Update GitHub Actions runners to Ubuntu 24.04

[wesley-dean-gsa]

The default version of Ubuntu (ubuntu-latest) is changing from 22.04 to 24.04 over the course of several weeks.

GitHubActions that with runs-on: ubuntu-latest are gradually transitioning from ubuntu:22.04 to ubuntu:24.04 starting December 5th and ending on January 17th. To continue to use the Ubuntu 22 image (supported for 2 more years), use runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 and to affirmatively switch, use runs-on: ubuntu-24.04. More information is available on actions/runner-images#10636

To control our migration, all of the GitHub Actions were manually pinned to version 22.04. This version will be supported until roughly the end of 2026.

Before then, we ought to test each of our workflows by updating runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 to runs-on: ubuntu-24.04 in each job. Any bugs -- and there aren't expected to be any -- ought to be documented for further review; otherwise, each workflow should have the updated runners merged into the repo.