Sometimes it is desirable to automatically remove large black areas which originate from bad photocopies or other optical influences. The blackfilter can help to find large areas of black and wipe them out automatically.
Be careful with pictures in scanned documents, especially with
diagrams. Some diagrams intentionally contain large areas of dark
color, which might be affected by automatic wipe-out of the
blackfilter. In order to prevent actual page content from being
wiped out, the option --blackfilter-scan-exclude allows to specify
areas on the sheet which should not be taken into account by the
blackfilter. When using one of the default layout templates set
via the --layout option, the inner area of each page will
automatically be excluded from black-filtering.
The blackfilter can be disabled by the option --no-blackfilter,
optionally followed by the sheet numbers to disable the filter for.
The noisefilter removes small clusters of pixels ("noise") from
the sheet. The maximum pixel-size of clusters to be removed can be
set via --noisefilter-intensity. This value must not be chosen too
high in order not to remove relevant elements of page content,
e.g. normal text-points ("."). As a consequence, this option might
have to be adjusted on images with a low scan resolution.
Disable with --no-noisefilter, optionally followed by the sheet
numbers to disable the filter for.
The blurfilter removes "lonely" clusters of pixels, i.e. clusters which have only very few other dark pixels in their neighborhood.
The size of the neighborhood to be searched and the amount of other
dark pixels accepted in the neighborhood below which the area gets
wiped out can be adjusted with the options --blurfilter-size,
--blurfilter-step and --blurfilter-intensity. Additionally,
--blurfilter-step also determines the step-size with which the
neighborhood-area is moved across the image while filtering.
Disable with --no-blurfilter, optionally followed by the sheet
numbers to disable the filter for.
The grayfilter removes areas which are gray-only, that means it
wipes out all those areas which do not contain a maximum relative
amount of non-dark pixels. The size of the local area the grayfilter
operates on can be set using --grayfilter-size, and the granularity
of detection is controlled via --grayfiter-step. The maximum
relative amount of non-dark pixels that are still considered to be
deletable can be set using --grayfilter-threshold.
Be careful with the grayfilter when processing color scans, because any bright color might be considered as gray and be wiped out. It might be a good idea to disable the grayfilter when processing color scans.
Disable with --no-grayfilter, optionally followed by the sheet
numbers to disable the filter for.
The deskewing performed by unpaper is actually a rotation to
automatically straighten rectangular content areas on the sheet. It
is applied to any mask that has been found during mask-detection
or that has been set directly via the --mask option.
The algorithm that detects the angle of skew works better the more regular and solid the edges of the area's content are. It works as follows: A 'virtual line' is moved from the outside of one edge inside the rectangular area. This happens several times, gradually changing the rotation of the 'virtual line'. (Called 'virtual', because there is of course no visible line drawn in the image.) The algorithm will count the number of dark pixels along the line as it is virtually moved.
Some parameters control the the size of the 'virtual line' and its
movement: --deskew-scan-size: the height/width of the 'virtual line'
used for scanning (the length of the line at rotation angle 0)
--deskew-scan-range: the absolute value of degrees between the
negative and positive value of which the line will be rotated (i.e.,
the default value 5.0 will cause the 'virtual line' to be rotated in
several small steps between -5.0 degrees and 5.0 degrees).
--deskew-scan-step: the step size with which to iterate between the
bounds set by --deskew-scan-range (I.e., a value of 0.1 will lead to
the virtual line being successively rotated with
0.0, 0.1, -0.1, 0.2, -0.2, 0.3, -0.3 ... degrees.)
At each of these rotation steps, the following is done: The rotated 'virtual line' gets moved (again 'moved virtually') towards the center of the rectangular area on which detection gets performed. Movement is performed pixel by pixel, it starts with the line completely outside the rectangular area, not yet reaching inside the area. At each movement-step, the number of dark pixels covered by the virtual line is counted and is accumulated as the total sum of dark pixels. For each rotation angle at which this is done, the maximum difference in the accumulated sum of dark pixels occurring between a previous movement-step and the next one gets calculated. The rotation angle for which this maximum difference becomes maximal will be the rotation angle detected for deskewing.
The relative amount of dark pixels to accumulate before shifting the
'virtual line' is stopped (and continued with the next rotation-step)
is given by --deskew-scan-depth. This value is relative to the
number of pixels that the 'virtual line' covers in total, i.e. for
the default deskew-scan-size of 1500 and the default deskew-scan-depth
of 0.66, shifting at each rotation step stops after 1000 dark pixels
have been counted in sum (or, if not enough pixels are met, when the
'virtual line' has reached the center of the rectangular area).
Sometimes, trying out different deskew-scan-depth values, either lower than the default of 0.66, or higher, can noticeably increase detection quality. Which value is best is merely coincidental, depending on the shape of the outer edges of each very first character in each line of a text area.
The above described the detection process starting at one single edge
of a 4-edged rectangular area (e.g. the left edge, as displayed in the
above image). However, the overall rotation angle detection uses
results of up to all four edges. Which edges to use can be specified
by --deskew-scan-direction. The final rotation angle will then be
the average value of all rotation angles detected at each
edge. Usually, the individually detected values can be expected to be
almost the same at each edge, if the rectangular area to be deskewed
has a regular shape. If, however, the individual values differ too
much, it can be concluded that something went wrong with the
detection, and no deskewing should be performed. (E.g., if the
rotation at the left edge appears to be -0.5 degrees, but at the right
edge results in 1.9 degrees, one should better not use the average
value, because with that big difference something seems to have gone
wrong with the detection.) So, before using the average of all
individually detected values, their statistical standard-deviation is
calculated, which is √((a-average)² + (b-average)² + ...).
If the standard-deviation among the detected angles exceeds the value
specified by --deskew-scan-deviation, the total result is considered
to be wrong and no deskewing is performed.
Deskewing can be disabled with --no-deskew, optionally followed by
the sheet numbers to disable it for.
Processing of the filters and auto-corrections is performed in a fixed order according to the following sequence:
- load image file(s)
- perform pre-rotate, pre-mirror etc. actions on the individual input files (if specified)
- place on the sheet (multiple input-files are placed as tiles), auto-determine sheet size by the size of the input image-file(s) if not specified explicitly
- apply noisefilter and blurfilter to remove small bits of unwanted pixels
- apply blackfilter and grayfilter to remove larger areas of unwanted pixels
- detect masks starting from specified mask-scan-points
- perform deskewing on each detected or directly specified mask
- re-detect masks again to get precise masks after deskewing
- center masks on the corresponding page's area on the sheet
- perform border-detection
- align the detected borders
- save output image file(s), possibly perform post-rotate, post-mirror etc. actions on the individual output files before saving
Each processing step can be disabled individually by a corresponding
--no-xxx option (where xxx stands for the feature to disable,
e.g. --no-grayfilter, --no-mask-scan etc.). If such an option is
followed by a sheet number, or a comma-separated list of multiple
sheet numbers, the filter gets disabled only for those sheets
specified. Otherwise (if no sheet number follows), the filter is
disabled for all sheets. Instead of specifying individual sheet
numbers, also a range of numbers can be given, e.g. "10-20" to
represent all sheet numbers between 10 and 20. Example:
unpaper (...options...) --no-blackfilter 3,15,21-28,40 (...)
This will disable the blackfilter on the sheets 3, 15, 21, 22, 23, etc. until 28, and 40.