diff --git a/src/repoma/check_dev_files/__init__.py b/src/repoma/check_dev_files/__init__.py
index e7f20eeb..b98836ca 100644
--- a/src/repoma/check_dev_files/__init__.py
+++ b/src/repoma/check_dev_files/__init__.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     ruff,
     setup_cfg,
     toml,
+    tox,
     update_pip_constraints,
     vscode,
 )
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@ def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     executor(vscode.main, has_notebooks)
     executor(gitpod.main, args.no_gitpod, dev_python_version)
     executor(precommit.main)
+    executor(tox.main, has_notebooks)
     return executor.finalize(exception=False)
 
 
diff --git a/src/repoma/check_dev_files/tox.py b/src/repoma/check_dev_files/tox.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..656dbfe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/repoma/check_dev_files/tox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""Check Tox configuration file."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from repoma.errors import PrecommitError
+from repoma.utilities import CONFIG_PATH
+
+
+def main(has_notebooks: bool) -> None:
+    if not CONFIG_PATH.tox.exists():
+        return
+    tox = _read_tox_config(CONFIG_PATH.tox)
+    _check_expected_sections(tox, has_notebooks)
+
+
+def _read_tox_config(path: Path) -> ConfigParser:
+    config = ConfigParser()
+    config.read(path)
+    return config
+
+
+def _check_expected_sections(tox: ConfigParser, has_notebooks: bool) -> None:
+    # cspell:ignore doclive docnb docnblive testenv
+    sections: set[str] = set(tox)
+    expected_sections: set[str] = set()
+    if Path("docs").exists():
+        expected_sections |= {
+            "testenv:doc",
+            "testenv:doclive",
+        }
+        if has_notebooks:
+            expected_sections |= {
+                "testenv:docnb",
+                "testenv:docnblive",
+                "testenv:nb",
+            }
+    missing_sections = expected_sections - sections
+    if missing_sections:
+        msg = (
+            f"{CONFIG_PATH.tox} is missing job definitions:"
+            f" {', '.join(sorted(missing_sections))}"
+        )
+        raise PrecommitError(msg)