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10_用户权限常用命令.html
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<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title># 用户权限相关命令</title>
<style>
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<h1 id="toc_0">用户权限相关命令</h1>
<h2 id="toc_1">目标</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>用户</strong> 和 <strong>权限</strong> 的基本概念</li>
<li><strong>用户管理</strong> 终端命令</li>
<li><strong>组管理</strong> 终端命令</li>
<li><strong>修改权限</strong> 终端命令</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_2">01. <strong>用户</strong> 和 <strong>权限</strong> 的基本概念</h2>
<h3 id="toc_3">1.1 基本概念</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>用户</strong> 是 Linux 系统工作中重要的一环，用户管理包括 <strong>用户</strong> 与 <strong>组</strong> 管理</li>
<li>在 Linux 系统中，不论是由本机或是远程登录系统，每个系统都<strong>必须拥有一个账号</strong>，并且<strong>对于不同的系统资源拥有不同的使用权限</strong></li>
<li>在 Linux 中，可以指定 <strong>每一个用户</strong> 针对 <strong>不同的文件或者目录</strong> 的 <strong>不同权限</strong></li>
<li>对 <strong>文件／目录</strong> 的权限包括：</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">序号</th>
<th style="text-align: center">权限</th>
<th style="text-align: center">英文</th>
<th style="text-align: center">缩写</th>
<th style="text-align: center">数字代号</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">01</td>
<td style="text-align: center">读</td>
<td style="text-align: center">read</td>
<td style="text-align: center">r</td>
<td style="text-align: center">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">02</td>
<td style="text-align: center">写</td>
<td style="text-align: center">write</td>
<td style="text-align: center">w</td>
<td style="text-align: center">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">03</td>
<td style="text-align: center">执行</td>
<td style="text-align: center">excute</td>
<td style="text-align: center">x</td>
<td style="text-align: center">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="toc_4">1.2 组</h3>
<ul>
<li>为了方便用户管理，提出了 <strong>组</strong> 的概念，如下图所示</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="media/14934198815905/001_%E7%BB%84%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%BE.png" alt="001_组示意图"/></p>
<ul>
<li>在实际应用中，可以预先针对 <strong>组</strong> 设置好权限，然后 <strong>将不同的用户添加到对应的组中</strong>，从而<strong>不用依次为每一个用户设置权限</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="toc_5">1.3 ls -l 扩展</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><code>ls -l</code> 可以查看文件夹下文件的详细信息，从左到右依次是：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>权限</strong>，第 1 个字符如果是 <code>d</code> 表示目录</li>
<li><strong>硬链接数</strong>，通俗地讲，就是有多少种方式，可以访问到当前目录／文件</li>
<li><strong>拥有者</strong>，家目录下 文件／目录 的拥有者通常都是当前用户</li>
<li><strong>组</strong>，在 Linux 中，很多时候，会出现组名和用户名相同的情况，后续会讲</li>
<li><strong>大小</strong></li>
<li><strong>时间</strong></li>
<li><strong>名称</strong></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><img src="media/14934198815905/002_%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%BE.png" alt="002_权限示意图"/></p>
<h3 id="toc_6">1.4 <code>chmod</code> 简单使用（重要）</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>chmod</code> 可以修改 <strong>用户／组</strong> 对 <strong>文件／目录</strong> 的权限</li>
<li>命令格式如下：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">chmod +/-rwx 文件名|目录名
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：以上方式会一次性修改 <code>拥有者</code> / <code>组</code> 权限，有关 <code>chmod</code> 的高级用法，后续会讲</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="toc_7">1.5 超级用户</h3>
<ul>
<li>Linux 系统中的 <code>root</code> 账号通常 <strong>用于系统的维护和管理</strong>，对操作系统的所有资源 <strong>具有所有访问权限</strong></li>
<li>在大多数版本的 Linux 中，都不推荐 <strong>直接使用 root 账号登录系统</strong></li>
<li>在 Linux 安装的过程中，系统会自动创建一个用户账号，而这个默认的用户就称为“标准用户”</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="toc_8">sudo</h4>
<ul>
<li><code>su</code> 是 <code>substitute user</code> 的缩写，表示 <strong>使用另一个用户的身份</strong></li>
<li><code>sudo</code> 命令用来以其他身份来执行命令，预设的身份为 <code>root</code></li>
<li>用户使用 <code>sudo</code> 时，必须先输入密码，之后有 <strong>5 分钟的有效期限</strong>，超过期限则必须重新输入密码</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>若其未经授权的用户企图使用 <code>sudo</code>，则会发出警告邮件给管理员</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="toc_9">02. <strong>组管理</strong> 终端命令</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：<strong>创建组</strong> / <strong>删除组</strong> 的终端命令都需要通过 <code>sudo</code> 执行</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>序号</th>
<th>命令</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>01</td>
<td>groupadd 组名</td>
<td>添加组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>02</td>
<td>groupdel 组名</td>
<td>删除组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>03</td>
<td>cat /etc/group</td>
<td>确认组信息</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>04</td>
<td>chgrp -R 组名 文件/目录名</td>
<td>递归修改文件/目录的所属组</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：</p>
<ul>
<li>组信息保存在 <code>/etc/group</code> 文件中</li>
<li><code>/etc</code> 目录是专门用来保存 <strong>系统配置信息</strong> 的目录</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="media/14934198815905/001_%E7%BB%84%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%BE.png" alt="001_组示意图"/></p>
<ul>
<li>在实际应用中，可以预先针对 <strong>组</strong> 设置好权限，然后 <strong>将不同的用户添加到对应的组中</strong>，从而<strong>不用依次为每一个用户设置权限</strong></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="toc_10">演练目标</h4>
<ol>
<li>在 <code>python</code> 用户的桌面文件夹下创建 <code>Python学习</code> 目录</li>
<li>新建 <code>dev</code> 组</li>
<li>将 <code>Python学习</code> 目录的组修改为 <code>dev</code></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="toc_11">03. <strong>用户管理</strong> 终端命令</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：<strong>创建用户</strong> / <strong>删除用户</strong> / <strong>修改其他用户密码</strong> 的终端命令都需要通过 <code>sudo</code> 执行</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="toc_12">3.1 创建用户／设置密码／删除用户</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>序号</th>
<th>命令</th>
<th>作用</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>01</td>
<td>useradd -m -g 组 新建用户名</td>
<td>添加新用户</td>
<td><ul><li>-m 自动建立用户家目录</li><li>-g 指定用户所在的组，否则会建立一个和同名的组</li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>02</td>
<td>passwd 用户名</td>
<td>设置用户密码</td>
<td>如果是普通用户，直接用 passwd 可以修改自己的账户密码</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>03</td>
<td>userdel -r 用户名</td>
<td>删除用户</td>
<td>-r 选项会自动删除用户家目录</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>04</td>
<td>cat /etc/passwd | grep 用户名</td>
<td>确认用户信息</td>
<td>新建用户后，用户信息会保存在 /etc/passwd 文件中</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：</p>
<ul>
<li>创建用户时，如果忘记添加 <code>-m</code> 选项指定新用户的家目录 —— 最简单的方法就是<strong>删除用户，重新创建</strong></li>
<li>创建用户时，默认会创建一个和<strong>用户名</strong>同名的<strong>组名</strong></li>
<li>用户信息保存在 <code>/etc/passwd</code> 文件中</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="toc_13">3.2 查看用户信息</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>序号</th>
<th>命令</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>01</td>
<td>id [用户名]</td>
<td>查看用户 UID 和 GID 信息</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>02</td>
<td>who</td>
<td>查看当前所有登录的用户列表</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>03</td>
<td>whoami</td>
<td>查看当前登录用户的账户名</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="toc_14">passwd 文件</h4>
<p><code>/etc/passwd</code> 文件存放的是用户的信息，由 6 个分号组成的 7 个信息，分别是</p>
<ol>
<li>用户名</li>
<li>密码（x，表示加密的密码）</li>
<li>UID（用户标识）</li>
<li>GID（组标识）</li>
<li>用户全名或本地帐号</li>
<li>家目录</li>
<li>登录使用的 Shell，就是登录之后，使用的终端命令，<code>ubuntu</code> 默认是 <code>dash</code></li>
</ol>
<h4 id="toc_15">usermod</h4>
<ul>
<li><code>usermod</code> 可以用来设置 <strong>用户</strong> 的 <strong>主组</strong> ／ <strong>附加组</strong> 和 <strong>登录 Shell</strong>，命令格式如下：</li>
<li><strong>主组</strong>：通常在新建用户时指定，在 <code>etc/passwd</code> 的第 4 列 <strong>GID 对应的组</strong></li>
<li><strong>附加组</strong>：在 <code>etc/group</code> 中最后一列表示该组的用户列表，用于指定 <strong>用户的附加权限</strong></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：设置了用户的附加组之后，需要重新登录才能生效！</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 修改用户的主组（passwd 中的 GID）
usermod -g 组 用户名
# 修改用户的附加组
usermod -G 组 用户名
# 修改用户登录 Shell
usermod -s /bin/bash 用户名
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：默认使用 <code>useradd</code> 添加的用户是没有权限使用 <code>sudo</code> 以 <code>root</code> 身份执行命令的，可以使用以下命令，将用户添加到 <code>sudo</code> 附加组中</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-bash">usermod -G sudo 用户名
</code></pre>
<h4 id="toc_16">which（重要）</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>提示</p>
<ul>
<li><code>/etc/passwd</code> 是用于保存用户信息的文件</li>
<li><code>/usr/bin/passwd</code> 是用于修改用户密码的程序</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><code>which</code> 命令可以查看执行命令所在位置，例如：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">which ls
# 输出
# /bin/ls
which useradd
# 输出
# /usr/sbin/useradd
</code></pre>
<h5 id="toc_17"><code>bin</code> 和 <code>sbin</code></h5>
<ul>
<li>在 <code>Linux</code> 中，绝大多数可执行文件都是保存在 <code>/bin</code>、<code>/sbin</code>、<code>/usr/bin</code>、<code>/usr/sbin</code></li>
<li><code>/bin</code>（<code>binary</code>）是二进制执行文件目录，主要用于具体应用</li>
<li><code>/sbin</code>（<code>system binary</code>）是系统管理员专用的二进制代码存放目录，主要用于系统管理</li>
<li><code>/usr/bin</code>（<code>user commands for applications</code>）后期安装的一些软件</li>
<li><code>/usr/sbin</code>（<code>super user commands for applications</code>）超级用户的一些管理程序</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>提示：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>cd</code> 这个终端命令是内置在系统内核中的，没有独立的文件，因此用 <code>which</code> 无法找到 <code>cd</code> 命令的位置</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="toc_18">3.3 切换用户</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>序号</th>
<th>命令</th>
<th>作用</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>01</td>
<td>su - 用户名</td>
<td>切换用户，并且切换目录</td>
<td>- 可以切换到用户家目录，否则保持位置不变</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>02</td>
<td>exit</td>
<td>退出当前登录账户</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li><code>su</code> 不接用户名，可以切换到 <code>root</code>，但是不推荐使用，因为不安全</li>
<li><code>exit</code> 示意图如下：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="media/14934198815905/003_su%E5%92%8Cexit%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%BE.png" alt="003_su和exit示意图"/></p>
<h2 id="toc_19">04. 修改文件权限</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>序号</th>
<th>命令</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>01</td>
<td>chown</td>
<td>修改拥有者</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>02</td>
<td>chgrp</td>
<td>修改组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>03</td>
<td>chmod</td>
<td>修改权限</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>命令格式如下：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 修改文件|目录的拥有者
chown 用户名 文件名|目录名
# 递归修改文件|目录的组
chgrp -R 组名 文件名|目录名
# 递归修改文件权限
chmod -R 755 文件名|目录名
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>chmod</code> 在设置权限时，可以简单地使用三个数字分别对应 <strong>拥有者</strong> ／ <strong>组</strong> 和 <strong>其他</strong> 用户的权限</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 直接修改文件|目录的 读|写|执行 权限，但是不能精确到 拥有者|组|其他
chmod +/-rwx 文件名|目录名
</code></pre>
<p><img src="media/14934198815905/004_%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%BE.png" alt="004_文件权限示意图"/></p>
<ul>
<li>常见数字组合有（<code>u</code>表示用户／<code>g</code>表示组／<code>o</code>表示其他）：
<ul>
<li><code>777</code> ===> <code>u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx</code> </li>
<li><code>755</code> ===> <code>u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx</code></li>
<li><code>644</code> ===> <code>u=rw,g=r,o=r</code></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="toc_20"><code>chmod</code> 演练目标</h4>
<ol>
<li>将 <code>01.py</code> 的权限修改为 <code>u=rwx,g=rx,o=r</code> </li>
<li>将 <code>123.txt</code> 的权限修改为 <code>u=rw,g=r,o=-</code> </li>
<li>将 <code>test</code> 目录以及目录下的 <strong>所有</strong> 文件权限修改为 <code>u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx</code> </li>
</ol>
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</html>