Stock_Price_Prediction.ipynb

{
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      "metadata": {
        "id": "qCDSjVhXLr_Z"
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      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
        "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
        "from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer\n",
        "from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler\n",
        "from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression\n",
        "from sklearn.svm import SVR\n",
        "from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor, AdaBoostRegressor, GradientBoostingRegressor, DecisionTreeRegressor\n",
        "from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error, mean_absolute_percentage_error\n",
        "from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor\n",
        "from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential\n",
        "from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense,LSTM"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 22,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
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        "id": "SOQbXSiB-g5G",
        "outputId": "6ae02a27-02b0-4bd9-a1ae-a7029056f32e"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "name": "stdout",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Drive already mounted at /content/drive; to attempt to forcibly remount, call drive.mount(\"/content/drive\", force_remount=True).\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "from google.colab import drive\n",
        "drive.mount('/content/drive')\n",
        "df = pd.read_csv('drive/My Drive/Colab Notebooks/Stock Price Prediction RNN/SBIN.csv')"
      ]
    },
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              "      <th>Date</th>\n",
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              "      <th>Low</th>\n",
              "      <th>Close</th>\n",
              "      <th>Adj Close</th>\n",
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              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>01-01-1996</td>\n",
              "      <td>18.691147</td>\n",
              "      <td>18.978922</td>\n",
              "      <td>18.540184</td>\n",
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              "      <td>12.409931</td>\n",
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              "      <th>1</th>\n",
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              "      <th>2</th>\n",
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            "text/plain": [
              "         Date       Open       High        Low      Close  Adj Close  \\\n",
              "0  01-01-1996  18.691147  18.978922  18.540184  18.823240  12.409931   \n",
              "1  02-01-1996  18.894005  18.964767  17.738192  18.224106  12.014931   \n",
              "2  03-01-1996  18.327892  18.568489  17.643839  17.738192  11.694577   \n",
              "3  04-01-1996  17.502312  17.832542  17.223972  17.676863  11.654142   \n",
              "4  05-01-1996  17.738192  17.785366  17.459852  17.577793  11.588827   \n",
              "\n",
              "       Volume  \n",
              "0  43733533.0  \n",
              "1  56167280.0  \n",
              "2  68296318.0  \n",
              "3  86073880.0  \n",
              "4  76613039.0  "
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 23,
          "metadata": {},
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        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Load the dataset\n",
        "#df = pd.read_csv('/content/SBIN.NS.csv')\n",
        "df.head()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 24,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7LaYGXsfN-8y"
      },
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      "source": [
        "# Drop the 'Date' and 'Adj Close' columns\n",
        "df.drop(['Date', 'Adj Close'], axis=1, inplace=True)"
      ]
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              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-7696e222-c2c8-45d3-99ad-84f50b7bfd98');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-f7486739-4b0f-423e-900b-6a7c4fdde864\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-f7486739-4b0f-423e-900b-6a7c4fdde864')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <g>\n",
              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-f7486739-4b0f-423e-900b-6a7c4fdde864 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "        Open       High        Low      Close      Volume\n",
              "0  18.691147  18.978922  18.540184  18.823240  43733533.0\n",
              "1  18.894005  18.964767  17.738192  18.224106  56167280.0\n",
              "2  18.327892  18.568489  17.643839  17.738192  68296318.0\n",
              "3  17.502312  17.832542  17.223972  17.676863  86073880.0\n",
              "4  17.738192  17.785366  17.459852  17.577793  76613039.0"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 25,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "df.head()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 26,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dydEPoNeM6eN"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Handle missing values\n",
        "imputer = SimpleImputer(strategy='mean')\n",
        "df = pd.DataFrame(imputer.fit_transform(df), columns=df.columns)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 27,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OQ3cGqgTMBwt"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Select features and target variable\n",
        "X = df[['Open', 'High', 'Low', 'Volume']]\n",
        "y = df['Close']"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 28,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9Oz-bwJOMEWD"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Split the data into training and testing sets\n",
        "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 10,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ugapDyXODtn3"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Scale the features using Min-Max scaling\n",
        "scaler = MinMaxScaler()\n",
        "X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)\n",
        "X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 29,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "997ZEgibCZIO",
        "outputId": "2a45a8e3-71b0-47f3-bd66-91bcdc028c76"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "(5659, 4)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 29,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "X_train.shape"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 30,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "bmtt76RuCeyG",
        "outputId": "658075af-e75d-45b1-f6cf-756e349a32d1"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "(1415, 4)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 30,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "X_test.shape"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 31,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "CeJkUJ92Ciqd",
        "outputId": "93dec527-ea2e-42e6-c70b-a9491c71d917"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "(5659,)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 31,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "y_train.shape"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 32,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "7HGC7VuTCjWc",
        "outputId": "64dc2569-b4b4-4c2e-d416-1cf77c41ac75"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "(1415,)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 32,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "y_test.shape"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Function to evaluate and print RMSE, MAE, and MAPE\n",
        "def evaluate_model(model, X_test, y_test):\n",
        "    predictions = model.predict(X_test)\n",
        "    rmse = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_test, predictions))\n",
        "    mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, predictions)\n",
        "    mape = mean_absolute_percentage_error(y_test, predictions)\n",
        "\n",
        "    print(f\"RMSE: {rmse}\")\n",
        "    print(f\"MAE: {mae}\")\n",
        "    print(f\"MAPE: {mape}\\n\")\n",
        "    \n",
        "    return rmse, mae, mape\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "metrics = {\n",
        "    \"Model\": [],\n",
        "    \"RMSE\": [],\n",
        "    \"MAE\": [],\n",
        "    \"MAPE\": []\n",
        "}"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "c6Ek8jRlO2_I"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 1. LINEAR REGRESSION"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 33,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RdZ1SpzdMHAJ"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Create a linear regression model\n",
        "model1 = LinearRegression()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 34,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "mPM035IzMY04",
        "outputId": "07379dba-cfe8-4814-b972-d08b12f224ac"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "5286    257.350006\n",
              "3408    129.464996\n",
              "5477    279.350006\n",
              "6906    588.500000\n",
              "530      21.644367\n",
              "Name: Close, dtype: float64"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 34,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "y_train.head()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 35,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "qBhQ9HbYMI3d",
        "outputId": "52e0655f-1d23-47b7-decc-7a7ca35c0470"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-2 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-2\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>LinearRegression()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-2\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-2\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">LinearRegression</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>LinearRegression()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "LinearRegression()"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 35,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model1.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 36,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "X269co2kMS4z"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model1, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"Linear Regressor\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GxtMzlg-gR2P"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 2. SVR"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 40,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0xQewd7QWTtq"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Create an SVR model\n",
        "model2 = SVR()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 42,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "22SaCsQmfhgP",
        "outputId": "2121e992-399d-4b78-e42c-fc20b9d52189"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-3 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-3\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>SVR()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-3\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-3\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">SVR</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>SVR()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "SVR()"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 42,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model2.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 43,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OQ1nL4oYfkAC"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model2, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"SVR\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "hcIfVMWdgcKt"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 3. Random Forest"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 46,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "f7raXT_hf2ij"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "model3 = RandomForestRegressor()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 48,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "fF002Yepgk55",
        "outputId": "d148c589-4879-4e2d-8b0f-5b5ca01a2a53"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-4 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-4 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-4 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-4 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-4 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-4 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-4 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-4 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-4 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-4\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>RandomForestRegressor()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-4\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-4\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">RandomForestRegressor</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>RandomForestRegressor()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "RandomForestRegressor()"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 48,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model3.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 49,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8nRU_pzEgnCt"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model3, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"Random Forest\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mZsLwLivhLGH"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 4. Gradient Boosting Models (GBM)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 52,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TI8idoxOg6jF"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "model4 = GradientBoostingRegressor()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 54,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 248
        },
        "id": "2gpbDxshhexj",
        "outputId": "b2b1a681-7ede-4d66-be5d-1a8606d0f470"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-5 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-5 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-5 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-5 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-5 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-5\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>XGBRegressor(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bytree=None, device=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
              "             enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
              "             gamma=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
              "             interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
              "             max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
              "             max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
              "             min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
              "             multi_strategy=None, n_estimators=None, n_jobs=None,\n",
              "             num_parallel_tree=None, random_state=None, ...)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-5\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-5\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">XGBRegressor</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>XGBRegressor(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bytree=None, device=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
              "             enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
              "             gamma=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
              "             interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
              "             max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
              "             max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
              "             min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
              "             multi_strategy=None, n_estimators=None, n_jobs=None,\n",
              "             num_parallel_tree=None, random_state=None, ...)</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "XGBRegressor(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bytree=None, device=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
              "             enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
              "             gamma=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
              "             interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
              "             max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
              "             max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
              "             min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
              "             multi_strategy=None, n_estimators=None, n_jobs=None,\n",
              "             num_parallel_tree=None, random_state=None, ...)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 54,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model4.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 55,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Jj9DXdUPhh9V"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model4, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"GBM\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "d8nSGoyuh9dx"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 5. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 58,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DyhhdlZAhx94"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "import xgboost as xgb\n",
        "# Create an XGBoost model\n",
        "model5 = xgb.XGBRegressor()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 60,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 248
        },
        "id": "RAIwxIp5iH9Z",
        "outputId": "d2b4aa97-7e07-4015-c308-76a292b0929f"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-6 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-6 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-6 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-6 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-6 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-6 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-6 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-6 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-6 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-6\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>XGBRegressor(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bytree=None, device=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
              "             enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
              "             gamma=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
              "             interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
              "             max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
              "             max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
              "             min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
              "             multi_strategy=None, n_estimators=None, n_jobs=None,\n",
              "             num_parallel_tree=None, random_state=None, ...)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-6\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-6\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">XGBRegressor</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>XGBRegressor(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bytree=None, device=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
              "             enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
              "             gamma=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
              "             interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
              "             max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
              "             max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
              "             min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
              "             multi_strategy=None, n_estimators=None, n_jobs=None,\n",
              "             num_parallel_tree=None, random_state=None, ...)</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "XGBRegressor(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
              "             colsample_bytree=None, device=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
              "             enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
              "             gamma=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
              "             interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
              "             max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
              "             max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
              "             min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
              "             multi_strategy=None, n_estimators=None, n_jobs=None,\n",
              "             num_parallel_tree=None, random_state=None, ...)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 60,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model5.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model5, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"XGBoost\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "A_J776rtiovq"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 6. AdaBoostRegressor"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 64,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "HNq66cXRiYPJ"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "model6 = AdaBoostRegressor()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 66,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "P0oB5wjQivBr",
        "outputId": "8726c583-6782-4504-b0ac-d2ef4ccbca4c"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-7 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-7 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-7 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-7 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-7 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-7 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-7 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-7 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-7 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-7\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>AdaBoostRegressor()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-7\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-7\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">AdaBoostRegressor</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>AdaBoostRegressor()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "AdaBoostRegressor()"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 66,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model6.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 67,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Bf1m5ukOi2VM"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model6, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"AdaBoost Regressor\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Q9DzOt3CkWFX"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 7. Decision Tree"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 70,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "23DZ2biSjF9a"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "model7 = DecisionTreeRegressor()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 72,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "6mQEQf-ykc9F",
        "outputId": "f1a62020-4125-4aea-e7e4-11acffdc5169"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-8 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-8 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-8 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-8 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-8 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-8 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-8 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-8 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-8 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-8\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>DecisionTreeRegressor()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-8\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-8\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">DecisionTreeRegressor</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>DecisionTreeRegressor()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "DecisionTreeRegressor()"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 72,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model7.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 73,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BFJ9q_tvkgRC"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model7, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"Decision Tree\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LH-B-Xd6k5UD"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 8. KNeighborsRegressor(KNN)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 76,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JVDSed7yktFY"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Create a KNN model\n",
        "model8 = KNeighborsRegressor()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 78,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "9fn64o-ZlBka",
        "outputId": "dc5e6af2-de37-46ee-cde7-e0a3baa31a1f"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-9 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-9 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-9 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-9 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-9 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-9 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-9 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-9 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-9 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-9\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>KNeighborsRegressor()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-9\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-9\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">KNeighborsRegressor</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>KNeighborsRegressor()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "KNeighborsRegressor()"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 78,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model8.fit(X_train, y_train)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 79,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "hbfbbjcSlDn7"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model8, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"KNN\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "X5XtlzMXljps"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 9. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 84,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vd1fDjQiltP4"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Create an ANN model\n",
        "model9 = Sequential()\n",
        "model9.add(Dense(32, activation='relu', input_shape=(X_train.shape[1],)))\n",
        "model9.add(Dense(16, activation='relu'))\n",
        "model9.add(Dense(1, activation='linear'))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 85,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZIf94WLMlv04"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Compile the model\n",
        "model9.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='adam')"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 86,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "FX5DTKqslxWf",
        "outputId": "9253b26c-1a79-4390-975e-d14c28a5e2a8"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "<keras.src.callbacks.History at 0x7ca68076d540>"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 86,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model9.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train, epochs=100, batch_size=32, verbose=0)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 87,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "OVW2qpNsmGVq",
        "outputId": "34343782-f560-4dee-c307-ff0d0c52ab5a"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "name": "stdout",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "45/45 [==============================] - 0s 1ms/step\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model9, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"ANN\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vjSMQNcOnFPJ"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 10. LSTM(Long Short term Memory)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 92,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "uACvajfImrbB"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Reshape the input data for LSTM\n",
        "n_features = X_train_scaled.shape[1]\n",
        "n_steps = 10\n",
        "n_samples_train = X_train_scaled.shape[0] - n_steps + 1\n",
        "n_samples_test = X_test_scaled.shape[0] - n_steps + 1\n",
        "\n",
        "# Reshape the input data\n",
        "X_train_reshaped = np.array([X_train_scaled[i:i+n_steps, :] for i in range(n_samples_train)])\n",
        "X_test_reshaped = np.array([X_test_scaled[i:i+n_steps, :] for i in range(n_samples_test)])\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 93,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "r066pVYpnXH5"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Create an LSTM model\n",
        "model = Sequential()\n",
        "model.add(LSTM(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(n_steps, n_features)))\n",
        "model.add(Dense(1))\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 94,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YpSfHu6gov35"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Compile the model\n",
        "model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='adam')\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 95,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "0vHjcluaoxzP",
        "outputId": "1eaafd31-9f91-4655-f437-e9199c0f7933"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "<keras.src.callbacks.History at 0x7ca680459cc0>"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 95,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "# Train the model\n",
        "model.fit(X_train_reshaped, y_train[n_steps-1:], epochs=100, batch_size=32, verbose=0)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 96,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "gEE06_TjozYv",
        "outputId": "30306af7-2ec8-4733-db96-d3416a7fc6d4"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "name": "stdout",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "44/44 [==============================] - 0s 4ms/step\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "rmse, mae, mape = evaluate_model(model10, X_test_scaled, y_test)\n",
        "metrics[\"Model\"].append(\"LSTM\")\n",
        "metrics[\"RMSE\"].append(rmse)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAE\"].append(mae)\n",
        "metrics[\"MAPE\"].append(mape)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# Create a DataFrame for metrics\n",
        "metrics_df = pd.DataFrame(metrics)\n",
        "\n",
        "# Plot RMSE, MAE, and MAPE for each model\n",
        "plt.figure(figsize=(15, 5))\n",
        "\n",
        "# RMSE Plot\n",
        "plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)\n",
        "plt.bar(metrics_df['Model'], metrics_df['RMSE'], color='lightblue')\n",
        "plt.xlabel('RMSE')\n",
        "plt.title('RMSE for Different Models')\n",
        "plt.tight_layout()\n",
        "plt.show()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# MAE Plot\n",
        "plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)\n",
        "plt.bar(metrics_df['Model'], metrics_df['MAE'], color='lightgreen')\n",
        "plt.xlabel('MAE')\n",
        "plt.title('MAE for Different Models')\n",
        "plt.tight_layout()\n",
        "plt.show()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# MAPE Plot\n",
        "plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)\n",
        "plt.bar(metrics_df['Model'], metrics_df['MAPE'], color='salmon')\n",
        "plt.xlabel('MAPE')\n",
        "plt.title('MAPE for Different Models')\n",
        "plt.tight_layout()\n",
        "plt.show()"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "provenance": []
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
      "language": "python",
      "name": "python3"
    },
    "language_info": {
      "codemirror_mode": {
        "name": "ipython",
        "version": 3
      },
      "file_extension": ".py",
      "mimetype": "text/x-python",
      "name": "python",
      "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
      "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
      "version": "3.9.16"
    }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,
  "nbformat_minor": 0
}