diff --git a/CMake/External_pybind11.cmake b/CMake/External_pybind11.cmake index 422654f9..5760415b 100644 --- a/CMake/External_pybind11.cmake +++ b/CMake/External_pybind11.cmake @@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ ExternalProject_Add(pybind11 PREFIX ${fletch_BUILD_PREFIX} DOWNLOAD_DIR ${fletch_DOWNLOAD_DIR} INSTALL_DIR ${fletch_BUILD_INSTALL_PREFIX} + PATCH_COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy + ${fletch_SOURCE_DIR}/Patches/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h + ${fletch_BUILD_PREFIX}/src/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h CMAKE_GENERATOR ${gen} CMAKE_ARGS ${COMMON_CMAKE_ARGS} diff --git a/Patches/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h b/Patches/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d449eff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Patches/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h @@ -0,0 +1,1838 @@ +/* + pybind11/pybind11.h: Main header file of the C++11 python + binding generator library + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(push) +# pragma warning(disable: 4100) // warning C4100: Unreferenced formal parameter +# pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant +# pragma warning(disable: 4512) // warning C4512: Assignment operator was implicitly defined as deleted +# pragma warning(disable: 4800) // warning C4800: 'int': forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false' (performance warning) +# pragma warning(disable: 4996) // warning C4996: The POSIX name for this item is deprecated. Instead, use the ISO C and C++ conformant name +# pragma warning(disable: 4702) // warning C4702: unreachable code +# pragma warning(disable: 4522) // warning C4522: multiple assignment operators specified +#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# pragma warning(push) +# pragma warning(disable: 68) // integer conversion resulted in a change of sign +# pragma warning(disable: 186) // pointless comparison of unsigned integer with zero +# pragma warning(disable: 878) // incompatible exception specifications +# pragma warning(disable: 1334) // the "template" keyword used for syntactic disambiguation may only be used within a template +# pragma warning(disable: 1682) // implicit conversion of a 64-bit integral type to a smaller integral type (potential portability problem) +# pragma warning(disable: 1875) // offsetof applied to non-POD (Plain Old Data) types is nonstandard +# pragma warning(disable: 2196) // warning #2196: routine is both "inline" and "noinline" +#elif defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) +# pragma GCC diagnostic push +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-but-set-parameter" +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-but-set-variable" +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers" +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing" +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wattributes" +# if __GNUC__ >= 7 +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnoexcept-type" +# endif +#endif + +#include "attr.h" +#include "options.h" +#include "detail/class.h" +#include "detail/init.h" + +NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +/// Wraps an arbitrary C++ function/method/lambda function/.. into a callable Python object +class cpp_function : public function { +public: + cpp_function() { } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a vanilla function pointer + template + cpp_function(Return (*f)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) { + initialize(f, f, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a lambda function (possibly with internal state) + template ::value>> + cpp_function(Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) { + initialize(std::forward(f), + (detail::function_signature_t *) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (non-const) + template + cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...), const Extra&... extra) { + initialize([f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(args...); }, + (Return (*) (Class *, Arg...)) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (const) + template + cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const, const Extra&... extra) { + initialize([f](const Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(args...); }, + (Return (*)(const Class *, Arg ...)) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Return the function name + object name() const { return attr("__name__"); } + +protected: + /// Space optimization: don't inline this frequently instantiated fragment + PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::function_record *make_function_record() { + return new detail::function_record(); + } + + /// Special internal constructor for functors, lambda functions, etc. + template + void initialize(Func &&f, Return (*)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) { + + struct capture { detail::remove_reference_t f; }; + + /* Store the function including any extra state it might have (e.g. a lambda capture object) */ + auto rec = make_function_record(); + + /* Store the capture object directly in the function record if there is enough space */ + if (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(rec->data)) { + /* Without these pragmas, GCC warns that there might not be + enough space to use the placement new operator. However, the + 'if' statement above ensures that this is the case. */ +#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 6 +# pragma GCC diagnostic push +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wplacement-new" +#endif + new ((capture *) &rec->data) capture { std::forward(f) }; +#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 6 +# pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + if (!std::is_trivially_destructible::value) + rec->free_data = [](detail::function_record *r) { ((capture *) &r->data)->~capture(); }; + } else { + rec->data[0] = new capture { std::forward(f) }; + rec->free_data = [](detail::function_record *r) { delete ((capture *) r->data[0]); }; + } + + /* Type casters for the function arguments and return value */ + using cast_in = detail::argument_loader; + using cast_out = detail::make_caster< + detail::conditional_t::value, detail::void_type, Return> + >; + + static_assert(detail::expected_num_args(sizeof...(Args), cast_in::has_args, cast_in::has_kwargs), + "The number of argument annotations does not match the number of function arguments"); + + /* Dispatch code which converts function arguments and performs the actual function call */ + rec->impl = [](detail::function_call &call) -> handle { + cast_in args_converter; + + /* Try to cast the function arguments into the C++ domain */ + if (!args_converter.load_args(call)) + return PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + + /* Invoke call policy pre-call hook */ + detail::process_attributes::precall(call); + + /* Get a pointer to the capture object */ + auto data = (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(call.func.data) + ? &call.func.data : call.func.data[0]); + capture *cap = const_cast(reinterpret_cast(data)); + + /* Override policy for rvalues -- usually to enforce rvp::move on an rvalue */ + const auto policy = detail::return_value_policy_override::policy(call.func.policy); + + /* Function scope guard -- defaults to the compile-to-nothing `void_type` */ + using Guard = detail::extract_guard_t; + + /* Perform the function call */ + handle result = cast_out::cast( + std::move(args_converter).template call(cap->f), policy, call.parent); + + /* Invoke call policy post-call hook */ + detail::process_attributes::postcall(call, result); + + return result; + }; + + /* Process any user-provided function attributes */ + detail::process_attributes::init(extra..., rec); + + /* Generate a readable signature describing the function's arguments and return value types */ + using detail::descr; using detail::_; + PYBIND11_DESCR signature = _("(") + cast_in::arg_names() + _(") -> ") + cast_out::name(); + + /* Register the function with Python from generic (non-templated) code */ + initialize_generic(rec, signature.text(), signature.types(), sizeof...(Args)); + + if (cast_in::has_args) rec->has_args = true; + if (cast_in::has_kwargs) rec->has_kwargs = true; + + /* Stash some additional information used by an important optimization in 'functional.h' */ + using FunctionType = Return (*)(Args...); + constexpr bool is_function_ptr = + std::is_convertible::value && + sizeof(capture) == sizeof(void *); + if (is_function_ptr) { + rec->is_stateless = true; + rec->data[1] = const_cast(reinterpret_cast(&typeid(FunctionType))); + } + } + + /// Register a function call with Python (generic non-templated code goes here) + void initialize_generic(detail::function_record *rec, const char *text, + const std::type_info *const *types, size_t args) { + + /* Create copies of all referenced C-style strings */ + rec->name = strdup(rec->name ? rec->name : ""); + if (rec->doc) rec->doc = strdup(rec->doc); + for (auto &a: rec->args) { + if (a.name) + a.name = strdup(a.name); + if (a.descr) + a.descr = strdup(a.descr); + else if (a.value) + a.descr = strdup(a.value.attr("__repr__")().cast().c_str()); + } + + rec->is_constructor = !strcmp(rec->name, "__init__") || !strcmp(rec->name, "__setstate__"); + +#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(PYBIND11_DISABLE_NEW_STYLE_INIT_WARNING) + if (rec->is_constructor && !rec->is_new_style_constructor) { + const auto class_name = std::string(((PyTypeObject *) rec->scope.ptr())->tp_name); + const auto func_name = std::string(rec->name); + PyErr_WarnEx( + PyExc_FutureWarning, + ("pybind11-bound class '" + class_name + "' is using an old-style " + "placement-new '" + func_name + "' which has been deprecated. See " + "the upgrade guide in pybind11's docs. This message is only visible " + "when compiled in debug mode.").c_str(), 0 + ); + } +#endif + + /* Generate a proper function signature */ + std::string signature; + size_t type_depth = 0, char_index = 0, type_index = 0, arg_index = 0; + while (true) { + char c = text[char_index++]; + if (c == '\0') + break; + + if (c == '{') { + // Write arg name for everything except *args, **kwargs and return type. + if (type_depth == 0 && text[char_index] != '*' && arg_index < args) { + if (!rec->args.empty() && rec->args[arg_index].name) { + signature += rec->args[arg_index].name; + } else if (arg_index == 0 && rec->is_method) { + signature += "self"; + } else { + signature += "arg" + std::to_string(arg_index - (rec->is_method ? 1 : 0)); + } + signature += ": "; + } + ++type_depth; + } else if (c == '}') { + --type_depth; + if (type_depth == 0) { + if (arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].descr) { + signature += "="; + signature += rec->args[arg_index].descr; + } + arg_index++; + } + } else if (c == '%') { + const std::type_info *t = types[type_index++]; + if (!t) + pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (1)"); + if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(*t)) { +#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) + signature += handle((PyObject *) tinfo->type) + .attr("__module__") + .cast() + "."; +#endif + signature += tinfo->type->tp_name; + } else if (rec->is_new_style_constructor && arg_index == 0) { + // A new-style `__init__` takes `self` as `value_and_holder`. + // Rewrite it to the proper class type. +#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) + signature += rec->scope.attr("__module__").cast() + "."; +#endif + signature += ((PyTypeObject *) rec->scope.ptr())->tp_name; + } else { + std::string tname(t->name()); + detail::clean_type_id(tname); + signature += tname; + } + } else { + signature += c; + } + } + if (type_depth != 0 || types[type_index] != nullptr) + pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (2)"); + + #if !defined(PYBIND11_CONSTEXPR_DESCR) + delete[] types; + delete[] text; + #endif + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + if (strcmp(rec->name, "__next__") == 0) { + std::free(rec->name); + rec->name = strdup("next"); + } else if (strcmp(rec->name, "__bool__") == 0) { + std::free(rec->name); + rec->name = strdup("__nonzero__"); + } +#endif + rec->signature = strdup(signature.c_str()); + rec->args.shrink_to_fit(); + rec->nargs = (std::uint16_t) args; + + if (rec->sibling && PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK(rec->sibling.ptr())) + rec->sibling = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr()); + + detail::function_record *chain = nullptr, *chain_start = rec; + if (rec->sibling) { + if (PyCFunction_Check(rec->sibling.ptr())) { + auto rec_capsule = reinterpret_borrow(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(rec->sibling.ptr())); + chain = (detail::function_record *) rec_capsule; + /* Never append a method to an overload chain of a parent class; + instead, hide the parent's overloads in this case */ + if (!chain->scope.is(rec->scope)) + chain = nullptr; + } + // Don't trigger for things like the default __init__, which are wrapper_descriptors that we are intentionally replacing + else if (!rec->sibling.is_none() && rec->name[0] != '_') + pybind11_fail("Cannot overload existing non-function object \"" + std::string(rec->name) + + "\" with a function of the same name"); + } + + if (!chain) { + /* No existing overload was found, create a new function object */ + rec->def = new PyMethodDef(); + std::memset(rec->def, 0, sizeof(PyMethodDef)); + rec->def->ml_name = rec->name; + rec->def->ml_meth = reinterpret_cast(*dispatcher); + rec->def->ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS; + + capsule rec_capsule(rec, [](void *ptr) { + destruct((detail::function_record *) ptr); + }); + + object scope_module; + if (rec->scope) { + if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__module__")) { + scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__module__"); + } else if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__name__")) { + scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__name__"); + } + } + + m_ptr = PyCFunction_NewEx(rec->def, rec_capsule.ptr(), scope_module.ptr()); + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate function object"); + } else { + /* Append at the end of the overload chain */ + m_ptr = rec->sibling.ptr(); + inc_ref(); + chain_start = chain; + if (chain->is_method != rec->is_method) + pybind11_fail("overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; " + #if defined(NDEBUG) + "compile in debug mode for more details" + #else + "error while attempting to bind " + std::string(rec->is_method ? "instance" : "static") + " method " + + std::string(pybind11::str(rec->scope.attr("__name__"))) + "." + std::string(rec->name) + signature + #endif + ); + while (chain->next) + chain = chain->next; + chain->next = rec; + } + + std::string signatures; + int index = 0; + /* Create a nice pydoc rec including all signatures and + docstrings of the functions in the overload chain */ + if (chain && options::show_function_signatures()) { + // First a generic signature + signatures += rec->name; + signatures += "(*args, **kwargs)\n"; + signatures += "Overloaded function.\n\n"; + } + // Then specific overload signatures + bool first_user_def = true; + for (auto it = chain_start; it != nullptr; it = it->next) { + if (options::show_function_signatures()) { + if (index > 0) signatures += "\n"; + if (chain) + signatures += std::to_string(++index) + ". "; + signatures += rec->name; + signatures += it->signature; + signatures += "\n"; + } + if (it->doc && strlen(it->doc) > 0 && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) { + // If we're appending another docstring, and aren't printing function signatures, we + // need to append a newline first: + if (!options::show_function_signatures()) { + if (first_user_def) first_user_def = false; + else signatures += "\n"; + } + if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n"; + signatures += it->doc; + if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n"; + } + } + + /* Install docstring */ + PyCFunctionObject *func = (PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr; + if (func->m_ml->ml_doc) + std::free(const_cast(func->m_ml->ml_doc)); + func->m_ml->ml_doc = strdup(signatures.c_str()); + + if (rec->is_method) { + m_ptr = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(m_ptr, rec->scope.ptr()); + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate instance method object"); + Py_DECREF(func); + } + } + + /// When a cpp_function is GCed, release any memory allocated by pybind11 + static void destruct(detail::function_record *rec) { + while (rec) { + detail::function_record *next = rec->next; + if (rec->free_data) + rec->free_data(rec); + std::free((char *) rec->name); + std::free((char *) rec->doc); + std::free((char *) rec->signature); + for (auto &arg: rec->args) { + std::free(const_cast(arg.name)); + std::free(const_cast(arg.descr)); + arg.value.dec_ref(); + } + if (rec->def) { + std::free(const_cast(rec->def->ml_doc)); + delete rec->def; + } + delete rec; + rec = next; + } + } + + /// Main dispatch logic for calls to functions bound using pybind11 + static PyObject *dispatcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *args_in, PyObject *kwargs_in) { + using namespace detail; + + /* Iterator over the list of potentially admissible overloads */ + function_record *overloads = (function_record *) PyCapsule_GetPointer(self, nullptr), + *it = overloads; + + /* Need to know how many arguments + keyword arguments there are to pick the right overload */ + const size_t n_args_in = (size_t) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args_in); + + handle parent = n_args_in > 0 ? PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0) : nullptr, + result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + + auto self_value_and_holder = value_and_holder(); + if (overloads->is_constructor) { + const auto tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) overloads->scope.ptr()); + const auto pi = reinterpret_cast(parent.ptr()); + self_value_and_holder = pi->get_value_and_holder(tinfo, false); + + if (!self_value_and_holder.type || !self_value_and_holder.inst) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "__init__(self, ...) called with invalid `self` argument"); + return nullptr; + } + + // If this value is already registered it must mean __init__ is invoked multiple times; + // we really can't support that in C++, so just ignore the second __init__. + if (self_value_and_holder.instance_registered()) + return none().release().ptr(); + } + + try { + // We do this in two passes: in the first pass, we load arguments with `convert=false`; + // in the second, we allow conversion (except for arguments with an explicit + // py::arg().noconvert()). This lets us prefer calls without conversion, with + // conversion as a fallback. + std::vector second_pass; + + // However, if there are no overloads, we can just skip the no-convert pass entirely + const bool overloaded = it != nullptr && it->next != nullptr; + + for (; it != nullptr; it = it->next) { + + /* For each overload: + 1. Copy all positional arguments we were given, also checking to make sure that + named positional arguments weren't *also* specified via kwarg. + 2. If we weren't given enough, try to make up the omitted ones by checking + whether they were provided by a kwarg matching the `py::arg("name")` name. If + so, use it (and remove it from kwargs; if not, see if the function binding + provided a default that we can use. + 3. Ensure that either all keyword arguments were "consumed", or that the function + takes a kwargs argument to accept unconsumed kwargs. + 4. Any positional arguments still left get put into a tuple (for args), and any + leftover kwargs get put into a dict. + 5. Pack everything into a vector; if we have py::args or py::kwargs, they are an + extra tuple or dict at the end of the positional arguments. + 6. Call the function call dispatcher (function_record::impl) + + If one of these fail, move on to the next overload and keep trying until we get a + result other than PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD. + */ + + function_record &func = *it; + size_t pos_args = func.nargs; // Number of positional arguments that we need + if (func.has_args) --pos_args; // (but don't count py::args + if (func.has_kwargs) --pos_args; // or py::kwargs) + + if (!func.has_args && n_args_in > pos_args) + continue; // Too many arguments for this overload + + if (n_args_in < pos_args && func.args.size() < pos_args) + continue; // Not enough arguments given, and not enough defaults to fill in the blanks + + function_call call(func, parent); + + size_t args_to_copy = std::min(pos_args, n_args_in); + size_t args_copied = 0; + + // 0. Inject new-style `self` argument + if (func.is_new_style_constructor) { + // The `value` may have been preallocated by an old-style `__init__` + // if it was a preceding candidate for overload resolution. + if (self_value_and_holder) + self_value_and_holder.type->dealloc(self_value_and_holder); + + call.init_self = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0); + call.args.push_back(reinterpret_cast(&self_value_and_holder)); + call.args_convert.push_back(false); + ++args_copied; + } + + // 1. Copy any position arguments given. + bool bad_arg = false; + for (; args_copied < args_to_copy; ++args_copied) { + argument_record *arg_rec = args_copied < func.args.size() ? &func.args[args_copied] : nullptr; + if (kwargs_in && arg_rec && arg_rec->name && PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs_in, arg_rec->name)) { + bad_arg = true; + break; + } + + handle arg(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied)); + if (arg_rec && !arg_rec->none && arg.is_none()) { + bad_arg = true; + break; + } + call.args.push_back(arg); + call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec ? arg_rec->convert : true); + } + if (bad_arg) + continue; // Maybe it was meant for another overload (issue #688) + + // We'll need to copy this if we steal some kwargs for defaults + dict kwargs = reinterpret_borrow(kwargs_in); + + // 2. Check kwargs and, failing that, defaults that may help complete the list + if (args_copied < pos_args) { + bool copied_kwargs = false; + + for (; args_copied < pos_args; ++args_copied) { + const auto &arg = func.args[args_copied]; + + handle value; + if (kwargs_in && arg.name) + value = PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs.ptr(), arg.name); + + if (value) { + // Consume a kwargs value + if (!copied_kwargs) { + kwargs = reinterpret_steal(PyDict_Copy(kwargs.ptr())); + copied_kwargs = true; + } + PyDict_DelItemString(kwargs.ptr(), arg.name); + } else if (arg.value) { + value = arg.value; + } + + if (value) { + call.args.push_back(value); + call.args_convert.push_back(arg.convert); + } + else + break; + } + + if (args_copied < pos_args) + continue; // Not enough arguments, defaults, or kwargs to fill the positional arguments + } + + // 3. Check everything was consumed (unless we have a kwargs arg) + if (kwargs && kwargs.size() > 0 && !func.has_kwargs) + continue; // Unconsumed kwargs, but no py::kwargs argument to accept them + + // 4a. If we have a py::args argument, create a new tuple with leftovers + tuple extra_args; + if (func.has_args) { + if (args_to_copy == 0) { + // We didn't copy out any position arguments from the args_in tuple, so we + // can reuse it directly without copying: + extra_args = reinterpret_borrow(args_in); + } else if (args_copied >= n_args_in) { + extra_args = tuple(0); + } else { + size_t args_size = n_args_in - args_copied; + extra_args = tuple(args_size); + for (size_t i = 0; i < args_size; ++i) { + handle item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied + i); + extra_args[i] = item.inc_ref().ptr(); + } + } + call.args.push_back(extra_args); + call.args_convert.push_back(false); + } + + // 4b. If we have a py::kwargs, pass on any remaining kwargs + if (func.has_kwargs) { + if (!kwargs.ptr()) + kwargs = dict(); // If we didn't get one, send an empty one + call.args.push_back(kwargs); + call.args_convert.push_back(false); + } + + // 5. Put everything in a vector. Not technically step 5, we've been building it + // in `call.args` all along. + #if !defined(NDEBUG) + if (call.args.size() != func.nargs || call.args_convert.size() != func.nargs) + pybind11_fail("Internal error: function call dispatcher inserted wrong number of arguments!"); + #endif + + std::vector second_pass_convert; + if (overloaded) { + // We're in the first no-convert pass, so swap out the conversion flags for a + // set of all-false flags. If the call fails, we'll swap the flags back in for + // the conversion-allowed call below. + second_pass_convert.resize(func.nargs, false); + call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert); + } + + // 6. Call the function. + try { + loader_life_support guard{}; + result = func.impl(call); + } catch (reference_cast_error &) { + result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + } + + if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) + break; + + if (overloaded) { + // The (overloaded) call failed; if the call has at least one argument that + // permits conversion (i.e. it hasn't been explicitly specified `.noconvert()`) + // then add this call to the list of second pass overloads to try. + for (size_t i = func.is_method ? 1 : 0; i < pos_args; i++) { + if (second_pass_convert[i]) { + // Found one: swap the converting flags back in and store the call for + // the second pass. + call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert); + second_pass.push_back(std::move(call)); + break; + } + } + } + } + + if (overloaded && !second_pass.empty() && result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) { + // The no-conversion pass finished without success, try again with conversion allowed + for (auto &call : second_pass) { + try { + loader_life_support guard{}; + result = call.func.impl(call); + } catch (reference_cast_error &) { + result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + } + + if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) + break; + } + } + } catch (error_already_set &e) { + e.restore(); + return nullptr; + } catch (...) { + /* When an exception is caught, give each registered exception + translator a chance to translate it to a Python exception + in reverse order of registration. + + A translator may choose to do one of the following: + + - catch the exception and call PyErr_SetString or PyErr_SetObject + to set a standard (or custom) Python exception, or + - do nothing and let the exception fall through to the next translator, or + - delegate translation to the next translator by throwing a new type of exception. */ + + auto last_exception = std::current_exception(); + auto ®istered_exception_translators = get_internals().registered_exception_translators; + for (auto& translator : registered_exception_translators) { + try { + translator(last_exception); + } catch (...) { + last_exception = std::current_exception(); + continue; + } + return nullptr; + } + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Exception escaped from default exception translator!"); + return nullptr; + } + + auto append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected = [](std::string &msg) { + if (msg.find("std::") != std::string::npos) { + msg += "\n\n" + "Did you forget to `#include `? Or ,\n" + ", , etc. Some automatic\n" + "conversions are optional and require extra headers to be included\n" + "when compiling your pybind11 module."; + } + }; + + if (result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) { + if (overloads->is_operator) + return handle(Py_NotImplemented).inc_ref().ptr(); + + std::string msg = std::string(overloads->name) + "(): incompatible " + + std::string(overloads->is_constructor ? "constructor" : "function") + + " arguments. The following argument types are supported:\n"; + + int ctr = 0; + for (function_record *it2 = overloads; it2 != nullptr; it2 = it2->next) { + msg += " "+ std::to_string(++ctr) + ". "; + + bool wrote_sig = false; + if (overloads->is_constructor) { + // For a constructor, rewrite `(self: Object, arg0, ...) -> NoneType` as `Object(arg0, ...)` + std::string sig = it2->signature; + size_t start = sig.find('(') + 7; // skip "(self: " + if (start < sig.size()) { + // End at the , for the next argument + size_t end = sig.find(", "), next = end + 2; + size_t ret = sig.rfind(" -> "); + // Or the ), if there is no comma: + if (end >= sig.size()) next = end = sig.find(')'); + if (start < end && next < sig.size()) { + msg.append(sig, start, end - start); + msg += '('; + msg.append(sig, next, ret - next); + wrote_sig = true; + } + } + } + if (!wrote_sig) msg += it2->signature; + + msg += "\n"; + } + msg += "\nInvoked with: "; + auto args_ = reinterpret_borrow(args_in); + bool some_args = false; + for (size_t ti = overloads->is_constructor ? 1 : 0; ti < args_.size(); ++ti) { + if (!some_args) some_args = true; + else msg += ", "; + msg += pybind11::repr(args_[ti]); + } + if (kwargs_in) { + auto kwargs = reinterpret_borrow(kwargs_in); + if (kwargs.size() > 0) { + if (some_args) msg += "; "; + msg += "kwargs: "; + bool first = true; + for (auto kwarg : kwargs) { + if (first) first = false; + else msg += ", "; + msg += pybind11::str("{}={!r}").format(kwarg.first, kwarg.second); + } + } + } + + append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg); + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return nullptr; + } else if (!result) { + std::string msg = "Unable to convert function return value to a " + "Python type! The signature was\n\t"; + msg += it->signature; + append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg); + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return nullptr; + } else { + if (overloads->is_constructor && !self_value_and_holder.holder_constructed()) { + auto *pi = reinterpret_cast(parent.ptr()); + self_value_and_holder.type->init_instance(pi, nullptr); + } + return result.ptr(); + } + } +}; + +/// Wrapper for Python extension modules +class module : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module, object, PyModule_Check) + + /// Create a new top-level Python module with the given name and docstring + explicit module(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) { + if (!options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) doc = nullptr; +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + PyModuleDef *def = new PyModuleDef(); + std::memset(def, 0, sizeof(PyModuleDef)); + def->m_name = name; + def->m_doc = doc; + def->m_size = -1; + Py_INCREF(def); + m_ptr = PyModule_Create(def); +#else + m_ptr = Py_InitModule3(name, nullptr, doc); +#endif + if (m_ptr == nullptr) + pybind11_fail("Internal error in module::module()"); + inc_ref(); + } + + /** \rst + Create Python binding for a new function within the module scope. ``Func`` + can be a plain C++ function, a function pointer, or a lambda function. For + details on the ``Extra&& ... extra`` argument, see section :ref:`extras`. + \endrst */ + template + module &def(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra& ... extra) { + cpp_function func(std::forward(f), name(name_), scope(*this), + sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...); + // NB: allow overwriting here because cpp_function sets up a chain with the intention of + // overwriting (and has already checked internally that it isn't overwriting non-functions). + add_object(name_, func, true /* overwrite */); + return *this; + } + + /** \rst + Create and return a new Python submodule with the given name and docstring. + This also works recursively, i.e. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin"); + py::module m2 = m.def_submodule("sub", "A submodule of 'example'"); + py::module m3 = m2.def_submodule("subsub", "A submodule of 'example.sub'"); + \endrst */ + module def_submodule(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) { + std::string full_name = std::string(PyModule_GetName(m_ptr)) + + std::string(".") + std::string(name); + auto result = reinterpret_borrow(PyImport_AddModule(full_name.c_str())); + if (doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) + result.attr("__doc__") = pybind11::str(doc); + attr(name) = result; + return result; + } + + /// Import and return a module or throws `error_already_set`. + static module import(const char *name) { + PyObject *obj = PyImport_ImportModule(name); + if (!obj) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(obj); + } + + /// Reload the module or throws `error_already_set`. + void reload() { + PyObject *obj = PyImport_ReloadModule(ptr()); + if (!obj) + throw error_already_set(); + *this = reinterpret_steal(obj); + } + + // Adds an object to the module using the given name. Throws if an object with the given name + // already exists. + // + // overwrite should almost always be false: attempting to overwrite objects that pybind11 has + // established will, in most cases, break things. + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, handle obj, bool overwrite = false) { + if (!overwrite && hasattr(*this, name)) + pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible definitions with name \"" + + std::string(name) + "\""); + + PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.inc_ref().ptr() /* steals a reference */); + } +}; + +/// \ingroup python_builtins +/// Return a dictionary representing the global variables in the current execution frame, +/// or ``__main__.__dict__`` if there is no frame (usually when the interpreter is embedded). +inline dict globals() { + PyObject *p = PyEval_GetGlobals(); + return reinterpret_borrow(p ? p : module::import("__main__").attr("__dict__").ptr()); +} + +NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +/// Generic support for creating new Python heap types +class generic_type : public object { + template friend class class_; +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(generic_type, object, PyType_Check) +protected: + void initialize(const type_record &rec) { + if (rec.scope && hasattr(rec.scope, rec.name)) + pybind11_fail("generic_type: cannot initialize type \"" + std::string(rec.name) + + "\": an object with that name is already defined"); + + if (rec.module_local ? get_local_type_info(*rec.type) : get_global_type_info(*rec.type)) + pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(rec.name) + + "\" is already registered!"); + + m_ptr = make_new_python_type(rec); + + /* Register supplemental type information in C++ dict */ + auto *tinfo = new detail::type_info(); + tinfo->type = (PyTypeObject *) m_ptr; + tinfo->cpptype = rec.type; + tinfo->type_size = rec.type_size; + tinfo->operator_new = rec.operator_new; + tinfo->holder_size_in_ptrs = size_in_ptrs(rec.holder_size); + tinfo->init_instance = rec.init_instance; + tinfo->dealloc = rec.dealloc; + tinfo->simple_type = true; + tinfo->simple_ancestors = true; + tinfo->default_holder = rec.default_holder; + tinfo->module_local = rec.module_local; + + auto &internals = get_internals(); + auto tindex = std::type_index(*rec.type); + tinfo->direct_conversions = &internals.direct_conversions[tindex]; + if (rec.module_local) + registered_local_types_cpp()[tindex] = tinfo; + else + internals.registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo; + internals.registered_types_py[(PyTypeObject *) m_ptr] = { tinfo }; + + if (rec.bases.size() > 1 || rec.multiple_inheritance) { + mark_parents_nonsimple(tinfo->type); + tinfo->simple_ancestors = false; + } + else if (rec.bases.size() == 1) { + auto parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) rec.bases[0].ptr()); + tinfo->simple_ancestors = parent_tinfo->simple_ancestors; + } + + if (rec.module_local) { + // Stash the local typeinfo and loader so that external modules can access it. + tinfo->module_local_load = &type_caster_generic::local_load; + setattr(m_ptr, PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID, capsule(tinfo)); + } + } + + /// Helper function which tags all parents of a type using mult. inheritance + void mark_parents_nonsimple(PyTypeObject *value) { + auto t = reinterpret_borrow(value->tp_bases); + for (handle h : t) { + auto tinfo2 = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr()); + if (tinfo2) + tinfo2->simple_type = false; + mark_parents_nonsimple((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr()); + } + } + + void install_buffer_funcs( + buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *), + void *get_buffer_data) { + PyHeapTypeObject *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) m_ptr; + auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(&type->ht_type); + + if (!type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer) + pybind11_fail( + "To be able to register buffer protocol support for the type '" + + std::string(tinfo->type->tp_name) + + "' the associated class<>(..) invocation must " + "include the pybind11::buffer_protocol() annotation!"); + + tinfo->get_buffer = get_buffer; + tinfo->get_buffer_data = get_buffer_data; + } + + void def_property_static_impl(const char *name, + handle fget, handle fset, + detail::function_record *rec_fget) { + const auto is_static = !(rec_fget->is_method && rec_fget->scope); + const auto has_doc = rec_fget->doc && pybind11::options::show_user_defined_docstrings(); + + auto property = handle((PyObject *) (is_static ? get_internals().static_property_type + : &PyProperty_Type)); + attr(name) = property(fget.ptr() ? fget : none(), + fset.ptr() ? fset : none(), + /*deleter*/none(), + pybind11::str(has_doc ? rec_fget->doc : "")); + } +}; + +/// Set the pointer to operator new if it exists. The cast is needed because it can be overloaded. +template (T::operator new))>> +void set_operator_new(type_record *r) { r->operator_new = &T::operator new; } + +template void set_operator_new(...) { } + +template struct has_operator_delete : std::false_type { }; +template struct has_operator_delete(T::operator delete))>> + : std::true_type { }; +template struct has_operator_delete_size : std::false_type { }; +template struct has_operator_delete_size(T::operator delete))>> + : std::true_type { }; +/// Call class-specific delete if it exists or global otherwise. Can also be an overload set. +template ::value, int> = 0> +void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t) { T::operator delete(p); } +template ::value && has_operator_delete_size::value, int> = 0> +void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t s) { T::operator delete(p, s); } + +inline void call_operator_delete(void *p, size_t) { ::operator delete(p); } + +NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Given a pointer to a member function, cast it to its `Derived` version. +/// Forward everything else unchanged. +template +auto method_adaptor(F &&f) -> decltype(std::forward(f)) { return std::forward(f); } + +template +auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...)) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) { return pmf; } + +template +auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) const { return pmf; } + +template +class class_ : public detail::generic_type { + template using is_holder = detail::is_holder_type; + template using is_subtype = detail::is_strict_base_of; + template using is_base = detail::is_strict_base_of; + // struct instead of using here to help MSVC: + template struct is_valid_class_option : + detail::any_of, is_subtype, is_base> {}; + +public: + using type = type_; + using type_alias = detail::exactly_one_t; + constexpr static bool has_alias = !std::is_void::value; + using holder_type = detail::exactly_one_t, options...>; + + static_assert(detail::all_of...>::value, + "Unknown/invalid class_ template parameters provided"); + + static_assert(!has_alias || std::is_polymorphic::value, + "Cannot use an alias class with a non-polymorphic type"); + + PYBIND11_OBJECT(class_, generic_type, PyType_Check) + + template + class_(handle scope, const char *name, const Extra &... extra) { + using namespace detail; + + // MI can only be specified via class_ template options, not constructor parameters + static_assert( + none_of...>::value || // no base class arguments, or: + ( constexpr_sum(is_pyobject::value...) == 1 && // Exactly one base + constexpr_sum(is_base::value...) == 0 && // no template option bases + none_of...>::value), // no multiple_inheritance attr + "Error: multiple inheritance bases must be specified via class_ template options"); + + type_record record; + record.scope = scope; + record.name = name; + record.type = &typeid(type); + record.type_size = sizeof(conditional_t); + record.holder_size = sizeof(holder_type); + record.init_instance = init_instance; + record.dealloc = dealloc; + record.default_holder = std::is_same>::value; + + set_operator_new(&record); + + /* Register base classes specified via template arguments to class_, if any */ + PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(add_base(record)); + + /* Process optional arguments, if any */ + process_attributes::init(extra..., &record); + + generic_type::initialize(record); + + if (has_alias) { + auto &instances = record.module_local ? registered_local_types_cpp() : get_internals().registered_types_cpp; + instances[std::type_index(typeid(type_alias))] = instances[std::type_index(typeid(type))]; + } + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void add_base(detail::type_record &rec) { + rec.add_base(typeid(Base), [](void *src) -> void * { + return static_cast(reinterpret_cast(src)); + }); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void add_base(detail::type_record &) { } + + template + class_ &def(const char *name_, Func&& f, const Extra&... extra) { + cpp_function cf(method_adaptor(std::forward(f)), name(name_), is_method(*this), + sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...); + attr(cf.name()) = cf; + return *this; + } + + template class_ & + def_static(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) { + static_assert(!std::is_member_function_pointer::value, + "def_static(...) called with a non-static member function pointer"); + cpp_function cf(std::forward(f), name(name_), scope(*this), + sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...); + attr(cf.name()) = cf; + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(const detail::op_ &op, const Extra&... extra) { + op.execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ & def_cast(const detail::op_ &op, const Extra&... extra) { + op.execute_cast(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::constructor &init, const Extra&... extra) { + init.execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::alias_constructor &init, const Extra&... extra) { + init.execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(detail::initimpl::factory &&init, const Extra&... extra) { + std::move(init).execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(detail::initimpl::pickle_factory &&pf, const Extra &...extra) { + std::move(pf).execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template class_& def_buffer(Func &&func) { + struct capture { Func func; }; + capture *ptr = new capture { std::forward(func) }; + install_buffer_funcs([](PyObject *obj, void *ptr) -> buffer_info* { + detail::make_caster caster; + if (!caster.load(obj, false)) + return nullptr; + return new buffer_info(((capture *) ptr)->func(caster)); + }, ptr); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...)) { + return def_buffer([func] (type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); }); + } + + template + class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...) const) { + return def_buffer([func] (const type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); }); + } + + template + class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm, const Extra&... extra) { + static_assert(std::is_base_of::value, "def_readwrite() requires a class member (or base class member)"); + cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)), + fset([pm](type &c, const D &value) { c.*pm = value; }, is_method(*this)); + def_property(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_readonly(const char *name, const D C::*pm, const Extra& ...extra) { + static_assert(std::is_base_of::value, "def_readonly() requires a class member (or base class member)"); + cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)); + def_property_readonly(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_readwrite_static(const char *name, D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) { + cpp_function fget([pm](object) -> const D &{ return *pm; }, scope(*this)), + fset([pm](object, const D &value) { *pm = value; }, scope(*this)); + def_property_static(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_readonly_static(const char *name, const D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) { + cpp_function fget([pm](object) -> const D &{ return *pm; }, scope(*this)); + def_property_readonly_static(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + return *this; + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_readonly(name, cpp_function(method_adaptor(fget)), + return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property(name, fget, cpp_function(), extra...); + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_readonly_static(name, cpp_function(fget), return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_static(name, fget, cpp_function(), extra...); + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default + template + class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Setter &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property(name, fget, cpp_function(method_adaptor(fset)), extra...); + } + template + class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property(name, cpp_function(method_adaptor(fget)), fset, + return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_static(name, fget, fset, is_method(*this), extra...); + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default + template + class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_static(name, cpp_function(fget), fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + auto rec_fget = get_function_record(fget), rec_fset = get_function_record(fset); + char *doc_prev = rec_fget->doc; /* 'extra' field may include a property-specific documentation string */ + detail::process_attributes::init(extra..., rec_fget); + if (rec_fget->doc && rec_fget->doc != doc_prev) { + free(doc_prev); + rec_fget->doc = strdup(rec_fget->doc); + } + if (rec_fset) { + doc_prev = rec_fset->doc; + detail::process_attributes::init(extra..., rec_fset); + if (rec_fset->doc && rec_fset->doc != doc_prev) { + free(doc_prev); + rec_fset->doc = strdup(rec_fset->doc); + } + } + def_property_static_impl(name, fget, fset, rec_fget); + return *this; + } + +private: + /// Initialize holder object, variant 1: object derives from enable_shared_from_this + template + static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst, detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type * /* unused */, const std::enable_shared_from_this * /* dummy */) { + try { + auto sh = std::dynamic_pointer_cast( + v_h.value_ptr()->shared_from_this()); + if (sh) { + new (&v_h.holder()) holder_type(std::move(sh)); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } + } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {} + + if (!v_h.holder_constructed() && inst->owned) { + new (&v_h.holder()) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr()); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } + } + + static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type *holder_ptr, std::true_type /*is_copy_constructible*/) { + new (&v_h.holder()) holder_type(*reinterpret_cast(holder_ptr)); + } + + static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type *holder_ptr, std::false_type /*is_copy_constructible*/) { + new (&v_h.holder()) holder_type(std::move(*const_cast(holder_ptr))); + } + + /// Initialize holder object, variant 2: try to construct from existing holder object, if possible + static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst, detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type *holder_ptr, const void * /* dummy -- not enable_shared_from_this) */) { + if (holder_ptr) { + init_holder_from_existing(v_h, holder_ptr, std::is_copy_constructible()); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } else if (inst->owned || detail::always_construct_holder::value) { + new (&v_h.holder()) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr()); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } + } + + /// Performs instance initialization including constructing a holder and registering the known + /// instance. Should be called as soon as the `type` value_ptr is set for an instance. Takes an + /// optional pointer to an existing holder to use; if not specified and the instance is + /// `.owned`, a new holder will be constructed to manage the value pointer. + static void init_instance(detail::instance *inst, const void *holder_ptr) { + auto v_h = inst->get_value_and_holder(detail::get_type_info(typeid(type))); + if (!v_h.instance_registered()) { + register_instance(inst, v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type); + v_h.set_instance_registered(); + } + init_holder(inst, v_h, (const holder_type *) holder_ptr, v_h.value_ptr()); + } + + /// Deallocates an instance; via holder, if constructed; otherwise via operator delete. + static void dealloc(detail::value_and_holder &v_h) { + if (v_h.holder_constructed()) { + v_h.holder().~holder_type(); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(false); + } + else { + detail::call_operator_delete(v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type->type_size); + } + v_h.value_ptr() = nullptr; + } + + static detail::function_record *get_function_record(handle h) { + h = detail::get_function(h); + return h ? (detail::function_record *) reinterpret_borrow(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(h.ptr())) + : nullptr; + } +}; + +/// Binds an existing constructor taking arguments Args... +template detail::initimpl::constructor init() { return {}; } +/// Like `init()`, but the instance is always constructed through the alias class (even +/// when not inheriting on the Python side). +template detail::initimpl::alias_constructor init_alias() { return {}; } + +/// Binds a factory function as a constructor +template > +Ret init(Func &&f) { return {std::forward(f)}; } + +/// Dual-argument factory function: the first function is called when no alias is needed, the second +/// when an alias is needed (i.e. due to python-side inheritance). Arguments must be identical. +template > +Ret init(CFunc &&c, AFunc &&a) { + return {std::forward(c), std::forward(a)}; +} + +/// Binds pickling functions `__getstate__` and `__setstate__` and ensures that the type +/// returned by `__getstate__` is the same as the argument accepted by `__setstate__`. +template +detail::initimpl::pickle_factory pickle(GetState &&g, SetState &&s) { + return {std::forward(g), std::forward(s)}; +} + +/// Binds C++ enumerations and enumeration classes to Python +template class enum_ : public class_ { +public: + using class_::def; + using class_::def_property_readonly_static; + using Scalar = typename std::underlying_type::type; + + template + enum_(const handle &scope, const char *name, const Extra&... extra) + : class_(scope, name, extra...), m_entries(), m_parent(scope) { + + constexpr bool is_arithmetic = detail::any_of...>::value; + + auto m_entries_ptr = m_entries.inc_ref().ptr(); + def("__repr__", [name, m_entries_ptr](Type value) -> pybind11::str { + for (const auto &kv : reinterpret_borrow(m_entries_ptr)) { + if (pybind11::cast(kv.second) == value) + return pybind11::str("{}.{}").format(name, kv.first); + } + return pybind11::str("{}.???").format(name); + }); + def_property_readonly_static("__members__", [m_entries_ptr](object /* self */) { + dict m; + for (const auto &kv : reinterpret_borrow(m_entries_ptr)) + m[kv.first] = kv.second; + return m; + }, return_value_policy::copy); + def(init([](Scalar i) { return static_cast(i); })); + def("__int__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + def("__long__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + #endif + def("__eq__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value == *value2; }); + def("__ne__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return !value2 || value != *value2; }); + if (is_arithmetic) { + def("__lt__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value < *value2; }); + def("__gt__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value > *value2; }); + def("__le__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value <= *value2; }); + def("__ge__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value >= *value2; }); + } + if (std::is_convertible::value) { + // Don't provide comparison with the underlying type if the enum isn't convertible, + // i.e. if Type is a scoped enum, mirroring the C++ behaviour. (NB: we explicitly + // convert Type to Scalar below anyway because this needs to compile). + def("__eq__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value == value2; }); + def("__ne__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value != value2; }); + if (is_arithmetic) { + def("__lt__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value < value2; }); + def("__gt__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value > value2; }); + def("__le__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value <= value2; }); + def("__ge__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value >= value2; }); + def("__invert__", [](const Type &value) { return ~((Scalar) value); }); + def("__and__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value & value2; }); + def("__or__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value | value2; }); + def("__xor__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value ^ value2; }); + def("__rand__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value & value2; }); + def("__ror__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value | value2; }); + def("__rxor__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value ^ value2; }); + def("__and__", [](const Type &value, const Type &value2) { return (Scalar) value & (Scalar) value2; }); + def("__or__", [](const Type &value, const Type &value2) { return (Scalar) value | (Scalar) value2; }); + def("__xor__", [](const Type &value, const Type &value2) { return (Scalar) value ^ (Scalar) value2; }); + } + } + def("__hash__", [](const Type &value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + // Pickling and unpickling -- needed for use with the 'multiprocessing' module + def(pickle([](const Type &value) { return pybind11::make_tuple((Scalar) value); }, + [](tuple t) { return static_cast(t[0].cast()); })); + } + + /// Export enumeration entries into the parent scope + enum_& export_values() { + for (const auto &kv : m_entries) + m_parent.attr(kv.first) = kv.second; + return *this; + } + + /// Add an enumeration entry + enum_& value(char const* name, Type value) { + auto v = pybind11::cast(value, return_value_policy::copy); + this->attr(name) = v; + m_entries[pybind11::str(name)] = v; + return *this; + } + +private: + dict m_entries; + handle m_parent; +}; + +NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + + +inline void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient) { + if (!nurse || !patient) + pybind11_fail("Could not activate keep_alive!"); + + if (patient.is_none() || nurse.is_none()) + return; /* Nothing to keep alive or nothing to be kept alive by */ + + auto tinfo = all_type_info(Py_TYPE(nurse.ptr())); + if (!tinfo.empty()) { + /* It's a pybind-registered type, so we can store the patient in the + * internal list. */ + add_patient(nurse.ptr(), patient.ptr()); + } + else { + /* Fall back to clever approach based on weak references taken from + * Boost.Python. This is not used for pybind-registered types because + * the objects can be destroyed out-of-order in a GC pass. */ + cpp_function disable_lifesupport( + [patient](handle weakref) { patient.dec_ref(); weakref.dec_ref(); }); + + weakref wr(nurse, disable_lifesupport); + + patient.inc_ref(); /* reference patient and leak the weak reference */ + (void) wr.release(); + } +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline void keep_alive_impl(size_t Nurse, size_t Patient, function_call &call, handle ret) { + auto get_arg = [&](size_t n) { + if (n == 0) + return ret; + else if (n == 1 && call.init_self) + return call.init_self; + else if (n <= call.args.size()) + return call.args[n - 1]; + return handle(); + }; + + keep_alive_impl(get_arg(Nurse), get_arg(Patient)); +} + +inline std::pair all_type_info_get_cache(PyTypeObject *type) { + auto res = get_internals().registered_types_py +#ifdef __cpp_lib_unordered_map_try_emplace + .try_emplace(type); +#else + .emplace(type, std::vector()); +#endif + if (res.second) { + // New cache entry created; set up a weak reference to automatically remove it if the type + // gets destroyed: + weakref((PyObject *) type, cpp_function([type](handle wr) { + get_internals().registered_types_py.erase(type); + wr.dec_ref(); + })).release(); + } + + return res; +} + +template +struct iterator_state { + Iterator it; + Sentinel end; + bool first_or_done; +}; + +NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Makes a python iterator from a first and past-the-end C++ InputIterator. +template ()), + typename... Extra> +iterator make_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) { + typedef detail::iterator_state state; + + if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) { + class_(handle(), "iterator", pybind11::module_local()) + .def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; }) + .def("__next__", [](state &s) -> ValueType { + if (!s.first_or_done) + ++s.it; + else + s.first_or_done = false; + if (s.it == s.end) { + s.first_or_done = true; + throw stop_iteration(); + } + return *s.it; + }, std::forward(extra)..., Policy); + } + + return cast(state{first, last, true}); +} + +/// Makes an python iterator over the keys (`.first`) of a iterator over pairs from a +/// first and past-the-end InputIterator. +template ()).first), + typename... Extra> +iterator make_key_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) { + typedef detail::iterator_state state; + + if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) { + class_(handle(), "iterator", pybind11::module_local()) + .def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; }) + .def("__next__", [](state &s) -> KeyType { + if (!s.first_or_done) + ++s.it; + else + s.first_or_done = false; + if (s.it == s.end) { + s.first_or_done = true; + throw stop_iteration(); + } + return (*s.it).first; + }, std::forward(extra)..., Policy); + } + + return cast(state{first, last, true}); +} + +/// Makes an iterator over values of an stl container or other container supporting +/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()` +template iterator make_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) { + return make_iterator(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...); +} + +/// Makes an iterator over the keys (`.first`) of a stl map-like container supporting +/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()` +template iterator make_key_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) { + return make_key_iterator(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...); +} + +template void implicitly_convertible() { + struct set_flag { + bool &flag; + set_flag(bool &flag) : flag(flag) { flag = true; } + ~set_flag() { flag = false; } + }; + auto implicit_caster = [](PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) -> PyObject * { + static bool currently_used = false; + if (currently_used) // implicit conversions are non-reentrant + return nullptr; + set_flag flag_helper(currently_used); + if (!detail::make_caster().load(obj, false)) + return nullptr; + tuple args(1); + args[0] = obj; + PyObject *result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *) type, args.ptr(), nullptr); + if (result == nullptr) + PyErr_Clear(); + return result; + }; + + if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(OutputType))) + tinfo->implicit_conversions.push_back(implicit_caster); + else + pybind11_fail("implicitly_convertible: Unable to find type " + type_id()); +} + +template +void register_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator&& translator) { + detail::get_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front( + std::forward(translator)); +} + +/** + * Wrapper to generate a new Python exception type. + * + * This should only be used with PyErr_SetString for now. + * It is not (yet) possible to use as a py::base. + * Template type argument is reserved for future use. + */ +template +class exception : public object { +public: + exception(handle scope, const char *name, PyObject *base = PyExc_Exception) { + std::string full_name = scope.attr("__name__").cast() + + std::string(".") + name; + m_ptr = PyErr_NewException(const_cast(full_name.c_str()), base, NULL); + if (hasattr(scope, name)) + pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible " + "definitions with name \"" + std::string(name) + "\""); + scope.attr(name) = *this; + } + + // Sets the current python exception to this exception object with the given message + void operator()(const char *message) { + PyErr_SetString(m_ptr, message); + } +}; + +/** + * Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs an exception translator to + * translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the exceptions what() method. + * This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the + * exception object and translator directly. + */ +template +exception ®ister_exception(handle scope, + const char *name, + PyObject *base = PyExc_Exception) { + static exception ex(scope, name, base); + register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) { + if (!p) return; + try { + std::rethrow_exception(p); + } catch (const CppException &e) { + ex(e.what()); + } + }); + return ex; +} + +NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline void print(tuple args, dict kwargs) { + auto strings = tuple(args.size()); + for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) { + strings[i] = str(args[i]); + } + auto sep = kwargs.contains("sep") ? kwargs["sep"] : cast(" "); + auto line = sep.attr("join")(strings); + + object file; + if (kwargs.contains("file")) { + file = kwargs["file"].cast(); + } else { + try { + file = module::import("sys").attr("stdout"); + } catch (const error_already_set &) { + /* If print() is called from code that is executed as + part of garbage collection during interpreter shutdown, + importing 'sys' can fail. Give up rather than crashing the + interpreter in this case. */ + return; + } + } + + auto write = file.attr("write"); + write(line); + write(kwargs.contains("end") ? kwargs["end"] : cast("\n")); + + if (kwargs.contains("flush") && kwargs["flush"].cast()) + file.attr("flush")(); +} +NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +template +void print(Args &&...args) { + auto c = detail::collect_arguments(std::forward(args)...); + detail::print(c.args(), c.kwargs()); +} + +#if defined(WITH_THREAD) +class gil_scoped_acquire { + PyGILState_STATE state; +public: + gil_scoped_acquire() { state = PyGILState_Ensure(); } + ~gil_scoped_acquire() { PyGILState_Release(state); } +}; + +class gil_scoped_release { + PyThreadState *state; +public: + gil_scoped_release() { state = PyEval_SaveThread(); } + ~gil_scoped_release() { PyEval_RestoreThread(state); } +}; +#else +class gil_scoped_acquire { }; +class gil_scoped_release { }; +#endif + +error_already_set::~error_already_set() { + if (type) { + gil_scoped_acquire gil; + type.release().dec_ref(); + value.release().dec_ref(); + trace.release().dec_ref(); + } +} + +inline function get_type_overload(const void *this_ptr, const detail::type_info *this_type, const char *name) { + handle self = detail::get_object_handle(this_ptr, this_type); + if (!self) + return function(); + handle type = self.get_type(); + auto key = std::make_pair(type.ptr(), name); + + /* Cache functions that aren't overloaded in Python to avoid + many costly Python dictionary lookups below */ + auto &cache = detail::get_internals().inactive_overload_cache; + if (cache.find(key) != cache.end()) + return function(); + + function overload = getattr(self, name, function()); + if (overload.is_cpp_function()) { + cache.insert(key); + return function(); + } + + /* Don't call dispatch code if invoked from overridden function. + Unfortunately this doesn't work on PyPy. */ +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_Get()->frame; + if (frame && (std::string) str(frame->f_code->co_name) == name && + frame->f_code->co_argcount > 0) { + PyFrame_FastToLocals(frame); + PyObject *self_caller = PyDict_GetItem( + frame->f_locals, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(frame->f_code->co_varnames, 0)); + if (self_caller == self.ptr()) + return function(); + } +#else + /* PyPy currently doesn't provide a detailed cpyext emulation of + frame objects, so we have to emulate this using Python. This + is going to be slow..*/ + dict d; d["self"] = self; d["name"] = pybind11::str(name); + PyObject *result = PyRun_String( + "import inspect\n" + "frame = inspect.currentframe()\n" + "if frame is not None:\n" + " frame = frame.f_back\n" + " if frame is not None and str(frame.f_code.co_name) == name and " + "frame.f_code.co_argcount > 0:\n" + " self_caller = frame.f_locals[frame.f_code.co_varnames[0]]\n" + " if self_caller == self:\n" + " self = None\n", + Py_file_input, d.ptr(), d.ptr()); + if (result == nullptr) + throw error_already_set(); + if (d["self"].is_none()) + return function(); + Py_DECREF(result); +#endif + + return overload; +} + +template function get_overload(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) { + auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(T)); + return tinfo ? get_type_overload(this_ptr, tinfo, name) : function(); +} + +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, ...) { \ + pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil; \ + pybind11::function overload = pybind11::get_overload(static_cast(this), name); \ + if (overload) { \ + auto o = overload(__VA_ARGS__); \ + if (pybind11::detail::cast_is_temporary_value_reference::value) { \ + static pybind11::detail::overload_caster_t caster; \ + return pybind11::detail::cast_ref(std::move(o), caster); \ + } \ + else return pybind11::detail::cast_safe(std::move(o)); \ + } \ + } + +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, __VA_ARGS__) \ + return cname::fn(__VA_ARGS__) + +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, __VA_ARGS__) \ + pybind11::pybind11_fail("Tried to call pure virtual function \"" #cname "::" name "\""); + +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__) + +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__) + +NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(pop) +#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +/* Leave ignored warnings on */ +#elif defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) +# pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif