluid as FluidRepo;
use RedBeanPHP\Repository\Frozen as FrozenRepo;

/**
 * RedBean Object Oriented DataBase.
 *
 * The RedBean OODB Class is the main class of RedBeanPHP.
 * It takes OODBBean objects and stores them to and loads them from the
 * database as well as providing other CRUD functions. This class acts as a
 * object database.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/OODB.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class OODB extends Observable
{
	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	private static $sqlFilters = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $chillList = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $stash = NULL;

	/*
	 * @var integer
	 */
	protected $nesting = 0;

	/**
	 * @var QueryWriter
	 */
	protected $writer;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $isFrozen = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var BeanHelper|NULL
	 */
	protected $beanhelper = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var AssociationManager|NULL
	 */
	protected $assocManager = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var Repository
	 */
	protected $repository = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var FrozenRepo|NULL
	 */
	protected $frozenRepository = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var FluidRepo|NULL
	 */
	protected $fluidRepository = NULL;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected static $autoClearHistoryAfterStore = FALSE;

	/**
	 * If set to TRUE, this method will call clearHistory every time
	 * the bean gets stored.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $autoClear auto clear option
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function autoClearHistoryAfterStore( $autoClear = TRUE )
	{
		self::$autoClearHistoryAfterStore = (boolean) $autoClear;
	}

	/**
	 * Unboxes a bean from a FUSE model if needed and checks whether the bean is
	 * an instance of OODBBean.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean you wish to unbox
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	protected function unboxIfNeeded( $bean )
	{
		if ( $bean instanceof SimpleModel ) {
			$bean = $bean->unbox();
		}
		if ( !( $bean instanceof OODBBean ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'OODB Store requires a bean, got: ' . gettype( $bean ) );
		}

		return $bean;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor, requires a query writer.
	 * Most of the time, you do not need to use this constructor,
	 * since the facade takes care of constructing and wiring the
	 * RedBeanPHP core objects. However if you would like to
	 * assemble an OODB instance yourself, this is how it works:
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $database = new RPDO( $dsn, $user, $pass );
	 * $adapter = new DBAdapter( $database );
	 * $writer = new PostgresWriter( $adapter );
	 * $oodb = new OODB( $writer, FALSE );
	 * $bean = $oodb->dispense( 'bean' );
	 * $bean->name = 'coffeeBean';
	 * $id = $oodb->store( $bean );
	 * $bean = $oodb->load( 'bean', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates the 3 RedBeanPHP core objects:
	 * the Adapter, the Query Writer and the OODB instance and
	 * wires them together. The example also demonstrates some of
	 * the methods that can be used with OODB, as you see, they
	 * closely resemble their facade counterparts.
	 *
	 * The wiring process: create an RPDO instance using your database
	 * connection parameters. Create a database adapter from the RPDO
	 * object and pass that to the constructor of the writer. Next,
	 * create an OODB instance from the writer. Now you have an OODB
	 * object.
	 *
	 * @param QueryWriter   $writer writer
	 * @param array|boolean $frozen mode of operation: TRUE (frozen), FALSE (default, fluid) or ARRAY (chilled)
	 */
	public function __construct( QueryWriter $writer, $frozen = FALSE )
	{
		if ( $writer instanceof QueryWriter ) {
			$this->writer = $writer;
		}

		$this->freeze( $frozen );
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles fluid or frozen mode. In fluid mode the database
	 * structure is adjusted to accommodate your objects. In frozen mode
	 * this is not the case.
	 *
	 * You can also pass an array containing a selection of frozen types.
	 * Let's call this chill mode, it's just like fluid mode except that
	 * certain types (i.e. tables) aren't touched.
	 *
	 * @param boolean|array $toggle TRUE if you want to use OODB instance in frozen mode
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function freeze( $toggle )
	{
		if ( is_array( $toggle ) ) {
			$this->chillList = $toggle;
			$this->isFrozen  = FALSE;
		} else {
			$this->isFrozen = (boolean) $toggle;
		}

		if ( $this->isFrozen ) {
			if ( !$this->frozenRepository ) {
				$this->frozenRepository = new FrozenRepo( $this, $this->writer );
			}

			$this->repository = $this->frozenRepository;

		} else {
			if ( !$this->fluidRepository ) {
				$this->fluidRepository = new FluidRepo( $this, $this->writer );
			}

			$this->repository = $this->fluidRepository;
		}

		if ( count( self::$sqlFilters ) ) {
			AQueryWriter::setSQLFilters( self::$sqlFilters, ( !$this->isFrozen ) );
		}

	}

	/**
	 * Returns the current mode of operation of RedBean.
	 * In fluid mode the database
	 * structure is adjusted to accommodate your objects.
	 * In frozen mode
	 * this is not the case.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function isFrozen()
	{
		return (bool) $this->isFrozen;
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether a type is in the chill list.
	 * If a type is 'chilled' it's frozen, so its schema cannot be
	 * changed anymore. However other bean types may still be modified.
	 * This method is a convenience method for other objects to check if
	 * the schema of a certain type is locked for modification.
	 *
	 * @param string $type the type you wish to check
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function isChilled( $type )
	{
		return (boolean) ( in_array( $type, $this->chillList ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Dispenses a new bean (a OODBBean Bean Object)
	 * of the specified type. Always
	 * use this function to get an empty bean object. Never
	 * instantiate a OODBBean yourself because it needs
	 * to be configured before you can use it with RedBean. This
	 * function applies the appropriate initialization /
	 * configuration for you.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type              type of bean you want to dispense
	 * @param string  $number            number of beans you would like to get
	 * @param boolean $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|OODBBean[]
	 */
	public function dispense( $type, $number = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE )
	{
		if ( $number < 1 ) {
			if ( $alwaysReturnArray ) return array();
			return NULL;
		}

		return $this->repository->dispense( $type, $number, $alwaysReturnArray );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets bean helper to be given to beans.
	 * Bean helpers assist beans in getting a reference to a toolbox.
	 *
	 * @param BeanHelper $beanhelper helper
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setBeanHelper( BeanHelper $beanhelper )
	{
		$this->beanhelper = $beanhelper;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the current bean helper.
	 * Bean helpers assist beans in getting a reference to a toolbox.
	 *
	 * @return BeanHelper|NULL
	 */
	public function getBeanHelper()
	{
		return $this->beanhelper;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether a OODBBean bean is valid.
	 * If the type is not valid or the ID is not valid it will
	 * throw an exception: Security.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean the bean that needs to be checked
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function check( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$this->repository->check( $bean );
	}

	/**
	 * Searches the database for a bean that matches conditions $conditions and sql $sql
	 * and returns an array containing all the beans that have been found.
	 *
	 * Conditions need to take form:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... 'John', 'Steve' )
	 *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... )
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * All conditions are glued together using the AND-operator, while all value lists
	 * are glued using IN-operators thus acting as OR-conditions.
	 *
	 * Note that you can use property names; the columns will be extracted using the
	 * appropriate bean formatter.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type       type of beans you are looking for
	 * @param array       $conditions list of conditions
	 * @param string|NULL $sql        SQL to be used in query
	 * @param array       $bindings   a list of values to bind to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function find( $type, $conditions = array(), $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->repository->find( $type, $conditions, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Same as find() but returns a BeanCollection.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     type of beans you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL to be used in query
	 * @param array       $bindings a list of values to bind to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return BeanCollection
	 */
	public function findCollection(  $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->repository->findCollection( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether the specified table already exists in the database.
	 *
	 * @param string $table table name
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function tableExists( $table )
	{
		return $this->repository->tableExists( $table );
	}

	/**
	 * Stores a bean in the database. This method takes a
	 * OODBBean Bean Object $bean and stores it
	 * in the database. If the database schema is not compatible
	 * with this bean and RedBean runs in fluid mode the schema
	 * will be altered to store the bean correctly.
	 * If the database schema is not compatible with this bean and
	 * RedBean runs in frozen mode it will throw an exception.
	 * This function returns the primary key ID of the inserted
	 * bean.
	 *
	 * The return value is an integer if possible. If it is not possible to
	 * represent the value as an integer a string will be returned. We use
	 * explicit casts instead of functions to preserve performance
	 * (0.13 vs 0.28 for 10000 iterations on Core i3).
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean to store
	 *
	 * @return integer|string
	 */
	public function store( $bean )
	{
		$bean = $this->unboxIfNeeded( $bean );
		$id = $this->repository->store( $bean );
		if ( self::$autoClearHistoryAfterStore ) {
				$bean->clearHistory();
		}
		return $id;
	}

	/**
	 * Loads a bean from the object database.
	 * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
	 * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
	 * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
	 * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
	 * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
	 * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
	 * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
	 * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
	 * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
	 * same as dispense().
	 *
	 * Important note:
	 * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
	 * the specified type will be generated and returned.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
	 * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function load( $type, $id )
	{
		return $this->repository->load( $type, $id );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes a bean from the database.
	 * This function will remove the specified OODBBean
	 * Bean Object from the database.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean you want to remove from database
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function trash( $bean )
	{
		$bean = $this->unboxIfNeeded( $bean );
		return $this->repository->trash( $bean );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of beans. Pass a type and a series of ids and
	 * this method will bring you the corresponding beans.
	 *
	 * important note: Because this method loads beans using the load()
	 * function (but faster) it will return empty beans with ID 0 for
	 * every bean that could not be located. The resulting beans will have the
	 * passed IDs as their keys.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of beans
	 * @param array  $ids  ids to load
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function batch( $type, $ids )
	{
		return $this->repository->batch( $type, $ids );
	}

	/**
	 * This is a convenience method; it converts database rows
	 * (arrays) into beans. Given a type and a set of rows this method
	 * will return an array of beans of the specified type loaded with
	 * the data fields provided by the result set from the database.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of beans you would like to have
	 * @param array  $rows rows from the database result
	 * @param string $mask mask to apply for meta data
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function convertToBeans( $type, $rows, $mask = NULL )
	{
		return $this->repository->convertToBeans( $type, $rows, $mask );
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of beans of type $type.
	 * This method accepts a second argument to modify the count-query.
	 * A third argument can be used to provide bindings for the SQL snippet.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     type of bean we are looking for
	 * @param string $addSQL   additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function count( $type, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->repository->count( $type, $addSQL, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Trash all beans of a given type. Wipes an entire type of bean.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean you wish to delete all instances of
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function wipe( $type )
	{
		return $this->repository->wipe( $type );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an Association Manager for use with OODB.
	 * A simple getter function to obtain a reference to the association manager used for
	 * storage and more.
	 *
	 * @return AssociationManager
	 */
	public function getAssociationManager()
	{
		if ( !isset( $this->assocManager ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'No association manager available.' );
		}

		return $this->assocManager;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the association manager instance to be used by this OODB.
	 * A simple setter function to set the association manager to be used for storage and
	 * more.
	 *
	 * @param AssociationManager $assocManager sets the association manager to be used
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setAssociationManager( AssociationManager $assocManager )
	{
		$this->assocManager = $assocManager;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the currently used repository instance.
	 * For testing purposes only.
	 *
	 * @return Repository
	 */
	public function getCurrentRepository()
	{
		return $this->repository;
	}

	/**
	 * Clears all function bindings.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function clearAllFuncBindings()
	{
		self::$sqlFilters = array();
		AQueryWriter::setSQLFilters( self::$sqlFilters, FALSE );
	}

	/**
	 * Binds an SQL function to a column.
	 * This method can be used to setup a decode/encode scheme or
	 * perform UUID insertion. This method is especially useful for handling
	 * MySQL spatial columns, because they need to be processed first using
	 * the asText/GeomFromText functions.
	 *
	 * @param string       $mode       mode to set function for, i.e. read or write
	 * @param string       $field      field (table.column) to bind SQL function to
	 * @param string|NULL  $function   SQL function to bind to field
	 * @param boolean      $isTemplate TRUE if $function is an SQL string, FALSE for just a function name
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function bindFunc( $mode, $field, $function, $isTemplate = FALSE )
	{
		list( $type, $property ) = explode( '.', $field );
		$mode = ($mode === 'write') ? QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_WRITE : QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ;

		if ( !isset( self::$sqlFilters[$mode] ) ) self::$sqlFilters[$mode] = array();
		if ( !isset( self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type] ) ) self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type] = array();

		if ( is_null( $function ) ) {
			unset( self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type][$property] );
		} else {
			if ($mode === QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_WRITE) {
				if ($isTemplate) {
					$code = sprintf( $function, '?' );
				} else {
					$code = "{$function}(?)";
				}
				self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type][$property] = $code;
			} else {
				if ($isTemplate) {
					$code = sprintf( $function, $field );
				} else {
					$code = "{$function}({$field})";
				}
				self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type][$property] = $code;
			}
		}
		AQueryWriter::setSQLFilters( self::$sqlFilters, ( !$this->isFrozen ) );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;

/**
 * ToolBox.
 *
 * The toolbox is an integral part of RedBeanPHP providing the basic
 * architectural building blocks to manager objects, helpers and additional tools
 * like plugins. A toolbox contains the three core components of RedBeanPHP:
 * the adapter, the query writer and the core functionality of RedBeanPHP in
 * OODB.
 *
 * @file      RedBeanPHP/ToolBox.php
 * @author    Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license   BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class ToolBox
{
	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	protected $oodb;

	/**
	 * @var QueryWriter
	 */
	protected $writer;

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The toolbox is an integral part of RedBeanPHP providing the basic
	 * architectural building blocks to manager objects, helpers and additional tools
	 * like plugins. A toolbox contains the three core components of RedBeanPHP:
	 * the adapter, the query writer and the core functionality of RedBeanPHP in
	 * OODB.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $toolbox = new ToolBox( $oodb, $adapter, $writer );
	 * $plugin  = new MyPlugin( $toolbox );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how the toolbox is used.
	 * The core objects are passed to the ToolBox constructor to
	 * assemble a toolbox instance. The toolbox is then passed to
	 * the plugin, helper or manager object. Instances of
	 * TagManager, AssociationManager and so on are examples of
	 * this, they all require a toolbox. The toolbox can also
	 * be obtained from the facade using: R::getToolBox();
	 *
	 * @param OODB        $oodb    Object Database, OODB
	 * @param DBAdapter   $adapter Database Adapter
	 * @param QueryWriter $writer  Query Writer
	 */
	public function __construct( OODB $oodb, Adapter $adapter, QueryWriter $writer )
	{
		$this->oodb    = $oodb;
		$this->adapter = $adapter;
		$this->writer  = $writer;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the query writer in this toolbox.
	 * The Query Writer is responsible for building the queries for a
	 * specific database and executing them through the adapter.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $toolbox = R::getToolBox();
	 * $redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
	 * $adapter = $toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();
	 * $writer  = $toolbox->getWriter();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how to obtain the core objects
	 * from a toolbox instance. If you are working with the R-object
	 * only, the following shortcuts exist as well:
	 *
	 * - R::getRedBean()
	 * - R::getDatabaseAdapter()
	 * - R::getWriter()
	 *
	 * @return QueryWriter
	 */
	public function getWriter()
	{
		return $this->writer;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the OODB instance in this toolbox.
	 * OODB is responsible for creating, storing, retrieving and deleting
	 * single beans. Other components rely
	 * on OODB for their basic functionality.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $toolbox = R::getToolBox();
	 * $redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
	 * $adapter = $toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();
	 * $writer  = $toolbox->getWriter();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how to obtain the core objects
	 * from a toolbox instance. If you are working with the R-object
	 * only, the following shortcuts exist as well:
	 *
	 * - R::getRedBean()
	 * - R::getDatabaseAdapter()
	 * - R::getWriter()
	 *
	 * @return OODB
	 */
	public function getRedBean()
	{
		return $this->oodb;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the database adapter in this toolbox.
	 * The adapter is responsible for executing the query and binding the values.
	 * The adapter also takes care of transaction handling.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $toolbox = R::getToolBox();
	 * $redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
	 * $adapter = $toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();
	 * $writer  = $toolbox->getWriter();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how to obtain the core objects
	 * from a toolbox instance. If you are working with the R-object
	 * only, the following shortcuts exist as well:
	 *
	 * - R::getRedBean()
	 * - R::getDatabaseAdapter()
	 * - R::getWriter()
	 *
	 * @return DBAdapter
	 */
	public function getDatabaseAdapter()
	{
		return $this->adapter;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {


/**
 * RedBeanPHP Finder.
 * Service class to find beans. For the most part this class
 * offers user friendly utility methods for interacting with the
 * OODB::find() method, which is rather complex. This class can be
 * used to find beans using plain old SQL queries.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Finder.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Finder
{
	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	protected $redbean;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The Finder requires a toolbox.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
		$this->redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
	}

	/**
	 * A custom record-to-bean mapping function for findMulti.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $collection = R::findMulti( 'shop,product,price',
	 * 'SELECT shop.*, product.*, price.* FROM shop
	 *	LEFT JOIN product ON product.shop_id = shop.id
	 *	LEFT JOIN price ON price.product_id = product.id', [], [
	 *		Finder::map( 'shop', 'product' ),
	 *		Finder::map( 'product', 'price' ),
	 *	]);
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $parentName name of the parent bean
	 * @param string $childName  name of the child bean
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function map($parentName,$childName) {
		return array(
			'a' => $parentName,
			'b' => $childName,
			'matcher' => function( $parent, $child ) use ( $parentName, $childName ) {
				$propertyName = 'own' . ucfirst( $childName );
				if (!isset($parent[$propertyName])) {
					$parent->noLoad()->{$propertyName} = array();
				}
				$property = "{$parentName}ID";
				return ( $child->$property == $parent->id );
			},
			'do' => function( $parent, $child ) use ( $childName ) {
				$list = 'own'.ucfirst( $childName ).'List';
				$parent->noLoad()->{$list}[$child->id] = $child;
			}
		);
	}

	/**
	* A custom record-to-bean mapping function for findMulti.
	*
	* Usage:
	*
	* <code>
	* $collection = R::findMulti( 'book,book_tag,tag',
	* 'SELECT book.*, book_tag.*, tag.* FROM book
	*      LEFT JOIN book_tag ON book_tag.book_id = book.id
	*      LEFT JOIN tag ON book_tag.tag_id = tag.id', [], [
	*              Finder::nmMap( 'book', 'tag' ),
	*      ]);
	* </code>
	*
	* @param string $parentName name of the parent bean
	* @param string $childName  name of the child bean
	*
	* @return array
	*/
	public static function nmMap( $parentName, $childName )
	{
		$types = array($parentName, $childName);
		sort( $types );
		$link = implode( '_', $types );
		return array(
			'a' => $parentName,
			'b' => $childName,
			'matcher' => function( $parent, $child, $beans ) use ( $parentName, $childName, $link ) {
				$propertyName = 'shared' . ucfirst( $childName );
				if (!isset($parent[$propertyName])) {
					$parent->noLoad()->{$propertyName} = array();
				}
				foreach( $beans[$link] as $linkBean ) {
					if ( $linkBean["{$parentName}ID"] == $parent->id && $linkBean["{$childName}ID"] == $child->id ) {
						return true;
					}
				}
			},
			'do' => function( $parent, $child ) use ( $childName ) {
				$list = 'shared'.ucfirst( $childName ).'List';
				$parent->noLoad()->{$list}[$child->id] = $child;
			}
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Finder::onMap() -> One-to-N mapping.
	 * A custom record-to-bean mapping function for findMulti.
	 * Opposite of Finder::map(). Maps child beans to parents.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $collection = R::findMulti( 'shop,product',
	 * 'SELECT shop.*, product.* FROM shop
	 *	LEFT JOIN product ON product.shop_id = shop.id',
	 *  [], [
	 *		Finder::onmap( 'product', 'shop' ),
	 *	]);
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Can also be used for instance to attach related beans
	 * in one-go to save some queries:
	 *
	 * Given $users that have a country_id:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $all = R::findMulti('country',
	 *    R::genSlots( $users,
	 *       'SELECT country.* FROM country WHERE id IN ( %s )' ),
	 *    array_column( $users, 'country_id' ),
	 *    [Finder::onmap('country', $users)]
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * For your convenience, an even shorter notation has been added:
	 *
	 * $countries = R::loadJoined( $users, 'country' );
	 *
	 * @param string       $parentName name of the parent bean
	 * @param string|array $childName  name of the child bean
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function onMap($parentName,$childNameOrBeans) {
		return array(
			'a' => $parentName,
			'b' => $childNameOrBeans,
			'matcher' => array( $parentName, "{$parentName}_id" ),
			'do' => 'match'
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Finds a bean using a type and a where clause (SQL).
	 * As with most Query tools in RedBean you can provide values to
	 * be inserted in the SQL statement by populating the value
	 * array parameter; you can either use the question mark notation
	 * or the slot-notation (:keyname).
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function find( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		if ( !is_array( $bindings ) ) {
			throw new RedException(
				'Expected array, ' . gettype( $bindings ) . ' given.'
			);
		}

		return $this->redbean->find( $type, array(), $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Like find() but also exports the beans as an array.
	 * This method will perform a find-operation. For every bean
	 * in the result collection this method will call the export() method.
	 * This method returns an array containing the array representations
	 * of every bean in the result set.
	 *
	 * @see Finder::find
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function findAndExport( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$arr = array();
		foreach ( $this->find( $type, $sql, $bindings ) as $key => $item ) {
			$arr[] = $item->export();
		}

		return $arr;
	}

	/**
	 * Like find() but returns just one bean instead of an array of beans.
	 * This method will return only the first bean of the array.
	 * If no beans are found, this method will return NULL.
	 *
	 * @see Finder::find
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public function findOne( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$sql = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->glueLimitOne( $sql );

		$items = $this->find( $type, $sql, $bindings );

		if ( empty($items) ) {
			return NULL;
		}

		return reset( $items );
	}

	/**
	 * Like find() but returns the last bean of the result array.
	 * Opposite of Finder::findLast().
	 * If no beans are found, this method will return NULL.
	 *
	 * @see Finder::find
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public function findLast( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$items = $this->find( $type, $sql, $bindings );

		if ( empty($items) ) {
			return NULL;
		}

		return end( $items );
	}

	/**
	 * Tries to find beans of a certain type,
	 * if no beans are found, it dispenses a bean of that type.
	 * Note that this function always returns an array.
	 *
	 * @see Finder::find
	 *
	 * @param  string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param  string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param  array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function findOrDispense( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$foundBeans = $this->find( $type, $sql, $bindings );

		if ( empty( $foundBeans ) ) {
			return array( $this->redbean->dispense( $type ) );
		} else {
			return $foundBeans;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Finds a BeanCollection using the repository.
	 * A bean collection can be used to retrieve one bean at a time using
	 * cursors - this is useful for processing large datasets. A bean collection
	 * will not load all beans into memory all at once, just one at a time.
	 *
	 * @param  string $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param  string $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param  array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return BeanCollection
	 */
	public function findCollection( $type, $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->redbean->findCollection( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Finds or creates a bean.
	 * Tries to find a bean with certain properties specified in the second
	 * parameter ($like). If the bean is found, it will be returned.
	 * If multiple beans are found, only the first will be returned.
	 * If no beans match the criteria, a new bean will be dispensed,
	 * the criteria will be imported as properties and this new bean
	 * will be stored and returned.
	 *
	 * Format of criteria set: property => value
	 * The criteria set also supports OR-conditions: property => array( value1, orValue2 )
	 *
	 * @param string  $type type of bean to search for
	 * @param array   $like criteria set describing bean to search for
	 * @param boolean $hasBeenCreated set to TRUE if bean has been created
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function findOrCreate( $type, $like = array(), $sql = '', &$hasBeenCreated = false )
	{
			$sql = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->glueLimitOne( $sql );
			$beans = $this->findLike( $type, $like, $sql );
			if ( count( $beans ) ) {
				$bean = reset( $beans );
				$hasBeenCreated = false;
				return $bean;
			}

			$bean = $this->redbean->dispense( $type );
			$bean->import( $like );
			$this->redbean->store( $bean );
			$hasBeenCreated = true;
			return $bean;
	}

	/**
	 * Finds beans by its type and a certain criteria set.
	 *
	 * Format of criteria set: property => value
	 * The criteria set also supports OR-conditions: property => array( value1, orValue2 )
	 *
	 * If the additional SQL is a condition, this condition will be glued to the rest
	 * of the query using an AND operator. Note that this is as far as this method
	 * can go, there is no way to glue additional SQL using an OR-condition.
	 * This method provides access to an underlying mechanism in the RedBeanPHP architecture
	 * to find beans using criteria sets. However, please do not use this method
	 * for complex queries, use plain SQL instead ( the regular find method ) as it is
	 * more suitable for the job. This method is
	 * meant for basic search-by-example operations.
	 *
	 * @param string $type       type of bean to search for
	 * @param array  $conditions criteria set describing the bean to search for
	 * @param string $sql        additional SQL (for sorting)
	 * @param array  $bindings   bindings
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function findLike( $type, $conditions = array(), $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return $this->redbean->find( $type, $conditions, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a hashmap with bean arrays keyed by type using an SQL
	 * query as its resource. Given an SQL query like 'SELECT movie.*, review.* FROM movie... JOIN review'
	 * this method will return movie and review beans.
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $stuff = $finder->findMulti('movie,review', '
	 *          SELECT movie.*, review.* FROM movie
	 *          LEFT JOIN review ON review.movie_id = movie.id');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * After this operation, $stuff will contain an entry 'movie' containing all
	 * movies and an entry named 'review' containing all reviews (all beans).
	 * You can also pass bindings.
	 *
	 * If you want to re-map your beans, so you can use $movie->ownReviewList without
	 * having RedBeanPHP executing an SQL query you can use the fourth parameter to
	 * define a selection of remapping closures.
	 *
	 * The remapping argument (optional) should contain an array of arrays.
	 * Each array in the remapping array should contain the following entries:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 * 	'a'       => TYPE A
	 *  'b'       => TYPE B OR BEANS
	 *    'matcher' =>
	 * 			MATCHING FUNCTION ACCEPTING A, B and ALL BEANS
	 * 			OR ARRAY
	 * 				WITH FIELD on B that should match with FIELD on A
	 * 				AND  FIELD on A that should match with FIELD on B
	 *          OR TRUE
	 *              TO JUST PERFORM THE DO-FUNCTION ON EVERY A-BEAN
	 *
	 *    'do'      => OPERATION FUNCTION ACCEPTING A, B, ALL BEANS, ALL REMAPPINGS
	 * 				   (ONLY IF MATCHER IS ALSO A FUNCTION)
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Using this mechanism you can build your own 'preloader' with tiny function
	 * snippets (and those can be re-used and shared online of course).
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 * 	'a' => 'movie'     //define A as movie
	 *  'b' => 'review'    //define B as review
	 *  matcher' => function( $a, $b ) {
	 *     return ( $b->movie_id == $a->id );  //Perform action if review.movie_id equals movie.id
	 *  }
	 *  'do' => function( $a, $b ) {
	 *       $a->noLoad()->ownReviewList[] = $b; //Add the review to the movie
	 *       $a->clearHistory();                 //optional, act 'as if these beans have been loaded through ownReviewList'.
	 *   }
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The Query Template parameter is optional as well but can be used to
	 * set a different SQL template (sprintf-style) for processing the original query.
	 *
	 * @note the SQL query provided IS NOT THE ONE used internally by this function,
	 * this function will pre-process the query to get all the data required to find the beans.
	 *
	 * @note if you use the 'book.*' notation make SURE you're
	 * selector starts with a SPACE. ' book.*' NOT ',book.*'. This is because
	 * it's actually an SQL-like template SLOT, not real SQL.
	 *
	 * @note instead of an SQL query you can pass a result array as well.
	 *
	 * @note the performance of this function is poor, if you deal with large number of records
	 * please use plain SQL instead. This function has been added as a bridge between plain SQL
	 * and bean oriented approaches but it is really on the edge of both worlds. You can safely
	 * use this function to load additional records as beans in paginated context, let's say
	 * 50-250 records. Anything above that will gradually perform worse. RedBeanPHP was never
	 * intended to replace SQL but offer tooling to integrate SQL with object oriented
	 * designs. If you have come to this function, you have reached the final border between
	 * SQL-oriented design and OOP. Anything after this will be just as good as custom mapping
	 * or plain old database querying. I recommend the latter.
	 *
	 * @param string|array $types         a list of types (either array or comma separated string)
	 * @param string|array $sql           optional, an SQL query or an array of prefetched records
	 * @param array        $bindings      optional, bindings for SQL query
	 * @param array        $remappings    optional, an array of remapping arrays
	 * @param string       $queryTemplate optional, query template
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function findMulti( $types, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $remappings = array(), $queryTemplate = ' %s.%s AS %s__%s' )
	{
		if ( !is_array( $types ) ) $types = array_map( 'trim', explode( ',', $types ) );
		if ( is_null( $sql ) ) {
			$beans = array();
			foreach( $types as $type ) $beans[$type] = $this->redbean->find( $type );
		} else {
			if ( !is_array( $sql ) ) {
				$writer = $this->toolbox->getWriter();
				$adapter = $this->toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();

				//Repair the query, replace book.* with book.id AS book_id etc..
				foreach( $types as $type ) {
					$regex = "#( (`?{$type}`?)\.\*)#";
					if ( preg_match( $regex, $sql, $matches ) ) {
						$pattern = $matches[1];
						$table = $matches[2];
						$newSelectorArray = array();
						$columns = $writer->getColumns( $type );
						foreach( $columns as $column => $definition ) {
							$newSelectorArray[] = sprintf( $queryTemplate, $table, $column, $type, $column );
						}
						$newSelector = implode( ',', $newSelectorArray );
						$sql = str_replace( $pattern, $newSelector, $sql );
					}
				}

				$rows = $adapter->get( $sql, $bindings );
			} else {
				$rows = $sql;
			}

			//Gather the bean data from the query results using the prefix
			$wannaBeans = array();
			foreach( $types as $type ) {
				$wannaBeans[$type] = array();
				$prefix            = "{$type}__";
				foreach( $rows as $rowkey=>$row ) {
					$wannaBean = array();
					foreach( $row as $cell => $value ) {
						if ( strpos( $cell, $prefix ) === 0 ) {
							$property = substr( $cell, strlen( $prefix ) );
							unset( $rows[$rowkey][$cell] );
							$wannaBean[$property] = $value;
						}
					}
					if ( !isset( $wannaBean['id'] ) ) continue;
					if ( is_null( $wannaBean['id'] ) ) continue;
					$wannaBeans[$type][$wannaBean['id']] = $wannaBean;
				}
			}

			//Turn the rows into beans
			$beans = array();
			foreach( $wannaBeans as $type => $wannabees ) {
				$beans[$type] = $this->redbean->convertToBeans( $type, $wannabees );
			}
		}

		//Apply additional re-mappings
		foreach($remappings as $remapping) {
			$a       = $remapping['a'];
			$b       = $remapping['b'];
			if (is_array($b)) {
				$firstBean = reset($b);
				$type = $firstBean->getMeta('type');
				$beans[$type] = $b;
				$b = $type;
			}
			$matcher = $remapping['matcher'];
			if (is_callable($matcher) || $matcher === TRUE) {
				$do = $remapping['do'];
				foreach( $beans[$a] as $bean ) {
					if ( $matcher === TRUE ) {
						$do( $bean, $beans[$b], $beans, $remapping );
						continue;
					}
					foreach( $beans[$b] as $putBean ) {
						if ( $matcher( $bean, $putBean, $beans ) ) $do( $bean, $putBean, $beans, $remapping );
					}
				}
			} else {
				list($field1, $field2) = $matcher;
				foreach( $beans[$b] as $key => $bean ) {
					$beans[$b][$key]->{$field1} = (isset($beans[$a][$bean->{$field2}]) ? $beans[$a][$bean->{$field2}] : NULL);
				}
			}
		}
		return $beans;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

/**
 * Association Manager.
 * The association manager can be used to create and manage
 * many-to-many relations (for example sharedLists). In a many-to-many relation,
 * one bean can be associated with many other beans, while each of those beans
 * can also be related to multiple beans.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/AssociationManager.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class AssociationManager extends Observable
{
	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	protected $oodb;

	/**
	 * @var DBAdapter
	 */
	protected $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var QueryWriter
	 */
	protected $writer;

	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	public $toolbox;

	/**
	 * Exception handler.
	 * Fluid and Frozen mode have different ways of handling
	 * exceptions. Fluid mode (using the fluid repository) ignores
	 * exceptions caused by the following:
	 *
	 * - missing tables
	 * - missing column
	 *
	 * In these situations, the repository will behave as if
	 * no beans could be found. This is because in fluid mode
	 * it might happen to query a table or column that has not been
	 * created yet. In frozen mode, this is not supposed to happen
	 * and the corresponding exceptions will be thrown.
	 *
	 * @param \Exception $exception exception
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function handleException( \Exception $exception )
	{
		if ( $this->oodb->isFrozen() || !$this->writer->sqlStateIn( $exception->getSQLState(),
			array(
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
				QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN ),
				$exception->getDriverDetails()
			)
		) {
			throw $exception;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Internal method.
	 * Returns the many-to-many related rows of table $type for bean $bean using additional SQL in $sql and
	 * $bindings bindings. If $getLinks is TRUE, link rows are returned instead.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean     reference bean instance
	 * @param string   $type     target bean type
	 * @param string   $sql      additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array    $bindings bindings for query
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function relatedRows( $bean, $type, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$ids = array( $bean->id );
		$sourceType = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
		try {
			return $this->writer->queryRecordRelated( $sourceType, $type, $ids, $sql, $bindings );
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );
			return array();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Associates a pair of beans. This method associates two beans, no matter
	 * what types. Accepts a base bean that contains data for the linking record.
	 * This method is used by associate. This method also accepts a base bean to be used
	 * as the template for the link record in the database.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean1 first bean
	 * @param OODBBean $bean2 second bean
	 * @param OODBBean $bean  base bean (association record)
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	protected function associateBeans( OODBBean $bean1, OODBBean $bean2, OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$type      = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
		$property1 = $bean1->getMeta( 'type' ) . '_id';
		$property2 = $bean2->getMeta( 'type' ) . '_id';

		if ( $property1 == $property2 ) {
			$property2 = $bean2->getMeta( 'type' ) . '2_id';
		}

		$this->oodb->store( $bean1 );
		$this->oodb->store( $bean2 );

		$bean->setMeta( "cast.$property1", "id" );
		$bean->setMeta( "cast.$property2", "id" );
		$bean->setMeta( 'sys.buildcommand.unique', array( $property1, $property2 ) );

		$bean->$property1 = $bean1->id;
		$bean->$property2 = $bean2->id;

		$results   = array();

		try {
			$id = $this->oodb->store( $bean );
			$results[] = $id;
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			if ( !$this->writer->sqlStateIn( $exception->getSQLState(),
				array( QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION ),
				$exception->getDriverDetails() )
			) {
				throw $exception;
			}
		}

		return $results;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor, creates a new instance of the Association Manager.
	 * The association manager can be used to create and manage
	 * many-to-many relations (for example sharedLists). In a many-to-many relation,
	 * one bean can be associated with many other beans, while each of those beans
	 * can also be related to multiple beans. To create an Association Manager
	 * instance you'll need to pass a ToolBox object.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $tools toolbox supplying core RedBeanPHP objects
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $tools )
	{
		$this->oodb    = $tools->getRedBean();
		$this->adapter = $tools->getDatabaseAdapter();
		$this->writer  = $tools->getWriter();
		$this->toolbox = $tools;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a table name based on a types array.
	 * Manages the get the correct name for the linking table for the
	 * types provided.
	 *
	 * @param array $types 2 types as strings
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getTable( $types )
	{
		return $this->writer->getAssocTable( $types );
	}

	/**
	 * Associates two beans in a many-to-many relation.
	 * This method will associate two beans and store the connection between the
	 * two in a link table. Instead of two single beans this method also accepts
	 * two sets of beans. Returns the ID or the IDs of the linking beans.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|array $beans1 one or more beans to form the association
	 * @param OODBBean|array $beans2 one or more beans to form the association
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function associate( $beans1, $beans2 )
	{
		if ( !is_array( $beans1 ) ) {
			$beans1 = array( $beans1 );
		}

		if ( !is_array( $beans2 ) ) {
			$beans2 = array( $beans2 );
		}

		$results = array();
		foreach ( $beans1 as $bean1 ) {
			foreach ( $beans2 as $bean2 ) {
				$table     = $this->getTable( array( $bean1->getMeta( 'type' ), $bean2->getMeta( 'type' ) ) );
				$bean      = $this->oodb->dispense( $table );
				$results[] = $this->associateBeans( $bean1, $bean2, $bean );
			}
		}

		return ( count( $results ) > 1 ) ? $results : reset( $results );
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of related beans in an N-M relation.
	 * This method returns the number of beans of type $type associated
	 * with reference bean(s) $bean. The query can be tuned using an
	 * SQL snippet for additional filtering.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|array $bean     a bean object or an array of beans
	 * @param string         $type     type of bean you're interested in
	 * @param string|NULL    $sql      SQL snippet (optional)
	 * @param array          $bindings bindings for your SQL string
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function relatedCount( $bean, $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		if ( !( $bean instanceof OODBBean ) ) {
			throw new RedException(
				'Expected array or OODBBean but got:' . gettype( $bean )
			);
		}

		if ( !$bean->id ) {
			return 0;
		}

		$beanType = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );

		try {
			return $this->writer->queryRecordCountRelated( $beanType, $type, $bean->id, $sql, $bindings );
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );

			return 0;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Breaks the association between two beans. This method unassociates two beans. If the
	 * method succeeds the beans will no longer form an association. In the database
	 * this means that the association record will be removed. This method uses the
	 * OODB trash() method to remove the association links, thus giving FUSE models the
	 * opportunity to hook-in additional business logic. If the $fast parameter is
	 * set to boolean TRUE this method will remove the beans without their consent,
	 * bypassing FUSE. This can be used to improve performance.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $beans1 first bean in target association
	 * @param OODBBean $beans2 second bean in target association
	 * @param boolean  $fast  if TRUE, removes the entries by query without FUSE
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function unassociate( $beans1, $beans2, $fast = NULL )
	{
		$beans1 = ( !is_array( $beans1 ) ) ? array( $beans1 ) : $beans1;
		$beans2 = ( !is_array( $beans2 ) ) ? array( $beans2 ) : $beans2;

		foreach ( $beans1 as $bean1 ) {
			foreach ( $beans2 as $bean2 ) {
				try {
					$this->oodb->store( $bean1 );
					$this->oodb->store( $bean2 );

					$type1 = $bean1->getMeta( 'type' );
					$type2 = $bean2->getMeta( 'type' );

					$row      = $this->writer->queryRecordLink( $type1, $type2, $bean1->id, $bean2->id );

					if ( !$row ) return;

					$linkType = $this->getTable( array( $type1, $type2 ) );

					if ( $fast ) {
						$this->writer->deleteRecord( $linkType, array( 'id' => $row['id'] ) );

						return;
					}

					$beans = $this->oodb->convertToBeans( $linkType, array( $row ) );

					if ( count( $beans ) > 0 ) {
						$bean = reset( $beans );
						$this->oodb->trash( $bean );
					}
				} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
					$this->handleException( $exception );
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Removes all relations for a bean. This method breaks every connection between
	 * a certain bean $bean and every other bean of type $type. Warning: this method
	 * is really fast because it uses a direct SQL query however it does not inform the
	 * models about this. If you want to notify FUSE models about deletion use a foreach-loop
	 * with unassociate() instead. (that might be slower though)
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean reference bean
	 * @param string   $type type of beans that need to be unassociated
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function clearRelations( OODBBean $bean, $type )
	{
		$this->oodb->store( $bean );
		try {
			$this->writer->deleteRelations( $bean->getMeta( 'type' ), $type, $bean->id );
		} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
			$this->handleException( $exception );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all the beans associated with $bean.
	 * This method will return an array containing all the beans that have
	 * been associated once with the associate() function and are still
	 * associated with the bean specified. The type parameter indicates the
	 * type of beans you are looking for. You can also pass some extra SQL and
	 * values for that SQL to filter your results after fetching the
	 * related beans.
	 *
	 * Don't try to make use of subqueries, a subquery using IN() seems to
	 * be slower than two queries!
	 *
	 * Since 3.2, you can now also pass an array of beans instead just one
	 * bean as the first parameter.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean       $bean the bean you have
	 * @param string         $type      the type of beans you want
	 * @param string         $sql       SQL snippet for extra filtering
	 * @param array          $bindings  values to be inserted in SQL slots
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function related( $bean, $type, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$sql   = $this->writer->glueSQLCondition( $sql );
		$rows  = $this->relatedRows( $bean, $type, $sql, $bindings );
		$links = array();

		foreach ( $rows as $key => $row ) {
			if ( !isset( $links[$row['id']] ) ) $links[$row['id']] = array();
			$links[$row['id']][] = $row['linked_by'];
			unset( $rows[$key]['linked_by'] );
		}

		$beans = $this->oodb->convertToBeans( $type, $rows );
		foreach ( $beans as $bean ) $bean->setMeta( 'sys.belongs-to', $links[$bean->id] );

		return $beans;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

/**
 * Bean Helper Interface.
 *
 * Interface for Bean Helper.
 * A little bolt that glues the whole machinery together.
 * The Bean Helper is passed to the OODB RedBeanPHP Object to
 * facilitate the creation of beans and providing them with
 * a toolbox. The Helper also facilitates the FUSE feature,
 * determining how beans relate to their models. By overriding
 * the getModelForBean method you can tune the FUSEing to
 * fit your business application needs.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/IBeanHelper.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface BeanHelper
{
	/**
	 * Returns a toolbox to empower the bean.
	 * This allows beans to perform OODB operations by themselves,
	 * as such the bean is a proxy for OODB. This allows beans to implement
	 * their magic getters and setters and return lists.
	 *
	 * @return ToolBox
	 */
	public function getToolbox();

	/**
	 * Does approximately the same as getToolbox but also extracts the
	 * toolbox for you.
	 * This method returns a list with all toolbox items in Toolbox Constructor order:
	 * OODB, adapter, writer and finally the toolbox itself!.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getExtractedToolbox();

	/**
	 * Given a certain bean this method will
	 * return the corresponding model.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to obtain the corresponding model of
	 *
	 * @return SimpleModel|CustomModel|NULL
	 */
	public function getModelForBean( OODBBean $bean );
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper {

use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\Facade as Facade;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModelHelper as SimpleModelHelper;

/**
 * Bean Helper.
 *
 * The Bean helper helps beans to access access the toolbox and
 * FUSE models. This Bean Helper makes use of the facade to obtain a
 * reference to the toolbox.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/BeanHelperFacade.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class SimpleFacadeBeanHelper implements BeanHelper
{
	/**
	 * Factory function to create instance of Simple Model, if any.
	 *
	 * @var callable|NULL
	 */
	private static $factory = null;

	/**
	 * Factory method using a customizable factory function to create
	 * the instance of the Simple Model.
	 *
	 * @param string $modelClassName name of the class
	 *
	 * @return SimpleModel
	 */
	public static function factory( $modelClassName )
	{
		$factory = self::$factory;
		return ( $factory ) ? $factory( $modelClassName ) : new $modelClassName();
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the factory function to create the model when using FUSE
	 * to connect a bean to a model.
	 *
	 * @param callable|NULL $factory factory function
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setFactoryFunction( $factory )
	{
		self::$factory = $factory;
	}

	/**
	 * @see BeanHelper::getToolbox
	 */
	public function getToolbox()
	{
		return Facade::getToolBox();
	}

	/**
	 * @see BeanHelper::getModelForBean
	 */
	public function getModelForBean( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$model     = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
		$prefix    = defined( 'REDBEAN_MODEL_PREFIX' ) ? REDBEAN_MODEL_PREFIX : '\\Model_';

		return $this->resolveModel($prefix, $model, $bean);
	}

	/**
	 * Resolves the model associated with the bean using the model name (type),
	 * the prefix and the bean.
	 *
	 * @note
	 * If REDBEAN_CLASS_AUTOLOAD is defined this will be passed to class_exist as
	 * autoloading flag.
	 *
	 * @param string   $prefix Prefix to use for resolution
	 * @param string   $model  Type name
	 * @param OODBBean $bean   Bean to resolve model for
	 *
	 * @return SimpleModel|CustomModel|NULL
	 */
	protected function resolveModel($prefix, $model, $bean) {

		/* Determine autoloading preference */
		$autoloadFlag = ( defined( 'REDBEAN_CLASS_AUTOLOAD' ) ? REDBEAN_CLASS_AUTOLOAD : TRUE );

		if ( strpos( $model, '_' ) !== FALSE ) {
			$modelParts = explode( '_', $model );
			$modelName = '';
			foreach( $modelParts as $part ) {
				$modelName .= ucfirst( $part );
			}
			$modelName = $prefix . $modelName;
			if ( !class_exists( $modelName ) ) {
				$modelName = $prefix . ucfirst( $model );
				if ( !class_exists( $modelName, $autoloadFlag ) ) {
					return NULL;
				}
			}
		} else {
			$modelName = $prefix . ucfirst( $model );
			if ( !class_exists( $modelName, $autoloadFlag ) ) {
				return NULL;
			}
		}
		$obj = self::factory( $modelName );
		$obj->loadBean( $bean );
		return $obj;
	}

	/**
	 * @see BeanHelper::getExtractedToolbox
	 */
	public function getExtractedToolbox()
	{
		return Facade::getExtractedToolbox();
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper {

use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\Facade as Facade;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModelHelper as SimpleModelHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\SimpleFacadeBeanHelper as SimpleFacadeBeanHelper;

/**
 * Dynamic Bean Helper.
 *
 * The dynamic bean helper allows you to use differently namespaced
 * classes for models per database connection.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/BeanHelper/DynamicBeanHelper.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class DynamicBeanHelper extends SimpleFacadeBeanHelper implements BeanHelper
{
	/**
	 * Model prefix to be used for the current database connection.
	 *
	 * @var string
	 */
	private $modelPrefix;

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::addDatabase( ..., new DynamicBeanHelper('Prefix1_')  );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $modelPrefix prefix
	 */
	public function __construct( $modelPrefix ) {
		$this->modelPrefix = $modelPrefix;
	}

	/**
	 * @see BeanHelper::getModelForBean
	 */
	public function getModelForBean( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		return $this->resolveModel( $this->modelPrefix, $bean->getMeta( 'type' ), $bean );
	}	
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

/**
 * SimpleModel
 * Base Model For All RedBeanPHP Models using FUSE.
 *
 * RedBeanPHP FUSE is a mechanism to connect beans to posthoc
 * models. Models are connected to beans by naming conventions.
 * Actions on beans will result in actions on models.
 *
 * @file       RedBeanPHP/SimpleModel.php
 * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Team
 * @license    BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class SimpleModel
{
	/**
	 * @var OODBBean
	 */
	protected $bean;

	/**
	 * Used by FUSE: the ModelHelper class to connect a bean to a model.
	 * This method loads a bean in the model.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to load
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function loadBean( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$this->bean = $bean;
	}

	/**
	 * Magic Getter to make the bean properties available from
	 * the $this-scope.
	 *
	 * @note this method returns a value, not a reference!
	 *       To obtain a reference unbox the bean first!
	 *
	 * @param string $prop property to get
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function __get( $prop )
	{
		return $this->bean->$prop;
	}

	/**
	 * Magic Setter.
	 * Sets the value directly as a bean property.
	 *
	 * @param string $prop  property to set value of
	 * @param mixed  $value value to set
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function __set( $prop, $value )
	{
		$this->bean->$prop = $value;
	}

	/**
	 * Isset implementation.
	 * Implements the isset function for array-like access.
	 *
	 * @param  string $key key to check
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function __isset( $key )
	{
		return isset( $this->bean->$key );
	}

	/**
	 * Box the bean using the current model.
	 * This method wraps the current bean in this model.
	 * This method can be reached using FUSE through a simple
	 * OODBBean. The method returns a RedBeanPHP Simple Model.
	 * This is useful if you would like to rely on PHP type hinting.
	 * You can box your beans before passing them to functions or methods
	 * with typed parameters.
	 *
	 * Note about beans vs models:
	 * Use unbox to obtain the bean powering the model. If you want to use bean functionality,
	 * you should -always- unbox first. While some functionality (like magic get/set) is
	 * available in the model, this is just read-only. To use a model as a typical RedBean
	 * OODBBean you should always unbox the model to a bean. Models are meant to
	 * expose only domain logic added by the developer (business logic, no ORM logic).
	 *
	 * @return SimpleModel
	 */
	public function box()
	{
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Unbox the bean from the model.
	 * This method returns the bean inside the model.
	 *
	 * Note about beans vs models:
	 * Use unbox to obtain the bean powering the model. If you want to use bean functionality,
	 * you should -always- unbox first. While some functionality (like magic get/set) is
	 * available in the model, this is just read-only. To use a model as a typical RedBean
	 * OODBBean you should always unbox the model to a bean. Models are meant to
	 * expose only domain logic added by the developer (business logic, no ORM logic).
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function unbox()
	{
		return $this->bean;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\Observer as Observer;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;

/**
 * RedBean Model Helper.
 *
 * Connects beans to models.
 * This is the core of so-called FUSE.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/ModelHelper.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class SimpleModelHelper implements Observer
{
	/**
	 * Gets notified by an observable.
	 * This method decouples the FUSE system from the actual beans.
	 * If a FUSE event happens 'update', this method will attempt to
	 * invoke the corresponding method on the bean.
	 *
	 * @param string  $eventName i.e. 'delete', 'after_delete'
	 * @param OODBBean $bean      affected bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function onEvent( $eventName, $bean )
	{
		$bean->$eventName();
	}

	/**
	 * Attaches the FUSE event listeners. Now the Model Helper will listen for
	 * CRUD events. If a CRUD event occurs it will send a signal to the model
	 * that belongs to the CRUD bean and this model will take over control from
	 * there. This method will attach the following event listeners to the observable:
	 *
	 * - 'update'       (gets called by R::store, before the records gets inserted / updated)
	 * - 'after_update' (gets called by R::store, after the records have been inserted / updated)
	 * - 'open'         (gets called by R::load, after the record has been retrieved)
	 * - 'delete'       (gets called by R::trash, before deletion of record)
	 * - 'after_delete' (gets called by R::trash, after deletion)
	 * - 'dispense'     (gets called by R::dispense)
	 *
	 * For every event type, this method will register this helper as a listener.
	 * The observable will notify the listener (this object) with the event ID and the
	 * affected bean. This helper will then process the event (onEvent) by invoking
	 * the event on the bean. If a bean offers a method with the same name as the
	 * event ID, this method will be invoked.
	 *
	 * @param Observable $observable object to observe
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function attachEventListeners( Observable $observable )
	{
		foreach ( array( 'update', 'open', 'delete', 'after_delete', 'after_update', 'dispense' ) as $eventID ) {
			$observable->addEventListener( $eventID, $this );
		}
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\AssociationManager as AssociationManager;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

/**
 * RedBeanPHP Tag Manager.
 *
 * The tag manager offers an easy way to quickly implement basic tagging
 * functionality.
 *
 * Provides methods to tag beans and perform tag-based searches in the
 * bean database.
 *
 * @file       RedBeanPHP/TagManager.php
 * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license    BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class TagManager
{
	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * @var AssociationManager
	 */
	protected $associationManager;

	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	protected $redbean;

	/**
	 * Checks if the argument is a comma separated string, in this case
	 * it will split the string into words and return an array instead.
	 * In case of an array the argument will be returned 'as is'.
	 *
	 * @param array|string|false $tagList list of tags
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList )
	{
		if ( $tagList !== FALSE && !is_array( $tagList ) ) {
			$tags = explode( ',', (string) $tagList );
		} else {
			$tags = $tagList;
		}

		return $tags;
	}

	/**
	 * Finds a tag bean by its title.
	 * Internal method.
	 *
	 * @param string $title title to search for
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	protected function findTagByTitle( $title )
	{
		$beans = $this->redbean->find( 'tag', array( 'title' => array( $title ) ) );

		if ( $beans ) {
			$bean = reset( $beans );

			return $bean;
		}

		return NULL;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The tag manager offers an easy way to quickly implement basic tagging
	 * functionality.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox toolbox object
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
		$this->redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();

		$this->associationManager = $this->redbean->getAssociationManager();
	}

	/**
	 * Tests whether a bean has been associated with one or more
	 * of the listed tags. If the third parameter is TRUE this method
	 * will return TRUE only if all tags that have been specified are indeed
	 * associated with the given bean, otherwise FALSE.
	 * If the third parameter is FALSE this
	 * method will return TRUE if one of the tags matches, FALSE if none
	 * match.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::hasTag( $blog, 'horror,movie', TRUE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above returns TRUE if the $blog bean has been tagged
	 * as BOTH horror and movie. If the post has only been tagged as 'movie'
	 * or 'horror' this operation will return FALSE because the third parameter
	 * has been set to TRUE.
	 *
	 * @param  OODBBean     $bean bean to check for tags
	 * @param  array|string $tags list of tags
	 * @param  boolean      $all  whether they must all match or just some
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public function hasTag( $bean, $tags, $all = FALSE )
	{
		$foundtags = $this->tag( $bean );

		$tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tags );
		$same = array_intersect( $tags, $foundtags );

		if ( $all ) {
			return ( implode( ',', $same ) === implode( ',', $tags ) );
		}

		return (bool) ( count( $same ) > 0 );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes all specified tags from the bean. The tags specified in
	 * the second parameter will no longer be associated with the bean.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::untag( $blog, 'smart,interesting' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, the $blog bean will no longer
	 * be associated with the tags 'smart' and 'interesting'.
	 *
	 * @param  OODBBean     $bean    tagged bean
	 * @param  array|string $tagList list of tags (names)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function untag( $bean, $tagList )
	{
		$tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList );

		foreach ( $tags as $tag ) {
			if ( $t = $this->findTagByTitle( $tag ) ) {
				$this->associationManager->unassociate( $bean, $t );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
	 * Tags a bean or returns tags associated with a bean.
	 * If $tagList is NULL or omitted this method will return a
	 * comma separated list of tags associated with the bean provided.
	 * If $tagList is a comma separated list (string) of tags all tags will
	 * be associated with the bean.
	 * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::tag( $meal, "TexMex,Mexican" );
	 * $tags = R::tag( $meal );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The first line in the example above will tag the $meal
	 * as 'TexMex' and 'Mexican Cuisine'. The second line will
	 * retrieve all tags attached to the meal object.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean    bean to tag
	 * @param mixed    $tagList tags to attach to the specified bean
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function tag( OODBBean $bean, $tagList = NULL )
	{
		if ( is_null( $tagList ) ) {

			$tags = $bean->sharedTag;
			$foundTags = array();

			foreach ( $tags as $tag ) {
				$foundTags[] = $tag->title;
			}

			return $foundTags;
		}

		$this->associationManager->clearRelations( $bean, 'tag' );
		$this->addTags( $bean, $tagList );

		return $tagList;
	}

	/**
	 * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
	 * Adds tags to a bean.
	 * If $tagList is a comma separated list of tags all tags will
	 * be associated with the bean.
	 * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::addTags( $blog, ["halloween"] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example adds the tag 'halloween' to the $blog
	 * bean.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean           $bean    bean to tag
	 * @param array|string|false $tagList list of tags to add to bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function addTags( OODBBean $bean, $tagList )
	{
		$tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList );

		if ( $tagList === FALSE ) {
			return;
		}

		foreach ( $tags as $tag ) {
			if ( !$t = $this->findTagByTitle( $tag ) ) {
				$t        = $this->redbean->dispense( 'tag' );
				$t->title = $tag;

				$this->redbean->store( $t );
			}

			$this->associationManager->associate( $bean, $t );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all beans that have been tagged with one or more
	 * of the specified tags.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $watchList = R::tagged(
	 *   'movie',
	 *   'horror,gothic',
	 *   ' ORDER BY movie.title DESC LIMIT ?',
	 *   [ 10 ]
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example uses R::tagged() to find all movies that have been
	 * tagged as 'horror' or 'gothic', order them by title and limit
	 * the number of movies to be returned to 10.
	 *
	 * @param string       $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param array|string $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string       $sql      additional SQL (use only for pagination)
	 * @param array        $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function tagged( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$tags       = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList );
		$records    = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->queryTagged( $beanType, $tags, FALSE, $sql, $bindings );

		return $this->redbean->convertToBeans( $beanType, $records );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all beans that have been tagged with ALL of the tags given.
	 * This method works the same as R::tagged() except that this method only returns
	 * beans that have been tagged with all the specified labels.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $watchList = R::taggedAll(
	 *    'movie',
	 *    [ 'gothic', 'short' ],
	 *    ' ORDER BY movie.id DESC LIMIT ? ',
	 *    [ 4 ]
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above returns at most 4 movies (due to the LIMIT clause in the SQL
	 * Query Snippet) that have been tagged as BOTH 'short' AND 'gothic'.
	 *
	 * @param string       $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param array|string $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string       $sql      additional sql snippet
	 * @param array        $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function taggedAll( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$tags  = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList );
		$records    = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->queryTagged( $beanType, $tags, TRUE, $sql, $bindings );

		return $this->redbean->convertToBeans( $beanType, $records );
	}

	/**
	 * Like taggedAll() but only counts.
	 *
	 * @see taggedAll
	 *
	 * @param string       $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param array|string $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string       $sql      additional sql snippet
	 * @param array        $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function countTaggedAll( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$tags  = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList );
		return $this->toolbox->getWriter()->queryCountTagged( $beanType, $tags, TRUE, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Like tagged() but only counts.
	 *
	 * @see tagged
	 *
	 * @param string       $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param array|string $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string       $sql      additional sql snippet
	 * @param array        $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function countTagged( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		$tags  = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded( $tagList );
		return $this->toolbox->getWriter()->queryCountTagged( $beanType, $tags, FALSE, $sql, $bindings );
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

/**
 * Label Maker.
 * Makes so-called label beans.
 * A label is a bean with only an id, type and name property.
 * Labels can be used to create simple entities like categories, tags or enums.
 * This service class provides convenience methods to deal with this kind of
 * beans.
 *
 * @file       RedBeanPHP/LabelMaker.php
 * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license    BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class LabelMaker
{
	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * A label is a bean with only an id, type and name property.
	 * This function will dispense beans for all entries in the array. The
	 * values of the array will be assigned to the name property of each
	 * individual bean.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $people = R::dispenseLabels( 'person', [ 'Santa', 'Claus' ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $type   type of beans you would like to have
	 * @param array  $labels list of labels, names for each bean
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function dispenseLabels( $type, $labels )
	{
		$labelBeans = array();
		foreach ( $labels as $label ) {
			$labelBean       = $this->toolbox->getRedBean()->dispense( $type );
			$labelBean->name = $label;
			$labelBeans[]    = $labelBean;
		}

		return $labelBeans;
	}

	/**
	 * Gathers labels from beans. This function loops through the beans,
	 * collects the value of the name property for each individual bean
	 * and stores the names in a new array. The array then gets sorted using the
	 * default sort function of PHP (sort).
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $o1->name = 'hamburger';
	 * $o2->name = 'pizza';
	 * implode( ',', R::gatherLabels( [ $o1, $o2 ] ) ); //hamburger,pizza
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note that the return value is an array of strings, not beans.
	 *
	 * @param array $beans list of beans to loop through
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function gatherLabels( $beans )
	{
		$labels = array();

		foreach ( $beans as $bean ) {
			$labels[] = $bean->name;
		}

		sort( $labels );

		return $labels;
	}

	/**
	 * Fetches an ENUM from the database and creates it if necessary.
	 * An ENUM has the following format:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * ENUM:VALUE
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * If you pass 'ENUM' only, this method will return an array of its
	 * values:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * implode( ',', R::gatherLabels( R::enum( 'flavour' ) ) ) //'BANANA,MOCCA'
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * If you pass 'ENUM:VALUE' this method will return the specified enum bean
	 * and create it in the database if it does not exist yet:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bananaFlavour = R::enum( 'flavour:banana' );
	 * $bananaFlavour->name;
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * So you can use this method to set an ENUM value in a bean:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $shake->flavour = R::enum( 'flavour:banana' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * the property flavour now contains the enum bean, a parent bean.
	 * In the database, flavour_id will point to the flavour record with name 'banana'.
	 *
	 * @param string $enum ENUM specification for label
	 *
	 * @return array|OODBBean
	 */
	public function enum( $enum )
	{
		$oodb = $this->toolbox->getRedBean();

		if ( strpos( $enum, ':' ) === FALSE ) {
			$type  = $enum;
			$value = FALSE;
		} else {
			list( $type, $value ) = explode( ':', $enum );
			$value                = preg_replace( '/\W+/', '_', strtoupper( trim( $value ) ) );
		}

		/**
		 * We use simply find here, we could use inspect() in fluid mode etc,
		 * but this would be useless. At first sight it looks clean, you could even
		 * bake this into find(), however, find not only has to deal with the primary
		 * search type, people can also include references in the SQL part, so avoiding
		 * find failures does not matter, this is still the quickest way making use
		 * of existing functionality.
		 *
		 * @note There seems to be a bug in XDebug v2.3.2 causing suppressed
		 * exceptions like these to surface anyway, to prevent this use:
		 *
		 * "xdebug.default_enable = 0"
		 *
		 *  Also see Github Issue #464
		 */
		$values = $oodb->find( $type );

		if ( $value === FALSE ) {
			return $values;
		}

		foreach( $values as $enumItem ) {
				if ( $enumItem->name === $value ) return $enumItem;
		}

		$newEnumItems = $this->dispenseLabels( $type, array( $value ) );
		$newEnumItem  = reset( $newEnumItems );

		$oodb->store( $newEnumItem );

		return $newEnumItem;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault as RDefault;
use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault\Debug as Debug;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\SimpleFacadeBeanHelper as SimpleFacadeBeanHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\Driver\RPDO as RPDO;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\MultiLoader as MultiLoader;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Transaction as Transaction;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Dump as Dump;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\DispenseHelper as DispenseHelper;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\ArrayTool as ArrayTool;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\QuickExport as QuickExport;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\MatchUp as MatchUp;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Look as Look;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Diff as Diff;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Tree as Tree;
use RedBeanPHP\Util\Feature;

/**
 * RedBean Facade
 *
 * Version Information
 * RedBean Version @version 5.7
 *
 * This class hides the object landscape of
 * RedBeanPHP behind a single letter class providing
 * almost all functionality with simple static calls.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Facade.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Facade
{
	/**
	 * RedBeanPHP version constant.
	 */
	const C_REDBEANPHP_VERSION = '5.7';

	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	public static $toolbox;

	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	private static $redbean;

	/**
	 * @var QueryWriter
	 */
	private static $writer;

	/**
	 * @var Adapter
	 */
	private static $adapter;

	/**
	 * @var AssociationManager
	 */
	private static $associationManager;

	/**
	 * @var TagManager
	 */
	private static $tagManager;

	/**
	 * @var DuplicationManager
	 */
	private static $duplicationManager;

	/**
	 * @var LabelMaker
	 */
	private static $labelMaker;

	/**
	 * @var Finder
	 */
	private static $finder;

	/**
	 * @var Tree
	 */
	private static $tree;

	/**
	 * @var Logger
	 */
	private static $logger;

	/**
	 * @var callable[]
	 */
	private static $plugins = array();

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	private static $exportCaseStyle = 'default';

	/**
	 * @var bool flag allows transactions through facade in fluid mode
	 */
	private static $allowFluidTransactions = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var bool flag allows to unfreeze if needed with store(all)
	 */
	private static $allowHybridMode = FALSE;

	/**
	 * Not in use (backward compatibility SQLHelper)
	 */
	public static $f;

	/**
	 * @var string
	 */
	public static $currentDB = '';

	/**
	 * @var ToolBox[]
	 */
	public static $toolboxes = array();

	/**
	 * Internal Query function, executes the desired query. Used by
	 * all facade query functions. This keeps things DRY.
	 *
	 * @param string $method   desired query method (i.e. 'cell', 'col', 'exec' etc..)
	 * @param string $sql      the sql you want to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to be bound to query statement
	 *
	 * @return array|int|Cursor|NULL
	 */
	private static function query( $method, $sql, $bindings )
	{
		if ( !self::$redbean->isFrozen() ) {
			try {
				$rs = Facade::$adapter->$method( $sql, $bindings );
			} catch ( SQLException $exception ) {
				if ( self::$writer->sqlStateIn( $exception->getSQLState(),
					array(
						QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
						QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE )
					,$exception->getDriverDetails()
					)
				) {
					return ( $method === 'getCell' ) ? NULL : array();
				} else {
					throw $exception;
				}
			}

			return $rs;
		} else {
			return Facade::$adapter->$method( $sql, $bindings );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Sets allow hybrid mode flag. In Hybrid mode (default off),
	 * store/storeAll take an extra argument to switch to fluid
	 * mode in case of an exception. You can use this to speed up
	 * fluid mode. This method returns the previous value of the
	 * flag.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $hybrid
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function setAllowHybridMode( $hybrid )
	{
		$old = self::$allowHybridMode;
		self::$allowHybridMode = $hybrid;
		return $old;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the RedBeanPHP version string.
	 * The RedBeanPHP version string always has the same format "X.Y"
	 * where X is the major version number and Y is the minor version number.
	 * Point releases are not mentioned in the version string.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function getVersion()
	{
		return self::C_REDBEANPHP_VERSION;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the version string from the database server.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function getDatabaseServerVersion()
	{
		return self::$adapter->getDatabaseServerVersion();
	}

	/**
	 * Tests the database connection.
	 * Returns TRUE if connection has been established and
	 * FALSE otherwise. Suppresses any warnings that may
	 * occur during the testing process and catches all
	 * exceptions that might be thrown during the test.
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function testConnection()
	{
		if ( !isset( self::$adapter ) ) return FALSE;

		$database = self::$adapter->getDatabase();
		try {
			@$database->connect();
		} catch ( \Exception $e ) {}
		return $database->isConnected();
	}

	/**
	 * Kickstarts redbean for you. This method should be called before you start using
	 * RedBeanPHP. The Setup() method can be called without any arguments, in this case it will
	 * try to create a SQLite database in /tmp called red.db (this only works on UNIX-like systems).
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::setup( 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase', 'dba', 'dbapassword' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * You can replace 'mysql:' with the name of the database you want to use.
	 * Possible values are:
	 *
	 * - pgsql  (PostgreSQL database)
	 * - sqlite (SQLite database)
	 * - mysql  (MySQL database)
	 * - mysql  (also for Maria database)
	 * - sqlsrv (MS SQL Server - community supported experimental driver)
	 * - CUBRID (CUBRID driver - basic support provided by Plugin)
	 *
	 * Note that setup() will not immediately establish a connection to the database.
	 * Instead, it will prepare the connection and connect 'lazily', i.e. the moment
	 * a connection is really required, for instance when attempting to load
	 * a bean.
	 *
	 * @param string|\PDO|NULL $dsn     Database connection string
	 * @param string|NULL $username     Username for database
	 * @param string|NULL $password     Password for database
	 * @param boolean|string[] $frozen       TRUE if you want to setup in frozen mode
	 * @param boolean|string[] $partialBeans TRUE to enable partial bean updates
	 * @param array   $options      Additional (PDO) options to pass
	 *
	 * @return ToolBox
	 */
	public static function setup( $dsn = NULL, $username = NULL, $password = NULL, $frozen = FALSE, $partialBeans = FALSE, $options = array() )
	{
		if ( is_null( $dsn ) ) {
			$dsn = 'sqlite:' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . sys_get_temp_dir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'red.db';
		}

		self::addDatabase( 'default', $dsn, $username, $password, $frozen, $partialBeans, $options );
		self::selectDatabase( 'default' );

		return self::$toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles 'Narrow Field Mode'.
	 * In Narrow Field mode the queryRecord method will
	 * narrow its selection field to
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * SELECT {table}.*
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * instead of
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * SELECT *
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This is a better way of querying because it allows
	 * more flexibility (for instance joins). However if you need
	 * the wide selector for backward compatibility; use this method
	 * to turn OFF Narrow Field Mode by passing FALSE.
	 * Default is TRUE.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $narrowField TRUE = Narrow Field FALSE = Wide Field
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setNarrowFieldMode( $mode )
	{
		AQueryWriter::setNarrowFieldMode( $mode );
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles fluid transactions. By default fluid transactions
	 * are not active. Starting, committing or rolling back a transaction
	 * through the facade in fluid mode will have no effect. If you wish
	 * to replace this standard portable behavior with behavior depending
	 * on how the used database platform handles fluid (DDL) transactions
	 * set this flag to TRUE.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $mode allow fluid transaction mode
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setAllowFluidTransactions( $mode )
	{
		self::$allowFluidTransactions = $mode;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles support for IS-NULL-conditions.
	 * If IS-NULL-conditions are enabled condition arrays
	 * for functions including findLike() are treated so that
	 * 'field' => NULL will be interpreted as field IS NULL
	 * instead of being skipped. Returns the previous
	 * value of the flag.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag TRUE or FALSE
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function useISNULLConditions( $mode )
	{
		self::getWriter()->flushCache(); /* otherwise same queries might fail (see Unit test XNull) */
		return AQueryWriter::useISNULLConditions( $mode );
	}

	/**
	 * Wraps a transaction around a closure or string callback.
	 * If an Exception is thrown inside, the operation is automatically rolled back.
	 * If no Exception happens, it commits automatically.
	 * It also supports (simulated) nested transactions (that is useful when
	 * you have many methods that needs transactions but are unaware of
	 * each other).
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $from = 1;
	 * $to = 2;
	 * $amount = 300;
	 *
	 * R::transaction(function() use($from, $to, $amount)
	 * {
	 *   $accountFrom = R::load('account', $from);
	 *   $accountTo = R::load('account', $to);
	 *   $accountFrom->money -= $amount;
	 *   $accountTo->money += $amount;
	 *   R::store($accountFrom);
	 *   R::store($accountTo);
	 * });
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param callable $callback Closure (or other callable) with the transaction logic
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public static function transaction( $callback )
	{
		if ( !self::$allowFluidTransactions && !self::$redbean->isFrozen() ) return FALSE;
		return Transaction::transaction( self::$adapter, $callback );
	}

	/**
	 * Adds a database to the facade, afterwards you can select the database using
	 * selectDatabase($key), where $key is the name you assigned to this database.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::addDatabase( 'database-1', 'sqlite:/tmp/db1.txt' );
	 * R::selectDatabase( 'database-1' ); //to select database again
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This method allows you to dynamically add (and select) new databases
	 * to the facade. Adding a database with the same key will cause an exception.
	 *
	 * @param string      $key    		ID for the database
	 * @param string|\PDO $dsn    		DSN for the database
	 * @param string|NULL $user   		user for connection
	 * @param string|NULL $pass   		password for connection
	 * @param bool|string[]   $frozen 		  whether this database is frozen or not
	 * @param bool|string[]   $partialBeans should we load partial beans?
	 * @param array		        $options	   	additional options for the query writer
	 * @param BeanHelper|NULL $beanHelper  	Beanhelper to use (use this for DB specific model prefixes)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function addDatabase( $key, $dsn, $user = NULL, $pass = NULL, $frozen = FALSE, $partialBeans = FALSE, $options = array(), $beanHelper = NULL )
	{
		if ( isset( self::$toolboxes[$key] ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'A database has already been specified for this key.' );
		}

		self::$toolboxes[$key] = self::createToolbox($dsn, $user, $pass, $frozen, $partialBeans, $options);

		if ( !is_null( $beanHelper ) ) {
			self::$toolboxes[$key]->getRedBean()->setBeanHelper( $beanHelper );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a toolbox. This method can be called if you want to use redbean non-static.
	 * It has the same interface as R::setup(). The createToolbox() method can be called
	 * without any arguments, in this case it will try to create a SQLite database in
	 * /tmp called red.db (this only works on UNIX-like systems).
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::createToolbox( 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase', 'dba', 'dbapassword' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * You can replace 'mysql:' with the name of the database you want to use.
	 * Possible values are:
	 *
	 * - pgsql  (PostgreSQL database)
	 * - sqlite (SQLite database)
	 * - mysql  (MySQL database)
	 * - mysql  (also for Maria database)
	 * - sqlsrv (MS SQL Server - community supported experimental driver)
	 * - CUBRID (CUBRID driver - basic support provided by Plugin)
	 *
	 * Note that createToolbox() will not immediately establish a connection to the database.
	 * Instead, it will prepare the connection and connect 'lazily', i.e. the moment
	 * a connection is really required, for instance when attempting to load a bean.
	 *
	 * @param string|\PDO $dsn      Database connection string
	 * @param string  $username Username for database
	 * @param string  $password Password for database
	 * @param boolean|string[] $frozen   TRUE if you want to setup in frozen mode
	 * @param boolean|string[] $partialBeans TRUE to enable partial bean updates
	 * @param array   $options
	 *
	 * @return ToolBox
	 */
	public static function createToolbox( $dsn, $username = NULL, $password = NULL, $frozen = FALSE, $partialBeans = FALSE, $options = array() )
	{
		if ( is_object($dsn) ) {
			$db  = new RPDO( $dsn );
			$dbType = $db->getDatabaseType();
		} else {
			$db = new RPDO( $dsn, $username, $password, $options );
			$dbType = substr( $dsn, 0, strpos( $dsn, ':' ) );
		}

		$adapter = new DBAdapter( $db );

		$writers = array(
			'pgsql'  => 'PostgreSQL',
			'sqlite' => 'SQLiteT',
			'cubrid' => 'CUBRID',
			'mysql'  => 'MySQL',
			'sqlsrv' => 'SQLServer',
		);

		$wkey = trim( strtolower( $dbType ) );
		if ( !isset( $writers[$wkey] ) ) {
			$wkey = preg_replace( '/\W/', '' , $wkey );
			throw new RedException( 'Unsupported database ('.$wkey.').' );
		}
		$writerClass = '\\RedBeanPHP\\QueryWriter\\'.$writers[$wkey];
		/** @var AQueryWriter $writer */
		$writer      = new $writerClass( $adapter );
		$redbean     = new OODB( $writer, $frozen );

		if ( $partialBeans ) {
			$redbean->getCurrentRepository()->usePartialBeans( $partialBeans );
		}

		return new ToolBox( $redbean, $adapter, $writer );
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether a database identified with the specified key has
	 * already been added to the facade. This function will return TRUE
	 * if the database indicated by the key is available and FALSE otherwise.
	 *
	 * @param string $key the key/name of the database to check for
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function hasDatabase( $key )
	{
		return ( isset( self::$toolboxes[$key] ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Selects a different database for the Facade to work with.
	 * If you use the R::setup() you don't need this method. This method is meant
	 * for multiple database setups. This method selects the database identified by the
	 * database ID ($key). Use addDatabase() to add a new database, which in turn
	 * can be selected using selectDatabase(). If you use R::setup(), the resulting
	 * database will be stored under key 'default', to switch (back) to this database
	 * use R::selectDatabase( 'default' ). This method returns TRUE if the database has been
	 * switched and FALSE otherwise (for instance if you already using the specified database).
	 *
	 * @param  string $key Key of the database to select
	 * @param  bool   $force
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function selectDatabase( $key, $force = FALSE )
	{
		if ( self::$currentDB === $key && !$force ) {
			return FALSE;
		}

		if ( !isset( self::$toolboxes[$key] ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Database not found in registry. Add database using R::addDatabase().' );
		}

		self::configureFacadeWithToolbox( self::$toolboxes[$key] );
		self::$currentDB = $key;

		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles DEBUG mode.
	 * In Debug mode all SQL that happens under the hood will
	 * be printed to the screen and/or logged.
	 * If no database connection has been configured using R::setup() or
	 * R::selectDatabase() this method will throw an exception.
	 *
	 * There are 2 debug styles:
	 *
	 * Classic: separate parameter bindings, explicit and complete but less readable
	 * Fancy:   interspersed bindings, truncates large strings, highlighted schema changes
	 *
	 * Fancy style is more readable but sometimes incomplete.
	 *
	 * The first parameter turns debugging ON or OFF.
	 * The second parameter indicates the mode of operation:
	 *
	 * 0 Log and write to STDOUT classic style (default)
	 * 1 Log only, class style
	 * 2 Log and write to STDOUT fancy style
	 * 3 Log only, fancy style
	 *
	 * This function always returns the logger instance created to generate the
	 * debug messages.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $tf   debug mode (TRUE or FALSE)
	 * @param integer $mode mode of operation
	 *
	 * @return RDefault
	 * @throws RedException
	 */
	public static function debug( $tf = TRUE, $mode = 0 )
	{
		if ($mode > 1) {
			$mode -= 2;
			$logger = new Debug;
		} else {
			$logger = new RDefault;
		}

		if ( !isset( self::$adapter ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Use R::setup() first.' );
		}
		$logger->setMode($mode);
		self::$adapter->getDatabase()->setDebugMode( $tf, $logger );

		return $logger;
	}

	/**
	 * Turns on the fancy debugger.
	 * In 'fancy' mode the debugger will output queries with bound
	 * parameters inside the SQL itself. This method has been added to
	 * offer a convenient way to activate the fancy debugger system
	 * in one call.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $toggle TRUE to activate debugger and select 'fancy' mode
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function fancyDebug( $toggle = TRUE )
	{
		self::debug( $toggle, 2 );
	}

	/**
	* Inspects the database schema. If you pass the type of a bean this
	* method will return the fields of its table in the database.
	* The keys of this array will be the field names and the values will be
	* the column types used to store their values.
	* If no type is passed, this method returns a list of all tables in the database.
	*
	* @param string|NULL $type Type of bean (i.e. table) you want to inspect, or NULL for a list of all tables
	*
	* @return string[]
	*/
	public static function inspect( $type = NULL )
	{
		return ($type === NULL) ? self::$writer->getTables() : self::$writer->getColumns( $type );
	}

	/**
	 * Stores a bean in the database. This method takes a
	 * OODBBean Bean Object $bean and stores it
	 * in the database. If the database schema is not compatible
	 * with this bean and RedBean runs in fluid mode the schema
	 * will be altered to store the bean correctly.
	 * If the database schema is not compatible with this bean and
	 * RedBean runs in frozen mode it will throw an exception.
	 * This function returns the primary key ID of the inserted
	 * bean.
	 *
	 * The return value is an integer if possible. If it is not possible to
	 * represent the value as an integer a string will be returned.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $post = R::dispense('post');
	 * $post->title = 'my post';
	 * $id = R::store( $post );
	 * $post = R::load( 'post', $id );
	 * R::trash( $post );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, we create a new bean of type 'post'.
	 * We then set the title of the bean to 'my post' and we
	 * store the bean. The store() method will return the primary
	 * key ID $id assigned by the database. We can now use this
	 * ID to load the bean from the database again and delete it.
	 *
	 * If the second parameter is set to TRUE and
	 * Hybrid mode is allowed (default OFF for novice), then RedBeanPHP
	 * will automatically temporarily switch to fluid mode to attempt to store the
	 * bean in case of an SQLException.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean             bean to store
	 * @param boolean              $unfreezeIfNeeded retries in fluid mode in hybrid mode
	 *
	 * @return integer|string
	 */
	public static function store( $bean, $unfreezeIfNeeded = FALSE )
	{
		$result = NULL;
		try {
			$result = self::$redbean->store( $bean );
		} catch (SQLException $exception) {
			$wasFrozen = self::$redbean->isFrozen();
			if ( !self::$allowHybridMode || !$unfreezeIfNeeded ) throw $exception;
			self::freeze( FALSE );
			$result = self::$redbean->store( $bean );
			self::freeze( $wasFrozen );
		}
		return $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles fluid or frozen mode. In fluid mode the database
	 * structure is adjusted to accommodate your objects. In frozen mode
	 * this is not the case.
	 *
	 * You can also pass an array containing a selection of frozen types.
	 * Let's call this chilly mode, it's just like fluid mode except that
	 * certain types (i.e. tables) aren't touched.
	 *
	 * @param boolean|string[] $tf mode of operation (TRUE means frozen)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function freeze( $tf = TRUE )
	{
		self::$redbean->freeze( $tf );
	}

	/**
	 * Loads multiple types of beans with the same ID.
	 * This might look like a strange method, however it can be useful
	 * for loading a one-to-one relation. In a typical 1-1 relation,
	 * you have two records sharing the same primary key.
	 * RedBeanPHP has only limited support for 1-1 relations.
	 * In general it is recommended to use 1-N for this.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * list( $author, $bio ) = R::loadMulti( 'author, bio', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string|string[] $types the set of types to load at once
	 * @param int             $id    the common ID
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function loadMulti( $types, $id )
	{
		return MultiLoader::load( self::$redbean, $types, $id );
	}

	/**
	 * Loads a bean from the object database.
	 * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
	 * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
	 * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
	 * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
	 * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
	 * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
	 * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
	 * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
	 * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
	 * same as dispense().
	 *
	 * Important note:
	 * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
	 * the specified type will be generated and returned.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $post = R::dispense('post');
	 * $post->title = 'my post';
	 * $id = R::store( $post );
	 * $post = R::load( 'post', $id );
	 * R::trash( $post );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, we create a new bean of type 'post'.
	 * We then set the title of the bean to 'my post' and we
	 * store the bean. The store() method will return the primary
	 * key ID $id assigned by the database. We can now use this
	 * ID to load the bean from the database again and delete it.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type    type of bean you want to load
	 * @param integer $id      ID of the bean you want to load
	 * @param string|NULL $snippet string to use after select  (optional)
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public static function load( $type, $id, $snippet = NULL )
	{
		if ( $snippet !== NULL ) self::$writer->setSQLSelectSnippet( $snippet );
		$bean = self::$redbean->load( $type, $id );
		return $bean;
	}

	/**
	 * Same as load, but selects the bean for update, thus locking the bean.
	 * This equals an SQL query like 'SELECT ... FROM ... FOR UPDATE'.
	 * Use this method if you want to load a bean you intend to UPDATE.
	 * This method should be used to 'LOCK a bean'.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean = R::loadForUpdate( 'bean', $id );
	 * ...update...
	 * R::store( $bean );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string  $type    type of bean you want to load
	 * @param integer $id      ID of the bean you want to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public static function loadForUpdate( $type, $id )
	{
		return self::load( $type, $id, AQueryWriter::C_SELECT_SNIPPET_FOR_UPDATE );
	}

	/**
	 * Same as find(), but selects the beans for update, thus locking the beans.
	 * This equals an SQL query like 'SELECT ... FROM ... FOR UPDATE'.
	 * Use this method if you want to load a bean you intend to UPDATE.
	 * This method should be used to 'LOCK a bean'.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $bean = R::findForUpdate(
	 *    'bean',
	 *    ' title LIKE ? ',
	 *    array('title')
	 * );
	 * ...update...
	 * R::store( $bean );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function findForUpdate( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::find( $type, $sql, $bindings, AQueryWriter::C_SELECT_SNIPPET_FOR_UPDATE );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience method.
	 * Same as findForUpdate but returns just one bean and adds LIMIT-clause.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array  $bindings array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public static function findOneForUpdate( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$sql = self::getWriter()->glueLimitOne( $sql );
		$beans = self::findForUpdate($type, $sql, $bindings);
		return empty($beans) ? NULL : reset($beans);
	}

	/**
	 * Removes a bean from the database.
	 * This function will remove the specified OODBBean
	 * Bean Object from the database.
	 *
	 * This facade method also accepts a type-id combination,
	 * in the latter case this method will attempt to load the specified bean
	 * and THEN trash it.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $post = R::dispense('post');
	 * $post->title = 'my post';
	 * $id = R::store( $post );
	 * $post = R::load( 'post', $id );
	 * R::trash( $post );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, we create a new bean of type 'post'.
	 * We then set the title of the bean to 'my post' and we
	 * store the bean. The store() method will return the primary
	 * key ID $id assigned by the database. We can now use this
	 * ID to load the bean from the database again and delete it.
	 *
	 * @param string|OODBBean|SimpleModel $beanOrType bean you want to remove from database
	 * @param integer                     $id         ID if the bean to trash (optional, type-id variant only)
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public static function trash( $beanOrType, $id = NULL )
	{
		if ( is_string( $beanOrType ) ) return self::trash( self::load( $beanOrType, $id ) );
		return self::$redbean->trash( $beanOrType );
	}

	/**
	 * Dispenses a new RedBean OODB Bean for use with
	 * the rest of the methods. RedBeanPHP thinks in beans, the bean is the
	 * primary way to interact with RedBeanPHP and the database managed by
	 * RedBeanPHP. To load, store and delete data from the database using RedBeanPHP
	 * you exchange these RedBeanPHP OODB Beans. The only exception to this rule
	 * are the raw query methods like R::getCell() or R::exec() and so on.
	 * The dispense method is the 'preferred way' to create a new bean.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book = R::dispense( 'book' );
	 * $book->title = 'My Book';
	 * R::store( $book );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This method can also be used to create an entire bean graph at once.
	 * Given an array with keys specifying the property names of the beans
	 * and a special _type key to indicate the type of bean, one can
	 * make the Dispense Helper generate an entire hierarchy of beans, including
	 * lists. To make dispense() generate a list, simply add a key like:
	 * ownXList or sharedXList where X is the type of beans it contains and
	 * a set its value to an array filled with arrays representing the beans.
	 * Note that, although the type may have been hinted at in the list name,
	 * you still have to specify a _type key for every bean array in the list.
	 * Note that, if you specify an array to generate a bean graph, the number
	 * parameter will be ignored.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 *  $book = R::dispense( [
	 *   '_type' => 'book',
	 *   'title'  => 'Gifted Programmers',
	 *   'author' => [ '_type' => 'author', 'name' => 'Xavier' ],
	 *   'ownPageList' => [ ['_type'=>'page', 'text' => '...'] ]
	 * ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string|OODBBean[] $typeOrBeanArray   type or bean array to import
	 * @param integer      $num               number of beans to dispense
	 * @param boolean      $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function dispense( $typeOrBeanArray, $num = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE )
	{
		return DispenseHelper::dispense( self::$redbean, $typeOrBeanArray, $num, $alwaysReturnArray );
	}

	/**
	 * Takes a comma separated list of bean types
	 * and dispenses these beans. For each type in the list
	 * you can specify the number of beans to be dispensed.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * list( $book, $page, $text ) = R::dispenseAll( 'book,page,text' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This will dispense a book, a page and a text. This way you can
	 * quickly dispense beans of various types in just one line of code.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * list($book, $pages) = R::dispenseAll('book,page*100');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This returns an array with a book bean and then another array
	 * containing 100 page beans.
	 *
	 * @param string  $order      a description of the desired dispense order using the syntax above
	 * @param boolean $onlyArrays return only arrays even if amount < 2
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function dispenseAll( $order, $onlyArrays = FALSE )
	{
		return DispenseHelper::dispenseAll( self::$redbean, $order, $onlyArrays );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience method. Tries to find beans of a certain type,
	 * if no beans are found, it dispenses a bean of that type.
	 * Note that this function always returns an array.
	 *
	 * @param  string      $type     type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param  string|NULL $sql      SQL code for finding the bean
	 * @param  array       $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function findOrDispense( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		DispenseHelper::checkType( $type );
		return self::$finder->findOrDispense( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Same as findOrDispense but returns just one element.
	 *
	 * @param  string      $type     type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param  string|NULL $sql      SQL code for finding the bean
	 * @param  array       $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public static function findOneOrDispense( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		DispenseHelper::checkType( $type );
		$arrayOfBeans = self::findOrDispense( $type, $sql, $bindings );
		return reset($arrayOfBeans);
	}

	/**
	 * Finds beans using a type and optional SQL statement.
	 * As with most Query tools in RedBean you can provide values to
	 * be inserted in the SQL statement by populating the value
	 * array parameter; you can either use the question mark notation
	 * or the slot-notation (:keyname).
	 *
	 * Your SQL does not have to start with a WHERE-clause condition.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 * @param string|NULL $snippet  SQL snippet to include in query (for example: FOR UPDATE)
	 *
	 * @phpstan-param literal-string|null $sql
	 * @psalm-param   literal-string|null $sql
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function find( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $snippet = NULL )
	{
		if ( $snippet !== NULL ) self::$writer->setSQLSelectSnippet( $snippet );
		return self::$finder->find( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Alias for find().
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function findAll( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->find( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Like find() but also exports the beans as an array.
	 * This method will perform a find-operation. For every bean
	 * in the result collection this method will call the export() method.
	 * This method returns an array containing the array representations
	 * of every bean in the result set.
	 *
	 * @see Finder::find
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function findAndExport( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->findAndExport( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Like R::find() but returns the first bean only.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public static function findOne( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->findOne( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated
	 *
	 * Like find() but returns the last bean of the result array.
	 * Opposite of Finder::findLast().
	 * If no beans are found, this method will return NULL.
	 *
	 * Please do not use this function, it is horribly ineffective.
	 * Instead use a reversed ORDER BY clause and a LIMIT 1 with R::findOne().
	 * This function should never be used and only remains for
	 * the sake of backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @see Finder::find
	 *
	 * @param string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public static function findLast( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->findLast( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Finds a BeanCollection using the repository.
	 * A bean collection can be used to retrieve one bean at a time using
	 * cursors - this is useful for processing large datasets. A bean collection
	 * will not load all beans into memory all at once, just one at a time.
	 *
	 * @param  string      $type     the type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param  string|NULL $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
	 * @param  array       $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
	 *
	 * @return BeanCollection
	 */
	public static function findCollection( $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->findCollection( $type, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a hashmap with bean arrays keyed by type using an SQL
	 * query as its resource. Given an SQL query like 'SELECT movie.*, review.* FROM movie... JOIN review'
	 * this method will return movie and review beans.
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $stuff = $finder->findMulti('movie,review', '
	 *          SELECT movie.*, review.* FROM movie
	 *          LEFT JOIN review ON review.movie_id = movie.id');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * After this operation, $stuff will contain an entry 'movie' containing all
	 * movies and an entry named 'review' containing all reviews (all beans).
	 * You can also pass bindings.
	 *
	 * If you want to re-map your beans, so you can use $movie->ownReviewList without
	 * having RedBeanPHP executing an SQL query you can use the fourth parameter to
	 * define a selection of remapping closures.
	 *
	 * The remapping argument (optional) should contain an array of arrays.
	 * Each array in the remapping array should contain the following entries:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 * 	'a'       => TYPE A
	 *    'b'       => TYPE B
	 *    'matcher' => MATCHING FUNCTION ACCEPTING A, B and ALL BEANS
	 *    'do'      => OPERATION FUNCTION ACCEPTING A, B, ALL BEANS, ALL REMAPPINGS
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Using this mechanism you can build your own 'preloader' with tiny function
	 * snippets (and those can be re-used and shared online of course).
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array(
	 * 	'a'       => 'movie'     //define A as movie
	 *    'b'       => 'review'    //define B as review
	 *    'matcher' => function( $a, $b ) {
	 *       return ( $b->movie_id == $a->id );  //Perform action if review.movie_id equals movie.id
	 *    }
	 *    'do'      => function( $a, $b ) {
	 *       $a->noLoad()->ownReviewList[] = $b; //Add the review to the movie
	 *       $a->clearHistory();                 //optional, act 'as if these beans have been loaded through ownReviewList'.
	 *    }
	 * )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @note the SQL query provided IS NOT THE ONE used internally by this function,
	 * this function will pre-process the query to get all the data required to find the beans.
	 *
	 * @note if you use the 'book.*' notation make SURE you're
	 * selector starts with a SPACE. ' book.*' NOT ',book.*'. This is because
	 * it's actually an SQL-like template SLOT, not real SQL.
	 *
	 * @note instead of an SQL query you can pass a result array as well.
	 *
	 * @param string|string[]      $types         a list of types (either array or comma separated string)
	 * @param string|array[]|NULL  $sql           an SQL query or an array of prefetched records
	 * @param array                $bindings      optional, bindings for SQL query
	 * @param array[]              $remappings    optional, an array of remapping arrays
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function findMulti( $types, $sql, $bindings = array(), $remappings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->findMulti( $types, $sql, $bindings, $remappings );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of beans. Pass a type and a series of ids and
	 * this method will bring you the corresponding beans.
	 *
	 * important note: Because this method loads beans using the load()
	 * function (but faster) it will return empty beans with ID 0 for
	 * every bean that could not be located. The resulting beans will have the
	 * passed IDs as their keys.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of beans
	 * @param int[]  $ids  ids to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function batch( $type, $ids )
	{
		return self::$redbean->batch( $type, $ids );
	}

	/**
	 * Alias for batch(). Batch method is older but since we added so-called *All
	 * methods like storeAll, trashAll, dispenseAll and findAll it seemed logical to
	 * improve the consistency of the Facade API and also add an alias for batch() called
	 * loadAll.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of beans
	 * @param int[]  $ids  ids to load
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function loadAll( $type, $ids )
	{
		return self::$redbean->batch( $type, $ids );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
	 * Executes SQL.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql       SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings  a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public static function exec( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'exec', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to fire an SQL query using the RedBeanPHP
	 * database adapter. This method allows you to directly query the
	 * database without having to obtain an database adapter instance first.
	 * Executes the specified SQL query together with the specified
	 * parameter bindings and returns all rows
	 * and all columns.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return string[][]
	 */
	public static function getAll( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'get', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to fire an SQL query using the RedBeanPHP
	 * database adapter. This method allows you to directly query the
	 * database without having to obtain an database adapter instance first.
	 * Executes the specified SQL query together with the specified
	 * parameter bindings and returns a single cell.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return string|NULL
	 */
	public static function getCell( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'getCell', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to fire an SQL query using the RedBeanPHP
	 * database adapter. This method allows you to directly query the
	 * database without having to obtain an database adapter instance first.
	 * Executes the specified SQL query together with the specified
	 * parameter bindings and returns a PDOCursor instance.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return Cursor
	 */
	public static function getCursor( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'getCursor', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to fire an SQL query using the RedBeanPHP
	 * database adapter. This method allows you to directly query the
	 * database without having to obtain an database adapter instance first.
	 * Executes the specified SQL query together with the specified
	 * parameter bindings and returns a single row.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return array|NULL
	 */
	public static function getRow( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'getRow', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to fire an SQL query using the RedBeanPHP
	 * database adapter. This method allows you to directly query the
	 * database without having to obtain an database adapter instance first.
	 * Executes the specified SQL query together with the specified
	 * parameter bindings and returns a single column.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public static function getCol( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'getCol', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
	 * Executes SQL.
	 * Results will be returned as an associative array. The first
	 * column in the select clause will be used for the keys in this array and
	 * the second column will be used for the values. If only one column is
	 * selected in the query, both key and value of the array will have the
	 * value of this field for each row.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public static function getAssoc( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'getAssoc', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to fire an SQL query using the RedBeanPHP
	 * database adapter. This method allows you to directly query the
	 * database without having to obtain an database adapter instance first.
	 * Executes the specified SQL query together with the specified
	 * parameter bindings and returns an associative array.
	 * Results will be returned as an associative array indexed by the first
	 * column in the select.
	 *
	 * @param string $sql      SQL query to execute
	 * @param array  $bindings a list of values to be bound to query parameters
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function getAssocRow( $sql, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::query( 'getAssocRow', $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the insert ID for databases that support/require this
	 * functionality. Alias for R::getAdapter()->getInsertID().
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public static function getInsertID()
	{
		return self::$adapter->getInsertID();
	}

	/**
	 * Makes a copy of a bean. This method makes a deep copy
	 * of the bean.The copy will have the following features.
	 * - All beans in own-lists will be duplicated as well
	 * - All references to shared beans will be copied but not the shared beans themselves
	 * - All references to parent objects (_id fields) will be copied but not the parents themselves
	 * In most cases this is the desired scenario for copying beans.
	 * This function uses a trail-array to prevent infinite recursion, if a recursive bean is found
	 * (i.e. one that already has been processed) the ID of the bean will be returned.
	 * This should not happen though.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * This function does a reflectional database query so it may be slow.
	 *
	 * @deprecated
	 * This function is deprecated in favour of R::duplicate().
	 * This function has a confusing method signature, the R::duplicate() function
	 * only accepts two arguments: bean and filters.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean   $bean    bean to be copied
	 * @param OODBBean[] $trail   for internal usage, pass array()
	 * @param boolean    $pid     for internal usage
	 * @param array      $filters white list filter with bean types to duplicate
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public static function dup( $bean, $trail = array(), $pid = FALSE, $filters = array() )
	{
		self::$duplicationManager->setFilters( $filters );
		return self::$duplicationManager->dup( $bean, $trail, $pid );
	}

	/**
	 * Makes a deep copy of a bean. This method makes a deep copy
	 * of the bean.The copy will have the following:
	 *
	 * * All beans in own-lists will be duplicated as well
	 * * All references to shared beans will be copied but not the shared beans themselves
	 * * All references to parent objects (_id fields) will be copied but not the parents themselves
	 *
	 * In most cases this is the desired scenario for copying beans.
	 * This function uses a trail-array to prevent infinite recursion, if a recursive bean is found
	 * (i.e. one that already has been processed) the ID of the bean will be returned.
	 * This should not happen though.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * This function does a reflectional database query so it may be slow.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * This is a simplified version of the deprecated R::dup() function.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean    bean to be copied
	 * @param array    $filters white list filter with bean types to duplicate
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public static function duplicate( $bean, $filters = array() )
	{
		return self::dup( $bean, array(), FALSE, $filters );
	}

	/**
	 * Exports a collection of beans. Handy for XML/JSON exports with a
	 * Javascript framework like Dojo or ExtJS.
	 * What will be exported:
	 *
	 * * contents of the bean
	 * * all own bean lists (recursively)
	 * * all shared beans (not THEIR own lists)
	 *
	 * @param    OODBBean|OODBBean[] $beans   beans to be exported
	 * @param    boolean             $parents whether you want parent beans to be exported
	 * @param    array               $filters whitelist of types
	 * @param    boolean             $meta      export meta data as well
	 *
	 * @return array[]
	 */
	public static function exportAll( $beans, $parents = FALSE, $filters = array(), $meta = FALSE )
	{
		return self::$duplicationManager->exportAll( $beans, $parents, $filters, self::$exportCaseStyle, $meta );
	}

	/**
	 * Selects case style for export.
	 * This will determine the case style for the keys of exported beans (see exportAll).
	 * The following options are accepted:
	 *
	 * * 'default' RedBeanPHP by default enforces Snake Case (i.e. book_id is_valid )
	 * * 'camel'   Camel Case   (i.e. bookId isValid   )
	 * * 'dolphin' Dolphin Case (i.e. bookID isValid   ) Like CamelCase but ID is written all uppercase
	 *
	 * @warning RedBeanPHP transforms camelCase to snake_case using a slightly different
	 * algorithm, it also converts isACL to is_acl (not is_a_c_l) and bookID to book_id.
	 * Due to information loss this cannot be corrected. However if you might try
	 * DolphinCase for IDs it takes into account the exception concerning IDs.
	 *
	 * @param string $caseStyle case style identifier
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function useExportCase( $caseStyle = 'default' )
	{
		if ( !in_array( $caseStyle, array( 'default', 'camel', 'dolphin' ) ) ) throw new RedException( 'Invalid case selected.' );
		self::$exportCaseStyle = $caseStyle;
	}

	/**
	 * Converts a series of rows to beans.
	 * This method converts a series of rows to beans.
	 * The type of the desired output beans can be specified in the
	 * first parameter. The second parameter is meant for the database
	 * result rows.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $rows = R::getAll( 'SELECT * FROM ...' )
	 * $beans = R::convertToBeans( $rows );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * As of version 4.3.2 you can specify a meta-mask.
	 * Data from columns with names starting with the value specified in the mask
	 * will be transferred to the meta section of a bean (under data.bundle).
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $rows = R::getAll( 'SELECT FROM... COUNT(*) AS extra_count ...' );
	 * $beans = R::convertToBeans( $rows, 'extra_' );
	 * $bean = reset( $beans );
	 * $data = $bean->getMeta( 'data.bundle' );
	 * $extra_count = $data['extra_count'];
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * New in 4.3.2: meta mask. The meta mask is a special mask to send
	 * data from raw result rows to the meta store of the bean. This is
	 * useful for bundling additional information with custom queries.
	 * Values of every column who's name starts with $mask will be
	 * transferred to the meta section of the bean under key 'data.bundle'.
	 *
	 * @param string            $type     type of beans to produce
	 * @param string[][]        $rows     must contain an array of array
	 * @param string|array|NULL $metamask meta mask to apply (optional)
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function convertToBeans( $type, $rows, $metamask = NULL )
	{
		return self::$redbean->convertToBeans( $type, $rows, $metamask );
	}

	/**
	 * Just like convertToBeans, but for one bean.
	 *
	 * @param string            $type      type of bean to produce
	 * @param string[]          $row       one row from the database
	 * @param string|array|NULL $metamask  metamask (see convertToBeans)
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|NULL
	 */
	public static function convertToBean( $type, $row, $metamask = NULL )
	{
		if ( !count( $row ) ) return NULL;
		$beans = self::$redbean->convertToBeans( $type, array( $row ), $metamask );
		$bean  = reset( $beans );
		return $bean;
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience function to 'find' beans from an SQL query.
	 * Used mostly to obtain a series of beans as well as
	 * pagination data (to paginate results) and optionally
	 * other data as well (that should not be considered part of
	 * a bean).
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 *  $books = R::findFromSQL('book',"
	 *  SELECT *, count(*) OVER() AS total
	 *  FROM book
	 *  WHERE {$filter}
	 *  OFFSET {$from} LIMIT {$to} ", ['total']);
	 *
	 * This is the same as doing (example uses PostgreSQL dialect):
	 *
	 *  $rows = R::getAll("
	 *  SELECT *, count(*) OVER() AS total
	 *  FROM book
	 *  WHERE {$filter}
	 *  OFFSET {$from} LIMIT {$to}
	 *  ", $params);
	 *  $books = R::convertToBeans('book', $rows, ['total']);
	 *
	 * The additional data can be obtained using:
	 *
	 * $book->info('total');
	 *
	 * For further details see R::convertToBeans().
	 * If you set $autoExtract to TRUE and meta mask is an array,
	 * an array will be returned containing two nested arrays, the
	 * first of those nested arrays will contain the meta values
	 * you requested, the second array will contain the beans.
	 *
	 * @param string  $type        Type of bean to produce
	 * @param string  $sql         SQL query snippet to use
	 * @param array   $bindings    bindings for query (optional)
	 * @param string|array   $metamask    meta mask (optional, defaults to 'extra_')
	 * @param boolean $autoExtract TRUE to return meta mask values as first item of array
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function findFromSQL( $type, $sql, $bindings = array(), $metamask = 'extra_', $autoExtract = false) {
		$rows = self::query( 'get', $sql, $bindings );
		$beans = array();
		if (count($rows)) $beans = self::$redbean->convertToBeans( $type, $rows, $metamask );
		if ($autoExtract && is_array($metamask)) {
			$values = array();
			$firstBean = NULL;
			if (count($beans)) $firstBean = reset($beans);
			foreach($metamask as $key) {
				$values[$key] = ($firstBean) ? $firstBean->info($key) : NULL;
			}
			return array( $values, $beans );
		}
		return $beans;
	}

	/**
	 * Tests whether a bean has been associated with one ore more
	 * of the listed tags. If the third parameter is TRUE this method
	 * will return TRUE only if all tags that have been specified are indeed
	 * associated with the given bean, otherwise FALSE.
	 * If the third parameter is FALSE this
	 * method will return TRUE if one of the tags matches, FALSE if none
	 * match.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::hasTag( $blog, 'horror,movie', TRUE );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above returns TRUE if the $blog bean has been tagged
	 * as BOTH horror and movie. If the post has only been tagged as 'movie'
	 * or 'horror' this operation will return FALSE because the third parameter
	 * has been set to TRUE.
	 *
	 * @param  OODBBean        $bean bean to check for tags
	 * @param  string|string[] $tags list of tags
	 * @param  boolean         $all  whether they must all match or just some
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function hasTag( $bean, $tags, $all = FALSE )
	{
		return self::$tagManager->hasTag( $bean, $tags, $all );
	}

	/**
	 * Removes all specified tags from the bean. The tags specified in
	 * the second parameter will no longer be associated with the bean.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::untag( $blog, 'smart,interesting' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above, the $blog bean will no longer
	 * be associated with the tags 'smart' and 'interesting'.
	 *
	 * @param  OODBBean        $bean    tagged bean
	 * @param  string|string[] $tagList list of tags (names)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function untag( $bean, $tagList )
	{
		self::$tagManager->untag( $bean, $tagList );
	}

	/**
	 * Tags a bean or returns tags associated with a bean.
	 * If $tagList is NULL or omitted this method will return a
	 * comma separated list of tags associated with the bean provided.
	 * If $tagList is a comma separated list (string) of tags all tags will
	 * be associated with the bean.
	 * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::tag( $meal, "TexMex,Mexican" );
	 * $tags = R::tag( $meal );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The first line in the example above will tag the $meal
	 * as 'TexMex' and 'Mexican Cuisine'. The second line will
	 * retrieve all tags attached to the meal object.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean      $bean    bean to tag
	 * @param string[]|NULL $tagList tags to attach to the specified bean
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public static function tag( OODBBean $bean, $tagList = NULL )
	{
		return self::$tagManager->tag( $bean, $tagList );
	}

	/**
	 * Adds tags to a bean.
	 * If $tagList is a comma separated list of tags all tags will
	 * be associated with the bean.
	 * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::addTags( $blog, ["halloween"] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example adds the tag 'halloween' to the $blog
	 * bean.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean        $bean    bean to tag
	 * @param string|string[] $tagList list of tags to add to bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function addTags( OODBBean $bean, $tagList )
	{
		self::$tagManager->addTags( $bean, $tagList );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all beans that have been tagged with one or more
	 * of the specified tags.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $watchList = R::tagged(
	 *   'movie',
	 *   'horror,gothic',
	 *   ' ORDER BY movie.title DESC LIMIT ?',
	 *   [ 10 ]
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example uses R::tagged() to find all movies that have been
	 * tagged as 'horror' or 'gothic', order them by title and limit
	 * the number of movies to be returned to 10.
	 *
	 * @param string          $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|string[] $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string          $sql      additional SQL (use only for pagination)
	 * @param array           $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function tagged( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$tagManager->tagged( $beanType, $tagList, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all beans that have been tagged with ALL of the tags given.
	 * This method works the same as R::tagged() except that this method only returns
	 * beans that have been tagged with all the specified labels.
	 *
	 * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
	 * of tag names.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $watchList = R::taggedAll(
	 *    'movie',
	 *    [ 'gothic', 'short' ],
	 *    ' ORDER BY movie.id DESC LIMIT ? ',
	 *    [ 4 ]
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above returns at most 4 movies (due to the LIMIT clause in the SQL
	 * Query Snippet) that have been tagged as BOTH 'short' AND 'gothic'.
	 *
	 * @param string          $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|string[] $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string          $sql      additional sql snippet
	 * @param array           $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function taggedAll( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$tagManager->taggedAll( $beanType, $tagList, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Same as taggedAll() but counts beans only (does not return beans).
	 *
	 * @see R::taggedAll
	 *
	 * @param string          $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|string[] $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string          $sql      additional sql snippet
	 * @param array           $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public static function countTaggedAll( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$tagManager->countTaggedAll( $beanType, $tagList, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Same as tagged() but counts beans only (does not return beans).
	 *
	 * @see R::tagged
	 *
	 * @param string          $beanType type of bean you are looking for
	 * @param string|string[] $tagList  list of tags to match
	 * @param string          $sql      additional sql snippet
	 * @param array           $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public static function countTagged( $beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$tagManager->countTagged( $beanType, $tagList, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Wipes all beans of type $beanType.
	 *
	 * @param string $beanType type of bean you want to destroy entirely
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function wipe( $beanType )
	{
		return Facade::$redbean->wipe( $beanType );
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of beans of type $type.
	 * This method accepts a second argument to modify the count-query.
	 * A third argument can be used to provide bindings for the SQL snippet.
	 *
	 * @param string $type     type of bean we are looking for
	 * @param string $addSQL   additional SQL snippet
	 * @param array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public static function count( $type, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return Facade::$redbean->count( $type, $addSQL, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Configures the facade, want to have a new Writer? A new Object Database or a new
	 * Adapter and you want it on-the-fly? Use this method to hot-swap your facade with a new
	 * toolbox.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $tb toolbox to configure facade with
	 *
	 * @return ToolBox
	 */
	public static function configureFacadeWithToolbox( ToolBox $tb )
	{
		$oldTools                 = self::$toolbox;
		self::$toolbox            = $tb;
		self::$writer             = self::$toolbox->getWriter();
		self::$adapter            = self::$toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();
		self::$redbean            = self::$toolbox->getRedBean();
		self::$finder             = new Finder( self::$toolbox );
		self::$associationManager = new AssociationManager( self::$toolbox );
		self::$tree               = new Tree( self::$toolbox );
		self::$redbean->setAssociationManager( self::$associationManager );
		self::$labelMaker         = new LabelMaker( self::$toolbox );
		$helper                   = new SimpleModelHelper();
		$helper->attachEventListeners( self::$redbean );
		if (self::$redbean->getBeanHelper() === NULL) {
			self::$redbean->setBeanHelper( new SimpleFacadeBeanHelper );
		}
		self::$duplicationManager = new DuplicationManager( self::$toolbox );
		self::$tagManager         = new TagManager( self::$toolbox );
		return $oldTools;
	}

	/**
	 * Facade Convenience method for adapter transaction system.
	 * Begins a transaction.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::begin();
	 * try {
	 *  $bean1 = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 *  R::store( $bean1 );
	 *  $bean2 = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 *  R::store( $bean2 );
	 *  R::commit();
	 * } catch( \Exception $e ) {
	 *  R::rollback();
	 * }
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how transactions in RedBeanPHP are used.
	 * In this example 2 beans are stored or nothing is stored at all.
	 * It's not possible for this piece of code to store only half of the beans.
	 * If an exception occurs, the transaction gets rolled back and the database
	 * will be left 'untouched'.
	 *
	 * In fluid mode transactions will be ignored and all queries will
	 * be executed as-is because database schema changes will automatically
	 * trigger the transaction system to commit everything in some database
	 * systems. If you use a database that can handle DDL changes you might wish
	 * to use setAllowFluidTransactions(TRUE). If you do this, the behavior of
	 * this function in fluid mode will depend on the database platform used.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function begin()
	{
		if ( !self::$allowFluidTransactions && !self::$redbean->isFrozen() ) return FALSE;
		self::$adapter->startTransaction();
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Facade Convenience method for adapter transaction system.
	 * Commits a transaction.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::begin();
	 * try {
	 *  $bean1 = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 *  R::store( $bean1 );
	 *  $bean2 = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 *  R::store( $bean2 );
	 *  R::commit();
	 * } catch( \Exception $e ) {
	 *  R::rollback();
	 * }
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how transactions in RedBeanPHP are used.
	 * In this example 2 beans are stored or nothing is stored at all.
	 * It's not possible for this piece of code to store only half of the beans.
	 * If an exception occurs, the transaction gets rolled back and the database
	 * will be left 'untouched'.
	 *
	 * In fluid mode transactions will be ignored and all queries will
	 * be executed as-is because database schema changes will automatically
	 * trigger the transaction system to commit everything in some database
	 * systems. If you use a database that can handle DDL changes you might wish
	 * to use setAllowFluidTransactions(TRUE). If you do this, the behavior of
	 * this function in fluid mode will depend on the database platform used.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function commit()
	{
		if ( !self::$allowFluidTransactions && !self::$redbean->isFrozen() ) return FALSE;
		self::$adapter->commit();
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Facade Convenience method for adapter transaction system.
	 * Rolls back a transaction.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::begin();
	 * try {
	 *  $bean1 = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 *  R::store( $bean1 );
	 *  $bean2 = R::dispense( 'bean' );
	 *  R::store( $bean2 );
	 *  R::commit();
	 * } catch( \Exception $e ) {
	 *  R::rollback();
	 * }
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above illustrates how transactions in RedBeanPHP are used.
	 * In this example 2 beans are stored or nothing is stored at all.
	 * It's not possible for this piece of code to store only half of the beans.
	 * If an exception occurs, the transaction gets rolled back and the database
	 * will be left 'untouched'.
	 *
	 * In fluid mode transactions will be ignored and all queries will
	 * be executed as-is because database schema changes will automatically
	 * trigger the transaction system to commit everything in some database
	 * systems. If you use a database that can handle DDL changes you might wish
	 * to use setAllowFluidTransactions(TRUE). If you do this, the behavior of
	 * this function in fluid mode will depend on the database platform used.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public static function rollback()
	{
		if ( !self::$allowFluidTransactions && !self::$redbean->isFrozen() ) return FALSE;
		self::$adapter->rollback();
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a list of columns. Format of this array:
	 * array( fieldname => type )
	 * Note that this method only works in fluid mode because it might be
	 * quite heavy on production servers!
	 *
	 * @param  string $table name of the table (not type) you want to get columns of
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public static function getColumns( $table )
	{
		return self::$writer->getColumns( $table );
	}

	/**
	 * Generates question mark slots for an array of values.
	 * Given an array and an optional template string this method
	 * will produce string containing parameter slots for use in
	 * an SQL query string.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::genSlots( array( 'a', 'b' ) );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The statement in the example will produce the string:
	 * '?,?'.
	 *
	 * Another example, using a template string:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::genSlots( array('a', 'b'), ' IN( %s ) ' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The statement in the example will produce the string:
	 * ' IN( ?,? ) '.
	 *
	 * @param array  $array    array to generate question mark slots for
	 * @param string|NULL $template template to use
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function genSlots( $array, $template = NULL )
	{
		return ArrayTool::genSlots( $array, $template );
	}

	/**
	 * Convenience method to quickly attach parent beans.
	 * Although usually this can also be done with findMulti(), that
	 * approach can be a bit verbose sometimes. This convenience method
	 * uses a default yet overridable SQL snippet to perform the
	 * operation, leveraging the power of findMulti().
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $users = R::find('user');
	 * $users = R::loadJoined( $users, 'country' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This is an alternative for:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $all = R::findMulti('country',
	 *    R::genSlots( $users,
	 *       'SELECT country.* FROM country WHERE id IN ( %s )' ),
	 *    array_column( $users, 'country_id' ),
	 *    [Finder::onmap('country', $gebruikers)]
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean[]|TypedModel[]  $beans       a list of OODBBeans
	 * @param string      $type        a type string
	 * @param string      $sqlTemplate an SQL template string for the SELECT-query
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]|TypedModel[]
	 */
	public static function loadJoined( $beans, $type, $sqlTemplate = 'SELECT %s.* FROM %s WHERE id IN (%s)' )
	{
		if (!count($beans)) return array();
		$ids  = array();
		$key  = "{$type}_id";
		foreach( $beans as $bean ) $ids[] = $bean->{$key};
		$result = self::findMulti($type, self::genSlots( $beans,sprintf($sqlTemplate, $type, $type, '%s')), $ids, array( Finder::onmap($type, $beans) ) );
		$bean = reset($beans);
		return $result[ $bean->getMeta('type') ];
	}

	/**
	 * Flattens a multi dimensional bindings array for use with genSlots().
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::flat( array( 'a', array( 'b' ), 'c' ) );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * produces an array like: [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
	 *
	 * @param array $array  array to flatten
	 * @param array $result result array parameter (for recursion)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function flat( $array, $result = array() )
	{
		return ArrayTool::flat( $array, $result );
	}

	/**
	 * Nukes the entire database.
	 * This will remove all schema structures from the database.
	 * Only works in fluid mode. Be careful with this method.
	 *
	 * @warning dangerous method, will remove all tables, columns etc.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function nuke()
	{
		return self::wipeAll( TRUE );
	}

	/**
	 * Truncates or drops all database tables/views.
	 * Empties the database. If the deleteTables flag is set to TRUE
	 * this function will also remove the database structures.
	 * The latter only works in fluid mode.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $alsoDeleteTables TRUE to clear entire database.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function wipeAll( $alsoDeleteTables = FALSE )
	{
		if ( $alsoDeleteTables ) {
			if ( !self::$redbean->isFrozen() ) {
				self::$writer->wipeAll();
			}
		} else {
			foreach ( self::$writer->getTables() as $table ) {
				self::wipe( $table );
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Short hand function to store a set of beans at once, IDs will be
	 * returned as an array. For information please consult the R::store()
	 * function.
	 * A loop saver.
	 *
	 * If the second parameter is set to TRUE and
	 * Hybrid mode is allowed (default OFF for novice), then RedBeanPHP
	 * will automatically temporarily switch to fluid mode to attempt to store the
	 * bean in case of an SQLException.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean[] $beans            list of beans to be stored
	 * @param boolean    $unfreezeIfNeeded retries in fluid mode in hybrid mode
	 *
	 * @return int[] ids
	 */
	public static function storeAll( $beans, $unfreezeIfNeeded = FALSE )
	{
		$ids = array();
		foreach ( $beans as $bean ) {
			$ids[] = self::store( $bean, $unfreezeIfNeeded );
		}
		return $ids;
	}

	/**
	 * Short hand function to trash a set of beans at once.
	 * For information please consult the R::trash() function.
	 * A loop saver.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean[] $beans list of beans to be trashed
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public static function trashAll( $beans )
	{
		$numberOfDeletion = 0;
		foreach ( $beans as $bean ) {
			$numberOfDeletion += self::trash( $bean );
		}
		return $numberOfDeletion;
	}

	/**
	 * Short hand function to trash a series of beans using
	 * only IDs. This function combines trashAll and batch loading
	 * in one call. Note that while this function accepts just
	 * bean IDs, the beans will still be loaded first. This is because
	 * the function still respects all the FUSE hooks that may have been
	 * associated with the domain logic associated with these beans.
	 * If you really want to delete just records from the database use
	 * a simple DELETE-FROM SQL query instead.
	 *
	 * @param string $type the bean type you wish to trash
	 * @param int[]  $ids  list of bean IDs
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function trashBatch( $type, $ids )
	{
		self::trashAll( self::batch( $type, $ids ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Short hand function to find and trash beans.
	 * This function combines trashAll and find.
	 * Given a bean type, a query snippet and optionally some parameter
	 * bindings, this function will search for the beans described in the
	 * query and its parameters and then feed them to the trashAll function
	 * to be trashed.
	 *
	 * Note that while this function accepts just
	 * a bean type and query snippet, the beans will still be loaded first. This is because
	 * the function still respects all the FUSE hooks that may have been
	 * associated with the domain logic associated with these beans.
	 * If you really want to delete just records from the database use
	 * a simple DELETE-FROM SQL query instead.
	 *
	 * Returns the number of beans deleted.
	 *
	 * @param string      $type       bean type to look for in database
	 * @param string|NULL $sqlSnippet an SQL query snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings   SQL parameter bindings
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public static function hunt( $type, $sqlSnippet = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$numberOfTrashedBeans = 0;
		$beans = self::findCollection( $type, $sqlSnippet, $bindings );
		while( $bean = $beans->next() ) {
			self::trash( $bean );
			$numberOfTrashedBeans++;
		}
		return $numberOfTrashedBeans;
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles Writer Cache.
	 * Turns the Writer Cache on or off. The Writer Cache is a simple
	 * query based caching system that may improve performance without the need
	 * for cache management. This caching system will cache non-modifying queries
	 * that are marked with special SQL comments. As soon as a non-marked query
	 * gets executed the cache will be flushed. Only non-modifying select queries
	 * have been marked therefore this mechanism is a rather safe way of caching, requiring
	 * no explicit flushes or reloads. Of course this does not apply if you intend to test
	 * or simulate concurrent querying.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $yesNo TRUE to enable cache, FALSE to disable cache
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function useWriterCache( $yesNo )
	{
		self::getWriter()->setUseCache( $yesNo );
	}

	/**
	 * A label is a bean with only an id, type and name property.
	 * This function will dispense beans for all entries in the array. The
	 * values of the array will be assigned to the name property of each
	 * individual bean.
	 *
	 * @param string   $type   type of beans you would like to have
	 * @param string[] $labels list of labels, names for each bean
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function dispenseLabels( $type, $labels )
	{
		return self::$labelMaker->dispenseLabels( $type, $labels );
	}

	/**
	 * Generates and returns an ENUM value. This is how RedBeanPHP handles ENUMs.
	 * Either returns a (newly created) bean representing the desired ENUM
	 * value or returns a list of all enums for the type.
	 *
	 * To obtain (and add if necessary) an ENUM value:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $tea->flavour = R::enum( 'flavour:apple' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Returns a bean of type 'flavour' with  name = apple.
	 * This will add a bean with property name (set to APPLE) to the database
	 * if it does not exist yet.
	 *
	 * To obtain all flavours:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::enum('flavour');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * To get a list of all flavour names:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::gatherLabels( R::enum( 'flavour' ) );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $enum either type or type-value
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function enum( $enum )
	{
		return self::$labelMaker->enum( $enum );
	}

	/**
	 * Gathers labels from beans. This function loops through the beans,
	 * collects the values of the name properties of each individual bean
	 * and stores the names in a new array. The array then gets sorted using the
	 * default sort function of PHP (sort).
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean[] $beans list of beans to loop
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public static function gatherLabels( $beans )
	{
		return self::$labelMaker->gatherLabels( $beans );
	}

	/**
	 * Closes the database connection.
	 * While database connections are closed automatically at the end of the PHP script,
	 * closing database connections is generally recommended to improve performance.
	 * Closing a database connection will immediately return the resources to PHP.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::setup( ... );
	 * ... do stuff ...
	 * R::close();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function close()
	{
		if ( isset( self::$adapter ) ) {
			self::$adapter->close();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Simple convenience function, returns ISO date formatted representation
	 * of $time.
	 *
	 * @param int|NULL $time UNIX timestamp
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function isoDate( $time = NULL )
	{
		if ( !$time ) {
			$time = time();
		}

		return @date( 'Y-m-d', $time );
	}

	/**
	 * Simple convenience function, returns ISO date time
	 * formatted representation
	 * of $time.
	 *
	 * @param int|NULL $time UNIX timestamp
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function isoDateTime( $time = NULL )
	{
		if ( !$time ) $time = time();
		return @date( 'Y-m-d H:i:s', $time );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
	 * The database adapter manages the connection to the database
	 * and abstracts away database driver specific interfaces.
	 *
	 * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter for facade to use
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setDatabaseAdapter( Adapter $adapter )
	{
		self::$adapter = $adapter;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the Query Writer you want to use.
	 * The Query Writer writes and executes database queries using
	 * the database adapter. It turns RedBeanPHP 'commands' into
	 * database 'statements'.
	 *
	 * @param QueryWriter $writer Query Writer instance for facade to use
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setWriter( QueryWriter $writer )
	{
		self::$writer = $writer;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the OODB you want to use.
	 * The RedBeanPHP Object oriented database is the main RedBeanPHP
	 * interface that allows you to store and retrieve RedBeanPHP
	 * objects (i.e. beans).
	 *
	 * @param OODB $redbean Object Database for facade to use
	 */
	public static function setRedBean( OODB $redbean )
	{
		self::$redbean = $redbean;
	}

	/**
	 * Optional accessor for neat code.
	 * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
	 *
	 * @return Adapter
	 */
	public static function getDatabaseAdapter()
	{
		return self::$adapter;
	}

	/**
	 * In case you use PDO (which is recommended and the default but not mandatory, hence
	 * the database adapter), you can use this method to obtain the PDO object directly.
	 * This is a convenience method, it will do the same as:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::getDatabaseAdapter()->getDatabase()->getPDO();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * If the PDO object could not be found, for whatever reason, this method
	 * will return NULL instead.
	 *
	 * @return NULL|\PDO
	 */
	public static function getPDO()
	{
		$databaseAdapter = self::getDatabaseAdapter();
		if ( is_null( $databaseAdapter ) ) return NULL;
		$database = $databaseAdapter->getDatabase();
		if ( is_null( $database ) ) return NULL;
		if ( !method_exists( $database, 'getPDO' ) ) return NULL;

		/** @var RPDO $database */
		return $database->getPDO();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the current duplication manager instance.
	 *
	 * @return DuplicationManager
	 */
	public static function getDuplicationManager()
	{
		return self::$duplicationManager;
	}

	/**
	 * Optional accessor for neat code.
	 * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
	 *
	 * @return QueryWriter
	 */
	public static function getWriter()
	{
		return self::$writer;
	}

	/**
	 * Optional accessor for neat code.
	 * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
	 *
	 * @return OODB
	 */
	public static function getRedBean()
	{
		return self::$redbean;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the toolbox currently used by the facade.
	 * To set the toolbox use R::setup() or R::configureFacadeWithToolbox().
	 * To create a toolbox use Setup::kickstart(). Or create a manual
	 * toolbox using the ToolBox class.
	 *
	 * @return ToolBox
	 */
	public static function getToolBox()
	{
		return self::$toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * Mostly for internal use, but might be handy
	 * for some users.
	 * This returns all the components of the currently
	 * selected toolbox.
	 *
	 * Returns the components in the following order:
	 *
	 * # OODB instance (getRedBean())
	 * # Database Adapter
	 * # Query Writer
	 * # Toolbox itself
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function getExtractedToolbox()
	{
		return array( self::$redbean, self::$adapter, self::$writer, self::$toolbox );
	}

	/**
	 * Facade method for AQueryWriter::renameAssociation()
	 *
	 * @param string|string[] $from
	 * @param string          $to
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function renameAssociation( $from, $to = NULL )
	{
		AQueryWriter::renameAssociation( $from, $to );
	}

	/**
	 * Little helper method for Resty Bean Can server and others.
	 * Takes an array of beans and exports each bean.
	 * Unlike exportAll this method does not recurse into own lists
	 * and shared lists, the beans are exported as-is, only loaded lists
	 * are exported.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean[] $beans beans
	 *
	 * @return array[]
	 */
	public static function beansToArray( $beans )
	{
		$list = array();
		foreach( $beans as $bean ) $list[] = $bean->export();
		return $list;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the error mode for FUSE.
	 * What to do if a FUSE model method does not exist?
	 * You can set the following options:
	 *
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_IGNORE (default), ignores the call, returns NULL
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_LOG, logs the incident using error_log
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_NOTICE, triggers a E_USER_NOTICE
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_WARN, triggers a E_USER_WARNING
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_EXCEPTION, throws an exception
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_FUNC, allows you to specify a custom handler (function)
	 * * OODBBean::C_ERR_FATAL, triggers a E_USER_ERROR
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * Custom handler method signature: handler( array (
	 * 	'message' => string
	 * 	'bean' => OODBBean
	 * 	'method' => string
	 * ) )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This method returns the old mode and handler as an array.
	 *
	 * @param integer       $mode mode, determines how to handle errors
	 * @param callable|NULL $func custom handler (if applicable)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function setErrorHandlingFUSE( $mode, $func = NULL )
	{
		return OODBBean::setErrorHandlingFUSE( $mode, $func );
	}

	/**
	 * Dumps bean data to array.
	 * Given a one or more beans this method will
	 * return an array containing first part of the string
	 * representation of each item in the array.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * echo R::dump( $bean );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example shows how to echo the result of a simple
	 * dump. This will print the string representation of the
	 * specified bean to the screen, limiting the output per bean
	 * to 35 characters to improve readability. Nested beans will
	 * also be dumped.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|OODBBean[] $data either a bean or an array of beans
	 *
	 * @return string|string[]
	 */
	public static function dump( $data )
	{
		return Dump::dump( $data );
	}

	/**
	 * Binds an SQL function to a column.
	 * This method can be used to setup a decode/encode scheme or
	 * perform UUID insertion. This method is especially useful for handling
	 * MySQL spatial columns, because they need to be processed first using
	 * the asText/GeomFromText functions.
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::bindFunc( 'read', 'location.point', 'asText' );
	 * R::bindFunc( 'write', 'location.point', 'GeomFromText' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Passing NULL as the function will reset (clear) the function
	 * for this column/mode.
	 *
	 * @param string $mode     mode for function: i.e. read or write
	 * @param string $field    field (table.column) to bind function to
	 * @param string $function SQL function to bind to specified column
	 * @param boolean $isTemplate TRUE if $function is an SQL string, FALSE for just a function name
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function bindFunc( $mode, $field, $function, $isTemplate = FALSE )
	{
		self::$redbean->bindFunc( $mode, $field, $function, $isTemplate );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets global aliases.
	 * Registers a batch of aliases in one go. This works the same as
	 * fetchAs but explicitly. For instance if you register
	 * the alias 'cover' for 'page' a property containing a reference to a
	 * page bean called 'cover' will correctly return the page bean and not
	 * a (non-existent) cover bean.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::aliases( array( 'cover' => 'page' ) );
	 * $book = R::dispense( 'book' );
	 * $page = R::dispense( 'page' );
	 * $book->cover = $page;
	 * R::store( $book );
	 * $book = $book->fresh();
	 * $cover = $book->cover;
	 * echo $cover->getMeta( 'type' ); //page
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The format of the aliases registration array is:
	 *
	 * {alias} => {actual type}
	 *
	 * In the example above we use:
	 *
	 * cover => page
	 *
	 * From that point on, every bean reference to a cover
	 * will return a 'page' bean.
	 *
	 * @param string[] $list list of global aliases to use
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function aliases( $list )
	{
		OODBBean::aliases( $list );
	}

	/**
	 * Tries to find a bean matching a certain type and
	 * criteria set. If no beans are found a new bean
	 * will be created, the criteria will be imported into this
	 * bean and the bean will be stored and returned.
	 * If multiple beans match the criteria only the first one
	 * will be returned.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean to search for
	 * @param array  $like criteria set describing the bean to search for
	 * @param boolean &$hasBeenCreated set to TRUE if bean has been created
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public static function findOrCreate( $type, $like = array(), $sql = '', &$hasBeenCreated = false )
	{
		return self::$finder->findOrCreate( $type, $like, $sql, $hasBeenCreated );
	}

	/**
	 * Tries to find beans matching the specified type and
	 * criteria set.
	 *
	 * If the optional additional SQL snippet is a condition, it will
	 * be glued to the rest of the query using the AND operator.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean to search for
	 * @param array  $like optional criteria set describing the bean to search for
	 * @param string $sql  optional additional SQL for sorting
	 * @param array  $bindings bindings
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function findLike( $type, $like = array(), $sql = '', $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$finder->findLike( $type, $like, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Starts logging queries.
	 * Use this method to start logging SQL queries being
	 * executed by the adapter. Logging queries will not
	 * print them on the screen. Use R::getLogs() to
	 * retrieve the logs.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::startLogging();
	 * R::store( R::dispense( 'book' ) );
	 * R::find('book', 'id > ?',[0]);
	 * $logs = R::getLogs();
	 * $count = count( $logs );
	 * print_r( $logs );
	 * R::stopLogging();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above we start a logging session during
	 * which we store an empty bean of type book. To inspect the
	 * logs we invoke R::getLogs() after stopping the logging.
	 *
	 * @note you cannot use R::debug and R::startLogging
	 * at the same time because R::debug is essentially a
	 * special kind of logging.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function startLogging()
	{
		self::debug( TRUE, RDefault::C_LOGGER_ARRAY );
	}

	/**
	 * Stops logging and flushes the logs,
	 * convenient method to stop logging of queries.
	 * Use this method to stop logging SQL queries being
	 * executed by the adapter. Logging queries will not
	 * print them on the screen. Use R::getLogs() to
	 * retrieve the logs.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::startLogging();
	 * R::store( R::dispense( 'book' ) );
	 * R::find('book', 'id > ?',[0]);
	 * $logs = R::getLogs();
	 * $count = count( $logs );
	 * print_r( $logs );
	 * R::stopLogging();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above we start a logging session during
	 * which we store an empty bean of type book. To inspect the
	 * logs we invoke R::getLogs() after stopping the logging.
	 *
	 * @note you cannot use R::debug and R::startLogging
	 * at the same time because R::debug is essentially a
	 * special kind of logging.
	 *
	 * @note by stopping the logging you also flush the logs.
	 * Therefore, only stop logging AFTER you have obtained the
	 * query logs using R::getLogs()
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function stopLogging()
	{
		self::debug( FALSE );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the log entries written after the startLogging.
	 *
	 * Use this method to obtain the query logs gathered
	 * by the logging mechanisms.
	 * Logging queries will not
	 * print them on the screen. Use R::getLogs() to
	 * retrieve the logs.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::startLogging();
	 * R::store( R::dispense( 'book' ) );
	 * R::find('book', 'id > ?',[0]);
	 * $logs = R::getLogs();
	 * $count = count( $logs );
	 * print_r( $logs );
	 * R::stopLogging();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * In the example above we start a logging session during
	 * which we store an empty bean of type book. To inspect the
	 * logs we invoke R::getLogs() after stopping the logging.
	 *
	 * The logs may look like:
	 *
	 * [1] => SELECT `book`.*  FROM `book`  WHERE id > ?  -- keep-cache
	 * [2] => array ( 0 => 0, )
	 * [3] => resultset: 1 rows
	 *
	 * Basically, element in the array is a log entry.
	 * Parameter bindings are  represented as nested arrays (see 2).
	 *
	 * @note you cannot use R::debug and R::startLogging
	 * at the same time because R::debug is essentially a
	 * special kind of logging.
	 *
	 * @note by stopping the logging you also flush the logs.
	 * Therefore, only stop logging AFTER you have obtained the
	 * query logs using R::getLogs()
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public static function getLogs()
	{
		return self::getLogger()->getLogs();
	}

	/**
	 * Resets the query counter.
	 * The query counter can be used to monitor the number
	 * of database queries that have
	 * been processed according to the database driver. You can use this
	 * to monitor the number of queries required to render a page.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::resetQueryCount();
	 * echo R::getQueryCount() . ' queries processed.';
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function resetQueryCount()
	{
		self::$adapter->getDatabase()->resetCounter();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the number of SQL queries processed.
	 * This method returns the number of database queries that have
	 * been processed according to the database driver. You can use this
	 * to monitor the number of queries required to render a page.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * echo R::getQueryCount() . ' queries processed.';
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public static function getQueryCount()
	{
		return self::$adapter->getDatabase()->getQueryCount();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the current logger instance being used by the
	 * database object.
	 *
	 * @return Logger|NULL
	 */
	public static function getLogger()
	{
		return self::$adapter->getDatabase()->getLogger();
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated
	 */
	public static function setAutoResolve( $automatic = TRUE ){}

	/**
	 * Toggles 'partial bean mode'. If this mode has been
	 * selected the repository will only update the fields of a bean that
	 * have been changed rather than the entire bean.
	 * Pass the value TRUE to select 'partial mode' for all beans.
	 * Pass the value FALSE to disable 'partial mode'.
	 * Pass an array of bean types if you wish to use partial mode only
	 * for some types.
	 * This method will return the previous value.
	 *
	 * @param boolean|string[] $yesNoBeans List of type names or 'all'
	 *
	 * @return boolean|string[]
	 */
	public static function usePartialBeans( $yesNoBeans )
	{
		return self::$redbean->getCurrentRepository()->usePartialBeans( $yesNoBeans );
	}

	/**
	 * Exposes the result of the specified SQL query as a CSV file.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::csv( 'SELECT
	 *                 `name`,
	 *                  population
	 *          FROM city
	 *          WHERE region = :region ',
	 *          array( ':region' => 'Denmark' ),
	 *          array( 'city', 'population' ),
	 *          '/tmp/cities.csv'
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The command above will select all cities in Denmark
	 * and create a CSV with columns 'city' and 'population' and
	 * populate the cells under these column headers with the
	 * names of the cities and the population numbers respectively.
	 *
	 * @param string  $sql      SQL query to expose result of
	 * @param array   $bindings parameter bindings
	 * @param array   $columns  column headers for CSV file
	 * @param string  $path     path to save CSV file to
	 * @param boolean $output   TRUE to output CSV directly using readfile
	 * @param array   $options  delimiter, quote and escape character respectively
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function csv( $sql = '', $bindings = array(), $columns = NULL, $path = '/tmp/redexport_%s.csv', $output = TRUE )
	{
		$quickExport = new QuickExport( self::$toolbox );
		$quickExport->csv( $sql, $bindings, $columns, $path, $output );
	}

	/**
	 * MatchUp is a powerful productivity boosting method that can replace simple control
	 * scripts with a single RedBeanPHP command. Typically, matchUp() is used to
	 * replace login scripts, token generation scripts and password reset scripts.
	 * The MatchUp method takes a bean type, an SQL query snippet (starting at the WHERE clause),
	 * SQL bindings, a pair of task arrays and a bean reference.
	 *
	 * If the first 3 parameters match a bean, the first task list will be considered,
	 * otherwise the second one will be considered. On consideration, each task list,
	 * an array of keys and values will be executed. Every key in the task list should
	 * correspond to a bean property while every value can either be an expression to
	 * be evaluated or a closure (PHP 5.3+). After applying the task list to the bean
	 * it will be stored. If no bean has been found, a new bean will be dispensed.
	 *
	 * This method will return TRUE if the bean was found and FALSE if not AND
	 * there was a NOT-FOUND task list. If no bean was found AND there was also
	 * no second task list, NULL will be returned.
	 *
	 * To obtain the bean, pass a variable as the sixth parameter.
	 * The function will put the matching bean in the specified variable.
	 *
	 * @param string   $type         type of bean you're looking for
	 * @param string   $sql          SQL snippet (starting at the WHERE clause, omit WHERE-keyword)
	 * @param array    $bindings     array of parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 * @param array    $onFoundDo    task list to be considered on finding the bean
	 * @param array    $onNotFoundDo task list to be considered on NOT finding the bean
	 * @param OODBBean &$bean        reference to obtain the found bean
	 *
	 * @return bool|NULL
	 */
	public static function matchUp( $type, $sql, $bindings = array(), $onFoundDo = NULL, $onNotFoundDo = NULL, &$bean = NULL 	) {
		$matchUp = new MatchUp( self::$toolbox );
		return $matchUp->matchUp( $type, $sql, $bindings, $onFoundDo, $onNotFoundDo, $bean );
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated
	 *
	 * Returns an instance of the Look Helper class.
	 * The instance will be configured with the current toolbox.
	 *
	 * In previous versions of RedBeanPHP you had to use:
	 * R::getLook()->look() instead of R::look(). However to improve useability of the
	 * library the look() function can now directly be invoked from the facade.
	 *
	 * For more details regarding the Look functionality, please consult R::look().
	 * @see Facade::look
	 * @see Look::look
	 *
	 * @return Look
	 */
	public static function getLook()
	{
		return new Look( self::$toolbox );
	}

	/**
	 * Takes an full SQL query with optional bindings, a series of keys, a template
	 * and optionally a filter function and glue and assembles a view from all this.
	 * This is the fastest way from SQL to view. Typically this function is used to
	 * generate pulldown (select tag) menus with options queried from the database.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $htmlPulldown = R::look(
	 *   'SELECT * FROM color WHERE value != ? ORDER BY value ASC',
	 *   [ 'g' ],
	 *   [ 'value', 'name' ],
	 *   '<option value="%s">%s</option>',
	 *   'strtoupper',
	 *   "\n"
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates an HTML fragment like this:
	 *
	 * <option value="B">BLUE</option>
	 * <option value="R">RED</option>
	 *
	 * to pick a color from a palette. The HTML fragment gets constructed by
	 * an SQL query that selects all colors that do not have value 'g' - this
	 * excludes green. Next, the bean properties 'value' and 'name' are mapped to the
	 * HTML template string, note that the order here is important. The mapping and
	 * the HTML template string follow vsprintf-rules. All property values are then
	 * passed through the specified filter function 'strtoupper' which in this case
	 * is a native PHP function to convert strings to uppercase characters only.
	 * Finally the resulting HTML fragment strings are glued together using a
	 * newline character specified in the last parameter for readability.
	 *
	 * In previous versions of RedBeanPHP you had to use:
	 * R::getLook()->look() instead of R::look(). However to improve useability of the
	 * library the look() function can now directly be invoked from the facade.
	 *
	 * @param string   $sql      query to execute
	 * @param array    $bindings parameters to bind to slots mentioned in query or an empty array
	 * @param array    $keys     names in result collection to map to template
	 * @param string   $template HTML template to fill with values associated with keys, use printf notation (i.e. %s)
	 * @param callable $filter   function to pass values through (for translation for instance)
	 * @param string   $glue     optional glue to use when joining resulting strings
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function look( $sql, $bindings = array(), $keys = array( 'selected', 'id', 'name' ), $template = '<option %s value="%s">%s</option>', $filter = 'trim', $glue = '' )
	{
		return self::getLook()->look( $sql, $bindings, $keys, $template, $filter, $glue );
	}

	/**
	 * Calculates a diff between two beans (or arrays of beans).
	 * The result of this method is an array describing the differences of the second bean compared to
	 * the first, where the first bean is taken as reference. The array is keyed by type/property, id and property name, where
	 * type/property is either the type (in case of the root bean) or the property of the parent bean where the type resides.
	 * The diffs are mainly intended for logging, you cannot apply these diffs as patches to other beans.
	 * However this functionality might be added in the future.
	 *
	 * The keys of the array can be formatted using the $format parameter.
	 * A key will be composed of a path (1st), id (2nd) and property (3rd).
	 * Using printf-style notation you can determine the exact format of the key.
	 * The default format will look like:
	 *
	 * 'book.1.title' => array( <OLDVALUE>, <NEWVALUE> )
	 *
	 * If you only want a simple diff of one bean and you don't care about ids,
	 * you might pass a format like: '%1$s.%3$s' which gives:
	 *
	 * 'book.1.title' => array( <OLDVALUE>, <NEWVALUE> )
	 *
	 * The filter parameter can be used to set filters, it should be an array
	 * of property names that have to be skipped. By default this array is filled with
	 * two strings: 'created' and 'modified'.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|OODBBean[] $bean    reference beans
	 * @param OODBBean|OODBBean[] $other   beans to compare
	 * @param array          $filters names of properties of all beans to skip
	 * @param string         $pattern the format of the key, defaults to '%s.%s.%s'
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function diff( $bean, $other, $filters = array( 'created', 'modified' ), $pattern = '%s.%s.%s' )
	{
		$diff = new Diff( self::$toolbox );
		return $diff->diff( $bean, $other, $filters, $pattern );
	}

	/**
	 * The gentleman's way to register a RedBeanPHP ToolBox instance
	 * with the facade. Stores the toolbox in the static toolbox
	 * registry of the facade class. This allows for a neat and
	 * explicit way to register a toolbox.
	 *
	 * @param string  $key     key to store toolbox instance under
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox toolbox to register
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function addToolBoxWithKey( $key, ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		self::$toolboxes[$key] = $toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * The gentleman's way to remove a RedBeanPHP ToolBox instance
	 * from the facade. Removes the toolbox identified by
	 * the specified key in the static toolbox
	 * registry of the facade class. This allows for a neat and
	 * explicit way to remove a toolbox.
	 * Returns TRUE if the specified toolbox was found and removed.
	 * Returns FALSE otherwise.
	 *
	 * @param string  $key     identifier of the toolbox to remove
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function removeToolBoxByKey( $key )
	{
		if ( !array_key_exists( $key, self::$toolboxes ) ) {
			return FALSE;
		}
		unset( self::$toolboxes[$key] );
		return TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the toolbox associated with the specified key.
	 *
	 * @param string  $key     key to store toolbox instance under
	 *
	 * @return ToolBox|NULL
	 */
	public static function getToolBoxByKey( $key )
	{
		if ( !array_key_exists( $key, self::$toolboxes ) ) {
			return NULL;
		}
		return self::$toolboxes[$key];
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles JSON column features.
	 * Invoking this method with boolean TRUE causes 2 JSON features to be enabled.
	 * Beans will automatically JSONify any array that's not in a list property and
	 * the Query Writer (if capable) will attempt to create a JSON column for strings that
	 * appear to contain JSON.
	 *
	 * Feature #1:
	 * AQueryWriter::useJSONColumns
	 *
	 * Toggles support for automatic generation of JSON columns.
	 * Using JSON columns means that strings containing JSON will
	 * cause the column to be created (not modified) as a JSON column.
	 * However it might also trigger exceptions if this means the DB attempts to
	 * convert a non-json column to a JSON column.
	 *
	 * Feature #2:
	 * OODBBean::convertArraysToJSON
	 *
	 * Toggles array to JSON conversion. If set to TRUE any array
	 * set to a bean property that's not a list will be turned into
	 * a JSON string. Used together with AQueryWriter::useJSONColumns this
	 * extends the data type support for JSON columns.
	 *
	 * So invoking this method is the same as:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * AQueryWriter::useJSONColumns( $flag );
	 * OODBBean::convertArraysToJSON( $flag );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Unlike the methods above, that return the previous state, this
	 * method does not return anything (void).
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag feature flag (either TRUE or FALSE)
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function useJSONFeatures( $flag )
	{
		AQueryWriter::useJSONColumns( $flag );
		OODBBean::convertArraysToJSON( $flag );
	}

	/**
	 * Given a bean and an optional SQL snippet,
	 * this method will return the bean together with all
	 * child beans in a hierarchically structured
	 * bean table.
	 *
	 * @note that not all database support this functionality. You'll need
	 * at least MariaDB 10.2.2 or Postgres. This method does not include
	 * a warning mechanism in case your database does not support this
	 * functionality.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean    $bean     bean to find children of
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings SQL snippet parameter bindings
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function children( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$tree->children( $bean, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Given a bean and an optional SQL snippet,
	 * this method will count all child beans in a hierarchically structured
	 * bean table.
	 *
	 * @note that not all database support this functionality. You'll need
	 * at least MariaDB 10.2.2 or Postgres. This method does not include
	 * a warning mechanism in case your database does not support this
	 * functionality.
	 *
	 * @note:
	 * You are allowed to use named parameter bindings as well as
	 * numeric parameter bindings (using the question mark notation).
	 * However, you can not mix. Also, if using named parameter bindings,
	 * parameter binding key ':slot0' is reserved for the ID of the bean
	 * and used in the query.
	 *
	 * @note:
	 * By default, if no select is given or select=TRUE this method will subtract 1 of
	 * the total count to omit the starting bean. If you provide your own select,
	 * this method assumes you take control of the resulting total yourself since
	 * it cannot 'predict' what or how you are trying to 'count'.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean       $bean     bean to find children of
	 * @param string|NULL    $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array          $bindings SQL snippet parameter bindings
	 * @param string|boolean $select   select snippet to use (advanced, optional, see QueryWriter::queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression)
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public static function countChildren( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $select = QueryWriter::C_CTE_SELECT_COUNT )
	{
		return self::$tree->countChildren( $bean, $sql, $bindings, $select );
	}

	/**
	 * Given a bean and an optional SQL snippet,
	 * this method will count all parent beans in a hierarchically structured
	 * bean table.
	 *
	 * @note that not all database support this functionality. You'll need
	 * at least MariaDB 10.2.2 or Postgres. This method does not include
	 * a warning mechanism in case your database does not support this
	 * functionality.
	 *
	 * @note:
	 * You are allowed to use named parameter bindings as well as
	 * numeric parameter bindings (using the question mark notation).
	 * However, you can not mix. Also, if using named parameter bindings,
	 * parameter binding key ':slot0' is reserved for the ID of the bean
	 * and used in the query.
	 *
	 * @note:
	 * By default, if no select is given or select=TRUE this method will subtract 1 of
	 * the total count to omit the starting bean. If you provide your own select,
	 * this method assumes you take control of the resulting total yourself since
	 * it cannot 'predict' what or how you are trying to 'count'.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean       $bean     bean to find children of
	 * @param string|NULL    $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array          $bindings SQL snippet parameter bindings
	 * @param string|boolean $select   select snippet to use (advanced, optional, see QueryWriter::queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression)
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public static function countParents( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $select = QueryWriter::C_CTE_SELECT_COUNT )
	{
		return self::$tree->countParents( $bean, $sql, $bindings, $select );
	}

	/**
	 * Given a bean and an optional SQL snippet,
	 * this method will return the bean along with all parent beans
	 * in a hierarchically structured bean table.
	 *
	 * @note that not all database support this functionality. You'll need
	 * at least MariaDB 10.2.2 or Postgres. This method does not include
	 * a warning mechanism in case your database does not support this
	 * functionality.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean    $bean     bean to find parents of
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings SQL snippet parameter bindings
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function parents( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		return self::$tree->parents( $bean, $sql, $bindings );
	}

	/**
	 * Toggles support for nuke().
	 * Can be used to turn off the nuke() feature for security reasons.
	 * Returns the old flag value.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $flag TRUE or FALSE
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	public static function noNuke( $yesNo ) {
		return AQueryWriter::forbidNuke( $yesNo );
	}

	/**
	 * Globally available service method for RedBeanPHP.
	 * Converts a snake cased string to a camel cased string.
	 * If the parameter is an array, the keys will be converted.
	 *
	 * @param string|array $snake snake_cased string to convert to camelCase
	 * @param boolean $dolphin exception for Ids - (bookId -> bookID)
	 *                         too complicated for the human mind, only dolphins can understand this
	 *
	 * @return string|array
	 */
	public static function camelfy( $snake, $dolphin = false )
	{
		if ( is_array( $snake ) ) {
			$newArray = array();
			foreach( $snake as $key => $value ) {
				$newKey = self::camelfy( $key, $dolphin );
				if ( is_array( $value ) ) {
					$value = self::camelfy( $value, $dolphin );
				}
				$newArray[ $newKey ] = $value;
			}
			return $newArray;
		}
		return AQueryWriter::snakeCamel( $snake, $dolphin );
	}

	/**
	 * Globally available service method for RedBeanPHP.
	 * Converts a camel cased string to a snake cased string.
	 * If the parameter is an array, the keys will be converted.
	 *
	 * @param string|array $camel camelCased string to convert to snake case
	 *
	 * @return string|array
	 */
	public static function uncamelfy( $camel )
	{
		if ( is_array( $camel ) ) {
			$newArray = array();
			foreach( $camel as $key => $value ) {
				$newKey = self::uncamelfy( $key );
				if ( is_array( $value ) ) {
					$value = self::uncamelfy( $value );
				}
				$newArray[ $newKey ] = $value;
			}
			return $newArray;
		}
		return AQueryWriter::camelsSnake( $camel );
	}

	/**
	 * Selects the feature set you want as specified by
	 * the label.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::useFeatureSet( 'novice/latest' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $label label
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function useFeatureSet( $label ) {
		return Feature::feature($label);
	}

	/**
	 * Dynamically extends the facade with a plugin.
	 * Using this method you can register your plugin with the facade and then
	 * use the plugin by invoking the name specified plugin name as a method on
	 * the facade.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::ext( 'makeTea', function() { ... }  );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Now you can use your makeTea plugin like this:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::makeTea();
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string   $pluginName name of the method to call the plugin
	 * @param callable $callable   a PHP callable
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function ext( $pluginName, $callable )
	{
		if ( !preg_match( '#^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$#', $pluginName ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Plugin name may only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores and cannot start with a number.' );
		}
		self::$plugins[$pluginName] = $callable;
	}

	/**
	 * Call static for use with dynamic plugins. This magic method will
	 * intercept static calls and route them to the specified plugin.
	 *
	 * @param string $pluginName name of the plugin
	 * @param array  $params     list of arguments to pass to plugin method
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public static function __callStatic( $pluginName, $params )
	{
		if ( !isset( self::$plugins[$pluginName] ) ) {
			if ( !preg_match( '#^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$#', $pluginName ) ) {
				throw new RedException( 'Plugin name may only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores and cannot start with a number.' );
			}
			throw new RedException( 'Plugin \''.$pluginName.'\' does not exist, add this plugin using: R::ext(\''.$pluginName.'\')' );
		}
		return call_user_func_array( self::$plugins[$pluginName], $params );
	}
}

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\AssociationManager as AssociationManager;
use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;

/**
 * Duplication Manager
 * The Duplication Manager creates deep copies from beans, this means
 * it can duplicate an entire bean hierarchy. You can use this feature to
 * implement versioning for instance. Because duplication and exporting are
 * closely related this class is also used to export beans recursively
 * (i.e. we make a duplicate and then convert to array). This class allows
 * you to tune the duplication process by specifying filters determining
 * which relations to take into account and by specifying tables
 * (in which case no reflective queries have to be issued thus improving
 * performance). This class also hosts the Camelfy function used to
 * reformat the keys of an array, this method is publicly available and
 * used internally by exportAll().
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/DuplicationManager.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class DuplicationManager
{
	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * @var AssociationManager
	 */
	protected $associationManager;

	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	protected $redbean;

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $tables = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $columns = array();

	/**
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $filters = array();

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $cacheTables = FALSE;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	protected $copyMeta = FALSE;

	/**
	 * Copies the shared beans in a bean, i.e. all the sharedBean-lists.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $copy   target bean to copy lists to
	 * @param string   $shared name of the shared list
	 * @param array    $beans  array with shared beans to copy
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function copySharedBeans( OODBBean $copy, $shared, $beans )
	{
		$copy->$shared = array();

		foreach ( $beans as $subBean ) {
			array_push( $copy->$shared, $subBean );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Copies the own beans in a bean, i.e. all the ownBean-lists.
	 * Each bean in the own-list belongs exclusively to its owner so
	 * we need to invoke the duplicate method again to duplicate each bean here.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $copy        target bean to copy lists to
	 * @param string   $owned       name of the own list
	 * @param array    $beans       array with shared beans to copy
	 * @param array    $trail       array with former beans to detect recursion
	 * @param boolean  $preserveIDs TRUE means preserve IDs, for export only
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	private function copyOwnBeans( OODBBean $copy, $owned, $beans, $trail, $preserveIDs )
	{
		$copy->$owned = array();
		foreach ( $beans as $subBean ) {
			array_push( $copy->$owned, $this->duplicate( $subBean, $trail, $preserveIDs ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a copy of bean $bean and copies all primitive properties (not lists)
	 * and the parents beans to the newly created bean. Also sets the ID of the bean
	 * to 0.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean bean to copy
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	private function createCopy( OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$type = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );

		$copy = $this->redbean->dispense( $type );
		$copy->setMeta( 'sys.dup-from-id', $bean->id );
		$copy->setMeta( 'sys.old-id', $bean->id );
		$copy->importFrom( $bean );
		if ($this->copyMeta) $copy->copyMetaFrom($bean);
		$copy->id = 0;

		return $copy;
	}

	/**
	 * Generates a key from the bean type and its ID and determines if the bean
	 * occurs in the trail, if not the bean will be added to the trail.
	 * Returns TRUE if the bean occurs in the trail and FALSE otherwise.
	 *
	 * @param array    $trail list of former beans
	 * @param OODBBean $bean  currently selected bean
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	private function inTrailOrAdd( &$trail, OODBBean $bean )
	{
		$type = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );
		$key  = $type . $bean->getID();

		if ( isset( $trail[$key] ) ) {
			return TRUE;
		}

		$trail[$key] = $bean;

		return FALSE;
	}

	/**
	 * Given the type name of a bean this method returns the canonical names
	 * of the own-list and the shared-list properties respectively.
	 * Returns a list with two elements: name of the own-list, and name
	 * of the shared list.
	 *
	 * @param string $typeName bean type name
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	private function getListNames( $typeName )
	{
		$owned  = 'own' . ucfirst( $typeName );
		$shared = 'shared' . ucfirst( $typeName );

		return array( $owned, $shared );
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether the bean has an own list based on
	 * schema inspection from realtime schema or cache.
	 *
	 * @param string $type   bean type to get list for
	 * @param string $target type of list you want to detect
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	protected function hasOwnList( $type, $target )
	{
		return isset( $this->columns[$target][$type . '_id'] );
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether the bea has a shared list based on
	 * schema inspection from realtime schema or cache.
	 *
	 * @param string $type   bean type to get list for
	 * @param string $target type of list you are looking for
	 *
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	protected function hasSharedList( $type, $target )
	{
		return in_array( AQueryWriter::getAssocTableFormat( array( $type, $target ) ), $this->tables );
	}

	/**
	 * @see DuplicationManager::dup
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean        bean to be copied
	 * @param array    $trail       trail to prevent infinite loops
	 * @param boolean  $preserveIDs preserve IDs
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	protected function duplicate( OODBBean $bean, $trail = array(), $preserveIDs = FALSE )
	{
		if ( $this->inTrailOrAdd( $trail, $bean ) ) return $bean;

		$type = $bean->getMeta( 'type' );

		$copy = $this->createCopy( $bean );
		foreach ( $this->tables as $table ) {

			if ( !empty( $this->filters ) ) {
				if ( !in_array( $table, $this->filters ) ) continue;
			}

			list( $owned, $shared ) = $this->getListNames( $table );

			if ( $this->hasSharedList( $type, $table ) ) {
				if ( $beans = $bean->$shared ) {
					$this->copySharedBeans( $copy, $shared, $beans );
				}
			} elseif ( $this->hasOwnList( $type, $table ) ) {
				if ( $beans = $bean->$owned ) {
					$this->copyOwnBeans( $copy, $owned, $beans, $trail, $preserveIDs );
				}

				$copy->setMeta( 'sys.shadow.' . $owned, NULL );
			}

			$copy->setMeta( 'sys.shadow.' . $shared, NULL );
		}

		$copy->id = ( $preserveIDs ) ? $bean->id : $copy->id;

		return $copy;
	}

	/**
	 * Constructor,
	 * creates a new instance of DupManager.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox            = $toolbox;
		$this->redbean            = $toolbox->getRedBean();
		$this->associationManager = $this->redbean->getAssociationManager();
	}

	/**
	 * Recursively turns the keys of an array into
	 * camelCase.
	 *
	 * @param array   $array       array to camelize
	 * @param boolean $dolphinMode whether you want the exception for IDs.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function camelfy( $array, $dolphinMode = FALSE ) {
		$newArray = array();
		foreach( $array as $key => $element ) {
			$newKey = preg_replace_callback( '/_(\w)/', function( $matches ){
				return strtoupper( $matches[1] );
			}, $key);

			if ( $dolphinMode ) {
				$newKey = preg_replace( '/(\w)Id$/', '$1ID', $newKey );
			}

			$newArray[$newKey] = ( is_array($element) ) ? $this->camelfy( $element, $dolphinMode ) : $element;
		}
		return $newArray;
	}

	/**
	 * For better performance you can pass the tables in an array to this method.
	 * If the tables are available the duplication manager will not query them so
	 * this might be beneficial for performance.
	 *
	 * This method allows two array formats:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array( TABLE1, TABLE2 ... )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * or
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * array( TABLE1 => array( COLUMN1, COLUMN2 ... ) ... )
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param array $tables a table cache array
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setTables( $tables )
	{
		foreach ( $tables as $key => $value ) {
			if ( is_numeric( $key ) ) {
				$this->tables[] = $value;
			} else {
				$this->tables[]      = $key;
				$this->columns[$key] = $value;
			}
		}

		$this->cacheTables = TRUE;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a schema array for cache.
	 * You can use the return value of this method as a cache,
	 * store it in RAM or on disk and pass it to setTables later.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getSchema()
	{
		return $this->columns;
	}

	/**
	 * Indicates whether you want the duplication manager to cache the database schema.
	 * If this flag is set to TRUE the duplication manager will query the database schema
	 * only once. Otherwise the duplicationmanager will, by default, query the schema
	 * every time a duplication action is performed (dup()).
	 *
	 * @param boolean $yesNo TRUE to use caching, FALSE otherwise
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setCacheTables( $yesNo )
	{
		$this->cacheTables = $yesNo;
	}

	/**
	 * A filter array is an array with table names.
	 * By setting a table filter you can make the duplication manager only take into account
	 * certain bean types. Other bean types will be ignored when exporting or making a
	 * deep copy. If no filters are set all types will be taking into account, this is
	 * the default behavior.
	 *
	 * @param array $filters list of tables to be filtered
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setFilters( $filters )
	{
		if ( !is_array( $filters ) ) {
			$filters = array( $filters );
		}

		$this->filters = $filters;
	}

	/**
	 * Makes a copy of a bean. This method makes a deep copy
	 * of the bean.The copy will have the following features.
	 * - All beans in own-lists will be duplicated as well
	 * - All references to shared beans will be copied but not the shared beans themselves
	 * - All references to parent objects (_id fields) will be copied but not the parents themselves
	 * In most cases this is the desired scenario for copying beans.
	 * This function uses a trail-array to prevent infinite recursion, if a recursive bean is found
	 * (i.e. one that already has been processed) the ID of the bean will be returned.
	 * This should not happen though.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * This function does a reflectional database query so it may be slow.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * this function actually passes the arguments to a protected function called
	 * duplicate() that does all the work. This method takes care of creating a clone
	 * of the bean to avoid the bean getting tainted (triggering saving when storing it).
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean $bean        bean to be copied
	 * @param array    $trail       for internal usage, pass array()
	 * @param boolean  $preserveIDs for internal usage
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean
	 */
	public function dup( OODBBean $bean, $trail = array(), $preserveIDs = FALSE )
	{
		if ( !count( $this->tables ) ) {
			$this->tables = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->getTables();
		}

		if ( !count( $this->columns ) ) {
			foreach ( $this->tables as $table ) {
				$this->columns[$table] = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->getColumns( $table );
			}
		}

		$rs = $this->duplicate( ( clone $bean ), $trail, $preserveIDs );

		if ( !$this->cacheTables ) {
			$this->tables  = array();
			$this->columns = array();
		}

		return $rs;
	}

	/**
	 * Exports a collection of beans recursively.
	 * This method will export an array of beans in the first argument to a
	 * set of arrays. This can be used to send JSON or XML representations
	 * of bean hierarchies to the client.
	 *
	 * For every bean in the array this method will export:
	 *
	 * - contents of the bean
	 * - all own bean lists (recursively)
	 * - all shared beans (but not THEIR own lists)
	 *
	 * If the second parameter is set to TRUE the parents of the beans in the
	 * array will be exported as well (but not THEIR parents).
	 *
	 * The third parameter can be used to provide a white-list array
	 * for filtering. This is an array of strings representing type names,
	 * only the type names in the filter list will be exported.
	 *
	 * The fourth parameter can be used to change the keys of the resulting
	 * export arrays. The default mode is 'snake case' but this leaves the
	 * keys as-is, because 'snake' is the default case style used by
	 * RedBeanPHP in the database. You can set this to 'camel' for
	 * camel cased keys or 'dolphin' (same as camelcase but id will be
	 * converted to ID instead of Id).
	 *
	 * @param array|OODBBean $beans     beans to be exported
	 * @param boolean        $parents   also export parents
	 * @param array          $filters   only these types (whitelist)
	 * @param string         $caseStyle case style identifier
	 * @param boolean        $meta      export meta data as well
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function exportAll( $beans, $parents = FALSE, $filters = array(), $caseStyle = 'snake', $meta = FALSE)
	{
		$array = array();
		if ( !is_array( $beans ) ) {
			$beans = array( $beans );
		}
		$this->copyMeta = $meta;
		foreach ( $beans as $bean ) {
			$this->setFilters( $filters );
			$duplicate = $this->dup( $bean, array(), TRUE );
			$array[]   = $duplicate->export( $meta, $parents, FALSE, $filters );
		}
		if ( $caseStyle === 'camel' ) $array = $this->camelfy( $array );
		if ( $caseStyle === 'dolphin' ) $array = $this->camelfy( $array, TRUE );
		return $array;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;

/**
 * Array Tool Helper
 *
 * This code was originally part of the facade, however it has
 * been decided to remove unique features to service classes like
 * this to make them available to developers not using the facade class.
 *
 * This is a helper or service class containing frequently used
 * array functions for dealing with SQL queries.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/ArrayTool.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class ArrayTool
{
	/**
	 * Generates question mark slots for an array of values.
	 * Given an array and an optional template string this method
	 * will produce string containing parameter slots for use in
	 * an SQL query string.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::genSlots( array( 'a', 'b' ) );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The statement in the example will produce the string:
	 * '?,?'.
	 *
	 * Another example, using a template string:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::genSlots( array('a', 'b'), ' IN( %s ) ' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The statement in the example will produce the string:
	 * ' IN( ?,? ) '.
	 *
	 * @param array       $array    array to generate question mark slots for
	 * @param string|NULL $template template to use
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function genSlots( $array, $template = NULL )
	{
		$str = count( $array ) ? implode( ',', array_fill( 0, count( $array ), '?' ) ) : '';
		return ( is_null( $template ) ||  $str === '' ) ? $str : sprintf( $template, $str );
	}

	/**
	 * Flattens a multi dimensional bindings array for use with genSlots().
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::flat( array( 'a', array( 'b' ), 'c' ) );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * produces an array like: [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
	 *
	 * @param array $array  array to flatten
	 * @param array $result result array parameter (for recursion)
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function flat( $array, $result = array() )
	{
		foreach( $array as $value ) {
			if ( is_array( $value ) ) $result = self::flat( $value, $result );
			else $result[] = $value;
		}
		return $result;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;

/**
 * Dispense Helper
 *
 * A helper class containing a dispense utility.
 * 
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/DispenseHelper.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class DispenseHelper
{
	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	private static $enforceNamingPolicy = TRUE;

	/**
	 * Sets the enforce naming policy flag. If set to
	 * TRUE the RedBeanPHP naming policy will be enforced.
	 * Otherwise it will not. Use at your own risk.
	 * Setting this to FALSE is not recommended.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $yesNo whether to enforce RB name policy
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function setEnforceNamingPolicy( $yesNo )
	{
		self::$enforceNamingPolicy = (boolean) $yesNo;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks whether the bean type conforms to the RedbeanPHP
	 * naming policy. This method will throw an exception if the
	 * type does not conform to the RedBeanPHP database column naming
	 * policy.
	 *
	 * The RedBeanPHP naming policy for beans states that valid
	 * bean type names contain only:
	 *
	 * - lowercase alphanumeric characters a-z
	 * - numbers 0-9
	 * - at least one character
	 *
	 * Although there are no restrictions on length, database
	 * specific implementations may apply further restrictions
	 * regarding the length of a table which means these restrictions
	 * also apply to bean types.
	 *
	 * The RedBeanPHP naming policy ensures that, without any
	 * configuration, the core functionalities work across many
	 * databases and operating systems, including those that are
	 * case insensitive or restricted to the ASCII character set.
	 *
	 * Although these restrictions can be bypassed, this is not
	 * recommended.
	 *
	 * @param string $type type of bean
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function checkType( $type )
	{
		if ( !preg_match( '/^[a-z0-9]+$/', $type ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'Invalid type: ' . $type );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Dispenses a new RedBean OODB Bean for use with
	 * the rest of the methods. RedBeanPHP thinks in beans, the bean is the
	 * primary way to interact with RedBeanPHP and the database managed by
	 * RedBeanPHP. To load, store and delete data from the database using RedBeanPHP
	 * you exchange these RedBeanPHP OODB Beans. The only exception to this rule
	 * are the raw query methods like R::getCell() or R::exec() and so on.
	 * The dispense method is the 'preferred way' to create a new bean.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $book = R::dispense( 'book' );
	 * $book->title = 'My Book';
	 * R::store( $book );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This method can also be used to create an entire bean graph at once.
	 * Given an array with keys specifying the property names of the beans
	 * and a special _type key to indicate the type of bean, one can
	 * make the Dispense Helper generate an entire hierarchy of beans, including
	 * lists. To make dispense() generate a list, simply add a key like:
	 * ownXList or sharedXList where X is the type of beans it contains and
	 * a set its value to an array filled with arrays representing the beans.
	 * Note that, although the type may have been hinted at in the list name,
	 * you still have to specify a _type key for every bean array in the list.
	 * Note that, if you specify an array to generate a bean graph, the number
	 * parameter will be ignored.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 *  $book = R::dispense( [
	 *   '_type' => 'book',
	 *   'title'  => 'Gifted Programmers',
	 *   'author' => [ '_type' => 'author', 'name' => 'Xavier' ],
	 *   'ownPageList' => [ ['_type'=>'page', 'text' => '...'] ]
	 * ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string|array $typeOrBeanArray   type or bean array to import
	 * @param integer      $num               number of beans to dispense
	 * @param boolean      $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean|OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function dispense( OODB $oodb, $typeOrBeanArray, $num = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE ) {

		if ( is_array($typeOrBeanArray) ) {

			if ( !isset( $typeOrBeanArray['_type'] ) ) {
				$list = array();
				foreach( $typeOrBeanArray as $beanArray ) {
					if (
						!( is_array( $beanArray )
						&& isset( $beanArray['_type'] ) ) ) {
						throw new RedException( 'Invalid Array Bean' );
					}
				}
				foreach( $typeOrBeanArray as $beanArray ) $list[] = self::dispense( $oodb, $beanArray );
				return $list;
			}

			$import = $typeOrBeanArray;
			$type = $import['_type'];
			unset( $import['_type'] );
		} else {
			$type = $typeOrBeanArray;
		}

		if (self::$enforceNamingPolicy) self::checkType( $type );

		$beanOrBeans = $oodb->dispense( $type, $num, $alwaysReturnArray );

		if ( isset( $import ) ) {
			$beanOrBeans->import( $import );
		}

		return $beanOrBeans;
	}


	/**
	 * Takes a comma separated list of bean types
	 * and dispenses these beans. For each type in the list
	 * you can specify the number of beans to be dispensed.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * list( $book, $page, $text ) = R::dispenseAll( 'book,page,text' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This will dispense a book, a page and a text. This way you can
	 * quickly dispense beans of various types in just one line of code.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * list($book, $pages) = R::dispenseAll('book,page*100');
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * This returns an array with a book bean and then another array
	 * containing 100 page beans.
	 *
	 * @param OODB    $oodb       OODB
	 * @param string  $order      a description of the desired dispense order using the syntax above
	 * @param boolean $onlyArrays return only arrays even if amount < 2
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function dispenseAll( OODB $oodb, $order, $onlyArrays = FALSE )
	{
		$list = array();

		foreach( explode( ',', $order ) as $order ) {
			if ( strpos( $order, '*' ) !== FALSE ) {
				list( $type, $amount ) = explode( '*', $order );
			} else {
				$type   = $order;
				$amount = 1;
			}

			$list[] = self::dispense( $oodb, $type, $amount, $onlyArrays );
		}

		return $list;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

/**
 * Dump helper
 *
 * This code was originally part of the facade, however it has
 * been decided to remove unique features to service classes like
 * this to make them available to developers not using the facade class.
 *
 * Dumps the contents of a bean in an array for
 * debugging purposes.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Dump.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Dump
{
	/**
	 * Dumps bean data to array.
	 * Given a one or more beans this method will
	 * return an array containing first part of the string
	 * representation of each item in the array.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * echo R::dump( $bean );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The example shows how to echo the result of a simple
	 * dump. This will print the string representation of the
	 * specified bean to the screen, limiting the output per bean
	 * to 35 characters to improve readability. Nested beans will
	 * also be dumped.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|array $data either a bean or an array of beans
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public static function dump( $data )
	{
		$array = array();
		if ( $data instanceof OODBBean ) {
			$str = strval( $data );
			if (strlen($str) > 35) {
				$beanStr = substr( $str, 0, 35 ).'... ';
			} else {
				$beanStr = $str;
			}
			return $beanStr;
		}
		if ( is_array( $data ) ) {
			foreach( $data as $key => $item ) {
				$array[$key] = self::dump( $item );
			}
		}
		return $array;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

/**
 * Multi Bean Loader Helper
 *
 * This code was originally part of the facade, however it has
 * been decided to remove unique features to service classes like
 * this to make them available to developers not using the facade class.
 *
 * This helper class offers limited support for one-to-one
 * relations by providing a service to load a set of beans
 * with different types and a common ID.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/MultiLoader.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class MultiLoader
{
	/**
	 * Loads multiple types of beans with the same ID.
	 * This might look like a strange method, however it can be useful
	 * for loading a one-to-one relation. In a typical 1-1 relation,
	 * you have two records sharing the same primary key.
	 * RedBeanPHP has only limited support for 1-1 relations.
	 * In general it is recommended to use 1-N for this.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * list( $author, $bio ) = R::loadMulti( 'author, bio', $id );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param OODB         $oodb  OODB object
	 * @param string|array $types the set of types to load at once
	 * @param mixed        $id    the common ID
	 *
	 * @return OODBBean[]
	 */
	public static function load( OODB $oodb, $types, $id )
	{
		if ( is_string( $types ) ) $types = explode( ',', $types );
		if ( !is_array( $types ) ) return array();
		foreach ( $types as $k => $typeItem ) {
			$types[$k] = $oodb->load( $typeItem, $id );
		}
		return $types;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;

/**
 * Transaction Helper
 *
 * This code was originally part of the facade, however it has
 * been decided to remove unique features to service classes like
 * this to make them available to developers not using the facade class.
 *
 * Database transaction helper. This is a convenience class
 * to perform a callback in a database transaction. This class
 * contains a method to wrap your callback in a transaction.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Transaction.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Transaction
{
	/**
	 * Wraps a transaction around a closure or string callback.
	 * If an Exception is thrown inside, the operation is automatically rolled back.
	 * If no Exception happens, it commits automatically.
	 * It also supports (simulated) nested transactions (that is useful when
	 * you have many methods that needs transactions but are unaware of
	 * each other).
	 *
	 * Example:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $from = 1;
	 * $to = 2;
	 * $amount = 300;
	 *
	 * R::transaction(function() use($from, $to, $amount)
	 * {
	 *   $accountFrom = R::load('account', $from);
	 *   $accountTo = R::load('account', $to);
	 *   $accountFrom->money -= $amount;
	 *   $accountTo->money += $amount;
	 *   R::store($accountFrom);
	 *   R::store($accountTo);
	 * });
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param Adapter  $adapter  Database Adapter providing transaction mechanisms.
	 * @param callable $callback Closure (or other callable) with the transaction logic
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public static function transaction( Adapter $adapter, $callback )
	{
		if ( !is_callable( $callback ) ) {
			throw new RedException( 'R::transaction needs a valid callback.' );
		}

		static $depth = 0;
		$result = null;
		try {
			if ( $depth == 0 ) {
				$adapter->startTransaction();
			}
			$depth++;
			$result = call_user_func( $callback ); //maintain 5.2 compatibility
			$depth--;
			if ( $depth == 0 ) {
				$adapter->commit();
			}
		} catch ( \Exception $exception ) {
			$depth--;
			if ( $depth == 0 ) {
				$adapter->rollback();
			}
			throw $exception;
		}
		return $result;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;

/**
 * Quick Export Utility
 *
 * The Quick Export Utility Class provides functionality to easily
 * expose the result of SQL queries as well-known formats like CSV.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/QuickExport.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class QuickExport
{
	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * @var boolean
	 */
	private static $test = FALSE;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The Quick Export requires a toolbox.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * Makes csv() testable.
	 *
	 * @param string $name
	 * @param mixed $arg1
	 * @param boolean $arg2
	 *
	 * @return mixed
 	 */
	public static function operation( $name, $arg1, $arg2 = TRUE ) {
		$out = '';
		switch( $name ) {
			case 'test':
				self::$test = (boolean) $arg1;
				break;
			case 'header':
				$out = ( self::$test ) ? $arg1 : header( $arg1, $arg2 );
				break;
			case 'readfile':
				$out = ( self::$test ) ? file_get_contents( $arg1 ) : readfile( $arg1 );
				break;
			case 'exit':
				$out = ( self::$test ) ? 'exit' : exit();
				break;
		}
		return $out;
	}

	/**
	 * Exposes the result of the specified SQL query as a CSV file.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::csv( 'SELECT
	 *   `name`,
	 *   population
	 *   FROM city
	 *   WHERE region = :region ',
	 *   array( ':region' => 'Denmark' ),
	 *   array( 'city', 'population' ),
	 *   '/tmp/cities.csv'
	 * );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * The command above will select all cities in Denmark
	 * and create a CSV with columns 'city' and 'population' and
	 * populate the cells under these column headers with the
	 * names of the cities and the population numbers respectively.
	 *
	 * @param string  $sql      SQL query to expose result of
	 * @param array   $bindings parameter bindings
	 * @param array   $columns  column headers for CSV file
	 * @param string  $path     path to save CSV file to
	 * @param boolean $output   TRUE to output CSV directly using readfile
	 * @param array   $options  delimiter, quote and escape character respectively
	 *
	 * @return string|NULL
	 */
	public function csv( $sql = '', $bindings = array(), $columns = NULL, $path = '/tmp/redexport_%s.csv', $output = TRUE, $options = array(',','"','\\') )
	{
		list( $delimiter, $enclosure, $escapeChar ) = $options;
		$path = sprintf( $path, date('Ymd_his') );
		$handle = fopen( $path, 'w' );
		if ($columns) if (PHP_VERSION_ID>=505040) fputcsv($handle, $columns, $delimiter, $enclosure, $escapeChar ); else fputcsv($handle, $columns, $delimiter, $enclosure );
		$cursor = $this->toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter()->getCursor( $sql, $bindings );
		while( $row = $cursor->getNextItem() ) {
			if (PHP_VERSION_ID>=505040) fputcsv($handle, $row, $delimiter, $enclosure, $escapeChar ); else fputcsv($handle, $row, $delimiter, $enclosure );
		}
		fclose($handle);
		if ( $output ) {
			$file = basename($path);
			$out = self::operation('header',"Pragma: public");
			$out .= self::operation('header',"Expires: 0");
			$out .= self::operation('header',"Cache-Control: must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0");
			$out .= self::operation('header',"Cache-Control: private", FALSE );
			$out .= self::operation('header',"Content-Type: text/csv");
			$out .= self::operation('header',"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename={$file}" );
			$out .= self::operation('header',"Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
			$out .= self::operation('readfile',$path );
			@unlink( $path );
			self::operation('exit', FALSE);
			return $out;
		}
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\Finder;

/**
 * MatchUp Utility
 *
 * Tired of creating login systems and password-forget systems?
 * MatchUp is an ORM-translation of these kind of problems.
 * A matchUp is a match-and-update combination in terms of beans.
 * Typically login related problems are all about a match and
 * a conditional update.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/MatchUp.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class MatchUp
{
	/**
	 * @var Toolbox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The MatchUp class requires a toolbox
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * MatchUp is a powerful productivity boosting method that can replace simple control
	 * scripts with a single RedBeanPHP command. Typically, matchUp() is used to
	 * replace login scripts, token generation scripts and password reset scripts.
	 * The MatchUp method takes a bean type, an SQL query snippet (starting at the WHERE clause),
	 * SQL bindings, a pair of task arrays and a bean reference.
	 *
	 * If the first 3 parameters match a bean, the first task list will be considered,
	 * otherwise the second one will be considered. On consideration, each task list,
	 * an array of keys and values will be executed. Every key in the task list should
	 * correspond to a bean property while every value can either be an expression to
	 * be evaluated or a closure (PHP 5.3+). After applying the task list to the bean
	 * it will be stored. If no bean has been found, a new bean will be dispensed.
	 *
	 * This method will return TRUE if the bean was found and FALSE if not AND
	 * there was a NOT-FOUND task list. If no bean was found AND there was also
	 * no second task list, NULL will be returned.
	 *
	 * To obtain the bean, pass a variable as the sixth parameter.
	 * The function will put the matching bean in the specified variable.
	 *
	 * Usage (this example resets a password in one go):
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $newpass = '1234';
	 * $didResetPass = R::matchUp(
	 * 'account', ' token = ? AND tokentime > ? ',
	 * [ $token, time()-100 ],
	 * [ 'pass' => $newpass, 'token' => '' ],
	 * NULL,
	 * $account );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string   $type         type of bean you're looking for
	 * @param string   $sql          SQL snippet (starting at the WHERE clause, omit WHERE-keyword)
	 * @param array    $bindings     array of parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 * @param array|NULL    $onFoundDo    task list to be considered on finding the bean
	 * @param array|NULL    $onNotFoundDo task list to be considered on NOT finding the bean
	 * @param OODBBean|NULL &$bean        reference to obtain the found bean
	 *
	 * @return bool|NULL
	 */
	public function matchUp( $type, $sql, $bindings = array(), $onFoundDo = NULL, $onNotFoundDo = NULL, &$bean = NULL )
	{
		$finder = new Finder( $this->toolbox );
		$oodb   = $this->toolbox->getRedBean();
		$bean = $finder->findOne( $type, $sql, $bindings );
		if ( $bean && $onFoundDo ) {
			foreach( $onFoundDo as $property => $value ) {
				if ( function_exists('is_callable') && is_callable( $value ) ) {
					$bean[$property] = call_user_func_array( $value, array( $bean ) );
				} else {
					$bean[$property] = $value;
				}
			}
			$oodb->store( $bean );
			return TRUE;
		}
		if ( $onNotFoundDo ) {
			$bean = $oodb->dispense( $type );
			foreach( $onNotFoundDo as $property => $value ) {
				if ( function_exists('is_callable') && is_callable( $value ) ) {
					$bean[$property] = call_user_func_array( $value, array( $bean ) );
				} else {
					$bean[$property] = $value;
				}
			}
			$oodb->store( $bean );
			return FALSE;
		}
		return NULL;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\Finder;

/**
 * Look Utility
 *
 * The Look Utility class provides an easy way to generate
 * tables and selects (pulldowns) from the database.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Look.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Look
{
	/**
	 * @var Toolbox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The MatchUp class requires a toolbox
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * Takes an full SQL query with optional bindings, a series of keys, a template
	 * and optionally a filter function and glue and assembles a view from all this.
	 * This is the fastest way from SQL to view. Typically this function is used to
	 * generate pulldown (select tag) menus with options queried from the database.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $htmlPulldown = R::look(
	 *   'SELECT * FROM color WHERE value != ? ORDER BY value ASC',
	 *   [ 'g' ],
	 *   [ 'value', 'name' ],
	 *   '<option value="%s">%s</option>',
	 *   'strtoupper',
	 *   "\n"
	 * );
	 *</code>
	 *
	 * The example above creates an HTML fragment like this:
	 *
	 * <option value="B">BLUE</option>
	 * <option value="R">RED</option>
	 *
	 * to pick a color from a palette. The HTML fragment gets constructed by
	 * an SQL query that selects all colors that do not have value 'g' - this
	 * excludes green. Next, the bean properties 'value' and 'name' are mapped to the
	 * HTML template string, note that the order here is important. The mapping and
	 * the HTML template string follow vsprintf-rules. All property values are then
	 * passed through the specified filter function 'strtoupper' which in this case
	 * is a native PHP function to convert strings to uppercase characters only.
	 * Finally the resulting HTML fragment strings are glued together using a
	 * newline character specified in the last parameter for readability.
	 *
	 * In previous versions of RedBeanPHP you had to use:
	 * R::getLook()->look() instead of R::look(). However to improve useability of the
	 * library the look() function can now directly be invoked from the facade.
	 *
	 * @param string   $sql      query to execute
	 * @param array    $bindings parameters to bind to slots mentioned in query or an empty array
	 * @param array    $keys     names in result collection to map to template
	 * @param string   $template HTML template to fill with values associated with keys, use printf notation (i.e. %s)
	 * @param callable $filter   function to pass values through (for translation for instance)
	 * @param string   $glue     optional glue to use when joining resulting strings
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function look( $sql, $bindings = array(), $keys = array( 'selected', 'id', 'name' ), $template = '<option %s value="%s">%s</option>', $filter = 'trim', $glue = '' )
	{
		$adapter = $this->toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();
		$lines = array();
		$rows = $adapter->get( $sql, $bindings );
		foreach( $rows as $row ) {
			$values = array();
			foreach( $keys as $key ) {
				if (!empty($filter)) {
					$values[] = call_user_func_array( $filter, array( $row[$key] ) );
				} else {
					$values[] = $row[$key];
				}
			}
			$lines[] = vsprintf( $template, $values );
		}
		$string = implode( $glue, $lines );
		return $string;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\Finder;

/**
 * Diff Utility
 *
 * The Look Utility class provides an easy way to generate
 * tables and selects (pulldowns) from the database.
 * 
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Diff.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Diff
{
	/**
	 * @var Toolbox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * The MatchUp class requires a toolbox
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
	}

	/**
	 * Calculates a diff between two beans (or arrays of beans).
	 * The result of this method is an array describing the differences of the second bean compared to
	 * the first, where the first bean is taken as reference. The array is keyed by type/property, id and property name, where
	 * type/property is either the type (in case of the root bean) or the property of the parent bean where the type resides.
	 * The diffs are mainly intended for logging, you cannot apply these diffs as patches to other beans.
	 * However this functionality might be added in the future.
	 *
	 * The keys of the array can be formatted using the $format parameter.
	 * A key will be composed of a path (1st), id (2nd) and property (3rd).
	 * Using printf-style notation you can determine the exact format of the key.
	 * The default format will look like:
	 *
	 * 'book.1.title' => array( <OLDVALUE>, <NEWVALUE> )
	 *
	 * If you only want a simple diff of one bean and you don't care about ids,
	 * you might pass a format like: '%1$s.%3$s' which gives:
	 *
	 * 'book.1.title' => array( <OLDVALUE>, <NEWVALUE> )
	 *
	 * The filter parameter can be used to set filters, it should be an array
	 * of property names that have to be skipped. By default this array is filled with
	 * two strings: 'created' and 'modified'.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean|array $beans   reference beans
	 * @param OODBBean|array $others  beans to compare
	 * @param array          $filters names of properties of all beans to skip
	 * @param string         $format  the format of the key, defaults to '%s.%s.%s'
	 * @param string|NULL    $type    type/property of bean to use for key generation
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function diff( $beans, $others, $filters = array( 'created', 'modified' ), $format = '%s.%s.%s', $type = NULL )
	{
		$diff = array();

		if ( !is_array( $beans ) ) $beans = array( $beans );
		$beansI = array();
		foreach ( $beans as $bean ) {
			if ( !( $bean instanceof OODBBean ) ) continue;
			$beansI[$bean->id] = $bean;
		}

		if ( !is_array( $others ) ) $others = array( $others );
		$othersI = array();
		foreach ( $others as $other ) {
			if ( !( $other instanceof OODBBean ) ) continue;
			$othersI[$other->id] = $other;
		}

		if ( count( $beansI ) == 0 || count( $othersI ) == 0 ) {
			return array();
		}

		$type = $type != NULL ? $type : reset($beansI)->getMeta( 'type' );

		foreach( $beansI as $id => $bean ) {
			if ( !isset( $othersI[$id] ) ) continue;
			$other = $othersI[$id];
			foreach( $bean as $property => $value ) {
				if ( in_array( $property, $filters ) ) continue;
				$key = vsprintf( $format, array( $type, $bean->id, $property ) );
				$compare = $other->{$property};
				if ( !is_object( $value ) && !is_array( $value ) && $value != $compare ) {
					$diff[$key] = array( $value, $compare );
				} else {
					$diff = array_merge( $diff, $this->diff( $value, $compare, $filters, $format, $key ) );
				}
			}
		}

		return $diff;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox;
use RedBeanPHP\OODB;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean;
use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter;

/**
 * Tree
 *
 * Given a bean, finds it children or parents
 * in a hierarchical structure.
 *
 * @experimental feature
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Tree.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Tree {

	/**
	 * @var ToolBox
	 */
	protected $toolbox;

	/**
	 * @var QueryWriter
	 */
	protected $writer;

	/**
	 * @var OODB
	 */
	protected $oodb;

	/**
	 * Constructor, creates a new instance of
	 * the Tree.
	 *
	 * @param ToolBox $toolbox toolbox
	 */
	public function __construct( ToolBox $toolbox )
	{
		$this->toolbox = $toolbox;
		$this->writer  = $toolbox->getWriter();
		$this->oodb    = $toolbox->getRedBean();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all child beans associates with the specified
	 * bean in a tree structure.
	 *
	 * @note this only works for databases that support
	 * recursive common table expressions.
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $newsArticles = R::children( $newsPage, ' ORDER BY title ASC ' ) 
	 * $newsArticles = R::children( $newsPage, ' WHERE title = ? ', [ $t ] );
	 * $newsArticles = R::children( $newsPage, ' WHERE title = :t ', [ ':t' => $t ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * You are allowed to use named parameter bindings as well as
	 * numeric parameter bindings (using the question mark notation).
	 * However, you can not mix. Also, if using named parameter bindings,
	 * parameter binding key ':slot0' is reserved for the ID of the bean
	 * and used in the query.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean    $bean     reference bean to find children of
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings optional parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function children( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$type = $bean->getMeta('type');
		$id   = $bean->id;

		$rows = $this->writer->queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression( $type, $id, FALSE, $sql, $bindings );

		return $this->oodb->convertToBeans( $type, $rows );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns all parent beans associates with the specified
	 * bean in a tree structure.
	 *
	 * @note this only works for databases that support
	 * recursive common table expressions.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $newsPages = R::parents( $newsArticle, ' ORDER BY title ASC ' );
	 * $newsPages = R::parents( $newsArticle, ' WHERE title = ? ', [ $t ] );
	 * $newsPages = R::parents( $newsArticle, ' WHERE title = :t ', [ ':t' => $t ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * You are allowed to use named parameter bindings as well as
	 * numeric parameter bindings (using the question mark notation).
	 * However, you can not mix. Also, if using named parameter bindings,
	 * parameter binding key ':slot0' is reserved for the ID of the bean
	 * and used in the query.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean    $bean     reference bean to find parents of
	 * @param string|NULL $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array       $bindings optional parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function parents( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array() )
	{
		$type = $bean->getMeta('type');
		$id   = $bean->id;

		$rows = $this->writer->queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression( $type, $id, TRUE, $sql, $bindings );

		return $this->oodb->convertToBeans( $type, $rows );
	}

	/**
	 * Counts all children beans associates with the specified
	 * bean in a tree structure.
	 *
	 * @note this only works for databases that support
	 * recursive common table expressions.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $count = R::countChildren( $newsArticle );
	 * $count = R::countChildren( $newsArticle, ' WHERE title = ? ', [ $t ] );
	 * $count = R::countChildren( $newsArticle, ' WHERE title = :t ', [ ':t' => $t ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @note:
	 * You are allowed to use named parameter bindings as well as
	 * numeric parameter bindings (using the question mark notation).
	 * However, you can not mix. Also, if using named parameter bindings,
	 * parameter binding key ':slot0' is reserved for the ID of the bean
	 * and used in the query.
	 *
	 * @note:
	 * By default, if no SQL or select is given or select=TRUE this method will subtract 1 of
	 * the total count to omit the starting bean. If you provide your own select,
	 * this method assumes you take control of the resulting total yourself since
	 * it cannot 'predict' what or how you are trying to 'count'.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean       $bean     reference bean to find children of
	 * @param string|NULL    $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array          $bindings optional parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 * @param string|boolean $select   select snippet to use (advanced, optional, see QueryWriter::queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression)
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function countChildren( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $select = TRUE ) {
		$type = $bean->getMeta('type');
		$id   = $bean->id;
		$rows = $this->writer->queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression( $type, $id, FALSE, $sql, $bindings, $select );
		$first = reset($rows);
		$cell  = reset($first);
		return (intval($cell) - (($select === TRUE && is_null($sql)) ? 1 : 0));
	}

	/**
	 * Counts all parent beans associates with the specified
	 * bean in a tree structure.
	 *
	 * @note this only works for databases that support
	 * recursive common table expressions.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $count = R::countParents( $newsArticle );
	 * $count = R::countParents( $newsArticle, ' WHERE title = ? ', [ $t ] );
	 * $count = R::countParents( $newsArticle, ' WHERE title = :t ', [ ':t' => $t ] );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * You are allowed to use named parameter bindings as well as
	 * numeric parameter bindings (using the question mark notation).
	 * However, you can not mix. Also, if using named parameter bindings,
	 * parameter binding key ':slot0' is reserved for the ID of the bean
	 * and used in the query.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * By default, if no SQL or select is given or select=TRUE this method will subtract 1 of
	 * the total count to omit the starting bean. If you provide your own select,
	 * this method assumes you take control of the resulting total yourself since
	 * it cannot 'predict' what or how you are trying to 'count'.
	 *
	 * @param OODBBean       $bean     reference bean to find parents of
	 * @param string|NULL    $sql      optional SQL snippet
	 * @param array          $bindings optional parameter bindings for SQL snippet
	 * @param string|boolean $select   select snippet to use (advanced, optional, see QueryWriter::queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression)
	 *
	 * @return integer
	 */
	public function countParents( OODBBean $bean, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array(), $select = TRUE ) {
		$type = $bean->getMeta('type');
		$id   = $bean->id;
		$rows = $this->writer->queryRecursiveCommonTableExpression( $type, $id, TRUE, $sql, $bindings, $select );
		$first = reset($rows);
		$cell  = reset($first);
		return (intval($cell) - (($select === TRUE && is_null($sql)) ? 1 : 0));
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {
use RedBeanPHP\Facade as R;
use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean;

/**
 * Feature Utility
 *
 * The Feature Utility class provides an easy way to turn
 * on or off features. This allows us to introduce new features
 * without accidentally breaking backward compatibility.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Feature.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Feature
{
	/* Feature set constants */
	const C_FEATURE_NOVICE_LATEST = 'novice/latest';
	const C_FEATURE_LATEST        = 'latest';
	const C_FEATURE_NOVICE_5_5    = 'novice/5.5';
	const C_FEATURE_5_5           = '5.5';
	const C_FEATURE_NOVICE_5_4    = 'novice/5.4';
	const C_FEATURE_5_4           = '5.4';
	const C_FEATURE_NOVICE_5_3    = 'novice/5.3';
	const C_FEATURE_5_3           = '5.3';
	const C_FEATURE_ORIGINAL      = 'original';

	/**
	 * Selects the feature set you want as specified by
	 * the label.
	 *
	 * Available labels:
	 *
	 * novice/latest:
	 * - forbid R::nuke()
	 * - enable automatic relation resolver based on foreign keys
	 * - forbid R::store(All)( $bean, TRUE ) (Hybrid mode)
	 * - use IS-NULL conditions in findLike() etc
	 *
	 * latest:
	 * - allow R::nuke()
	 * - enable auto resolve
	 * - allow hybrid mode
	 * - use IS-NULL conditions in findLike() etc
	 *
	 * novice/X or X:
	 * - keep everything as it was in version X
	 *
	 * Usage:
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * R::useFeatureSet( 'novice/latest' );
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param string $label label
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function feature( $label ) {
		switch( $label ) {
			case self::C_FEATURE_NOVICE_LATEST:
			case self::C_FEATURE_NOVICE_5_4:
			case self::C_FEATURE_NOVICE_5_5:
				OODBBean::useFluidCount( TRUE );
				R::noNuke( TRUE );
				R::setAllowHybridMode( FALSE );
				R::useISNULLConditions( TRUE );
				break;
			case self::C_FEATURE_LATEST:
			case self::C_FEATURE_5_4:
			case self::C_FEATURE_5_5:
				OODBBean::useFluidCount( TRUE );
				R::noNuke( FALSE );
				R::setAllowHybridMode( TRUE );
				R::useISNULLConditions( TRUE );
				break;
			case self::C_FEATURE_NOVICE_5_3:
				OODBBean::useFluidCount( TRUE );
				R::noNuke( TRUE );
				R::setAllowHybridMode( FALSE );
				R::useISNULLConditions( FALSE );
				break;
			case self::C_FEATURE_5_3:
				OODBBean::useFluidCount( TRUE );
				R::noNuke( FALSE );
				R::setAllowHybridMode( FALSE );
				R::useISNULLConditions( FALSE );
				break;
			case self::C_FEATURE_ORIGINAL:
				OODBBean::useFluidCount( TRUE );
				R::noNuke( FALSE );
				R::setAllowHybridMode( FALSE );
				R::useISNULLConditions( FALSE );
				break;
			default:
				throw new \Exception("Unknown feature set label.");
				break;
		}
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Util {

/**
 * Either Utility
 *
 * The Either Utility class provides an easy way to
 * substitute the NULL coalesce operator in RedBeanPHP
 * (since the lazy loading interface interferes with the ??
 * operator) in a way that can also be used in older PHP-versions.
 * 
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Util/Either.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
class Either {

	/**
	 * @var mixed
	 */
	private $result;

	/**
	 * Constructs a new Either-instance.
	 *
	 * Example usage:
	 * 
	 * <code>
	 * $author = $text
	 * 				->either()
	 * 				->page
	 * 				->book
	 * 				->autor
	 * 				->name
	 * 				->or('unknown');
	 * </code>
	 * 
	 * The Either-class lets you access bean properties without having to do
	 * NULL-checks. The mechanism resembles the use of the ?? somewhat but
	 * offers backward compatibility with older PHP versions. The mechanism also works
	 * on arrays.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $budget = $company
	 * 				->either()
	 * 				->sharedProject
	 * 				->first()
	 * 				->budget
	 * 				->or(0);
	 * </code>
	 */
	public function __construct($result) {
		$this->result = $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Extracts a value from the wrapped object and stores
	 * it in the internal result object. If the desired
	 * value cannot be found, the internal result object will be set
	 * to NULL. Chainable.
	 *
	 * @param string $something name of the property you wish to extract the value of
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function __get($something) {
		if (is_object($this->result)) {
			$this->result = $this->result->{$something};
		} else {
			$this->result = NULL;
		}
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Extracts the first element of the array in the internal result
	 * object and stores it as the new value of the internal result object.
	 * Chainable.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function first() {
		if (is_array($this->result)) {
			reset($this->result);
			$key = key($this->result);
			if (isset($this->result[$key])) {
				$this->result = $this->result[$key];
			} else {
				$this->result = NULL;
			}
		}
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Extracts the last element of the array in the internal result
	 * object and stores it as the new value of the internal result object.
	 * Chainable.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function last() {
		if (is_array($this->result)) {
			end($this->result);
			$key = key($this->result);
			if (isset($this->result[$key])) {
				$this->result = $this->result[$key];
			} else {
				$this->result = NULL;
			}
		}
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Extracts the specified element of the array in the internal result
	 * object and stores it as the new value of the internal result object.
	 * Chainable.
	 *
	 * @return self
	 */
	public function index( $key = 0 ) {
		if (is_array($this->result)) {
			if (isset($this->result[$key])) {
				$this->result = $this->result[$key];
			} else {
				$this->result = NULL;
			}
		}
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Resolves the Either-instance to a final value, either the value
	 * contained in the internal result object or the value specified
	 * in the or() function.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $value value to resolve to if internal result equals NULL
	 *
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function _or( $value ) {
		$reference = (is_null($this->result)) ? $value : $this->result;
		return $reference;
	}
}
}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

/**
 * RedBean Plugin.
 * Marker interface for plugins.
 * Use this interface when defining new plugins, it's an
 * easy way for the rest of the application to recognize your
 * plugin. This plugin interface does not require you to
 * implement a specific API.
 *
 * @file    RedBean/Plugin.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */
interface Plugin
{
}

;
}
namespace {

//make some classes available for backward compatibility
class RedBean_SimpleModel extends \RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel {};

if (!class_exists('R')) {
	class R extends \RedBeanPHP\Facade{};
}



/**
 * Support functions for RedBeanPHP.
 * Additional convenience shortcut functions for RedBeanPHP.
 *
 * @file    RedBeanPHP/Functions.php
 * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
 * @license BSD/GPLv2
 *
 * @copyright
 * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
 * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file license.txt.
 */

/**
 * Convenience function for ENUM short syntax in queries.
 *
 * Usage:
 *
 * <code>
 * R::find( 'paint', ' color_id = ? ', [ EID('color:yellow') ] );
 * </code>
 *
 * If a function called EID() already exists you'll have to write this
 * wrapper yourself ;)
 *
 * @param string $enumName enum code as you would pass to R::enum()
 *
 * @return mixed
 */
if (!function_exists('EID')) {

	function EID($enumName)
	{
		return \RedBeanPHP\Facade::enum( $enumName )->id;
	}

}

/**
 * Prints the result of R::dump() to the screen using
 * print_r.
 *
 * @param mixed $data data to dump
 *
 * @return void
 */
if ( !function_exists( 'dmp' ) ) {

	function dmp( $list )
	{
		print_r( \RedBeanPHP\Facade::dump( $list ) );
	}
}

/**
 * Function alias for R::genSlots().
 */
if ( !function_exists( 'genslots' ) ) {

	function genslots( $slots, $tpl = NULL )
	{
		return \RedBeanPHP\Facade::genSlots( $slots, $tpl );
	}
}

/**
 * Function alias for R::flat().
 */
if ( !function_exists( 'array_flatten' ) ) {

	function array_flatten( $array )
	{
		return \RedBeanPHP\Facade::flat( $array );
	}
}

/**
 * Function pstr() generates [ $value, \PDO::PARAM_STR ]
 * Ensures that your parameter is being treated as a string.
 *
 * Usage:
 *
 * <code>
 * R::find('book', 'title = ?', [ pstr('1') ]);
 * </code>
 */
if ( !function_exists( 'pstr' ) ) {

	function pstr( $value )
	{
		return array( strval( $value ) , \PDO::PARAM_STR );
	}
}


/**
 * Function pint() generates [ $value, \PDO::PARAM_INT ]
 * Ensures that your parameter is being treated as an integer.
 *
 * Usage:
 *
 * <code>
 * R::find('book', ' pages > ? ', [ pint(2) ] );
 * </code>
 */
if ( !function_exists( 'pint' ) ) {

	function pint( $value )
	{
		return array( intval( $value ) , \PDO::PARAM_INT );
	}
}

/**
 * Function DBPrefix() is a simple function to allow you to
 * quickly set a different namespace for FUSE model resolution
 * per database connection. It works by creating a new DynamicBeanHelper
 * with the specified string as model prefix.
 *
 * Usage:
 *
 * <code>
 * R::addDatabase( ..., DBPrefix( 'Prefix1_' )  );
 * </code>
 */
if ( !function_exists( 'DBPrefix' ) ) {

	function DBPrefix( $prefix = '\\Model' ) {
		return new \RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\DynamicBeanHelper( $prefix );
	}
}


}