From 0269e73b14d43415491736f1b6e29a29e0aec089 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2024 16:12:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 01/13] add new notebook --- .../energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb | 358 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 358 insertions(+) create mode 100644 notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb diff --git a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc90eb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,358 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Let's start here! If you can directly link to an image relevant to your notebook, such as [canonical logos](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/main/doc/source/_static/numpylogo.svg), do so here at the top of your notebook. You can do this with Markdown syntax,\n", + "\n", + "> `![](http://link.com/to/image.png \"image alt text\")`\n", + "\n", + "or edit this cell to see raw HTML `img` demonstration. This is preferred if you need to shrink your embedded image. **Either way be sure to include `alt` text for any embedded images to make your content more accessible.**\n", + "\n", + "\"Project" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Energy balance model and feedbacks\n", + "\n", + "Next, title your notebook appropriately with a top-level Markdown header, `#`. Do not use this level header anywhere else in the notebook. Our book build process will use this title in the navbar, table of contents, etc. Keep it short, keep it descriptive. Follow this with a `---` cell to visually distinguish the transition to the prerequisites section." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "---" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Overview\n", + "If you have an introductory paragraph, lead with it here! Keep it short and tied to your material, then be sure to continue into the required list of topics below,\n", + "\n", + "1. This is a numbered list of the specific topics\n", + "1. These should map approximately to your main sections of content\n", + "1. Or each second-level, `##`, header in your notebook\n", + "1. Keep the size and scope of your notebook in check\n", + "1. And be sure to let the reader know up front the important concepts they'll be leaving with" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Prerequisites\n", + "This section was inspired by [this template](https://github.com/alan-turing-institute/the-turing-way/blob/master/book/templates/chapter-template/chapter-landing-page.md) of the wonderful [The Turing Way](https://the-turing-way.netlify.app) Jupyter Book.\n", + "\n", + "Following your overview, tell your reader what concepts, packages, or other background information they'll **need** before learning your material. Tie this explicitly with links to other pages here in Foundations or to relevant external resources. Remove this body text, then populate the Markdown table, denoted in this cell with `|` vertical brackets, below, and fill out the information following. In this table, lay out prerequisite concepts by explicitly linking to other Foundations material or external resources, or describe generally helpful concepts.\n", + "\n", + "Label the importance of each concept explicitly as **helpful/necessary**.\n", + "\n", + "| Concepts | Importance | Notes |\n", + "| --- | --- | --- |\n", + "| [Intro to Cartopy](https://foundations.projectpythia.org/core/cartopy/cartopy.html) | Necessary | |\n", + "| [Understanding of NetCDF](https://foundations.projectpythia.org/core/data-formats/netcdf-cf.html) | Helpful | Familiarity with metadata structure |\n", + "| Project management | Helpful | |\n", + "\n", + "- **Time to learn**: estimate in minutes. For a rough idea, use 5 mins per subsection, 10 if longer; add these up for a total. Safer to round up and overestimate.\n", + "- **System requirements**:\n", + " - Populate with any system, version, or non-Python software requirements if necessary\n", + " - Otherwise use the concepts table above and the Imports section below to describe required packages as necessary\n", + " - If no extra requirements, remove the **System requirements** point altogether" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "---" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Imports\n", + "Begin your body of content with another `---` divider before continuing into this section, then remove this body text and populate the following code cell with all necessary Python imports **up-front**:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "import sys" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Your first content section" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "This is where you begin your first section of material, loosely tied to your objectives stated up front. Tie together your notebook as a narrative, with interspersed Markdown text, images, and more as necessary," + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "# as well as any and all of your code cells\n", + "print(\"Hello world!\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### A content subsection\n", + "Divide and conquer your objectives with Markdown subsections, which will populate the helpful navbar in Jupyter Lab and here on the Jupyter Book!" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "# some subsection code\n", + "new = \"helpful information\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Another content subsection\n", + "Keep up the good work! A note, *try to avoid using code comments as narrative*, and instead let them only exist as brief clarifications where necessary." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Your second content section\n", + "Here we can move on to our second objective, and we can demonstrate" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Subsection to the second section\n", + "\n", + "#### a quick demonstration\n", + "\n", + "##### of further and further\n", + "\n", + "###### header levels" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "as well $m = a * t / h$ text! Similarly, you have access to other $\\LaTeX$ equation [**functionality**](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/Notebook/Typesetting%20Equations.html) via MathJax (demo below from link),\n", + "\n", + "\\begin{align}\n", + "\\dot{x} & = \\sigma(y-x) \\\\\n", + "\\dot{y} & = \\rho x - y - xz \\\\\n", + "\\dot{z} & = -\\beta z + xy\n", + "\\end{align}" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Check out [**any number of helpful Markdown resources**](https://www.markdownguide.org/basic-syntax/) for further customizing your notebooks and the [**Jupyter docs**](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/Notebook/Working%20With%20Markdown%20Cells.html) for Jupyter-specific formatting information. Don't hesitate to ask questions if you have problems getting it to look *just right*." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Last Section\n", + "\n", + "If you're comfortable, and as we briefly used for our embedded logo up top, you can embed raw html into Jupyter Markdown cells (edit to see):" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "
\n", + "

Info

\n", + " Your relevant information here!\n", + "
" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Feel free to copy this around and edit or play around with yourself. Some other `admonitions` you can put in:" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "
\n", + "

Success

\n", + " We got this done after all!\n", + "
" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "
\n", + "

Warning

\n", + " Be careful!\n", + "
" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "
\n", + "

Danger

\n", + " Scary stuff be here.\n", + "
" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "We also suggest checking out Jupyter Book's [brief demonstration](https://jupyterbook.org/content/metadata.html#jupyter-cell-tags) on adding cell tags to your cells in Jupyter Notebook, Lab, or manually. Using these cell tags can allow you to [customize](https://jupyterbook.org/interactive/hiding.html) how your code content is displayed and even [demonstrate errors](https://jupyterbook.org/content/execute.html#dealing-with-code-that-raises-errors) without altogether crashing our loyal army of machines!" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "---" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Summary\n", + "Add one final `---` marking the end of your body of content, and then conclude with a brief single paragraph summarizing at a high level the key pieces that were learned and how they tied to your objectives. Look to reiterate what the most important takeaways were.\n", + "\n", + "### What's next?\n", + "Let Jupyter book tie this to the next (sequential) piece of content that people could move on to down below and in the sidebar. However, if this page uniquely enables your reader to tackle other nonsequential concepts throughout this book, or even external content, link to it here!" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Resources and references\n", + "Finally, be rigorous in your citations and references as necessary. Give credit where credit is due. Also, feel free to link to relevant external material, further reading, documentation, etc. Then you're done! Give yourself a quick review, a high five, and send us a pull request. A few final notes:\n", + " - `Kernel > Restart Kernel and Run All Cells...` to confirm that your notebook will cleanly run from start to finish\n", + " - `Kernel > Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs...` before committing your notebook, our machines will do the heavy lifting\n", + " - Take credit! Provide author contact information if you'd like; if so, consider adding information here at the bottom of your notebook\n", + " - Give credit! Attribute appropriate authorship for referenced code, information, images, etc.\n", + " - Only include what you're legally allowed: **no copyright infringement or plagiarism**\n", + " \n", + "Thank you for your contribution!" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.11.9" + }, + "nbdime-conflicts": { + "local_diff": [ + { + "diff": [ + { + "diff": [ + { + "key": 0, + "op": "addrange", + "valuelist": [ + "Python 3" + ] + }, + { + "key": 0, + "length": 1, + "op": "removerange" + } + ], + "key": "display_name", + "op": "patch" + } + ], + "key": "kernelspec", + "op": "patch" + } + ], + "remote_diff": [ + { + "diff": [ + { + "diff": [ + { + "key": 0, + "op": "addrange", + "valuelist": [ + "Python3" + ] + }, + { + "key": 0, + "length": 1, + "op": "removerange" + } + ], + "key": "display_name", + "op": "patch" + } + ], + "key": "kernelspec", + "op": "patch" + } + ] + }, + "toc-autonumbering": false + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 4 +} From 1f47c561d305bb7453395cf5082ddcb58e37c8f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2024 19:42:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 02/13] populated energy balance subsections --- .../energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb | 136 +++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 81 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb index dc90eb9..f26bdc7 100644 --- a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb @@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "# Energy balance model and feedbacks\n", - "\n", - "Next, title your notebook appropriately with a top-level Markdown header, `#`. Do not use this level header anywhere else in the notebook. Our book build process will use this title in the navbar, table of contents, etc. Keep it short, keep it descriptive. Follow this with a `---` cell to visually distinguish the transition to the prerequisites section." + "# Energy Balance Model and Feedbacks" ] }, { @@ -34,13 +32,13 @@ "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Overview\n", - "If you have an introductory paragraph, lead with it here! Keep it short and tied to your material, then be sure to continue into the required list of topics below,\n", "\n", - "1. This is a numbered list of the specific topics\n", - "1. These should map approximately to your main sections of content\n", - "1. Or each second-level, `##`, header in your notebook\n", - "1. Keep the size and scope of your notebook in check\n", - "1. And be sure to let the reader know up front the important concepts they'll be leaving with" + "This tutorial focuses on introducing the fundamental concepts of the energy balance model and radiative feedback, and establish notations and definitions for the rest of the cookbook. \n", + "\n", + "The following topics will be covered in this tutorial: \n", + "1. The Energy Balance Model \n", + "2. What is Radative Feedback \n", + "3. Methods to Calculate Radiative Feedback" ] }, { @@ -50,8 +48,6 @@ "## Prerequisites\n", "This section was inspired by [this template](https://github.com/alan-turing-institute/the-turing-way/blob/master/book/templates/chapter-template/chapter-landing-page.md) of the wonderful [The Turing Way](https://the-turing-way.netlify.app) Jupyter Book.\n", "\n", - "Following your overview, tell your reader what concepts, packages, or other background information they'll **need** before learning your material. Tie this explicitly with links to other pages here in Foundations or to relevant external resources. Remove this body text, then populate the Markdown table, denoted in this cell with `|` vertical brackets, below, and fill out the information following. In this table, lay out prerequisite concepts by explicitly linking to other Foundations material or external resources, or describe generally helpful concepts.\n", - "\n", "Label the importance of each concept explicitly as **helpful/necessary**.\n", "\n", "| Concepts | Importance | Notes |\n", @@ -79,126 +75,145 @@ "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Imports\n", - "Begin your body of content with another `---` divider before continuing into this section, then remove this body text and populate the following code cell with all necessary Python imports **up-front**:" + "We will import commonly used scientific Python packages for this notebook." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ - "import sys" + "import numpy as np \n", + "import xarray as xr \n", + "import matplotlib as plt \n", + "import " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "## Your first content section" + "## The Energy Balance Model" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "This is where you begin your first section of material, loosely tied to your objectives stated up front. Tie together your notebook as a narrative, with interspersed Markdown text, images, and more as necessary," + "For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html). \n" ] }, { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], "source": [ - "# as well as any and all of your code cells\n", - "print(\"Hello world!\")" + "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at TOA flux downward to Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. Now if we double the concentration levels of carbon dioxide in the atmopshere - the surface temperature is going to increase through the greenhouse-effect instantaneously. Processes can amplify or dampen the climate response, \n", + "\n", + "the system will respond to the change in different ways. For example, there will be more CO2 molecules from the CO2-doubling absorbing the outgoing longwave radiation and thus end up warming the planet; or there are \n", + "\n", + "effective radiative forcing is the doubling of carbon dioxide. When we first " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### A content subsection\n", - "Divide and conquer your objectives with Markdown subsections, which will populate the helpful navbar in Jupyter Lab and here on the Jupyter Book!" + "The planetary energy balance is typically appoximated at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) by the following: \n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + " R = F + \\lambda T\n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", + "\n", + "where R is the net TOA flux anomaly (positive downward), F is the effective radiative forcing, $\\lambda$ is the feedback parameter, and T is the global mean surface temperature anomaly. \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "At equilibrium, R = 0. " ] }, { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], "source": [ - "# some subsection code\n", - "new = \"helpful information\"" + "## Radiative Feedback \n", + "\n", + "Feedbacks are listed following [Sherwood et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678) and [Bony et al. 2006](https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3819.1), which are limited to feedbacks that directly affect the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget, and respond to surface temperature mostly through physical processes\n", + "\n", + "How Are Feedbacks Defined? - see Hansen et al. 1984 and Appendix A of Bony et al. 2006\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Make plots for each feedback to see how changes in T affects the feedback." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### Another content subsection\n", - "Keep up the good work! A note, *try to avoid using code comments as narrative*, and instead let them only exist as brief clarifications where necessary." + "### 1. Planck Feedback \n", + "\n", + "Planck feedback is the temperature dependence of longwave emission through Stefan-Boltzmann law, assuming . \n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + " -4\\sigma T^3 = \n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", + "\n", + "The more you heat, the more they go out.\n", + "\n", + "Extended Read: Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. \n", + "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023MS003729" ] }, { - "cell_type": "markdown", + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], "source": [ - "## Your second content section\n", - "Here we can move on to our second objective, and we can demonstrate" + "T = \n", + "sigma = \n", + "planck = \n", + "\n", + "plt.plot " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### Subsection to the second section\n", - "\n", - "#### a quick demonstration\n", - "\n", - "##### of further and further\n", - "\n", - "###### header levels" + "### 2. Surface Albedo Feedback" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "as well $m = a * t / h$ text! Similarly, you have access to other $\\LaTeX$ equation [**functionality**](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/Notebook/Typesetting%20Equations.html) via MathJax (demo below from link),\n", - "\n", - "\\begin{align}\n", - "\\dot{x} & = \\sigma(y-x) \\\\\n", - "\\dot{y} & = \\rho x - y - xz \\\\\n", - "\\dot{z} & = -\\beta z + xy\n", - "\\end{align}" + "### 3. Water Vapor Feedback + Lapse Rate Feedback" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Check out [**any number of helpful Markdown resources**](https://www.markdownguide.org/basic-syntax/) for further customizing your notebooks and the [**Jupyter docs**](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/Notebook/Working%20With%20Markdown%20Cells.html) for Jupyter-specific formatting information. Don't hesitate to ask questions if you have problems getting it to look *just right*." + "### 4. Cloud Feedback " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "## Last Section\n", - "\n", - "If you're comfortable, and as we briefly used for our embedded logo up top, you can embed raw html into Jupyter Markdown cells (edit to see):" + "### 5. Stratospheric Feedback " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "
\n", - "

Info

\n", - " Your relevant information here!\n", - "
" + "## Methods to Calculate Raditaive Feedback " ] }, { @@ -277,6 +292,17 @@ " \n", "Thank you for your contribution!" ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "References: \n", + "- Bony et al. 2006 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/19/15/jcli3819.1.xml\n", + "- Zenlinka et al. 2020\n", + "- Sherwood et al. 2020\n", + "- " + ] } ], "metadata": { From dca78d21441fcee88d039bc86bfe6e43ca23e597 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2024 20:15:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 03/13] populated feedback content --- .../energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb | 51 +++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb index f26bdc7..2d3d2e8 100644 --- a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb @@ -80,14 +80,13 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, + "execution_count": 8, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import numpy as np \n", "import xarray as xr \n", - "import matplotlib as plt \n", - "import " + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt " ] }, { @@ -152,7 +151,12 @@ "\n", "Planck feedback is the temperature dependence of longwave emission through Stefan-Boltzmann law, assuming . \n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", - " -4\\sigma T^3 = \n", + " F = \\sigma T^4 \n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + " -4\\epsilon \\sigma T^3 = - 3.3 Wm^{-2}\n", "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", "The more you heat, the more they go out.\n", @@ -163,15 +167,27 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 15, "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "
" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], "source": [ - "T = \n", - "sigma = \n", - "planck = \n", + "T = np.arange(270,290,1) #K\n", + "sigma = 5.67e-8 #Wm−2K−4\n", + "flux = sigma*T**4\n", "\n", - "plt.plot " + "plt.plot(T,flux)\n", + "plt.xlabel('Temp (K)'), plt.ylabel('TOA Flux ($Wm^{-2}$)');" ] }, { @@ -181,11 +197,24 @@ "### 2. Surface Albedo Feedback" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### 3. Water Vapor Feedback + Lapse Rate Feedback" + "### 3. Water Vapor Feedback + Lapse Rate Feedback\n", + "\n", + "Water vapor feedback and lapse rate feedback are commonly discussed together as they are both dependent on the how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere. \n", + "\n", + "Based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, an increase in atmospheric temperature increase the capacity of air to hold water molecules. The more it warm, the more water the atmosphere can hold and more \n", + "\n", + "[isert pic of capacity of jar increases as temperature increase]" ] }, { From 33fcf538c0b102a5c68b3dc3235f7f0aab3ceabb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2024 22:02:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 04/13] updated energy balance model notebook --- .../energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb | 44 +++++-------------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb index 2d3d2e8..817f6b0 100644 --- a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb @@ -4,12 +4,6 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Let's start here! If you can directly link to an image relevant to your notebook, such as [canonical logos](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/main/doc/source/_static/numpylogo.svg), do so here at the top of your notebook. You can do this with Markdown syntax,\n", - "\n", - "> `![](http://link.com/to/image.png \"image alt text\")`\n", - "\n", - "or edit this cell to see raw HTML `img` demonstration. This is preferred if you need to shrink your embedded image. **Either way be sure to include `alt` text for any embedded images to make your content more accessible.**\n", - "\n", "\"Project" ] }, @@ -46,21 +40,13 @@ "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Prerequisites\n", - "This section was inspired by [this template](https://github.com/alan-turing-institute/the-turing-way/blob/master/book/templates/chapter-template/chapter-landing-page.md) of the wonderful [The Turing Way](https://the-turing-way.netlify.app) Jupyter Book.\n", - "\n", - "Label the importance of each concept explicitly as **helpful/necessary**.\n", "\n", "| Concepts | Importance | Notes |\n", "| --- | --- | --- |\n", - "| [Intro to Cartopy](https://foundations.projectpythia.org/core/cartopy/cartopy.html) | Necessary | |\n", - "| [Understanding of NetCDF](https://foundations.projectpythia.org/core/data-formats/netcdf-cf.html) | Helpful | Familiarity with metadata structure |\n", - "| Project management | Helpful | |\n", + "| TBD | Necessary | |\n", "\n", - "- **Time to learn**: estimate in minutes. For a rough idea, use 5 mins per subsection, 10 if longer; add these up for a total. Safer to round up and overestimate.\n", - "- **System requirements**:\n", - " - Populate with any system, version, or non-Python software requirements if necessary\n", - " - Otherwise use the concepts table above and the Imports section below to describe required packages as necessary\n", - " - If no extra requirements, remove the **System requirements** point altogether" + "\n", + "- **Time to learn**: 30 minutes?" ] }, { @@ -107,11 +93,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at TOA flux downward to Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. Now if we double the concentration levels of carbon dioxide in the atmopshere - the surface temperature is going to increase through the greenhouse-effect instantaneously. Processes can amplify or dampen the climate response, \n", - "\n", - "the system will respond to the change in different ways. For example, there will be more CO2 molecules from the CO2-doubling absorbing the outgoing longwave radiation and thus end up warming the planet; or there are \n", - "\n", - "effective radiative forcing is the doubling of carbon dioxide. When we first " + "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at TOA flux downward to Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. Now if we double the concentration levels of carbon dioxide in the atmopshere - the surface temperature is going to increase through the greenhouse-effect instantaneously. Processes can amplify or dampen the climate response. " ] }, { @@ -149,7 +131,7 @@ "source": [ "### 1. Planck Feedback \n", "\n", - "Planck feedback is the temperature dependence of longwave emission through Stefan-Boltzmann law, assuming . \n", + "Planck feedback is the temperature dependence of longwave emission through Stefan-Boltzmann law, assuming $T_e$ is 255K based on Earth's average outgoing longwave radiation as 240 $Wm^{−2}$ (e.g., Loeb et al., 2018). \n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", " F = \\sigma T^4 \n", "\\end{equation*}\n", @@ -212,9 +194,11 @@ "\n", "Water vapor feedback and lapse rate feedback are commonly discussed together as they are both dependent on the how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere. \n", "\n", - "Based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, an increase in atmospheric temperature increase the capacity of air to hold water molecules. The more it warm, the more water the atmosphere can hold and more \n", + "Water Vapor Feedback captures the change in outgoing LW and absorbed SW radiation at TOA due to the changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration. Water droplets would absorb both longwave and shortwave radiation, and thus increase \n", + "\n", "\n", - "[isert pic of capacity of jar increases as temperature increase]" + "\n", + "[insert pic of capacity of jar increases as temperature increase]" ] }, { @@ -245,13 +229,6 @@ "## Methods to Calculate Raditaive Feedback " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Feel free to copy this around and edit or play around with yourself. Some other `admonitions` you can put in:" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, @@ -330,7 +307,8 @@ "- Bony et al. 2006 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/19/15/jcli3819.1.xml\n", "- Zenlinka et al. 2020\n", "- Sherwood et al. 2020\n", - "- " + "\n", + "More to come" ] } ], From 741debccc238452b66c2debf5b4f0ac8cde8e2e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Brian Rose Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2024 16:15:25 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 05/13] Rename notebook for consistency with toc --- .../energy-balance-model.ipynb} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename notebooks/{energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb => foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb} (100%) diff --git a/notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb similarity index 100% rename from notebooks/energy_balance_model_and_feedbacks.ipynb rename to notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb From 68a72044ba27f03776698671b26fd241e3cd2b02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 18:29:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 06/13] completed section on energy balance model and feedback definition --- .../foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 89 +++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index 817f6b0..f55f135 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -86,43 +86,105 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html). \n" + "SOS on font settings and adding links\n", + "
\n", + "

Info

\n", + " For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html) and

*Chapter 2 - Global Energy Balance* from *Global Physical Climatology*

(Hartmann 2016). \n", + "
" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at TOA flux downward to Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. Now if we double the concentration levels of carbon dioxide in the atmopshere - the surface temperature is going to increase through the greenhouse-effect instantaneously. Processes can amplify or dampen the climate response. " + "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at top of atmosphere (TOA) flux downward to Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. \n", + "\n", + "Now if we double the concentration levels of carbon dioxide ($CO_{2}$) in the atmopshere - the surface temperature is going to increase through the greenhouse-effect instantaneously. However, climate processes can amplify or dampen the climate response. For example, the surface may radiate more out to space due to the surface warming, which would dampen the overall warming. On the other hand, there may be more water vapor to absorb the outgoing longwave radiation in the atmosphere due to the increased rate of evaporation from the warming, and thus amplifies the warming. \n", + "\n", + "To put this into equations, let $R$ be the radiative imbalance, $S_o$ as the solar insolation, $\\alpha$ as the planetary albedo, and together, $S_o/4 (1-\\alpha)$ represents the absorbed solar radiation. OLR is the outgoing longwave radiation. At equilibrium where the incoming flux equals to the outgoing flux, **R** = 0. \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + "R = F_{in} - F_{out}\n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", + "\n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + " R = S_o/4 (1-\\alpha) - OLR\n", + "\\end{equation*}" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "The planetary energy balance is typically appoximated at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) by the following: \n", + "In this case, the addition of $CO_{2}$ induces a change in the radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere, and is quantified as the raditive forcing F. The climate responds to the radiative imbalance by changing the global mean temperature. We can relate the global mean surface temperature to the external perturbation and the radiative imbalance at TOA by the following equation: \n", + "\n", + "\n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", " R = F + \\lambda T\n", "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", - "where R is the net TOA flux anomaly (positive downward), F is the effective radiative forcing, $\\lambda$ is the feedback parameter, and T is the global mean surface temperature anomaly. \n", + "where **R** is the net TOA flux anomaly (positive downward), **F** is the effective radiative forcing, **$\\lambda$** is the feedback parameter, also known as the climate response parameter, and **T** is the global mean **surface** temperature anomaly, relative to the temperature at equilibrium. \n", + "\n", + "Other typical conventions of the same values used within the community: \n", + "\n", + "- R = N (e.g. Gregory et al. 2004);\n", + "- F = $\\Delta$Q (e.g. Bony et al. 2006); \n", + "- $\\lambda$ = $\\alpha$ (e.g. Gregory et al. 2004);" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "SOS on font settings and adding links and splitting into paragraphs\n", + "
\n", + "

Info

\n", + " As you explore the feedback-forcing space, you may stumble upon the term climate sensitivity, which is the relationship between the magnitude of the climate change response and the doubling-CO2 forcing, which has the unit in Kelvin. Ch.10 Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Mechanisms in the Global Physical Climatology (Hartmann 2016) provides a holistic overview on the topic, and Sherwood et al. 2020 would provide the most up-to-date understanding on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) within the community. \n", + "
" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Radiative Feedback $(\\lambda)$\n", + "\n", + "### So, what is a feedback and why does it matter? \n", + "\n", + "Feedback is the climate system response to an external radaitive forcing (Hansen et al. 1984, Bony et al. 2006). When the global mean surface temperature changes, climate variables may change as well. These climate variable changes would influence the Earth's radiation balance and contribute to the radiative response. \n", + "\n", + "Note that feedback is different from the radiative response, where the former has the unit of $Wm^{-2} K^{-1}$ and is quantified by the feedback parameter $\\lambda$, while the latter has the unit of $Wm^{-2}$, quantified by $\\lambda T$. \n", + "\n", + "Let x be a vector representing an ensemble of climate variables like atmospheric temperature, water vapor, surface ice and snow. The formal definition of the system's total feedback parameter, which is the strength of the climate system's net feedback, is as follow (Bony et al. 2006): \n", + "\n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + "\\lambda = \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial T_{s}} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} + \\sum \\sum \\frac{\\partial ^{2}R}{\\partial x \\partial y} \\frac{\\partial x \\partial y}{\\partial T_{s}^{2}} + ...\n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", + "\n", + "(source needed for why do this) The net feedback parameter is reduced to the first order (Sherwood et al. 2020): \n", "\n", + "\\begin{equation*}\n", + "\\lambda = \\sum^{x}_{i}\\lambda_{i} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} \n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", - "At equilibrium, R = 0. " + "A positive feedback ($\\lambda > 0$) would make the forced response bigger while a negative feedback ($\\lambda < 0$) stabilizes the forced response. In the following subsections, we will discuss each feedback mechanism in detail on how the mechanism would feed back into enhancing or muting the response. \n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "## Radiative Feedback \n", + "### Types of Feedbacks \n", "\n", - "Feedbacks are listed following [Sherwood et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678) and [Bony et al. 2006](https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3819.1), which are limited to feedbacks that directly affect the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget, and respond to surface temperature mostly through physical processes\n", + "Feedbacks are listed following [Sherwood et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678) and [Bony et al. 2006](https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3819.1), which are limited to feedbacks that directly affect the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget, and respond to surface temperature mostly through physical processes. \n", "\n", - "How Are Feedbacks Defined? - see Hansen et al. 1984 and Appendix A of Bony et al. 2006\n", + "There may be other feedbacks, but following \n", "\n", + "Make plots for each feedback to see how changes in T affects the feedback.\n", "\n", - "Make plots for each feedback to see how changes in T affects the feedback." + "\n", + "Types of kernels there are: sfc albedo, air temp (vert.varying) , surf temp, LW water vapor kernel, SW water vapor kernel" ] }, { @@ -194,6 +256,8 @@ "\n", "Water vapor feedback and lapse rate feedback are commonly discussed together as they are both dependent on the how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere. \n", "\n", + "Based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, an increase in atmospheric temperature increases the capacity of air to hold water molecules. The more it warm, the more water the atmosphere can hold and more \n", + "\n", "Water Vapor Feedback captures the change in outgoing LW and absorbed SW radiation at TOA due to the changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration. Water droplets would absorb both longwave and shortwave radiation, and thus increase \n", "\n", "\n", @@ -229,6 +293,13 @@ "## Methods to Calculate Raditaive Feedback " ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Typically radiative feedback are calculated with global climate models. :O" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, From 5e590f97b35aa9e0a802d9511733ab6988e173f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 21:31:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 07/13] populated ECS and Planck feedback --- .../foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 145 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index f55f135..1589e16 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ "Other typical conventions of the same values used within the community: \n", "\n", "- R = N (e.g. Gregory et al. 2004);\n", + "- R = H (e.g. Dessler and Zelinka 2015);\n", "- F = $\\Delta$Q (e.g. Bony et al. 2006); \n", "- $\\lambda$ = $\\alpha$ (e.g. Gregory et al. 2004);" ] @@ -140,7 +141,10 @@ "SOS on font settings and adding links and splitting into paragraphs\n", "
\n", "

Info

\n", - " As you explore the feedback-forcing space, you may stumble upon the term climate sensitivity, which is the relationship between the magnitude of the climate change response and the doubling-CO2 forcing, which has the unit in Kelvin. Ch.10 Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Mechanisms in the Global Physical Climatology (Hartmann 2016) provides a holistic overview on the topic, and Sherwood et al. 2020 would provide the most up-to-date understanding on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) within the community. \n", + " As you explore the feedback-forcing space, you may stumble upon the term climate sensitivity, which is the relationship between the magnitude of the climate change response and the doubling-CO2 forcing with the unit in Kelvin. \\begin{equation*}\n", + " ECS = \\frac{1}{\\lambda}\n", + "\\end{equation*}\n", + " This metric tells how much the climate system would warm per unit of radiative forcing (typically doubling of $CO_{2}$. Ch.10 Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Mechanisms in the Global Physical Climatology (Hartmann 2016) and the chapter \"Climate Feedbacks\" in the Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (Dessler and Zelinka 2015) provide a holistic overview on the topic, and Sherwood et al. 2020 would provide the most up-to-date understanding on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) within the community. \n", "
" ] }, @@ -162,7 +166,9 @@ "\\lambda = \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial T_{s}} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} + \\sum \\sum \\frac{\\partial ^{2}R}{\\partial x \\partial y} \\frac{\\partial x \\partial y}{\\partial T_{s}^{2}} + ...\n", "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", - "(source needed for why do this) The net feedback parameter is reduced to the first order (Sherwood et al. 2020): \n", + "(UNDER CONSTRUCTION: source needed for why do this+populate explanation on equation - Dessler and Zelinka 2015 explains it more intuitively, but require conversion from g to $\\lambda$) \n", + "\n", + "The net feedback parameter is reduced to the first order (Sherwood et al. 2020): \n", "\n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", "\\lambda = \\sum^{x}_{i}\\lambda_{i} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} \n", @@ -177,88 +183,100 @@ "source": [ "### Types of Feedbacks \n", "\n", - "Feedbacks are listed following [Sherwood et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678) and [Bony et al. 2006](https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3819.1), which are limited to feedbacks that directly affect the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget, and respond to surface temperature mostly through physical processes. \n", - "\n", - "There may be other feedbacks, but following \n", - "\n", - "Make plots for each feedback to see how changes in T affects the feedback.\n", + "Feedbacks below are listed following [Sherwood et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678) and are limited to feedbacks that directly affect the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget, and respond to surface temperature mostly through physical processes (Bony et al. 2006): \n", + "1. Planck Feedback\n", + "2. Surface Albedo Feedback\n", + "3. Water Vapor Feedback\n", + "4. Lapse Rate Feedback\n", + "5. Cloud Feedback\n", "\n", + "The list above is not exhaustive. Feedbacks like the carbon cycle feedback are not included due to the carbon dioxide level being prescribed for the experimental set-up in Sherwood et al. (2020). Other feedbacks like the atmospheric ozone feedback and stratospheric feedback are not included as they are not normally quantified (Sherwood et al. 2020).\n", "\n", - "Types of kernels there are: sfc albedo, air temp (vert.varying) , surf temp, LW water vapor kernel, SW water vapor kernel" + "Types of radiative kernels there are: sfc albedo, air temp (vert.varying) , surf temp, LW water vapor kernel, SW water vapor kernel" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "-3.76065585" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "(255**3)*5.67e-8*(-4)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### 1. Planck Feedback \n", + "### 1. Planck \"Feedback\" (Negative under warming)\n", + "\n", + "Planck feedback is the extra longwave (LW) emission to space from a vertically uniform warming of the surface and atmosphere, while holding all climate variable unchanged.\n", + "\n", + "The Planck feedback can be explained by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area per unit time is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's temperature. \n", "\n", - "Planck feedback is the temperature dependence of longwave emission through Stefan-Boltzmann law, assuming $T_e$ is 255K based on Earth's average outgoing longwave radiation as 240 $Wm^{−2}$ (e.g., Loeb et al., 2018). \n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", " F = \\sigma T^4 \n", "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", "\n", + ", where $\\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ($5.67*10^{-8}$ $ Wm^{-2}K^{-4}$). If everything else is held constant, we can calculate the rate of change of TOA flux due to the change in surface warming by taking the derivative of the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Taking the Earth's average outgoing longwave radiation as 240 $Wm^{−2}$ (e.g., Loeb et al., 2018) for the global effective emission temperature $T_{e}$ as 255K, and substitute it as follow:\\epsilon \n", + "\n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", - " -4\\epsilon \\sigma T^3 = - 3.3 Wm^{-2}\n", + " -4\\sigma T_e^3 \\approx - 3.76 Wm^{-2}K^{-1}\n", "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", - "The more you heat, the more they go out.\n", + "If we include the planetary emissivity $\\epsilon$, we will get $\\lambda_{Planck} \\approx -3.3Wm^{-2}K^{-1}$, which is close to observations (Dessler, 2013) and global climate models (Caldwell et al. 2016). \n", + "\n", + "\n", "\n", - "Extended Read: Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. \n", - "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023MS003729" + "\n", + "Simply put, the more you heat, the more LW radiation go out.\n", + "\n", + "Extended Read: Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. (Cronin and Dutta 2023)\n", + "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023MS003729\n", + "\n", + "*Kernel related: structural uncertainty in Planck feedback arises from differences in spatial pattern of surface warming and climatological distribution fo clodus and water vapor that determines planetary emissivity - affects radiative temperature kernel (Sherwood et al 2020) " ] }, { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, + "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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", - "text/plain": [ - "
" - ] - }, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], "source": [ - "T = np.arange(270,290,1) #K\n", - "sigma = 5.67e-8 #Wm−2K−4\n", - "flux = sigma*T**4\n", - "\n", - "plt.plot(T,flux)\n", - "plt.xlabel('Temp (K)'), plt.ylabel('TOA Flux ($Wm^{-2}$)');" + "### 2. Surface Albedo Feedback (Positive under warming) " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### 2. Surface Albedo Feedback" + ":$ to bee populated" ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] - }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### 3. Water Vapor Feedback + Lapse Rate Feedback\n", + "### 3. Water Vapor Feedback: (Positive under warming) \n", "\n", "Water vapor feedback and lapse rate feedback are commonly discussed together as they are both dependent on the how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere. \n", "\n", + "Water vapor feedback is defined as the change in TOA net flux due to the increase in water vapor per degree of surface warming. \n", + "\n", "Based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, an increase in atmospheric temperature increases the capacity of air to hold water molecules. The more it warm, the more water the atmosphere can hold and more \n", "\n", - "Water Vapor Feedback captures the change in outgoing LW and absorbed SW radiation at TOA due to the changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration. Water droplets would absorb both longwave and shortwave radiation, and thus increase \n", + "Water vapor interacts with both longwave and shortwave radiation. captures the change in outgoing LW and absorbed SW radiation at TOA due to the changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration. Water droplets would absorb both longwave and shortwave radiation, and thus increase \n", + "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", @@ -266,24 +284,24 @@ ] }, { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [] + "source": [ + "### 4. Lapse Rate Feedback (Negative under warming) " + ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### 4. Cloud Feedback " + "LATERRRRRR" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "### 5. Stratospheric Feedback " + "### 4. Cloud Feedback " ] }, { @@ -297,7 +315,11 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Typically radiative feedback are calculated with global climate models. :O" + "Typically radiative feedback are calculated with global climate models. :O\n", + "- PRP method\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Workin on it >:) " ] }, { @@ -355,29 +377,18 @@ "Let Jupyter book tie this to the next (sequential) piece of content that people could move on to down below and in the sidebar. However, if this page uniquely enables your reader to tackle other nonsequential concepts throughout this book, or even external content, link to it here!" ] }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## Resources and references\n", - "Finally, be rigorous in your citations and references as necessary. Give credit where credit is due. Also, feel free to link to relevant external material, further reading, documentation, etc. Then you're done! Give yourself a quick review, a high five, and send us a pull request. A few final notes:\n", - " - `Kernel > Restart Kernel and Run All Cells...` to confirm that your notebook will cleanly run from start to finish\n", - " - `Kernel > Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs...` before committing your notebook, our machines will do the heavy lifting\n", - " - Take credit! Provide author contact information if you'd like; if so, consider adding information here at the bottom of your notebook\n", - " - Give credit! Attribute appropriate authorship for referenced code, information, images, etc.\n", - " - Only include what you're legally allowed: **no copyright infringement or plagiarism**\n", - " \n", - "Thank you for your contribution!" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "References: \n", "- Bony et al. 2006 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/19/15/jcli3819.1.xml\n", - "- Zenlinka et al. 2020\n", + "- Zelinka et al. 2020\n", "- Sherwood et al. 2020\n", + "- Dessler and Zelinka 2015 (Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences)\n", + "- Hartmann 2016 (Global Physical Climatology)\n", + "- Hansen et al. 1984\n", + "- Gregory et al. 2004\n", "\n", "More to come" ] From ee2297d0e46c266c375f183eb86560bb34747bad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 21:38:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 08/13] fixed typos --- .../foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 57 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index 1589e16..43338d9 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at top of atmosphere (TOA) flux downward to Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. \n", + "Imagine a scenario where we start off with an energy-balanced Earth, where at top of atmosphere (TOA) flux towards Earth's surface is equal to the TOA flux going out to space. \n", "\n", "Now if we double the concentration levels of carbon dioxide ($CO_{2}$) in the atmopshere - the surface temperature is going to increase through the greenhouse-effect instantaneously. However, climate processes can amplify or dampen the climate response. For example, the surface may radiate more out to space due to the surface warming, which would dampen the overall warming. On the other hand, there may be more water vapor to absorb the outgoing longwave radiation in the atmosphere due to the increased rate of evaporation from the warming, and thus amplifies the warming. \n", "\n", @@ -190,29 +190,7 @@ "4. Lapse Rate Feedback\n", "5. Cloud Feedback\n", "\n", - "The list above is not exhaustive. Feedbacks like the carbon cycle feedback are not included due to the carbon dioxide level being prescribed for the experimental set-up in Sherwood et al. (2020). Other feedbacks like the atmospheric ozone feedback and stratospheric feedback are not included as they are not normally quantified (Sherwood et al. 2020).\n", - "\n", - "Types of radiative kernels there are: sfc albedo, air temp (vert.varying) , surf temp, LW water vapor kernel, SW water vapor kernel" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "-3.76065585" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 2, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(255**3)*5.67e-8*(-4)" + "The list above is not exhaustive. Feedbacks like the carbon cycle feedback are not included due to the carbon dioxide level being prescribed for the experimental set-up in Sherwood et al. (2020). Other feedbacks like the atmospheric ozone feedback and stratospheric feedback are not included as they are not normally quantified (Sherwood et al. 2020)." ] }, { @@ -238,15 +216,22 @@ "\n", "If we include the planetary emissivity $\\epsilon$, we will get $\\lambda_{Planck} \\approx -3.3Wm^{-2}K^{-1}$, which is close to observations (Dessler, 2013) and global climate models (Caldwell et al. 2016). \n", "\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "\n", "Simply put, the more you heat, the more LW radiation go out.\n", + "[TO BE POLISHED]\n", + "*Kernel related: structural uncertainty in Planck feedback arises from differences in spatial pattern of surface warming and climatological distribution fo clodus and water vapor that determines planetary emissivity - affects radiative temperature kernel (Sherwood et al 2020). \n", "\n", - "Extended Read: Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. (Cronin and Dutta 2023)\n", - "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023MS003729\n", - "\n", - "*Kernel related: structural uncertainty in Planck feedback arises from differences in spatial pattern of surface warming and climatological distribution fo clodus and water vapor that determines planetary emissivity - affects radiative temperature kernel (Sherwood et al 2020) " + "Types of radiative kernels there are: sfc albedo, air temp (vert.varying) , surf temp, LW water vapor kernel, SW water vapor kernel" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "SOS on adding links\n", + "
\n", + "

Extended Read

\n", + " Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. [Cronin and Dutta 2023](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023MS003729)\n", + "
" ] }, { @@ -269,15 +254,13 @@ "source": [ "### 3. Water Vapor Feedback: (Positive under warming) \n", "\n", + "[UNDER CONSTRUCTION]\n", + "\n", "Water vapor feedback and lapse rate feedback are commonly discussed together as they are both dependent on the how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere. \n", "\n", "Water vapor feedback is defined as the change in TOA net flux due to the increase in water vapor per degree of surface warming. \n", "\n", - "Based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, an increase in atmospheric temperature increases the capacity of air to hold water molecules. The more it warm, the more water the atmosphere can hold and more \n", - "\n", - "Water vapor interacts with both longwave and shortwave radiation. captures the change in outgoing LW and absorbed SW radiation at TOA due to the changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration. Water droplets would absorb both longwave and shortwave radiation, and thus increase \n", - "\n", - "\n", + "Water vapor interacts with both longwave and shortwave radiation. captures the change in outgoing LW and absorbed SW radiation at TOA due to the changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration. \n", "\n", "\n", "[insert pic of capacity of jar increases as temperature increase]" @@ -387,7 +370,7 @@ "- Sherwood et al. 2020\n", "- Dessler and Zelinka 2015 (Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences)\n", "- Hartmann 2016 (Global Physical Climatology)\n", - "- Hansen et al. 1984\n", + "- [Hansen et al. 1984](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GM029p0130)\n", "- Gregory et al. 2004\n", "\n", "More to come" From b9e2152084beb43d516f3ba79e0d2b462d9fac8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rachel Tam <116197442+rytam2@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 15:40:53 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 09/13] Update notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb Co-authored-by: anacmontoya <142039433+anacmontoya@users.noreply.github.com> --- notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index 43338d9..f1d25c8 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ "\\lambda = \\sum^{x}_{i}\\lambda_{i} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} \n", "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", - "A positive feedback ($\\lambda > 0$) would make the forced response bigger while a negative feedback ($\\lambda < 0$) stabilizes the forced response. In the following subsections, we will discuss each feedback mechanism in detail on how the mechanism would feed back into enhancing or muting the response. \n" + "A positive feedback ($\\lambda > 0$) would make the forced response bigger while a negative feedback ($\\lambda < 0$) stabilizes the forced response. In the following subsections, we will discuss each feedback mechanism in detail and how the mechanism would feed back into enhancing or muting the response. \n" ] }, { From dddca48d73352e4d546442710151d50ae00c644b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rachel Tam <116197442+rytam2@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 15:41:26 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 10/13] Update notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb Co-authored-by: anacmontoya <142039433+anacmontoya@users.noreply.github.com> --- notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index f1d25c8..8bb3b93 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ "\n", "### So, what is a feedback and why does it matter? \n", "\n", - "Feedback is the climate system response to an external radaitive forcing (Hansen et al. 1984, Bony et al. 2006). When the global mean surface temperature changes, climate variables may change as well. These climate variable changes would influence the Earth's radiation balance and contribute to the radiative response. \n", + "Feedback is the climate system response to an external radiative forcing ([Hansen et al. 1984](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24381215_Climate_Sensitivity_Analysis_of_Feedback_Mechanisms), Bony et al. 2006). When the global mean surface temperature changes, climate variables may change as well. These climate variable changes would influence the Earth's radiation balance and contribute to the radiative response. \n", "\n", "Note that feedback is different from the radiative response, where the former has the unit of $Wm^{-2} K^{-1}$ and is quantified by the feedback parameter $\\lambda$, while the latter has the unit of $Wm^{-2}$, quantified by $\\lambda T$. \n", "\n", From eb17ae88e6e4d856f609e2578f58a9739eb4c258 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rachel Tam <116197442+rytam2@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 15:42:07 -0600 Subject: [PATCH 11/13] Update notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb Co-authored-by: anacmontoya <142039433+anacmontoya@users.noreply.github.com> --- notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index 8bb3b93..46b1671 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ "SOS on font settings and adding links\n", "
\n", "

Info

\n", - " For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html) and

*Chapter 2 - Global Energy Balance* from *Global Physical Climatology*

(Hartmann 2016). \n", + " For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html) and

[*Chapter 2 - Global Energy Balance*](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123285317000025) from *Global Physical Climatology* (Hartmann 2016). \n", "

" ] }, From 15b7017d15b187d30af934cdf3f32323f58ba933 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 21:55:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 12/13] fixed links --- notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index 46b1671..ef3fb09 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -156,11 +156,11 @@ "\n", "### So, what is a feedback and why does it matter? \n", "\n", - "Feedback is the climate system response to an external radiative forcing ([Hansen et al. 1984](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24381215_Climate_Sensitivity_Analysis_of_Feedback_Mechanisms), Bony et al. 2006). When the global mean surface temperature changes, climate variables may change as well. These climate variable changes would influence the Earth's radiation balance and contribute to the radiative response. \n", + "Feedback is the climate system response to an external radiative forcing ([Hansen et al. 1984](https://doi.org/10.1029/GM029p0130), [Bony et al. 2006](https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3819.1)). When the global mean surface temperature changes, climate variables may change as well. These climate variable changes would influence the Earth's radiation balance and contribute to the radiative response. \n", "\n", "Note that feedback is different from the radiative response, where the former has the unit of $Wm^{-2} K^{-1}$ and is quantified by the feedback parameter $\\lambda$, while the latter has the unit of $Wm^{-2}$, quantified by $\\lambda T$. \n", "\n", - "Let x be a vector representing an ensemble of climate variables like atmospheric temperature, water vapor, surface ice and snow. The formal definition of the system's total feedback parameter, which is the strength of the climate system's net feedback, is as follow (Bony et al. 2006): \n", + "Let x be a vector representing an ensemble of climate variables like atmospheric temperature, water vapor, surface ice and snow. The formal definition of the system's total feedback parameter, which is the strength of the climate system's net feedback, is as follow ([Bony et al. 2006](https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3819.1)): \n", "\n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", "\\lambda = \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial T_{s}} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} + \\sum \\sum \\frac{\\partial ^{2}R}{\\partial x \\partial y} \\frac{\\partial x \\partial y}{\\partial T_{s}^{2}} + ...\n", @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ "\n", "(UNDER CONSTRUCTION: source needed for why do this+populate explanation on equation - Dessler and Zelinka 2015 explains it more intuitively, but require conversion from g to $\\lambda$) \n", "\n", - "The net feedback parameter is reduced to the first order (Sherwood et al. 2020): \n", + "The net feedback parameter is reduced to the first order ([Sherwood et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678)): \n", "\n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", "\\lambda = \\sum^{x}_{i}\\lambda_{i} = \\sum^{x} \\frac{\\partial R}{\\partial x} \\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial T_{s}} \n", From c136af02e9a05b31e3d3f399fe44ff5809494e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Default user Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2024 21:58:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 13/13] I think I fixed links --- notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb index ef3fb09..7cb52a9 100644 --- a/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb +++ b/notebooks/foundations/energy-balance-model.ipynb @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ "SOS on font settings and adding links\n", "
\n", "

Info

\n", - " For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html) and

[*Chapter 2 - Global Energy Balance*](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123285317000025) from *Global Physical Climatology* (Hartmann 2016). \n", + " For a more comprehensive material about the energy balance model, pokearounds on the energy balance model, and introductions to simpler energy balance models like the two-box model, feel free to check out other resources like the [Climate Laboratory](https://brian-rose.github.io/ClimateLaboratoryBook/courseware/zero-dim-ebm.html) and

[*Chapter 2 - Global Energy Balance*] from *Global Physical Climatology* (Hartmann 2016). \n", "

" ] }, @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ "\\end{equation*}\n", "\n", "\n", - ", where $\\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ($5.67*10^{-8}$ $ Wm^{-2}K^{-4}$). If everything else is held constant, we can calculate the rate of change of TOA flux due to the change in surface warming by taking the derivative of the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Taking the Earth's average outgoing longwave radiation as 240 $Wm^{−2}$ (e.g., Loeb et al., 2018) for the global effective emission temperature $T_{e}$ as 255K, and substitute it as follow:\\epsilon \n", + ", where $\\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ($5.67*10^{-8}$ $ Wm^{-2}K^{-4}$). If everything else is held constant, we can calculate the rate of change of TOA flux due to the change in surface warming by taking the derivative of the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Taking the Earth's average outgoing longwave radiation as 240 $Wm^{−2}$ (e.g., Loeb et al., 2018) for the global effective emission temperature $T_{e}$ as 255K, and substitute it as follow:\n", "\n", "\\begin{equation*}\n", " -4\\sigma T_e^3 \\approx - 3.76 Wm^{-2}K^{-1}\n", @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ "SOS on adding links\n", "
\n", "

Extended Read

\n", - " Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. [Cronin and Dutta 2023](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023MS003729)\n", + " Planck feedback not necessarily accurately represented in climate models due to lack of stratospheric warming. [Cronin and Dutta 2023]\n", "
" ] }, @@ -365,12 +365,12 @@ "metadata": {}, "source": [ "References: \n", - "- Bony et al. 2006 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/19/15/jcli3819.1.xml\n", + "- Bony et al. 2006\n", "- Zelinka et al. 2020\n", "- Sherwood et al. 2020\n", "- Dessler and Zelinka 2015 (Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences)\n", "- Hartmann 2016 (Global Physical Climatology)\n", - "- [Hansen et al. 1984](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GM029p0130)\n", + "- Hansen et al. 1984\n", "- Gregory et al. 2004\n", "\n", "More to come"