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| <html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><title>Array programming · Metal.jl</title><script data-outdated-warner src="../../assets/warner.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://metal.juliagpu.org/stable/api/array/"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lato-font/3.0.0/css/lato-font.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/juliamono/0.045/juliamono.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/fontawesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/solid.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/brands.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.13.24/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><script>documenterBaseURL="../.."</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.3.6/require.min.js" data-main="../../assets/documenter.js"></script><script src="../../siteinfo.js"></script><script src="../../../versions.js"></script><link class="docs-theme-link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../assets/themes/documenter-dark.css" data-theme-name="documenter-dark" data-theme-primary-dark/><link class="docs-theme-link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../assets/themes/documenter-light.css" data-theme-name="documenter-light" data-theme-primary/><script src="../../assets/themeswap.js"></script><link href="../../assets/favicon.ico" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon"/></head><body><div id="documenter"><nav class="docs-sidebar"><a class="docs-logo" href="../../"><img src="../../assets/logo.png" alt="Metal.jl logo"/></a><div class="docs-package-name"><span class="docs-autofit"><a href="../../">Metal.jl</a></span></div><form class="docs-search" action="../../search/"><input class="docs-search-query" id="documenter-search-query" name="q" type="text" placeholder="Search docs"/></form><ul class="docs-menu"><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../">Home</a></li><li><span class="tocitem">Usage</span><ul><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../usage/overview/">Overview</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../usage/array/">Array programming</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../usage/kernel/">Kernel programming</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../profiling/">Profiling</a></li><li><span class="tocitem">API reference</span><ul><li><a class="tocitem" href="../essentials/">Essentials</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../compiler/">Compiler</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../kernel/">Kernel programming</a></li><li class="is-active"><a class="tocitem" href>Array programming</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../mps/">Metal Performance Shaders</a></li></ul></li><li><span class="tocitem">FAQ</span><ul><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../faq/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../faq/contributing/">Contributing</a></li></ul></li></ul><div class="docs-version-selector field has-addons"><div class="control"><span class="docs-label button is-static is-size-7">Version</span></div><div class="docs-selector control is-expanded"><div class="select is-fullwidth is-size-7"><select id="documenter-version-selector"></select></div></div></div></nav><div class="docs-main"><header class="docs-navbar"><nav class="breadcrumb"><ul class="is-hidden-mobile"><li><a class="is-disabled">API reference</a></li><li class="is-active"><a href>Array programming</a></li></ul><ul class="is-hidden-tablet"><li class="is-active"><a href>Array programming</a></li></ul></nav><div class="docs-right"><a class="docs-edit-link" href="https://github.com/JuliaGPU/Metal.jl/blob/main/docs/src/api/array.md#" title="Edit on GitHub"><span class="docs-icon fab"></span><span class="docs-label is-hidden-touch">Edit on GitHub</span></a><a class="docs-settings-button fas fa-cog" id="documenter-settings-button" href="#" title="Settings"></a><a class="docs-sidebar-button fa fa-bars is-hidden-desktop" id="documenter-sidebar-button" href="#"></a></div></header><article class="content" id="documenter-page"><h1 id="Array-programming"><a class="docs-heading-anchor" href="#Array-programming">Array programming</a><a id="Array-programming-1"></a><a class="docs-heading-anchor-permalink" href="#Array-programming" title="Permalink"></a></h1><p>The Metal array type, <code>MtlArray</code>, generally implements the Base array interface and all of its expected methods.</p><p>However, there is the special function <code>mtl</code> for transferring an array over to the gpu. For compatibility reasons, it will automatically convert arrays of <code>Float64</code> to <code>Float32</code>.</p><article class="docstring"><header><a class="docstring-binding" id="Metal.mtl" href="#Metal.mtl"><code>Metal.mtl</code></a> — <span class="docstring-category">Function</span></header><section><div><pre><code class="language-julia hljs">mtl(A; storage=Private)</code></pre><p><code>storage</code> can be <code>Private</code> (default) or <code>Shared</code>.</p><p>Opinionated GPU array adaptor, which may alter the element type <code>T</code> of arrays:</p><ul><li>For <code>T<:AbstractFloat</code>, it makes a <code>MtlArray{Float32}</code> for performance and compatibility reasons (except for <code>Float16</code>).</li><li>For <code>T<:Complex{<:AbstractFloat}</code> it makes a <code>MtlArray{ComplexF32}</code>.</li><li>For other <code>isbitstype(T)</code>, it makes a <code>MtlArray{T}</code>.</li></ul><p>By contrast, <code>MtlArray(A)</code> never changes the element type.</p><p>Uses Adapt.jl to act inside some wrapper structs.</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre><code class="language-julia-repl hljs">julia> mtl(ones(3)') | ||
| 1×3 adjoint(::MtlVector{Float32, Metal.MTL.MTLResourceStorageModePrivate}) with eltype Float32: | ||
| 1.0 1.0 1.0 | ||
|
|
||
| julia> mtl(zeros(1,3); storage=Shared) | ||
| 1×3 MtlMatrix{Float32, Metal.MTL.MTLResourceCPUCacheModeDefaultCache}: | ||
| 0.0 0.0 0.0 | ||
|
|
||
| julia> mtl(1:3) | ||
| 1:3 | ||
|
|
||
| julia> MtlArray(1:3) | ||
| 3-element MtlVector{Int64, Metal.MTL.MTLResourceStorageModePrivate}: | ||
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
|
|
||
| julia> mtl[1,2,3] | ||
| 3-element MtlVector{Int64, Metal.MTL.MTLResourceStorageModePrivate}: | ||
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3</code></pre></div><a class="docs-sourcelink" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JuliaGPU/Metal.jl/blob/2d36061d0ae88b409403ffc120b5d1c7ef4e583c/src/array.jl#L330-L371">source</a></section></article></article><nav class="docs-footer"><a class="docs-footer-prevpage" href="../kernel/">« Kernel programming</a><a class="docs-footer-nextpage" href="../mps/">Metal Performance Shaders »</a><div class="flexbox-break"></div><p class="footer-message">Powered by <a href="https://github.com/JuliaDocs/Documenter.jl">Documenter.jl</a> and the <a href="https://julialang.org/">Julia Programming Language</a>.</p></nav></div><div class="modal" id="documenter-settings"><div class="modal-background"></div><div class="modal-card"><header class="modal-card-head"><p class="modal-card-title">Settings</p><button class="delete"></button></header><section class="modal-card-body"><p><label class="label">Theme</label><div class="select"><select id="documenter-themepicker"><option value="documenter-light">documenter-light</option><option value="documenter-dark">documenter-dark</option></select></div></p><hr/><p>This document was generated with <a href="https://github.com/JuliaDocs/Documenter.jl">Documenter.jl</a> version 0.27.23 on <span class="colophon-date" title="Tuesday 15 August 2023 06:13">Tuesday 15 August 2023</span>. Using Julia version 1.8.5.</p></section><footer class="modal-card-foot"></footer></div></div></div></body></html> |
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| <html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><title>Compiler · Metal.jl</title><script data-outdated-warner src="../../assets/warner.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://metal.juliagpu.org/stable/api/compiler/"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lato-font/3.0.0/css/lato-font.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/juliamono/0.045/juliamono.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/fontawesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/solid.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/brands.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.13.24/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><script>documenterBaseURL="../.."</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.3.6/require.min.js" data-main="../../assets/documenter.js"></script><script src="../../siteinfo.js"></script><script src="../../../versions.js"></script><link class="docs-theme-link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../assets/themes/documenter-dark.css" data-theme-name="documenter-dark" data-theme-primary-dark/><link class="docs-theme-link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../assets/themes/documenter-light.css" data-theme-name="documenter-light" data-theme-primary/><script src="../../assets/themeswap.js"></script><link href="../../assets/favicon.ico" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon"/></head><body><div id="documenter"><nav class="docs-sidebar"><a class="docs-logo" href="../../"><img src="../../assets/logo.png" alt="Metal.jl logo"/></a><div class="docs-package-name"><span class="docs-autofit"><a href="../../">Metal.jl</a></span></div><form class="docs-search" action="../../search/"><input class="docs-search-query" id="documenter-search-query" name="q" type="text" placeholder="Search docs"/></form><ul class="docs-menu"><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../">Home</a></li><li><span class="tocitem">Usage</span><ul><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../usage/overview/">Overview</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../usage/array/">Array programming</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../usage/kernel/">Kernel programming</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../profiling/">Profiling</a></li><li><span class="tocitem">API reference</span><ul><li><a class="tocitem" href="../essentials/">Essentials</a></li><li class="is-active"><a class="tocitem" href>Compiler</a><ul class="internal"><li><a class="tocitem" href="#Execution"><span>Execution</span></a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="#Reflection"><span>Reflection</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../kernel/">Kernel programming</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../array/">Array programming</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../mps/">Metal Performance Shaders</a></li></ul></li><li><span class="tocitem">FAQ</span><ul><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../faq/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a class="tocitem" href="../../faq/contributing/">Contributing</a></li></ul></li></ul><div class="docs-version-selector field has-addons"><div class="control"><span class="docs-label button is-static is-size-7">Version</span></div><div class="docs-selector control is-expanded"><div class="select is-fullwidth is-size-7"><select id="documenter-version-selector"></select></div></div></div></nav><div class="docs-main"><header class="docs-navbar"><nav class="breadcrumb"><ul class="is-hidden-mobile"><li><a class="is-disabled">API reference</a></li><li class="is-active"><a href>Compiler</a></li></ul><ul class="is-hidden-tablet"><li class="is-active"><a href>Compiler</a></li></ul></nav><div class="docs-right"><a class="docs-edit-link" href="https://github.com/JuliaGPU/Metal.jl/blob/main/docs/src/api/compiler.md#" title="Edit on GitHub"><span class="docs-icon fab"></span><span class="docs-label is-hidden-touch">Edit on GitHub</span></a><a class="docs-settings-button fas fa-cog" id="documenter-settings-button" href="#" title="Settings"></a><a class="docs-sidebar-button fa fa-bars is-hidden-desktop" id="documenter-sidebar-button" href="#"></a></div></header><article class="content" id="documenter-page"><h1 id="Compiler"><a class="docs-heading-anchor" href="#Compiler">Compiler</a><a id="Compiler-1"></a><a class="docs-heading-anchor-permalink" href="#Compiler" title="Permalink"></a></h1><h2 id="Execution"><a class="docs-heading-anchor" href="#Execution">Execution</a><a id="Execution-1"></a><a class="docs-heading-anchor-permalink" href="#Execution" title="Permalink"></a></h2><p>The main entry-point to the compiler is the <code>@metal</code> macro:</p><article class="docstring"><header><a class="docstring-binding" id="Metal.@metal" href="#Metal.@metal"><code>Metal.@metal</code></a> — <span class="docstring-category">Macro</span></header><section><div><pre><code class="language-julia hljs">@metal threads=... groups=... [kwargs...] func(args...)</code></pre><p>High-level interface for executing code on a GPU.</p><p>The <code>@metal</code> macro should prefix a call, with <code>func</code> a callable function or object that should return nothing. It will be compiled to a Metal function upon first use, and to a certain extent arguments will be converted and managed automatically using <code>mtlconvert</code>. Finally, a call to <code>mtlcall</code> is performed, creating a command buffer in the current global command queue then committing it.</p><p>There is one supported keyword argument that influences the behavior of <code>@metal</code>:</p><ul><li><code>launch</code>: whether to launch this kernel, defaults to <code>true</code>. If <code>false</code> the returned kernel object should be launched by calling it and passing arguments again.</li><li><code>name</code>: the name of the kernel in the generated code. Defaults to an automatically- generated name.</li><li><code>queue</code>: the command queue to use for this kernel. Defaults to the global command queue.</li></ul></div><a class="docs-sourcelink" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JuliaGPU/Metal.jl/blob/2d36061d0ae88b409403ffc120b5d1c7ef4e583c/src/compiler/execution.jl#L10-L28">source</a></section></article><p>If needed, you can use a lower-level API that lets you inspect the compiler kernel:</p><article class="docstring"><header><a class="docstring-binding" id="Metal.mtlconvert" href="#Metal.mtlconvert"><code>Metal.mtlconvert</code></a> — <span class="docstring-category">Function</span></header><section><div><p>mtlconvert(x, [cce])</p><p>This function is called for every argument to be passed to a kernel, allowing it to be converted to a GPU-friendly format. By default, the function does nothing and returns the input object <code>x</code> as-is.</p><p>Do not add methods to this function, but instead extend the underlying Adapt.jl package and register methods for the the <code>Metal.Adaptor</code> type.</p></div><a class="docs-sourcelink" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JuliaGPU/Metal.jl/blob/2d36061d0ae88b409403ffc120b5d1c7ef4e583c/src/compiler/execution.jl#L123-L132">source</a></section></article><article class="docstring"><header><a class="docstring-binding" id="Metal.mtlfunction" href="#Metal.mtlfunction"><code>Metal.mtlfunction</code></a> — <span class="docstring-category">Function</span></header><section><div><pre><code class="language-julia hljs">mtlfunction(f, tt=Tuple{}; kwargs...)</code></pre><p>Low-level interface to compile a function invocation for the currently-active GPU, returning a callable kernel object. For a higher-level interface, use <a href="#Metal.@metal"><code>@metal</code></a>.</p><p>The output of this function is automatically cached, i.e. you can simply call <code>mtlfunction</code> in a hot path without degrading performance. New code will be generated automatically when the function changes, or when different types or keyword arguments are provided.</p></div><a class="docs-sourcelink" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JuliaGPU/Metal.jl/blob/2d36061d0ae88b409403ffc120b5d1c7ef4e583c/src/compiler/execution.jl#L145-L154">source</a></section></article><h2 id="Reflection"><a class="docs-heading-anchor" href="#Reflection">Reflection</a><a id="Reflection-1"></a><a class="docs-heading-anchor-permalink" href="#Reflection" title="Permalink"></a></h2><p>If you want to inspect generated code, you can use macros that resemble functionality from the InteractiveUtils standard library:</p><pre><code class="nohighlight hljs">@device_code_lowered | ||
| @device_code_typed | ||
| @device_code_warntype | ||
| @device_code_llvm | ||
| @device_code_air | ||
| @device_code_agx | ||
| @device_code</code></pre><p>For more information, please consult the GPUCompiler.jl documentation. <code>code_air</code> is actually <code>code_native</code>:</p></article><nav class="docs-footer"><a class="docs-footer-prevpage" href="../essentials/">« Essentials</a><a class="docs-footer-nextpage" href="../kernel/">Kernel programming »</a><div class="flexbox-break"></div><p class="footer-message">Powered by <a href="https://github.com/JuliaDocs/Documenter.jl">Documenter.jl</a> and the <a href="https://julialang.org/">Julia Programming Language</a>.</p></nav></div><div class="modal" id="documenter-settings"><div class="modal-background"></div><div class="modal-card"><header class="modal-card-head"><p class="modal-card-title">Settings</p><button class="delete"></button></header><section class="modal-card-body"><p><label class="label">Theme</label><div class="select"><select id="documenter-themepicker"><option value="documenter-light">documenter-light</option><option value="documenter-dark">documenter-dark</option></select></div></p><hr/><p>This document was generated with <a href="https://github.com/JuliaDocs/Documenter.jl">Documenter.jl</a> version 0.27.23 on <span class="colophon-date" title="Tuesday 15 August 2023 06:13">Tuesday 15 August 2023</span>. Using Julia version 1.8.5.</p></section><footer class="modal-card-foot"></footer></div></div></div></body></html> |
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