From 002d27dfe5c799611eafd3baf5e2b15608b75e92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nicolas Martignoni Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2025 10:21:49 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Fix typos in modern_iau sky culture --- skycultures/modern_iau/description.en.utf8 | 174 ++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-) diff --git a/skycultures/modern_iau/description.en.utf8 b/skycultures/modern_iau/description.en.utf8 index 03a689d8ebbe7..c6483d80a9a95 100644 --- a/skycultures/modern_iau/description.en.utf8 +++ b/skycultures/modern_iau/description.en.utf8 @@ -1,116 +1,116 @@

Modern (IAU)

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The modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, -and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. -It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from +

The modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, +and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. +It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.

Description

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The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas -of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, -issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations -have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets +

The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas +of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, +issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations +have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.

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The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek -constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the -2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated -from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. -In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were +

The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek +constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the +2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated +from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. +In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.

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In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations -to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation -of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint -that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new -constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible -to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical -inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, -an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). -Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration +

In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations +to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation +of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint +that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new +constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible +to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical +inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, +an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). +Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.

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In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical -Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list -of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation +

In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical +Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list +of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#4] still in use today.

Constellations

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These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which -had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in -the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between -the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint -stars belonging to no constellation.[#5] In the Modern Epoch, several -astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them -several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. -In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a +

These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which +had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in +the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between +the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint +stars belonging to no constellation.[#5] In the Modern Epoch, several +astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them +several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. +In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.

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In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names -and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining -political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without -mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte -got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. -In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#6], and +

In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names +and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining +political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without +mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte +got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. +In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#6], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#4].

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These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick -figures or depictions [#1]. The borders simply follow the lines of right -ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly -increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These -constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing +

These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick +figures or depictions [#1]. The borders simply follow the lines of right +ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly +increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These +constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.

Constellation Figures

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In star maps it is common to mark line "patterns" that represent the -shapes that give the name to the constellations. However, the IAU defines -a constellation by its boundary (indicated by sky coordinates) and not -by its pattern and the same constellation may have several variants in +

In star maps it is common to mark line "patterns" that represent the +shapes that give the name to the constellations. However, the IAU defines +a constellation by its boundary (indicated by sky coordinates) and not +by its pattern and the same constellation may have several variants in its representation.

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This sky culture uses constellation figures were produced in -collaboration with "Sky and Telescope" magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick -Fienberg) and published at IAU official website [#1]. Alan MacRobert's -constellation patterns, were influenced by those of H. A. Rey but in many +

This sky culture uses constellation figures were produced in +collaboration with "Sky and Telescope" magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick +Fienberg) and published at IAU official website [#1]. Alan MacRobert's +constellation patterns, were influenced by those of H. A. Rey but in many cases were adjusted to preserve earlier traditions.

Proper names of stars

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Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the -description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, -the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip +

Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the +description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, +the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".

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In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical -abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated -in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space -and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over -centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and -in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading -or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the +

In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical +abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated +in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space +and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over +centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and +in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading +or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").

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However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star -"Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian -terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU -star names [#7] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even -politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky -cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star -in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), -or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal +

However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star +"Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian +terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU +star names [#7] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even +politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky +cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star +in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), +or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.

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The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new -names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell -stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces +

The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new +names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell +stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.

Proper names of deep-sky objects

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Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared -by the Dutch artist Wil Thirion and published in 1987 by the American +

Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared +by the Dutch artist Wil Tirion and published in 1987 by the American publishing house Willmann-Bell, specializing in astronomical literature.

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The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and -beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second -volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. -Uranometriya 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 -deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and +

The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and +beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second +volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. +Uranometria 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 +deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and NGC catalogs.

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The second (corrected and most complete) three-volume edition of -"Uranometria 2000.0", was published in 2001 under the name "Uranometria -2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" and contains 280035 stars of both hemispheres up -to 9.75m in size on a scale of 1.85 cm per declination degree -on 220 spreads of A3 format. Particular attention in the atlas is paid to -deep-sky objects, there are more than 30 thousand of them in the second +

The second (corrected and most complete) three-volume edition of +"Uranometria 2000.0", was published in 2001 under the name "Uranometria +2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" and contains 280035 stars of both hemispheres up +to 9.75m in size on a scale of 1.85 cm per declination degree +on 220 spreads of A3 format. Particular attention in the atlas is paid to +deep-sky objects, there are more than 30 thousand of them in the second edition - many times more than in any other paper atlas.

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The third volume of "Uranometria 2000.0" is a guide to deep-sky objects - -Deep Sky Field Guide, consisting of tables with scientific data and proper +

The third volume of "Uranometria 2000.0" is a guide to deep-sky objects - +Deep Sky Field Guide, consisting of tables with scientific data and proper names on objects depicted in the first two volumes [#3].