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03_操作系统的发展史（科普章节）.html
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<h1 id="toc_0">操作系统的发展史（科普章节）</h1>
<h2 id="toc_1">目标</h2>
<ul>
<li>了解操作系统的发展历史</li>
<li>知道 Linux 内核及发行版的区别</li>
<li>知道 Linux 的应用领域</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_2">01. 操作系统的发展历史</h2>
<h3 id="toc_3">1.1 Unix</h3>
<p>1965 年之前的时候，电脑并不像现在一样普遍，它可不是一般人能碰的起的，除非是军事或者学院的研究机构，而且当时大型主机至多能提供30台终端（30个键盘、显示器)，连接一台电脑</p>
<p><img src="media/14924523913772/001_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E6%9C%BA.png" alt="001_大型机"/></p>
<p><strong>为了解决数量不够用的问题</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>1965 年左后由 <strong>贝尔实验室</strong> 加入了 <strong>麻省理工学院</strong> 以及 <strong>通用电气</strong> 合作的计划 —— 该计划要建立一套 <strong>多使用者(multi－user)</strong>、<strong>多任务(multi－processor)</strong>、<strong>多层次(multi－level)</strong> 的 <strong>MULTICS</strong> 操作系统，想让大型主机支持 300 台终端</li>
<li>1969 年前后这个项目进度缓慢，资金短缺，贝尔实验室退出了研究</li>
<li>1969 年从这个项目中退出的 <strong>Ken Thompson</strong> 当时在实验室无聊时，为了让一台空闲的电脑上能够运行 "星际旅行（Space Travel）" 游行，在 8 月份左右趁着其妻子探亲的时间，<strong>用了 1 个月的时间</strong>，使用汇编写出了 Unix 操作系统的原型</li>
<li>1970 年，美国贝尔实验室的 <strong>Ken Thompson</strong>，以 <strong>BCPL</strong> 语言为基础，设计出很简单且很接近硬件的 <strong>B 语言</strong>（取BCPL的首字母），并且他用 <strong>B 语言</strong> 写了第一个 UNIX 操作系统</li>
<li>1971 年，同样酷爱 "星际旅行（Space Travel）" 的 <strong>Dennis M.Ritchie</strong> 为了能早点儿玩上游戏，加入了 <strong>Thompson</strong> 的开发项目，合作开发 UNIX，他的主要工作是改造 <strong>B 语言</strong>，因为<strong>B 语言</strong> 的跨平台性较差</li>
<li>1972 年，<strong>Dennis M.Ritchie</strong> 在 <strong>B 语言</strong> 的基础上最终设计出了一种新的语言，他取了 <strong>BCPL</strong> 的第二个字母作为这种语言的名字，这就是 <strong>C 语言</strong></li>
<li>1973 年初，<strong>C 语言</strong>的主体完成，<strong>Thompson</strong> 和 <strong>Ritchie</strong> 迫不及待地开始用它完全重写了现在大名鼎鼎的 <strong>Unix 操作系统</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><img src="media/14924523913772/002_unix%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%B6.png" alt="002_unix之父"/></p>
<p>肯·汤普逊（左）和丹尼斯·里奇（右）</p>
<h4 id="toc_4">C 语言</h4>
<ul>
<li>在把 <strong>UNIX</strong> 移植到其他类型的计算机上使用时，<strong>C 语言</strong>强大的移植性（Portability）在此显现
<ul>
<li>机器语言和汇编语言都不具有移植性，为 x86 开发的程序，不可能在 Alpha，SPARC 和 ARM 等机器上运行</li>
</ul></li>
<li>而 <strong>C 语言</strong>程序则可以使用在任意架构的处理器上，只要那种架构的处理器<strong>具有对应的 C 语言编译器和库</strong>，然后将 C 源代码编译、连接成目标二进制文件之后即可运行 </li>
</ul>
<h4 id="toc_5">Unix 家谱</h4>
<p><img src="media/14924523913772/003_unix%E5%AE%B6%E8%B0%B1.jpg" alt="003_unix家谱"/></p>
<h3 id="toc_6">1.2 Minix</h3>
<ul>
<li>因为 <strong>AT&T（通用电气）</strong> 的政策改变，在 Version 7 Unix 推出之后，发布新的使用条款，将 UNIX 源代码私有化，在大学中不再能使用 UNIX 源代码</li>
<li><strong>Andrew S. Tanenbaum（塔能鲍姆）</strong> 教授为了能 <strong>在课堂上教授学生操作系统运作的细节</strong>，决定在不使用任何 AT&T 的源代码前提下，自行开发与 UNIX 兼容的操作系统，以避免版权上的争议</li>
<li>以 <strong>小型 UNIX（mini-UNIX）</strong>之意，将它称为 <strong>MINIX</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="toc_7">1.3 Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li>1991 年 <strong>林纳斯（Linus）</strong> 就读于赫尔辛基大学期间，对 Unix 产生浓厚兴趣，尝试着在Minix 上做一些开发工作</li>
<li>因为 <strong>Minix</strong> 只是教学使用，因此功能并不强，<strong>林纳斯</strong> 经常要用他的终端 <strong>仿真器（Terminal Emulator）</strong> 去访问大学主机上的新闻组和邮件，为了方便读写和下载文件，他自己编写了磁盘驱动程序和文件系统，这些在后来成为了 Linux 第一个内核的雏形，当时，他年仅 21 岁！</li>
<li><strong>林纳斯</strong> 利用 GNU 的 bash 当做开发环境，gcc 当做编译工具，编写了 Linux 内核，一开始 Linux 并不能兼容 Unix
<ul>
<li>即 Unix 上跑的应用程序不能在 Linux 上跑，即应用程序与内核之间的接口不一致</li>
<li>一开始 Linux 只适用于 386，后来经过全世界的网友的帮助，最终能够兼容多种硬件</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><img src="media/14924523913772/004_%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF.jpg" alt="004_林纳斯"/></p>
<h2 id="toc_8">02. Linux 内核及发行版</h2>
<h3 id="toc_9">2.1 Linux 内核版本</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>内核（kernel）</strong>是系统的心脏，是运行程序和管理像磁盘和打印机等硬件设备的核心程序，它提供了一个在裸设备与应用程序间的抽象层</li>
<li>Linux 内核版本又分为 <strong>稳定版</strong> 和 <strong>开发版</strong>，两种版本是相互关联，相互循环
<ul>
<li><strong>稳定版</strong>：具有工业级强度，可以广泛地应用和部署。新的稳定版相对于较旧的只是修正一些 bug 或加入一些新的驱动程序</li>
<li><strong>开发版</strong>：由于要试验各种解决方案，所以变化很快</li>
</ul></li>
<li>内核源码网址：<a href="http://www.kernel.org">http://www.kernel.org</a></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>所有来自全世界的对 Linux 源码的修改最终都会汇总到这个网站，由 Linus 领导的开源社区对其进行甄别和修改最终决定是否进入到 Linux 主线内核源码中</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="toc_10">2.2 Linux 发行版本</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Linux 发行版（也被叫做 GNU/Linux 发行版）</strong>通常包含了包括桌面环境、办公套件、媒体播放器、数据库等应用软件</li>
<li><p>常见的发行版本如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>Ubuntu</li>
<li>Redhat</li>
<li>Fedora</li>
<li>openSUSE</li>
<li>Linux Mint</li>
<li>Debian</li>
<li>Manjaro</li>
<li>Mageia</li>
<li>CentOS</li>
<li>Arch</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>十大 Linux 服务器发行版排行榜：<a href="http://os.51cto.com/art/201612/526126.htm">http://os.51cto.com/art/201612/526126.htm</a></p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>在几乎每一份与 Linux 有关的榜单上，基于 Debian 的 Ubuntu 都占有一席之位。Canonical 的Ubuntu 胜过其他所有的 Linux 服务器发行版 ―― 从简单安装、出色的硬件发现，到世界级的商业支持，Ubuntu确立了难以企及的严格标准</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="toc_11">03. Linux 的应用领域</h2>
<h3 id="toc_12">3.1 服务器领域</h3>
<ul>
<li>Linux 在服务器领域的应用是其重要分支</li>
<li>Linux 免费、稳定、高效等特点在这里得到了很好的体现
<ul>
<li>早期因为维护、运行等原因同样受到了很大的限制</li>
<li>近些年来 Linux 服务器市场得到了飞速的提升，尤其在一些高端领域尤为广泛</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="toc_13">3.2 嵌入式领域</h3>
<ul>
<li>近些年来 Linux 在嵌入式领域的应用得到了飞速的提高</li>
<li>Linux 运行稳定、对网络的良好支持性、低成本，且可以根据需要进行软件裁剪，内核最小可以达到几百 KB 等特点，使其近些年来在嵌入式领域的应用得到非常大的提高</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>主要应用：<strong>机顶盒</strong>、<strong>数字电视</strong>、<strong>网络电话</strong>、<strong>程控交换机</strong>、<strong>手机</strong>、<strong>PDA</strong>、等都是其应用领域，得到了 Google、三星、摩托罗拉、NEC 等公司的大力推广</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="toc_14">3.3 个人桌面领域</h3>
<ul>
<li>此领域是传统 Linux 应用最薄弱的环节</li>
<li>传统 Linux 由于界面简单、操作复杂、应用软件少的缺点，一直被 Windows 所压制</li>
<li>近些年来随着 <strong>Ubuntu</strong>、<strong>Fedora</strong> 等优秀桌面环境的兴起，同时各大硬件厂商对其支持的加大，Linux 在个人桌面领域的占有率在逐渐的提高</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>在 Ubuntu 中玩 QQ</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="media/14924523913772/005_ubuntu_qq.jpg" alt="005_ubuntu_qq"/></p>
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