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+---
+id: darnah-flood
+name: 'Darnah, Libya Flood'
+description: "HLS (SWIR FalseColor composites) imagery supporting the Darnah Flood Story"
+media:
+ src: ::file ./darnah-flood-background.jpg
+ alt: Aerial view over the Wadi Darnah River post-flood in Derna, Libya on September 14, 2023.
+ author:
+ name: Marwan Alfaituri (Reuters)
+ url: https://abcnews.go.com/International/casualties-libya-floods-avoided-world-meteorological-organization-chief/story?id=103200104
+taxonomy:
+ - name: Topics
+ values:
+ - EIS
+ - name: Source
+ values:
+ - UAH
+
+layers:
+ - id: darnah-flood
+ stacCol: darnah-flood
+ name: HLS SWIR FalseColor Composite
+ type: raster
+ description: 'HLS falsecolor composite imagery using S30 Bands 12, 8A, and 4, over Darnah, Libya.'
+ zoomExtent:
+ - 0
+ - 20
+ sourceParams:
+ rescale:
+ - 0,5000
+ resampling: bilinear
+ asset_bidx: cog_default|1,2,3
+ compare:
+ datasetId: darnah-flood
+ layerId: darnah-flood
+ mapLabel: |
+ ::js ({ dateFns, datetime, compareDatetime }) => {
+ return `${dateFns.format(datetime, 'DD LLL yyyy')}`;
+ }
+
+ - id: darnah-gpm-daily
+ stacCol: darnah-gpm-daily
+ name: GPM Accumulated Rainfall
+ type: raster
+ description: 'Accumulated Rainfall (mm) over the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Medicane Daniel (4 - 16 September, 2023).'
+ initialDatetime: newest
+ zoomExtent:
+ - 0
+ - 20
+
+ sourceParams:
+ colormap_name: inferno
+ nodata: 0
+ resampling: bilinear
+ bidx: 1
+ rescale:
+ - 0.1
+ - 500
+
+ legend:
+ type: gradient
+ min: "0.1 mm"
+ max: "500 mm"
+ stops:
+ - '#08041d'
+ - '#1f0a46'
+ - '#52076c'
+ - '#f57c16'
+ - '#f7cf39'
+
+---
+
+
+
+## Overview
+
+On Monday, September 11, 2023, the city of Darnah, Libya experienced the [deadliest flood disaster of the 21st century](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/environment/floods-in-libya-s-derna-worst-disaster-in-21st-century/2992617&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709231595507737&usg=AOvVaw3MuRygRSSxtExzI_shVddG), and Africa’s deadliest flood ever recorded. A storm in the Mediterranean Sea dubbed ‘Medicane Daniel’ moved over northeastern Libya on the evening of the 10th, dumping prolific rain over the desert the morning of the 11th. A record 16” of rainfall was measured in 24 hours at the city of Al-Bayda, Libya (just west of Derna) from ‘Medicane’ Daniel. Two dams upstream of Darnah collapsed during the heavy rains leading to approximately [25% of the city being destroyed](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/more-than-1000-bodies-recovered-libyan-city-after-floods-minister-2023-09-12/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709231595509452&usg=AOvVaw083l0kMybsbbwT18u4SVTm). The first dam broke around 3:00 AM local time on September 11th, and the second followed suit shortly thereafter, which exacerbated the death toll greatly. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) reported that proceeding the dam bursts, a wave as high as 23 feet (7 meters) rushed towards the city. With a population of 120,000, the major city of Darnah saw massive destruction, with entire districts of the city being washed away.Nearly 1,000 buildings are estimated to have been completely destroyed as well as 5 major bridges that connect the west and east sides of the city. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs initially reported a death toll currently sits at 11,300 with another 10,100 reported missing. This estimate was later revised to [3,958 fatalities](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/18/libya-floods-conflicting-death-tolls-greek-aid-workers-die-in-crash) on September 18.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Scientific Research
+
+
+The primary dataset employed in analyzing the Darnah flood, alongside Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrivals for the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM IMERG) data, is a three-band HLS composite image created from the shortwave infrared, narrow near-infrared, and red bands of pre and post-flood HLS data, supplemented with total rainfall data from GPM taken from 5 to 16 September 2023. These scenes were acquired on September 7 and 22, 2023. The SWIR false color composite visually illustrates the extent of the greenup resulting from heavy rainfall leading to the flood, while GPM's total rainfall data provides insight into precipitation patterns associated with Medicane Daniel over the eastern Mediterranean region.
+
+These datasets support ongoing scientific research and analysis of the Darnah flood and its aftermath. They aid in assessing the flood's impact on local land cover, vegetation extent, sediment loading, and precipitation patterns. Furthermore, they facilitate the monitoring of long-term environmental recovery and ecosystem resilience, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of flood mitigation and dam rebuilding efforts upstream of Darnah.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ SWIR False color HLS imagery showing the destroyed area of Darnah, Libya along the Wadi Darnah River on 22 September 2023.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Interpreting the Data
+
+The HLS and GPM datasets concerning the Darnah Flood should be interpreted with careful consideration of temporal, spatial, and environmental factors.
+
+Temporal Aspects: The HLS SWIR FalseColor composite images were taken at 10:30 AM LST on September 7 and 22, 2023, corresponding to pre- and post-flood times. The GPM total rainfall data is a summed daily rainfall accumulation product that spans from September 5 to 16, 2023.
+
+Spatial Aspects: All three bands used from the HLS dataset are at 30-meter resolution, providing detailed spatial information. GPM's total rainfall data covers the entire eastern Mediterranean region, offering insights into the broader spatial distribution of precipitation associated with Medicane Daniel, and is at 0.1 by 0.1 degree spatial resolution.
+
+Environmental Aspects: When interpreting the data, it is crucial to consider the local topography and land cover. Darnah, situated along the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, experiences rapidly rising terrain to its south and lies within the Saharan Desert region.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+* [Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
+
+* [European Commission Report 9/13/2023](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/ECDM_20230913_FL_Libya.pdf)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Data Story
+
+* [The Deadliest Flood of the 21st Century](https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/dashboard/stories/darnah-flood)
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
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+---
+id: darnah-flood
+name: The Deadliest Flood of the 21st Century
+description: "An Overview of the September 11, 2023 Darnah, Libya Flood"
+media:
+ src: ::file ./darnah-flood-background.jpg
+ alt: Aerial view over the Wadi Darnah River post-flood in Derna, Libya on September 14, 2023.
+ author:
+ name: Marwan Alfaituri (Reuters)
+ url: https://abcnews.go.com/International/casualties-libya-floods-avoided-world-meteorological-organization-chief/story?id=103200104
+pubDate: 2024-02-29
+taxonomy:
+ - name: Topics
+ values:
+ - Flood
+---
+
+
+
+
+ Authors: Andrew Blackford1, Trent Cowan1, Udaysankar Nair1\
+ 1 The University of Alabama in Huntsville
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Satellite-derived extent of floodwaters in Darnah, as determined from the Humanitarian Data Exchange.
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## Overview
+ 🚧 This Data Story presents work in progress and not peer-reviewed results! 🚧
+
+ On Monday, September 11, 2023, the city of Darnah, Libya experienced the [deadliest flood disaster of the 21st century](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/environment/floods-in-libya-s-derna-worst-disaster-in-21st-century/2992617&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709231595507737&usg=AOvVaw3MuRygRSSxtExzI_shVddG), and Africa’s deadliest flood ever recorded. A storm in the Mediterranean Sea dubbed ‘Medicane Daniel’ moved over northeastern Libya on the evening of the 10th, dumping prolific rain over the desert the morning of the 11th. A record 16” of rainfall was measured in 24 hours at the city of Al-Bayda, Libya (just west of Derna) from ‘Medicane’ Daniel. Two dams upstream of Darnah collapsed during the heavy rains leading to approximately [25% of the city being destroyed](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/more-than-1000-bodies-recovered-libyan-city-after-floods-minister-2023-09-12/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709231595509452&usg=AOvVaw083l0kMybsbbwT18u4SVTm). The first dam broke around 3:00 AM local time on September 11th, and the second followed suit shortly thereafter, which exacerbated the death toll greatly. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) reported that proceeding the dam bursts, a wave as high as 23 feet (7 meters) rushed towards the city. With a population of 120,000, the major city of Darnah saw massive destruction, with entire districts of the city being washed away.Nearly 1,000 buildings are estimated to have been completely destroyed as well as 5 major bridges that connect the west and east sides of the city. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs initially reported a death toll currently sits at 11,300 with another 10,100 reported missing. This estimate was later revised to [3,958 fatalities](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/18/libya-floods-conflicting-death-tolls-greek-aid-workers-die-in-crash) on September 18.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## Medicane Daniel
+ [Medicanes](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.easa.europa.eu/community/topics/medicanes&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709231595506704&usg=AOvVaw3IE4-Z1b9q1j7MKe7dE4YH) have similar properties to hurricanes, as they are warm-core and quasi-tropical in nature, but are not technically designated as hurricanes. Storm Daniel formed in the Ionian Sea on September 4th, 2023, and drifted to the south underneath an Omega Block (a high pressure system stuck in place between two low-pressure systems). As the cyclone moved out of the Ionian Sea and into the central Mediterranean Sea on September 5th, it transitioned into a medicane. Daniel began to drift southeastward towards the northern Libyan coast on September 9th before making landfall near the city of Benghazi on September 10th. Satellite-derived measurements from the ASCAT (Advanced Scatterometer) recorded wind speeds of up to 85 km/hour before Daniel made landfall. The medicane then dissipated on September 12th over northwestern Egypt after causing massive destruction from floods in northern Libya and Greece. A record 16” (414 mm) of rainfall was measured in 24 hours at the city of Al-Bayda, Libya, with satellite-derived measurements suggesting locally higher totals near Tolmeita and Battah. Medicane Daniel’s impact resulted in it being the deadliest medicane in history, and the costliest tropical cyclone on record outside of the North Atlantic Ocean. Over $21.14 billion (2023 USD) in damages was reported from Daniel, and over 4,361 fatalities have been confirmed with unofficial estimates of 20,000, and over 7,000 were injured.
+
+
+
+
+
+ Satellite imagery of Daniel over the Mediterranean. (VIIRS imagery from NASA Worldview)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## TIMELINE
+ ## September 4th
+
+ Low pressure system forms over the Ionean Sea off the western coast of Greece.
+
+
+
+ ## September 5th
+
+ The system was officially designated Storm Daniel.
+
+ Impactful rainfall and flooding occurred in Greece, with 43" measured in Zagora and 34.8" in Portaria.
+
+
+
+ ## September 6th
+
+ Northwestern Turkey deals with heavy flooding, which inflicts 5 fatalities.
+
+
+
+ ## September 6th
+
+ Heavy flooding occurs in southern Bulgaria, with a national record 13" of rainfall recorded in Tsarevo in 24 hours, and 12.2" in Kosti.
+
+
+
+ ## September 7th
+
+ Over 800 flood rescue operations occur in Thessaly, Greece. The Pinelos River crested at 9.5 meters, compared to a typical river height of 4 meters. The Sentinel-1 satellite measured a flood inundation of 180,000 acres, which is the region's worst flooding since 1930.
+
+
+
+ ## September 10th, 10 PM
+
+ A curfew was issued as a precaution in the city of Darnah, Libya as Daniel began making landfall southwest of the city. A state of emergency was issued for the entire country of Libya on September 9th.
+
+ ## September 11th, 3 AM
+
+ Two upriver dams (The Belad and Abu Mansour Dams) burst, and locals reported hearing loud explosions. 25% of the city of Darnah was swept away under an ~7 meter tall wave of water. Four bridges were washed away, and over 2,200 buildings were impacted (1,500 destroyed). The official death toll stands at 3,958 in Darnah alone as of September 18, 2023.
+
+
+
+
+ ## September 11th
+
+ A national rainfall record was set at Al Bayda, Libya, where 16" of rain fell in 24 hours due to Daniel. Significant flooding occurred here, with ~200 fatalities reported. Over 5,000 homes were impacted by floodwaters.
+
+
+
+
+ ## September 11th
+
+ The city of Al Abraq, Libya measured 6.7" of rainfall and experienced upwards of 10 feet of flood inundation.
+
+
+
+
+ ## September 12th
+
+ Storm Daniel dissipates over northern Egypt after causing moderate rainfall in the region.
+
+
+
+
+ ## September 13th
+
+ Storm Daniel's remnants reach Israel, where locally heavy rain causes sinkholes to open. These are the last notable impacts from this storm.
+
+
+
+
+ ## September 16th
+
+ The death toll in Greece rises to 17 due to prolonged flooding caused by Daniel.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 false color composite imagery of Darnah before (September 7, 2023) and after the fire (September 22, 2023).
+
+
+
+
+ ## Satellite Analysis
+ NASA's Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel-2 datasets were acquired to showcase the before-and-after scenes of the Darnah, Libya area. The utilization of false-color composite imagery allowed for an exploration of the flood damage evident in the city. Instead of employing the conventional red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelength 'TrueColor' imagery, a false-color composite utilizing the near-infrared (IR) and shortwave IR channels was chosen. This involved substituting the traditional RGB composite with shortwave IR, near-IR, and red bands, respectively. As a result, areas most affected by the flood exhibited a distinct contrast to unaffected regions, with displaced sediments like sand becoming apparent in Darnah's streets through this band combination. While this specific band combination is commonly associated with wildfire detection due to its effectiveness in revealing darkened burned areas, it also proves capable of highlighting greenery after heavy rain events. This characteristic played a crucial role in enhancing the contrast of flood damage in and around Darnah.
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## Building Footprint Analysis
+ Google's OpenBuildings dataset, spanning vast regions including Africa, South Asia, South-East Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean with 1.8 billion building detections, holds significant potential for assessing urban challenges, especially in the aftermath of natural disasters like the devastating flood in Darnah. This dataset provides a detailed map of building footprints and their distribution, allowing for a broad understanding of the urban landscape. In the case of disaster response, such as identifying damaged buildings, the dataset's confidence scores can help prioritize areas for intervention. While it doesn't delve into specifics like building types or addresses, its comprehensive coverage and detailed information comprise a valuable resource for evaluating the impact of events on the built environment. Leveraging this data alongside other disaster response tools could greatly enhance our ability to assess and respond effectively to the aftermath of such events in Darnah and similar regions.
+
+ The [Humanitarian Data Exchange](https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/970d0cacd0c24b39b08d844b99a797ae/page/UNOSAT/) (HDX) generated a dataset of impacted buildings in the aftermath of the Darnah flood through satellite imagery building detection. A high-resolution overpass from the Pleiades satellite on September 13, 2023, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 meters, was employed for this purpose. This dataset established point locations for buildings identified as damaged or destroyed during the Darnah flood on September 11, 2023. These specific point locations were then cross-referenced with the OpenBuildings dataset for Darnah. The result is a comprehensive map highlighting which buildings were likely impacted by the floodwaters, providing valuable insights into the extent of the damage in the region.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Building footprint detection over Darnah, Libya. Red-colored buildings were heavily impacted by floodwaters, orange-colored buildings were slightly impacted by floodwaters, and green-colored buildings were left largely undisturbed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## Aftermath and Implications
+ As of September 14th, the United Nations reported that as many as 884,000 people are in need of assistance in Libya, including nearly 300,000 children. Over 10,000 people remain missing, and portions of Darnah have been washed out into the Mediterranean Sea. At the time of Medicane Daniel’s impact, the Belad and Abu Mansour Dams were in subpar condition, lacking consistent upkeep. The two dams were first built in the mid 1970s to control the impacts of flooding, but had not been maintained regularly since 2002. The dams were damaged from a storm in 1986, with cracks observed as early as in 1998. A Turkish construction firm claims they were hired to replace the dams in 2007, having concluded preliminary work in 2012, but the Libyan government claims they ceased working in 2011 at the outbreak of the Libyan Civil War. Research as recent as 2022 warned of a high risk of flooding should the dams fail, pointing back to four previous major floods since 1942. European meteorological agencies also warned Libya of the impending potential major impacts from Daniel days in advance, and the World Meteorological Organization said that many of the casualties would have been prevented had Libya set up a functional weather service.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## Additional Resources
+ [Omega Block Definition](https://glossarytest.ametsoc.net/wiki/Blocking_high)
+
+ [Medicane Definition](https://skybrary.aero/articles/medicane)
+
+ [Rainfall in Greece](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-historic-flooding-more-than-2-feet-of-rain-in-just-a-few-hours/)
+
+ [Rainfall in Libya](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151826/torrential-rain-wreaks-havoc-in-libya)
+
+ [Rainfall in Turkey and Bulgaria](https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-66728709)
+
+ [European Commission Report 9/13/2023](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/ECDM_20230913_FL_Libya.pdf)
+
+ [Yale Research on Libya Flood](https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/09/the-libya-floods-a-climate-and-infrastructure-catastrophe/)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ## References
+ Ashoor, Abdelwanees A. R (26 July 2022). "Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model" (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير (PDF). Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences (in Arabic). Sebha University Press. 21 (2): 90–100. doi:10.51984/jopas.v21i2. ISSN 2521-9200
+
+ [Jr, Roger Pielke (13 September 2023). "Trends in Flooding in Africa". The Honest Broker.](https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa)
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/stories/darnah_daniel_satellite.jpg b/stories/darnah_daniel_satellite.jpg
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diff --git a/stories/lahaina-fire.stories.mdx b/stories/lahaina-fire.stories.mdx
index 00ccc3278..b4d66d51d 100644
--- a/stories/lahaina-fire.stories.mdx
+++ b/stories/lahaina-fire.stories.mdx
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ taxonomy:
- Authors: Trent Cowan[1], Andrew Blackford[1], Udaysankar Nair[1]\
+ Authors: Andrew Blackford[1], Trent Cowan[1], Udaysankar Nair[1]\
[1] University of Alabama in Huntsville(UAH)
## Introduction
diff --git a/stories/urban-heating.stories.mdx b/stories/urban-heating.stories.mdx
index 7117b1a82..daf40daff 100644
--- a/stories/urban-heating.stories.mdx
+++ b/stories/urban-heating.stories.mdx
@@ -27,10 +27,16 @@ taxonomy:
-
+
+
+ Authors: Andrew Blackford[1], Trent Cowan[1], Udaysankar Nair[1]\
+ [1] University of Alabama in Huntsville(UAH)
+
## Implications for Heat Stress
+ 🚧 This Discovery presents work in progress and not peer-reviewed results! 🚧
+
Heat stress includes a series of conditions where the body undergoes stress due to overheating– typically from exposure to hot weather. It is a natural hazard that causes a large number of fatalities globally. Those at a greatest risk of heat stress include children, the elderly, and people with medical conditions, however, even young and healthy individuals can experience heat stress when exposed to intense heat or when conducting strenuous activities in hotter conditions. In the coming decades, climate change may cause more frequent heat waves, which could exacerbate heat-induced health issues. Future urban growth could also strengthen the urban heat island effect–in which infrastructure absorbs and re-emit the sun's heat at rates higher than natural landscapes–causing more severe heat events in urban populations.
In urban areas a variety of individual, social, and geographic factors determine an individual's heat risk (Reckien et al. 2018). Social structures and segregation in urban areas can increase the risk of unequal heat exposure. This discovery will be using NASA Earth observations to explore heat stress inequalities throughout areas of urban growth in Houston, Texas over the past 20 years.