Our endeavor, the Atlas Aquatica, is a result of an international collaboration among the Centro para la Biodiversidad Marina y la Conservación in Mexico; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography – University of California San Diego, and the University of California Santa Barbara, USA; the University of British Columbia and the Simon Fraser University, Canada; and the TREES, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Here, we will detail the distribution of the diving sites, provide a global economic estimate of the diving operators, and identify gaps in knowledge.
We have built three main datasets using webscraping and surveyed data.
- A dataset of diving areas webscraped from Flickr images:
library(tidyverse)
read_rds("data/diving_sites_flickr_webscraped_images.RDS") |>
glimpse()Rows: 355,589
Columns: 11
$ X <dbl> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, …
$ owner <chr> "57069931@N00", "57069931@N00", "57069931@N00", "57069931@N…
$ datetaken <chr> "1/3/2004", "1/3/2004", "1/3/2004", "1/3/2004", "1/3/2004",…
$ id <dbl> 3084212557, 3085049516, 3085049456, 3085049406, 3085049330,…
$ longitude <dbl> -68.931484, -68.931484, -68.931484, -68.931484, -68.931484,…
$ latitude <dbl> 12.10252, 12.10252, 12.10252, 12.10252, 12.10252, 12.10252,…
$ url <chr> "https://live.staticflickr.com/3285/3084212557_204c4715c2_c…
$ term <chr> "buceo", "buceo", "buceo", "buceo", "buceo", "buceo", "buce…
$ FeatureCla <chr> "Coastline", "Coastline", "Coastline", "Coastline", "Coastl…
$ UNION <chr> "Curacao", "Curacao", "Curacao", "Curacao", "Curacao", "Cur…
$ ISO_TER1 <chr> "CUW", "CUW", "CUW", "CUW", "CUW", "CUW", "CUW", "CUW", "ES…
- A dataset of coastal infrastructures (hotels, airports, marinas and ports):
read_rds("data/coastal_infraestructure_v1.RDS") |>
glimpse()Rows: 374,004
Columns: 11
$ name <chr> "Tulcea Airport", "Kirvad Tour Tulcea - Transfer Aeroport…
$ type <chr> "Airport", "Airport shuttle service", "Airport", "Airport…
$ subtypes <chr> "Airport", "Airport shuttle service, Transportation servi…
$ category <chr> "Aeroport", "Airport shuttle service", "Aeroport", "Servi…
$ full_address <chr> NA, "Strada 1848 nr 1, Tulcea 820175", "Murighiol", "Stra…
$ city <chr> NA, "Tulcea", "Murighiol", "Tulcea", "Tulcea", NA, "Const…
$ postal_code <chr> NA, "820175", NA, "852005", "820169", "907195", "900196",…
$ state <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, N…
$ country <chr> "Romania", "Romania", "Romania", "Romania", "Romania", "R…
$ latitude <dbl> 45.06493, 45.17804, 44.98563, 45.16966, 45.17949, 44.3501…
$ longitude <dbl> 28.71774, 28.78591, 29.21340, 28.78958, 28.80377, 28.4818…
- A dataset of the scuba diving operators webscraped with their survey responses:
read_csv("data/scuba_diving_operators_v_1_11102022_encr.csv") |>
glimpse()Rows: 12,542
Columns: 68
$ ID <dbl> 48563, 48564, 48565, 48566, 48568, 48569, 48571…
$ continent <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Region <chr> "Americas", "Americas", "Americas", "Americas",…
$ Subregion <chr> "Latin America and the Caribbean", "Latin Ameri…
$ Country <chr> "mexico", "mexico", "mexico", "mexico", "mexico…
$ city <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ business_name <dbl> 556, 594, 589, 711, 831, 1066, 1357, 1433, 1489…
$ name_sur <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ name_op <dbl> 483, 511, 507, 582, 664, 813, 1016, 1061, 1107,…
$ day_trip <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ live_aboard <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ marine_diving <lgl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q0 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q14 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q20 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Currency <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q23 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q24 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q25 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q32 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q33 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q34 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q49 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q50 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q51 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q52 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q53 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q54 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q55 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q56 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q57 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q58 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q59 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q60 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q61 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q63 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q64 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q65 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q66 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q67 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q68 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q69 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q70 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q71 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q72 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q73 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q74 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q117 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q118 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q119 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q120 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q121 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q122 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q123 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q124 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ data_counts_OP <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ `Alphabetic Code` <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ USD2020 <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q34_USD <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q67_USD <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q70_USD <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q71_USD <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q117_USD <dbl> 250.0000, 105.0000, 95.0000, 100.0000, 75.0000,…
$ Q118_USD <dbl> 0.00000, 121.00000, 65.00000, 65.00000, 25.0000…
$ Q123_USD <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ Q124_USD <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
$ scuba_clients_mid <dbl> 240, 280, 638, 410, 332, 2040, 432, 126, 504, 1…
$ snorkeling_clients_mid <dbl> 2.4, 360.0, 90.0, 41.0, 222.0, 1360.0, 24.0, 10…
The diving operators dataset has been encrypted and some information omitted in order to protect the privacy of the operators.
- Literature review of marine tourism economic estimates:
read_csv("data/Literature_economic_value.csv") |>
glimpse()Rows: 32
Columns: 21
$ ...1 <dbl> 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 17, 24, 29, 31, …
$ ID <chr> "3a", "4a", "5a", "7a", "8a", "18a"…
$ `Publication Year` <dbl> NA, 2017, 2014, 2008, 2020, 2021, 2…
$ Author <chr> "Pendleton, Linwood H", "Huveneers,…
$ Title <chr> "Understanding the Potential Econom…
$ `Publication Title` <chr> NA, "Reviews in Fish Biology and Fi…
$ DOI <chr> NA, "10.1007/s11160-017-9486-x", "1…
$ relevant <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,…
$ Location <chr> "California", "Port Lincoln", "Sodw…
$ Country <chr> "USA", "Australia", "South Africa",…
$ Address <chr> "California, USA", "Port Lincoln, A…
$ Region <chr> "North America", "Oceania", "Africa…
$ `Economic value assessed` <chr> "checked", "checked", "checked", "c…
$ `About MPAs` <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "checked", NA, …
$ `Considers socio-economic aspects` <chr> "checked", NA, "checked", NA, NA, N…
$ `Useful for equity aspects` <chr> NA, "checked", NA, NA, NA, "checked…
$ Notes <chr> "exclduing non-market values", "tot…
$ Value <chr> "annual gross revenue: diving $138…
$ latitude <dbl> 36.701463, -34.728417, -27.548832, …
$ longitude <dbl> -118.755997, 135.856320, 32.671184,…
$ geometry <chr> "POINT (-118.755997 36.7014631)", "…