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Description

Given n pairs of parentheses, write a function to generate all combinations of well-formed parentheses.

For example, given n = 3, a solution set is:

[
  "((()))",
  "(()())",
  "(())()",
  "()(())",
  "()()()"
]

Tags: String, Backtracking

思路 0

题意是给你 n 值,让你找到所有格式正确的圆括号匹配组,题目中已经给出了 n = 3 的所有结果。遇到这种问题,第一直觉就是用到递归或者堆栈,我们选取递归来解决,也就是 helper 函数的功能,从参数上来看肯定很好理解了,leftRest 代表还有几个左括号可以用,rightNeed 代表还需要几个右括号才能匹配,初始状态当然是 rightNeed = 0, leftRest = n,递归的终止状态就是 rightNeed == 0 && leftRest == 0,也就是左右括号都已匹配完毕,然后把 str 加入到链表中即可。

class Solution {
    public List<String> generateParenthesis(int n) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        helper(list, "", 0, n);
        return list;
    }

    private void helper(List<String> list, String str, int rightNeed, int leftRest) {
        if (rightNeed == 0 && leftRest == 0) {
            list.add(str);
            return;
        }
        if (rightNeed > 0) helper(list, str + ")", rightNeed - 1, leftRest);
        if (leftRest > 0) helper(list, str + "(", rightNeed + 1, leftRest - 1);
    }
}

思路 1

另一种实现方式就是迭代的思想了,我们来找寻其规律如下所示:

f(0): “”

f(1): “(“f(0)”)”

f(2): "(“f(0)”)"f(1), “(“f(1)”)”

f(3): "(“f(0)”)"f(2), "(“f(1)”)"f(1), “(“f(2)”)”
...

可以递推出 f(n) = "(“f(0)”)"f(n-1) , "(“f(1)”)"f(n-2) "(“f(2)”)"f(n-3) … "(“f(i)”)“f(n-1-i) … “(f(n-1)”)”

根据如上递推式写出如下代码应该不难了吧。

class Solution {
    public List<String> generateParenthesis(int n) {
        HashMap<Integer, List<String>> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
        hashMap.put(0, Collections.singletonList(""));
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
            List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                for (String fj : hashMap.get(j)) {
                    for (String fi_j_1 : hashMap.get(i - j - 1)) {
                        list.add("(" + fj + ")" + fi_j_1);// calculate f(i)
                    }
                }
            }
            hashMap.put(i, list);
        }
        return hashMap.get(n);
    }
}

结语

如果你同我们一样热爱数据结构、算法、LeetCode,可以关注我们 GitHub 上的 LeetCode 题解:LeetCode-Solution