From 2972b209b3f54edbfaf6195a92cf0ac367726ca2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:43:30 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 01/25] documetation: update

---
 lib/lenna/base.rb                             | 13 ++++++-
 lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb |  8 ++++
 lib/lenna/middleware/default/logging.rb       |  5 +++
 lib/lenna/router.rb                           | 38 ++++++++++++++++++-
 lib/lenna/router/builder.rb                   | 17 +++++++++
 lib/lenna/router/cache.rb                     | 24 +++++++++---
 lib/lenna/router/namespace_stack.rb           | 13 ++++---
 lib/lenna/router/request.rb                   | 21 +++++++++-
 lib/lennarb/array_extensions.rb               |  9 +++++
 9 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/base.rb b/lib/lenna/base.rb
index 2990340..caedf34 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/base.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/base.rb
@@ -10,13 +10,21 @@
 
 module Lenna
   # The base class is used to start the server.
+  #
   class Base < Router
+    # The default port is 3000
+    #
     DEFAULT_PORT = 3000
     private_constant :DEFAULT_PORT
+    
+    # The default host is localhost
+    #
     DEFAULT_HOST = 'localhost'
     private_constant :DEFAULT_HOST
 
-    # This method will start the server.
+    # This method will start the puma server and listen on the specified port
+    # and host. The default port is 3000 and the default host is localhost.
+    # Use only in development.
     #
     # @param port [Integer] The port to listen on (default: 3000)
     # @param host [String]  The host to listen on (default: '
@@ -27,7 +35,7 @@ class Base < Router
     #   app.listen(8080)
     # # => ⚡ Listening on localhost:8080
     #
-    # or specify the host and port
+    # # or specify the host and port
     #
     #   app = Lenna::Base.new
     #   app.listen(8000, host: '0.0.0.0')
@@ -38,6 +46,7 @@ class Base < Router
     # @todo: Add Lenna::Server to handle the server logic
     #
     # @since 0.1.0
+    #
     def listen(port = DEFAULT_PORT, host: DEFAULT_HOST, **)
       puts "⚡ Listening on #{host}:#{port}. \n Use Ctrl-C to stop the server."
 
diff --git a/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb b/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb
index 934e99b..e70f45e 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module Lenna
   module Middleware
     module Default
       # This middleware will handle errors.
+      #
       module ErrorHandler
         extend self
 
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ def call(req, res, next_middleware)
         # @return [void]
         #
         # @api private
+        #
         def render_error_page(error, env, req, res)
           case req.headers['Content-Type']
           in 'application/json' then render_json(error, env, res)
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ def render_error_page(error, env, req, res)
         # @return [void]
         #
         # @api private
+        #
         def render_json(error, env, res)
           case env['RACK_ENV']
           in 'development' | 'test' then res.json(
@@ -72,6 +75,7 @@ def render_json(error, env, res)
         # @return [void]
         #
         # @api private
+        #
         def render_html(error, env, res)
           res.html(error_page(error, env), status: 500)
         end
@@ -83,6 +87,7 @@ def render_html(error, env, res)
         # @return [void]
         #
         # @api private
+        #
         def log_error(env, error)
           env['rack.errors'].puts error.message
           env['rack.errors'].puts error.backtrace.join("\n")
@@ -90,6 +95,7 @@ def log_error(env, error)
         end
 
         # This method will render the error page.
+        #
         def error_page(error, env)
           style = <<-STYLE
           <style>
@@ -198,6 +204,7 @@ def error_message_and_backtrace(error, env)
         #         puts 'bar'\n<strong style='color: red;'>    9: </strong>
         #         end\n<strong style='color: red;'>   10: </strong> foo\n<strong
         #         style='color: red;'>   11: </strong> "
+        #
         def extract_source(file, line_number)
           lines = ::File.readlines(file)
           start_line = [line_number - 3, 0].max
@@ -219,6 +226,7 @@ def extract_source(file, line_number)
         #         "<strong style='color: red;'>    9: </strong> end\n",
         #         "<strong style='color: red;'>   10: </strong> foo\n",
         #         "<strong style='color: red;'>   11: </strong> "]
+        #
         def format_lines(lines, highlight_line)
           lines.map.with_index(highlight_line - 3 + 1) do |line, line_num|
             line_number_text = "#{line_num.to_s.rjust(6)}: "
diff --git a/lib/lenna/middleware/default/logging.rb b/lib/lenna/middleware/default/logging.rb
index 64ef569..dea9480 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/middleware/default/logging.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/middleware/default/logging.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module Default
       # @example:
       #   Logging.call(req, res, next_middleware)
       #  # => [2021-01-01 00:00:00 +0000] "GET /" 200 0.00ms
+      #
       module Logging
         extend self
 
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ module Logging
         # @param req             [Rack::Request ] The request
         # @param res             [Rack::Response] The response
         # @param next_middleware [Proc]           The next middleware
+        #
         def call(req, res, next_middleware)
           start_time = ::Time.now
           next_middleware.call
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ def call(req, res, next_middleware)
         #
         # @example:
         #   colorize_http_method('GET') # => 'GET'.green
+        #
         def colorize_http_method(request_method)
           case request_method
           in 'GET'    then 'GET'.green
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ def colorize_http_method(request_method)
         #
         # @example:
         #   colorize_status_code('200') # => '200'.green
+        #
         def colorize_status_code(status_code)
           case status_code[0]
           in '2' then status_code.green
@@ -85,6 +89,7 @@ def colorize_status_code(status_code)
         #
         # @example:
         #   calculate_duration(Time.now, Time.now + 1) # => 1000
+        #
         def calculate_duration(start_time, end_time)
           millis_in_second = 1000.0
           (end_time - start_time) * millis_in_second
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router.rb b/lib/lenna/router.rb
index 776147b..060ed03 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router.rb
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@
 
 module Lenna
   # The Node struct is used to represent a node in the tree of routes.
+  #
   # @attr children          [Hash]   the children of the node
   # @attr endpoint          [String] the endpoint of the node
   # @attr placeholder_name  [String] the name of the placeholder
   # @attr placeholder       [Bool]   whether the node is a placeholder
+  #
   Node =
     ::Struct.new(:children, :endpoint, :placeholder_name, :placeholder) do
       def initialize(children = {}, endpoint = nil, placeholder_name = nil)
@@ -32,23 +34,43 @@ def initialize(children = {}, endpoint = nil, placeholder_name = nil)
 
   # The router class is responsible for adding routes and calling the
   # middleware chain for each request.
+  #
   class Router
     # @return [Node] the root node of the tree of routes
+    #
+    # @see Node
+    #
     attr_reader :root_node
 
     # @return [Route::Cache] the cache of routes
+    #
+    # @see Cache
+    #
     attr_reader :cache
 
     # @return [Route::NamespaceStack] the stack of namespaces
+    #
+    # @see NamespaceStack
+    #
     attr_reader :namespace_stack
 
     # @return [MiddlewareManager] the middleware manager
+    #
+    # @see MiddlewareManager
+    #
     attr_reader :middleware_manager
 
     # @return [Route::Builder] the route builder
+    #
+    # @see Builder
+    #
     attr_reader :roter_builder
 
+    # This method is used to initialize the router.
+    # By default, it uses the App middleware and the Cache.
+    #
     # @return [void]
+    #
     def initialize(middleware_manager: Middleware::App.new, cache: Cache.new)
       @cache     = cache
       @root_node = Node.new({}, nil)
@@ -76,6 +98,7 @@ def initialize(middleware_manager: Middleware::App.new, cache: Cache.new)
     #       # ...
     #     end
     #   end
+    #
     def namespace(prefix, &block)
       @namespace_stack.push(prefix)
       block.call(self)
@@ -89,7 +112,9 @@ def namespace(prefix, &block)
     # @since 0.1.0
     #
     # @param middlewares [Array] the middlewares to be used
+    #
     # @return            [void]
+    #
     def use(*middlewares)
       @middleware_manager.use(middlewares)
     end
@@ -103,7 +128,9 @@ def use(*middlewares)
     # @param path        [String]         the path to be matched
     # @param middlewares [Array]          the middlewares to be used
     # @param action      [Proc]           the action to be executed
+    #
     # @return            [Lennarb::Route] the route that was added
+    #
     def get(path,    *, &) = add_route(::Rack::GET,    path, *, &)
     def put(path,    *, &) = add_route(::Rack::PUT,    path, *, &)
     def post(path,   *, &) = add_route(::Rack::POST,   path, *, &)
@@ -113,13 +140,16 @@ def delete(path, *, &) = add_route(::Rack::DELETE, path, *, &)
     def call(env) = dup.call!(env)
 
     # This method is used to call the middleware chain for each request.
+    # It also sets the RACK_ENV to development if it is not set.
     #
     # @param env [Hash] the Rack env
+    #
     # @return    [Array] the Lennarb::Response
     #
     # @since 0.1.0
+    #
     def call!(env)
-      # TODO: - Remove this after.
+      # @todo - Remove this after.
       # env.fetch('RACK_ENV', 'development')
       env['RACK_ENV'] ||= 'development'
 
@@ -147,6 +177,7 @@ def call!(env)
     # @since 0.1.0
     #
     # @return            [Lenna::Route] the route that was added
+    #
     def add_route(http_method, path, *middlewares, &action)
       full_path = @namespace_stack.current_prefix + path
 
@@ -160,11 +191,16 @@ def add_route(http_method, path, *middlewares, &action)
 
     # This method is used to process the request.
     #
+    # It uses the Route::Matcher to match the request to a route and
+    # execute the action.
+    #
     # @see Route::Matcher#match_and_execute_route
     #
     # @param req  [Request]  the request
     # @param res  [Response] the response
+    #
     # @return     [void]
+    #
     def process_request(req, res)
       @route_matcher ||= RouteMatcher.new(@root_node)
       @route_matcher.match_and_execute_route(req, res)
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/builder.rb b/lib/lenna/router/builder.rb
index c2e3312..79e4688 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/builder.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/builder.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,15 @@ class Router
     class Builder
       def initialize(root_node) = @root_node = root_node
 
+      # This method will add a route to the tree of routes.
+      #
       # @param method [String] the HTTP method
       # @param path   [String] the path to be matched
       # @param action [Proc]   the action to be executed
       # @param cache  [Cache]  the cache to be used
+      #
       # @return       [void]
+      #
       def call(method, path, action, cache)
         path_key = cache.cache_key(method, path)
 
@@ -40,7 +44,9 @@ def call(method, path, action, cache)
 
       # This method will create routes that are missing.
       # @param path [String] the path to be matched
+      #
       # @return     [Node]   the node that matches the path
+      #
       def find_or_create_route_node(path)
         current_node = @root_node
         split_path(path).each do |part|
@@ -64,6 +70,7 @@ def find_or_create_route_node(path)
       #                     root
       #                     └── users
       #                         └── :id
+      #
       def find_or_create_node(current_node, part)
         if part.start_with?(':')
           # If it is a placeholder, then we just create or update
@@ -80,19 +87,29 @@ def find_or_create_node(current_node, part)
         current_node.children[part.start_with?(':') ? :placeholder : part]
       end
 
+      # This method will setup the endpoint of the current node.
+      #
       # @param current_node [Node]  the current node
       # @param method       [String] the HTTP method
       # @param action       [Proc]   the action to be executed
+      #
+      # @return             [void]
+      #
       def setup_endpoint(current_node, method, action)
         current_node.endpoint ||= {}
         current_node.endpoint[method] = action
       end
 
+      # This method will split the path into parts.
+      #
       # @param path [String] the path to be split
+      #
       # @return     [Array]  the splitted path
+      #
       # @todo: Move this to a separate file and require it here.
       # Maybe utils or something like that.
       # Use Rack::Utils.split_path_info instead.
+      #
       def split_path(path) = path.split('/').reject(&:empty?)
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb b/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb
index 8687ad4..e435f04 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb
@@ -7,31 +7,45 @@ class Router
     class Cache
       def initialize = @cache = {}
 
+      # This method is used to generate a key for the cache.
+      #
       # @api public
+      #
       # @param [String] method
       # @param [String] path
+      #
       # @return [String]
-      # @note This method is used to generate a key for the cache.
+      #
       def cache_key(method, path) = "#{method} #{path}"
 
+      # This method is used to add a route to the cache.
+      #
       # @api public
+      #
       # @param route_key [String] The key for the route.
       # @param node      [Lenna::Route::Node] The node for the route.
+      #
       # @return          [Lenna::Route::Node]
-      # @note            This method is used to add a route to the cache.
+      #
       def add(route_key, node) = @cache[route_key] = node
 
+      # This method is used to get a route from the cache.
+      #
       # @api public
       # @param route_key [String] The key for the route.
+      #
       # @return          [Lenna::Route::Node]
-      # @note            This method is used to get a route from the cache.
+      #
       def get(route_key) = @cache[route_key]
 
+      # This method is used to check if a route is in the cache.
+      #
       # @api public
+      #
       # @param route_key [String] The key for the route.
+      #
       # @return          [Boolean]
-      # @note            This method is used to check if a route exists
-      #                  in the cache.
+      #
       def exist?(route_key) = @cache.key?(route_key)
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/namespace_stack.rb b/lib/lenna/router/namespace_stack.rb
index b601f63..8899f9b 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/namespace_stack.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/namespace_stack.rb
@@ -5,20 +5,24 @@ class Router
     # This class is used to manage the namespaces.
     #
     # @api private
+    #
+    # @since 0.1.0
+    #
     class NamespaceStack
       # @return [Array] The stack of namespaces
       #
       # @api private
+      #
       attr_reader :stack
 
       # @return [void]
       #
-      # @api private
       def initialize = @stack = ['']
 
       # This method is used to push a prefix to the stack.
       #
       # @param prefix [String] The prefix to be pushed
+      #
       # @return       [void]
       #
       # @example:
@@ -29,14 +33,14 @@ def initialize = @stack = ['']
       #
       # @see #resolve_prefix
       #
-      # @api private
       def push(prefix)
         @stack.push(resolve_prefix(prefix))
       end
 
+      # This method is used to remove the last prefix from the stack.
+      #
       # @return [String] The popped prefix
       #
-      # @api private
       def pop
         @stack.pop unless @stack.size == 1
       end
@@ -45,14 +49,12 @@ def pop
       #
       # @api private
       #
-      # @since 0.1.0
       def current_prefix = @stack.last
 
       # The to_s method is used to return the current prefix.
       #
       # @return [String] The current prefix
       #
-      # @api private
       def to_s = current_prefix
 
       private
@@ -64,7 +66,6 @@ def to_s = current_prefix
       #
       # @see #current_prefix
       #
-      # @since 0.1.0
       def resolve_prefix(prefix)
         current_prefix + prefix
       end
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/request.rb b/lib/lenna/router/request.rb
index d1cd552..d4248e3 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/request.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/request.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ class Router
     # @attr headers [Hash] the request headers
     # @attr body    [Hash] the request body
     # @attr params  [Hash] the request params
+    #
     class Request < ::Rack::Request
-
       # This method is used to set the request params.
       #
       # @param params [Hash] the request params
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ class Request < ::Rack::Request
       # @return [Hash] the request params
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def assign_params(params) = @params = params
 
       # This method is used to parse the body params.
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ def assign_params(params) = @params = params
       # @return [Hash] the request params
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def params = super.merge(parse_body_params)
 
       # This method rewinds the body
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ def params = super.merge(parse_body_params)
       # @api public
       #
       # @since 0.1.0
+      #
       def body_content
         body.rewind
         body.read
@@ -46,6 +49,7 @@ def body_content
       # @example:
       # Turn this:
       # HTTP_FOO=bar Foo=bar
+      #
       def headers
         content_type = env['CONTENT_TYPE']
         @headers ||= env.select { |k, _| k.start_with?('HTTP_') }
@@ -60,12 +64,25 @@ def headers
       # @return [Hash] the request body
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def json_body = @json_body ||= parse_body_params
 
       private
 
+      # This method checks if the request is a json request.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean] true if the request is a json request
+      #
+      # @api private
+      #
       def json_request? = media_type == 'application/json'
 
+      # This method parses the json body.
+      #
+      # @return [Hash] the request json body
+      #
+      # @api private
+      #
       def parse_json_body
         @parsed_json_body ||= ::JSON.parse(body_content) if json_request?
       rescue ::JSON::ParserError
@@ -93,6 +110,7 @@ def parse_body_params
       # @return [Hash] the request post params
       #
       # @api private
+      #
       def post_params
         @post_params ||=
           if body_content.empty?
@@ -109,6 +127,7 @@ def post_params
       # @return [String] the formatted header name
       #
       # @api private
+      #
       def format_header_name(name)
         name.sub(/^HTTP_/, '').split('_').map(&:capitalize).join('-')
       end
diff --git a/lib/lennarb/array_extensions.rb b/lib/lennarb/array_extensions.rb
index 289f7f0..c3a5327 100644
--- a/lib/lennarb/array_extensions.rb
+++ b/lib/lennarb/array_extensions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Lennarb
+  # The ArrayExtensions module is used to add the wrap method to the Array
+  # class.
+  #
   module ArrayExtensions
+    # Wraps the object in an array if it is not already an array.
+    #
+    # @param object [Object] the object to wrap
+    #
+    # @return [Array] the wrapped object
+    #
     def wrap(object)
       if object.nil?
         []

From ade61b0faf82e881a92a4b7b63e474edd16049ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 21:47:07 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 02/25] doc: update router docs

---
 lib/lenna/router.rb          | 13 ++++++-------
 lib/lenna/router/cache.rb    |  4 ++--
 lib/lenna/router/response.rb | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/router.rb b/lib/lenna/router.rb
index 060ed03..e8db698 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router.rb
@@ -125,12 +125,6 @@ def use(*middlewares)
     #
     # @since 0.1.0
     #
-    # @param path        [String]         the path to be matched
-    # @param middlewares [Array]          the middlewares to be used
-    # @param action      [Proc]           the action to be executed
-    #
-    # @return            [Lennarb::Route] the route that was added
-    #
     def get(path,    *, &) = add_route(::Rack::GET,    path, *, &)
     def put(path,    *, &) = add_route(::Rack::PUT,    path, *, &)
     def post(path,   *, &) = add_route(::Rack::POST,   path, *, &)
@@ -169,6 +163,11 @@ def call!(env)
 
     # This method is used to add a route to the tree of routes.
     #
+    # @param http_method [Rack::Method] the http method to be used
+    # @param path        [String]       the path to be matched
+    # @param middlewares [Array]        the middlewares to be used
+    # @param action      [Proc]         the action to be executed
+    #
     # @see MiddlewareManager#build_middleware_chain
     # @see Route::Cache#add
     # @see Route::Builder#call
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ def call!(env)
     #
     # @since 0.1.0
     #
-    # @return            [Lenna::Route] the route that was added
+    # @return            [void]
     #
     def add_route(http_method, path, *middlewares, &action)
       full_path = @namespace_stack.current_prefix + path
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb b/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb
index e435f04..b1f5193 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/cache.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 module Lenna
   class Router
-    # @api public
-    # @note This class is used to cache the routes.
+    # This class is used to cache the routes.
+    #
     class Cache
       def initialize = @cache = {}
 
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/response.rb b/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
index 4240fb5..4853e65 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@ class Response
       private attr_writer :body, :headers, :status, :params
       public  attr_reader :body, :headers, :status, :params
 
+      # This method will initialize the response.
+      #
+      # @param headers [Hash]          the response headers
+      # @param status  [Integer]       the response status
+      # @param body    [Array(String)] the response body
+      #
+      # @return [void]
       def initialize(headers = {}, status = 200, body = [])
         @params  = {}
         @body    = body
@@ -26,6 +33,7 @@ def initialize(headers = {}, status = 200, body = [])
       # @return      [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def assign_status(value) = put_status(value)
 
       # Thi method set the body value.
@@ -35,6 +43,7 @@ def assign_status(value) = put_status(value)
       # @return      [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def assign_body(value) = put_body(value)
 
       # This method will set the header value.
@@ -57,6 +66,7 @@ def assign_body(value) = put_body(value)
       #
       #   assign_header('X-Request-Id', ['456', '789'])
       #   # => ['123', '456', '789']
+      #
       def assign_header(key, value) = put_header(key, value)
 
       # Add multiple headers.
@@ -84,6 +94,7 @@ def assign_headers(headers)
       # @return [String] the content type
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def content_type = @headers['Content-Type']
 
       # This method will delete the header.
@@ -92,6 +103,7 @@ def content_type = @headers['Content-Type']
       # @return       [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def remove_header(key) = delete_header(key)
 
       # This method will get the redirect location.
@@ -101,6 +113,7 @@ def remove_header(key) = delete_header(key)
       # @return      [String] the cookie
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def cookie(value)
         value => ::String
 
@@ -118,6 +131,7 @@ def cookie(value)
       # @return      [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def assign_cookie(key, value)
         key   => ::String
         value => ::String
@@ -130,7 +144,9 @@ def assign_cookie(key, value)
       # This method will get all the cookies.
       #
       # @return [Hash] the cookies
+      #
       # @api public
+      #
       def cookies
         @headers['Set-Cookie']
           .then { |cookie| cookie.split('; ') }
@@ -149,6 +165,7 @@ def cookies
       # @return         [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def redirect(location, status: 302)
         location => ::String
 
@@ -165,6 +182,7 @@ def redirect(location, status: 302)
       # @return [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def finish = finish!
 
       # This method will set the response content type.
@@ -175,6 +193,7 @@ def finish = finish!
       # @return        [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def assign_content_type(type, charset: nil)
         type => ::String
 
@@ -196,6 +215,7 @@ def assign_content_type(type, charset: nil)
       # @return     [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def json(data:, status: 200)
         data => ::Array | ::Hash
 
@@ -213,6 +233,7 @@ def json(data:, status: 200)
       # @return    [void]
       #
       # @api public
+      #
       def html(str = nil, status: 200)
         put_status(status)
         put_header('Content-Type', 'text/html')
@@ -242,6 +263,7 @@ def html(str = nil, status: 200)
       #   render('index', locals: { name: 'John' })
       #   # => Render the template `views/index.html.erb` with the local
       #   #    variable `name` set to 'John'
+      #
       def render(template_name, path: 'views', locals: {}, status: 200)
         template_path = ::File.join(path, "#{template_name}.html.erb")
 
@@ -273,6 +295,7 @@ def render(template_name, path: 'views', locals: {}, status: 200)
       #
       # @see #render
       # @see #finish!
+      #
       def not_found
         put_body(['Not Found'])
         put_status(404)
@@ -287,6 +310,7 @@ def not_found
       # @return [Integer] the response status
       #
       # @api private
+      #
       def put_status(value)
         value => ::Integer
 
@@ -298,7 +322,9 @@ def put_status(value)
       # This method will set the body.
       #
       # @param body [Array(String)] the body to be used
+      #
       # @return     [void]
+      #
       def put_body(value)
         value => ::String | ::Array
 
@@ -314,6 +340,7 @@ def put_body(value)
       # @param value [String] the value to be used
       #
       # @return      [void]
+      #
       def put_header(key, value)
         raise ::ArgumentError, 'key must be a string' unless key.is_a?(::String)
 
@@ -332,11 +359,13 @@ def put_header(key, value)
       # @param key [String] the header name
       #
       # @return    [void]
+      #
       def delete_header(key) = @headers.delete(key)
 
       # @param value [String] the redirect location
       #
       # @return      [void]
+      #
       def location!(value)
         value => ::String
 
@@ -346,6 +375,7 @@ def location!(value)
       # This method will finish the response.
       #
       # @return [void]
+      #
       def finish!
         default_router_header!
         default_content_length!    unless @headers['Content-Length']
@@ -357,6 +387,7 @@ def finish!
       # This method will set the response default html content type.
       #
       # @return [void]
+      #
       def default_html_content_type!
         put_header('Content-Type', 'text/html')
       end
@@ -364,6 +395,7 @@ def default_html_content_type!
       # This method will set the response default content length.
       #
       # @return [void]
+      #
       def default_content_length!
         put_header('Content-Length', @body.join.size.to_s)
       end
@@ -371,6 +403,7 @@ def default_content_length!
       # This method will set the response default router header.
       #
       # @return [void]
+      #
       def default_router_header!
         put_header('Server', "Lennarb VERSION #{::Lennarb::VERSION}")
       end

From 607fd922ad390918f29a6fcd47afa688b672df26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 14:20:49 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 03/25] refactory: add default middlewares and set envir.

---
 README.md                                     | 29 +++++++++++++++++--
 lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb | 26 ++++++++---------
 lib/lenna/router.rb                           | 15 ++++++----
 lib/lennarb.rb                                |  4 +++
 lib/lennarb/version.rb                        |  2 +-
 test/test_helper.rb                           |  4 +++
 6 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 520636e..b1d6246 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -163,6 +163,33 @@ app.get('/hello', [TimeMiddleware, LoggerMiddleware]) do |_req, res|
 end
 ```
 
+#### Default middlewares
+
+Lennarb use two default middlewares: `Logging` and `ErrorHandling`.
+
+- `Lenna::Middleware::Logging` - Colorized http request status.
+
+```bash
+❯ bundle exec puma ./config.ru                                                                                                 
+Puma starting in single mode...                                                                                                
+* Puma version: 6.4.0 (ruby 3.2.2-p53) ("The Eagle of Durango")                                                                
+*  Min threads: 0                                                                                                              
+*  Max threads: 5                                                                                                              
+*  Environment: development                                                                                                    
+*          PID: 88312                                                                                                          
+* Listening on http://0.0.0.0:9292                             
+Use Ctrl-C to stop             
+[2023-11-29 14:06:08 -0300] "GET /" 200 0.19ms                                                                                 
+[2023-11-29 14:06:11 -0300] "GET /" 200 0.10ms                                                                                 
+[2023-11-29 14:06:11 -0300] "GET /" 200 0.20ms
+```
+
+- `Lenna::Middleware::ErrorHandling` - Error handling middleware in development mode.
+
+<p align="center">
+    <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1sKlHb49nWxBWSNQtaTwzF8wVUaCmdJCT" width="500">
+</p>
+
 ### Render HTML templates
 
 Lennarb allows you to render HTML templates using the `render` method on the response object. The `render` method takes two arguments: the name of the template file, and a hash of variables to pass to the template.
@@ -194,8 +221,6 @@ end
 
 The example above renders the `{ message: 'Hello World!' }` object as JSON.
 
-
-
 ### TODO
 
 - [ ] Add support for mime types
diff --git a/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb b/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb
index e70f45e..b39587b 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/middleware/default/error_handler.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def call(req, res, next_middleware)
           env = req.env
           log_error(env, e)
 
-          render_error_page(e, env, req, res)
+          render_error_page(e, req, res)
         end
 
         private
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ def call(req, res, next_middleware)
         #
         # @api private
         #
-        def render_error_page(error, env, req, res)
+        def render_error_page(error, req, res)
           case req.headers['Content-Type']
-          in 'application/json' then render_json(error, env, res)
-          else                       render_html(error, env, res)
+          in 'application/json' then render_json(error, res)
+          else                       render_html(error, res)
           end
         end
 
@@ -55,15 +55,15 @@ def render_error_page(error, env, req, res)
         #
         # @api private
         #
-        def render_json(error, env, res)
-          case env['RACK_ENV']
+        def render_json(error, res)
+          case ENV.fetch('RACK_ENV', 'development')
           in 'development' | 'test' then res.json(
             data: {
               error: error.message,
               status: 500
             }
           )
-          else res.json(error: 'Internal Server Error', status: 500)
+          else res.json(data: { error: 'Internal Server Error', status: 500 })
           end
         end
 
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ def render_json(error, env, res)
         #
         # @api private
         #
-        def render_html(error, env, res)
-          res.html(error_page(error, env), status: 500)
+        def render_html(error, res)
+          res.html(error_page(error), status: 500)
         end
 
         # This method will log the error.
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def log_error(env, error)
 
         # This method will render the error page.
         #
-        def error_page(error, env)
+        def error_page(error)
           style = <<-STYLE
           <style>
             body { font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; background-color: #F7F7F7; color: #333; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def error_page(error, env)
                 <div class="item-right">#{svg_logo}</div>
               </div>
           #{'    '}
-              #{error_message_and_backtrace(error, env)}
+              #{error_message_and_backtrace(error)}
             </div>
           </body>
           </html>
@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ def error_page(error, env)
         # @return [String] The HTML string
         #
         # @api private
-        def error_message_and_backtrace(error, env)
-          if env['RACK_ENV'] == 'development'
+        def error_message_and_backtrace(error)
+          if ENV['RACK_ENV'] == 'development'
             truncated_message =
               error.message[0..500] + (error.message.length > 500 ? '...' : '')
 
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router.rb b/lib/lenna/router.rb
index e8db698..8a5e003 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 # Internal dependencies
 require 'lenna/middleware/app'
+require 'lenna/middleware/default/error_handler'
+require 'lenna/middleware/default/logging'
 require 'lenna/router/builder'
 require 'lenna/router/cache'
 require 'lenna/router/namespace_stack'
@@ -115,9 +117,7 @@ def namespace(prefix, &block)
     #
     # @return            [void]
     #
-    def use(*middlewares)
-      @middleware_manager.use(middlewares)
-    end
+    def use(*middlewares) = @middleware_manager.use(middlewares)
 
     # Proxy methods to add routes
     #
@@ -143,9 +143,12 @@ def call(env) = dup.call!(env)
     # @since 0.1.0
     #
     def call!(env)
-      # @todo - Remove this after.
-      # env.fetch('RACK_ENV', 'development')
-      env['RACK_ENV'] ||= 'development'
+      defult_middlewares = [
+        Middleware::Default::Logging,
+        Middleware::Default::ErrorHandler
+      ]
+
+      @middleware_manager.use(defult_middlewares)
 
       middleware_pipeline = @middleware_manager.fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(
         method(:process_request), []
diff --git a/lib/lennarb.rb b/lib/lennarb.rb
index 409b4c3..6c8ddd9 100644
--- a/lib/lennarb.rb
+++ b/lib/lennarb.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+# Set environment
+#
+ENV['RACK_ENV'] ||= 'development'
+
 # Extension for Array class
 require 'lennarb/array_extensions'
 
diff --git a/lib/lennarb/version.rb b/lib/lennarb/version.rb
index cab8303..14e1fca 100644
--- a/lib/lennarb/version.rb
+++ b/lib/lennarb/version.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Lennarb
-  VERSION = '0.1.5'
+  VERSION = '0.1.6'
 
   public_constant :VERSION
 end
diff --git a/test/test_helper.rb b/test/test_helper.rb
index c8cf0a0..4c67aad 100644
--- a/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+# Set the environment to test
+#
+ENV['RACK_ENV'] = 'test'
+
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../lib', __dir__)
 require 'lennarb'
 

From 72dec5003c73765f9fb23a2e84856f2455df6001 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 14:25:28 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 04/25] documentation: update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8ccbc86..ab09b41 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
+## [0.1.6] - 2023-29-11
+
+### Changed
+
+- Add default middlewares to `Lennarb::Router` class. Now, the `Lennarb::Router` class has the following middlewares by default:
+  - `Lennarb::Middleware::Default::Logging`
+  - `Lennarb::Middleware::Default::ErrorHandling`
+
 ## [0.1.5] - 2023-25-11
 
 ### Added

From 38669184b701d44e9db07310667084927acc7c1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:04:24 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 05/25] test: Add test helpers and base test class

---
 test/test_helper.rb | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

diff --git a/test/test_helper.rb b/test/test_helper.rb
index 4c67aad..c5c6325 100644
--- a/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -7,4 +7,30 @@
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../lib', __dir__)
 require 'lennarb'
 
+# Require test helpers
+#
 require 'minitest/autorun'
+
+# Require Rack::test
+#
+require 'rack/test'
+
+# Default settigns for base class
+#
+module Minitest
+  class Test
+    def teardown
+      Lenna::Middleware::App.instance.reset!
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Define the base test for request tests
+#
+class ApplicationRequest < Minitest::Test
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  def teardown
+    Lenna::Middleware::App.instance.reset!
+  end
+end

From fc0e11c609e4c54ec8fb23748911aa84ae0e8ee8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:39:22 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 06/25] chore: add rack-test gem

---
 Gemfile      | 5 +++++
 Gemfile.lock | 5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 9312618..52e6d12 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -39,4 +39,9 @@ group :development, :test do
   # Minitest provides a complete suite of testing facilities supporting TDD,
   # BDD, mocking, and benchmarking.
   gem 'minitest', '~> 5.20'
+  # [https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-test]
+  # Rack::Test is a small, simple testing API for Rack apps. It can be used on
+  # its own or as a reusable starting point for Web frameworks and testing
+  # libraries to build on.
+  gem 'rack-test', '~> 2.1'
 end
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index 749c6d1..c778734 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 PATH
   remote: .
   specs:
-    lennarb (0.1.5)
+    lennarb (0.1.6)
       colorize (~> 1.1)
       puma (~> 6.4)
       rack (~> 3.0, >= 3.0.8)
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ GEM
       nio4r (~> 2.0)
     racc (1.7.3)
     rack (3.0.8)
+    rack-test (2.1.0)
+      rack (>= 1.3)
     rainbow (3.1.1)
     rake (13.1.0)
     regexp_parser (2.8.2)
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   minitest (~> 5.20)
   puma (~> 6.4)
   rack (~> 3.0, >= 3.0.8)
+  rack-test (~> 2.1)
   rake (~> 13.0, >= 13.0.6)
   rubocop (~> 1.57, >= 1.57.2)
   rubocop-minitest (~> 0.33.0)

From 84b726f2a80b932e119fff329cf384f8d82c1f18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:39:36 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 07/25] chore: update gemspec

---
 lennarb.gemspec | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/lennarb.gemspec b/lennarb.gemspec
index 537134b..17128ea 100644
--- a/lennarb.gemspec
+++ b/lennarb.gemspec
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   # Uncomment to register a new dependency of your gem
   spec.add_development_dependency 'minitest', '~> 5.20'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'rack-test', '~> 2.1'
   spec.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 13.0', '>= 13.0.6'
   spec.metadata['rubygems_mfa_required'] = 'true'
 end

From 17d3d58b8eba652916071feb289be279790e1cb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:40:52 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 08/25] test: remove invalid status and cookie tests

refactor assign_cookie method
---
 test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb | 32 ++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb
index 4791af9..49afca5 100644
--- a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb
+++ b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,6 @@ def setup
         @res = Response.new
       end
 
-      def test_with_invlaid_status
-        assert_raises(::ArgumentError) { @res.assign_status('404') }
-      end
-
       def test_status
         assert_equal 200, @res.status
       end
@@ -83,30 +79,16 @@ def test_delete_header
         assert_empty @res.headers
       end
 
-      def test_with_invlaid_cookieh
+      def test_with_invlaid_cookie
         assert_raises(::ArgumentError) { @res.assign_cookie(123) }
       end
 
-      def test_cookie_with_key
-        @res.assign_cookie('foo', 'bar')
-
-        assert_equal 'bar', @res.cookie('foo')
-      end
-
-      def test_cookies
-        @res.assign_cookie('foo', 'bar')
-
-        assert_equal({ 'foo' => 'bar' }, @res.cookies)
-      end
-
       def test_assign_cookie
         @res.assign_cookie('foo', 'bar')
 
-        assert_equal({ 'foo' => 'bar' }, @res.cookies)
+        assert_equal('foo=bar', @res.cookies)
       end
 
-      # Content-Type
-
       def test_content_type
         @res.assign_content_type('text/plain')
 
@@ -119,10 +101,6 @@ def test_content_type_with_charset
         assert_equal 'text/plain; charset=utf-8', @res.content_type
       end
 
-      # Location
-
-      # Redirection
-
       def test_redirect
         @res.redirect('/foo')
 
@@ -137,8 +115,6 @@ def test_redirect_with_status
         assert_equal '/foo', @res.headers['Location']
       end
 
-      # Formats
-
       def test_html
         @res.html('Hello')
 
@@ -147,7 +123,7 @@ def test_html
       end
 
       def test_json
-        @res.json(data: { hello: 'World' })
+        @res.json({ hello: 'World' })
 
         assert_equal ['{"hello":"World"}'], @res.body
         assert_equal 'application/json', @res.content_type
@@ -170,7 +146,7 @@ def test_render_successfully_renders_template
         fake_file_content = '<h1>Hello <%= name %></h1>'
         expected_html     = ['<h1>Hello World</h1>']
 
-        expected_headers  = {
+        expected_headers = {
           'Content-Type' => 'text/html',
           'Server' => "Lennarb VERSION #{Lennarb::VERSION}",
           'Content-Length' => '20'

From 8eb8e14ab348b943d4a71e9a071e3be8e6165fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:41:12 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 09/25] refactor: response class attributes and methods

---
 lib/lenna/router/response.rb | 185 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 150 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/response.rb b/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
index 4853e65..f562da3 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
@@ -9,14 +9,83 @@ class Router
     # @attr status  [Integer]       the response status
     # @attr params  [Hash]          the response params
     class Response
-      private attr_writer :body, :headers, :status, :params
-      public  attr_reader :body, :headers, :status, :params
+      # The status of the response.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer] the status of the Response
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #   response.status = 200
+      #   # => 200
+      #
+      #   response.status
+      #   # => 200
+      #
+      public attr_accessor :status
+
+      # The body of the response.
+      #
+      # @return [Array(String)] the body of the Response
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #
+      #   response.body
+      #   # => ['Hello, World!']
+      #
+      public attr_reader :body
+
+      # The headers of the response.
+      #
+      # @return [Hash] the headers of the Response
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #
+      #   response.headers
+      #   # => { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }
+      #
+      public attr_reader :headers
+
+      # The params of the response.
+      #
+      # @return [Hash] the params of the Response
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #
+      #   response.params
+      #   # => { 'name' => 'John' }
+      #
+      public attr_reader :params
+
+      # The length of the response.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer] the length of the Response
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #
+      #   response.length
+      #   # => 0
+      #
+      public attr_reader :length
+
+      # private attr_writer :body, :headers, :status, :params
+      # public  attr_reader :body, :headers, :status, :params
 
       # This method will initialize the response.
       #
-      # @param headers [Hash]          the response headers
-      # @param status  [Integer]       the response status
-      # @param body    [Array(String)] the response body
+      # @param headers [Hash]          the response headers, default is {}
+      # @param status  [Integer]       the response status, default is 200
+      # @param body    [Array(String)] the response body, default is []
+      # @param params  [Hash]          the response params, default is {}
+      # @length        [Integer]      the response length, default is 0
       #
       # @return [void]
       def initialize(headers = {}, status = 200, body = [])
@@ -24,11 +93,26 @@ def initialize(headers = {}, status = 200, body = [])
         @body    = body
         @status  = status
         @headers = headers
+        @length  = 0
       end
 
-      # This method will set the response status.
+      # Returns the response header corresponding to `key`.
+      #
+      # @param key [String] the header name
+      #
+      # @return    [String] the header value
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #     res["Content-Type"]   # => "text/html"
+      #     res["Content-Length"] # => "42"
+      #
+      def [](key) = @headers[key]
+
+      # This method will set the status value.
       #
-      # @param value [Integer] the response status
+      # @param value [Integer] the status value
       #
       # @return      [void]
       #
@@ -68,6 +152,7 @@ def assign_body(value) = put_body(value)
       #   # => ['123', '456', '789']
       #
       def assign_header(key, value) = put_header(key, value)
+      alias []= assign_header
 
       # Add multiple headers.
       #
@@ -106,23 +191,6 @@ def content_type = @headers['Content-Type']
       #
       def remove_header(key) = delete_header(key)
 
-      # This method will get the redirect location.
-      #
-      # @param value [String] the key of the cookie
-      #
-      # @return      [String] the cookie
-      #
-      # @api public
-      #
-      def cookie(value)
-        value => ::String
-
-        @headers['Set-Cookie']
-          .then { |cookie| cookie.split('; ') }
-          .then { |cookie| cookie.find { |c| c.start_with?("#{value}=") } }
-          .then { |cookie| cookie.split('=').last }
-      end
-
       # This method will set the cookie.
       #
       # @param key   [String] the key of the cookie
@@ -132,13 +200,41 @@ def cookie(value)
       #
       # @api public
       #
+      # @example:
+      #   response.assign_cookie('foo', 'bar')
+      #   # => 'foo=bar'
+      #
+      #   response.header['Set-Cookie']
+      #   # => 'foo=bar'
+      #
+      #  response.assign_cookie('foo2', 'bar2')
+      #  # => 'foo=bar; foo2=bar2'
+      #  response.header['Set-Cookie']
+      #  # => 'foo=bar; foo2=bar2'
+      #
+      #  response.assign_cookie('bar', {
+      #    domain: 'example.com',
+      #    path: '/',
+      #    # expires: Time.now + 24 * 60 * 60,
+      #    secure: true,
+      #    httponly: true
+      #  })
+      #
+      # response.header['Set-Cookie'].split('\n').last
+      # # => 'bar=; domain=example.com; path=/; secure; HttpOnly'
+      #
+      # @note:
+      #  This method doesn't sign and/or encrypt the cookie.
+      #  If you want to sign and/or encrypt the cookie, then you can use
+      #  the `Rack::Session::Cookie` middleware.
+      #
       def assign_cookie(key, value)
         key   => ::String
         value => ::String
 
-        cookie = "#{key}=#{value}"
-
-        put_header('Set-Cookie', cookie)
+        ::Rack::Utils.set_cookie_header!(@headers, key, value)
+      rescue ::NoMatchingPatternError
+        raise ::ArgumentError, 'key must be a string'
       end
 
       # This method will get all the cookies.
@@ -147,14 +243,26 @@ def assign_cookie(key, value)
       #
       # @api public
       #
-      def cookies
-        @headers['Set-Cookie']
-          .then { |cookie| cookie.split('; ') }
-          .each_with_object({}) do |cookie, acc|
-          key, value = cookie.split('=')
+      def cookies = @headers['set-cookie']
 
-          acc[key] = value
-        end
+      # This method will delete the cookie.
+      #
+      # @param key [String] the key of the cookie
+      #
+      # @return    [void]
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #   response.delete_cookie('foo')
+      #   # => 'foo=; max-age=0; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000'
+      #
+      def delete_cookie(key)
+        key => ::String
+
+        ::Rack::Utils.delete_cookie_header!(@headers, key)
+      rescue ::NoMatchingPatternError
+        raise ::ArgumentError, 'key must be a string'
       end
 
       # This method will set redirect location. The status will be set to 302.
@@ -216,7 +324,14 @@ def assign_content_type(type, charset: nil)
       #
       # @api public
       #
-      def json(data:, status: 200)
+      # @example:
+      #   response.json({ foo: 'bar' })
+      #   # => { foo: 'bar' }
+      #
+      #  response.json([{ foo: 'bar' }])
+      #  # => [{ foo: 'bar' }]
+      #
+      def json(data = {}, status: 200)
         data => ::Array | ::Hash
 
         put_status(status)

From 0eab726acd2d27cb9d9dd153a3c06aaa7eb94488 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:43:00 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 10/25] fix: JSON parsing in test_invalid_json_body

---
 test/lib/lenna/router/test_request.rb | 17 +++++++----------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_request.rb b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_request.rb
index 531b62c..2ebd668 100644
--- a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_request.rb
+++ b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_request.rb
@@ -38,29 +38,26 @@ def test_json_body
         assert_equal 'bar', request.json_body['description']
       end
 
-      def test_combined_params
+      def test_invalid_json_body
         env = ::Rack::MockRequest.env_for(
-          '/?query_param=baz',
+          '/',
           'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json',
-          :method => 'POST',
-          :input => '{"title":"foo","description":"bar"}'
+          :input => 'not a json'
         )
         request = Request.new(env)
 
-        assert_equal 'baz', request.params['query_param']
-        assert_equal 'foo', request.params['title']
-        assert_equal 'bar', request.params['description']
+        assert_empty request.json_body
       end
 
-      def test_invalid_json_body
+      def test_body_content
         env = ::Rack::MockRequest.env_for(
           '/',
           'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json',
-          :input => 'not a json'
+          :input => '{"title":"foo","description":"bar"}'
         )
         request = Request.new(env)
 
-        assert_empty request.json_body
+        assert_equal '{"title":"foo","description":"bar"}', request.body
       end
     end
   end

From b20ae22edf975caacda8f359bebf5c5a9ae3e442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:43:32 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 11/25] feat: add put_header method to set request headers

---
 lib/lenna/router/request.rb       | 47 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 lib/lenna/router/route_matcher.rb |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/request.rb b/lib/lenna/router/request.rb
index d4248e3..eaaa944 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/request.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/request.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,23 @@ class Router
     # @attr params  [Hash] the request params
     #
     class Request < ::Rack::Request
+      # This method is used to set the request headers.
+      #
+      # @param name  [String] the header name
+      # @param value [String] the header value
+      #
+      # @return [String] the header value
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      # @example:
+      #   request.put_header('Foo', 'bar')
+      #
+      #  request.headers
+      #  # => { 'Foo' => 'bar' }
+      #
+      def put_header(name, value) = headers[name] = value
+
       # This method is used to set the request params.
       #
       # @param params [Hash] the request params
@@ -35,9 +52,9 @@ def params = super.merge(parse_body_params)
       #
       # @since 0.1.0
       #
-      def body_content
-        body.rewind
-        body.read
+      def body
+        super.rewind
+        super.read
       end
 
       # This method returns the headers in a normalized way.
@@ -59,7 +76,7 @@ def headers
         @headers
       end
 
-      # This method returns the request body in a normalized way.
+      # This method returns the request body like a json.
       #
       # @return [Hash] the request body
       #
@@ -69,13 +86,11 @@ def json_body = @json_body ||= parse_body_params
 
       private
 
-      # This method checks if the request is a json request.
+      # This method returns the media type.
       #
-      # @return [Boolean] true if the request is a json request
-      #
-      # @api private
+      # @return [String] the request media type
       #
-      def json_request? = media_type == 'application/json'
+      def media_type = headers['Content-Type']
 
       # This method parses the json body.
       #
@@ -84,7 +99,7 @@ def json_request? = media_type == 'application/json'
       # @api private
       #
       def parse_json_body
-        @parsed_json_body ||= ::JSON.parse(body_content) if json_request?
+        @parsed_json_body ||= ::JSON.parse(body)
       rescue ::JSON::ParserError
         {}
       end
@@ -96,12 +111,8 @@ def parse_json_body
       # @api private
       def parse_body_params
         case media_type
-        when 'application/json'
-          parse_json_body
-        when 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'multipart/form-data'
-          post_params
-        else
-          {}
+        in 'application/json' then parse_json_body
+        else post_params
         end
       end
 
@@ -113,10 +124,10 @@ def parse_body_params
       #
       def post_params
         @post_params ||=
-          if body_content.empty?
+          if body.empty?
             {}
           else
-            ::Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(body_content)
+            ::Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(body)
           end
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/route_matcher.rb b/lib/lenna/router/route_matcher.rb
index 610b4bb..a59ddd4 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/route_matcher.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/route_matcher.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def match_and_execute_route(req, res)
         endpoint   = find_endpoint(@root_node, path_parts, params)
 
         if endpoint && (action = endpoint[req.request_method])
-          req.params.merge!(params)
+          req.assign_params(params)
           action.call(req, res)
         else
           res.not_found

From 7697dd6f6e57171f9f235daf405801ce3b77d7fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:45:11 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 12/25] test: ensure build and chain middlewares

---
 test/lib/lenna/middleware/test_app.rb | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/lib/lenna/middleware/test_app.rb b/test/lib/lenna/middleware/test_app.rb
index 11edb17..494086a 100644
--- a/test/lib/lenna/middleware/test_app.rb
+++ b/test/lib/lenna/middleware/test_app.rb
@@ -5,24 +5,42 @@
 module Lenna
   module Middleware
     class TestApp < Minitest::Test
+      def setup
+        @app = App.instance
+      end
+
+      def test_reset
+        mdw =
+          lambda do |_req, res, next_middleware|
+            res.assign_header('Custom-Header', 'From mdw')
+            next_middleware.call
+          end
+
+        @app.use(mdw)
+
+        assert_equal @app.global_middlewares, [mdw]
+      end
+
       def test_use
-        manager = App.new
-        mdw = ->(_req, _res, next_middleware) { next_middleware.call }
-        manager.use(mdw)
+        mdw =
+          lambda do |_req, res, next_middleware|
+            res.assign_header('Custom-Header', 'From mdw')
+            next_middleware.call
+          end
+
+        @app.use(mdw)
 
-        assert_equal manager.global_middlewares, [mdw]
+        assert_equal @app.global_middlewares, [mdw]
       end
 
       def test_fetch_or_build_middleware_chain
-        manager = App.new
-        action = ->(_req, _res) { 'Hello, World!' }
-        middleware_chain = manager.fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(action, [])
+        action = ->(_req, _res, next_middleware) { next_middleware.call }
+        middleware_chain = @app.fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(action, [])
 
         assert_equal middleware_chain, action
       end
 
       def test_middleware_execution_order_and_final_state
-        manager  = App.new
         env      = ::Rack::MockRequest.env_for('/')
         request  = Lenna::Router::Request.new(env)
         response = Lenna::Router::Response.new
@@ -38,9 +56,9 @@ def test_middleware_execution_order_and_final_state
             next_middleware.call
           end
 
-        manager.use([mdw1, mdw2])
+        @app.use([mdw1, mdw2])
         action = ->(_req, res) { [200, res.headers, ['OK']] }
-        chain = manager.build_middleware_chain(action, [])
+        chain = @app.build_middleware_chain(action, [])
         status, headers, body = chain.call(request, response)
 
         assert_equal(200, status)

From 58f986f9620a401940f95d2c62730832c348b471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:46:11 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 13/25] refactor: becomes in singleton class

---
 lib/lenna/middleware/app.rb | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/middleware/app.rb b/lib/lenna/middleware/app.rb
index ea99447..0e61fc0 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/middleware/app.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/middleware/app.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require 'singleton'
+
 module Lenna
   module Middleware
     # The MiddlewareManager class is responsible for managing the middlewares.
     #
-    # @attr mutex                   [Mutex] the mutex used to synchronize the
-    #                                       access to the global middlewares and
-    #                                       the middleware chains cache.
     # @attr global_middlewares      [Array] the global middlewares
     # @attr middleware_chains_cache [Hash]  the middleware chains cache
     #
@@ -14,15 +13,19 @@ module Middleware
     #       The middlewares that are added to a specific route are added to the
     #       global middlewares.
     #
-    # @api private
-    #
     # @since 0.1.0
+    #
     class App
-      # @return [Mutex] the mutex used to synchronize the access to the global
-      attr_reader :global_middlewares
+      include Singleton
 
-      # @return [Hash] the middleware chains cache
-      attr_reader :middleware_chains_cache
+      # @return [Mutex] the mutex used to synchronize the access to the global
+      #                 middlewares.
+      #
+      attr_accessor :global_middlewares
+      # @return [Mutex] the mutex used to synchronize the access to the
+      #                 middleware chains cache.
+      #
+      attr_accessor :middleware_chains_cache
 
       # This method will initialize the global middlewares and the
       # middleware chains cache.
@@ -30,8 +33,22 @@ class App
       # @return [void]
       #
       # @since 0.1.0
+      #
       def initialize
-        @mutex = ::Mutex.new
+        @global_middlewares      = []
+        @middleware_chains_cache = {}
+      end
+
+      # This method is used to reset the global middlewares and the middleware
+      # chains cache.
+      #
+      # @return [void]
+      #
+      # @see #initialize
+      #
+      # @api public
+      #
+      def reset!
         @global_middlewares      = []
         @middleware_chains_cache = {}
       end
@@ -41,11 +58,10 @@ def initialize
       # @return            [void]
       #
       # @since 0.1.0
+      #
       def use(middlewares)
-        @mutex.synchronize do
-          @global_middlewares += Array(middlewares)
-          @middleware_chains_cache = {}
-        end
+        @global_middlewares += Array(middlewares)
+        @middleware_chains_cache = {}
       end
 
       # This method is used to fetch or build the middleware chain for the given
@@ -58,13 +74,22 @@ def use(middlewares)
       # @see #build_middleware_chain
       #
       # @since 0.1.0
-      def fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(action, route_middlewares)
-        middleware_signature = action.object_id.to_s
+      #
+      def fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(
+        action,
+        route_middlewares,
+        http_method: nil,
+        path: nil
+      )
+        signature =
+          if http_method && path
+            [http_method, path, route_middlewares].hash.to_s
+          else
+            ['global', route_middlewares].hash.to_s
+          end
 
-        @mutex.synchronize do
-          @middleware_chains_cache[middleware_signature] ||=
-            build_middleware_chain(action, route_middlewares)
-        end
+        @middleware_chains_cache[signature] ||=
+          build_middleware_chain(action, route_middlewares)
       end
 
       # This method is used to build the middleware chain for the given action
@@ -83,8 +108,9 @@ def fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(action, route_middlewares)
       #                            mw1 -> mw2 -> action
       #                            The action will be the last middleware in the
       #                            chain.
+      #
       def build_middleware_chain(action, middlewares)
-        all_middlewares = @global_middlewares + Array(middlewares)
+        all_middlewares = (@global_middlewares + Array(middlewares)).uniq
 
         all_middlewares.reverse.reduce(action) do |next_middleware, middleware|
           ->(req, res) {

From 478286d7afcb0c566496ee7a868c77d6ca114fe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:52:22 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 14/25] refactor: rename Base to Application

---
 lib/lenna/{base.rb => application.rb} | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 rename lib/lenna/{base.rb => application.rb} (74%)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/base.rb b/lib/lenna/application.rb
similarity index 74%
rename from lib/lenna/base.rb
rename to lib/lenna/application.rb
index caedf34..da680ae 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/base.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/application.rb
@@ -11,12 +11,36 @@
 module Lenna
   # The base class is used to start the server.
   #
-  class Base < Router
+  class Application < Router
+    # Initialize the base class
+    #
+    # @param block [Proc] The block to be executed
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    #
+    # @example:
+    #   Lenna::Base.new do |app|
+    #     app.get('/hello') do |req, res|
+    #       res.html('Hello World!')
+    #     end
+    #     app.get('/hello/:name') do |req, res|
+    #       name = req.params[:name]
+    #       res.html("Hello #{name}!")
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # @api public
+    #
+    def initialize
+      super
+
+      yield self if block_given?
+    end
     # The default port is 3000
     #
     DEFAULT_PORT = 3000
     private_constant :DEFAULT_PORT
-    
+
     # The default host is localhost
     #
     DEFAULT_HOST = 'localhost'

From fbcf029ca57a90a85f74fa3d816347a3de0b7015 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:53:02 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 15/25] refactor: router.rb to use default middlewares

---
 lib/lenna/router.rb | 26 ++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/router.rb b/lib/lenna/router.rb
index 8a5e003..4ab2729 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router.rb
@@ -73,12 +73,23 @@ class Router
     #
     # @return [void]
     #
-    def initialize(middleware_manager: Middleware::App.new, cache: Cache.new)
+    def initialize(
+      middleware_manager: Middleware::App.instance,
+      cache: Cache.new
+    )
       @cache     = cache
       @root_node = Node.new({}, nil)
       @middleware_manager = middleware_manager
       @namespace_stack    = NamespaceStack.new
       @roter_builder      = Builder.new(@root_node)
+
+      default_milddlewares = [
+        Middleware::Default::Logging,
+        Middleware::Default::ErrorHandler
+      ]
+
+      @middleware_manager.use(default_milddlewares) unless @default_milddlewares
+      @default_milddlewares = true
     end
 
     # This method is used to add a namespace to the routes.
@@ -143,13 +154,6 @@ def call(env) = dup.call!(env)
     # @since 0.1.0
     #
     def call!(env)
-      defult_middlewares = [
-        Middleware::Default::Logging,
-        Middleware::Default::ErrorHandler
-      ]
-
-      @middleware_manager.use(defult_middlewares)
-
       middleware_pipeline = @middleware_manager.fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(
         method(:process_request), []
       )
@@ -183,9 +187,11 @@ def call!(env)
     def add_route(http_method, path, *middlewares, &action)
       full_path = @namespace_stack.current_prefix + path
 
-      middleware_chain = @middleware_manager.build_middleware_chain(
+      middleware_chain = @middleware_manager.fetch_or_build_middleware_chain(
         action,
-        middlewares
+        middlewares,
+        http_method:,
+        path:
       )
 
       @roter_builder.call(http_method, full_path, middleware_chain, @cache)

From 704dbc43cae56637de9b0f2be40a0ebc3e279ec8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:54:01 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 16/25] test: for Lenna::Application request api

---
 lib/lennarb.rb                    |   4 +-
 test/lib/lenna/router/test_api.rb | 116 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 test/lib/lenna/router/test_api.rb

diff --git a/lib/lennarb.rb b/lib/lennarb.rb
index 6c8ddd9..0353cbd 100644
--- a/lib/lennarb.rb
+++ b/lib/lennarb.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 ENV['RACK_ENV'] ||= 'development'
 
 # Extension for Array class
+#
 require 'lennarb/array_extensions'
 
 # Base class for Lennarb
-require 'lenna/base'
+#
+require 'lenna/application'
 require 'lennarb/version'
diff --git a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_api.rb b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_api.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75c7fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_api.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+module Lenna
+  class TestBase < ApplicationRequest
+    APP =
+      Lenna::Application.new do |app|
+        app.get('/') do |_request, response|
+          response.html('Hello, World!')
+        end
+
+        app.get('/hello/:name') do |request, response|
+          response.html("Hello, #{request.params[:name]}!")
+        end
+
+        app.get('/hello/:name/:age') do |request, response|
+          response.html(
+            "Hello, #{request.params[:name]}! " \
+            "You are #{request.params[:age]} years old."
+          )
+        end
+
+        app.post('/hello') do |request, response|
+          response.html("Hello, #{request.json_body['name']}!")
+        end
+
+        default_middleware =
+          -> (_request, response, next_middleware) {
+            response.headers['Default-Origin'] = 'Lenna'
+            next_middleware.call
+          }
+
+        app.post('/welcome', default_middleware) do |request, response|
+          response.html("Welcome #{request.json_body['name']}!")
+        end
+
+        app.get('/json') do |_request, response|
+          response.json({ foo: 'bar' })
+        end
+      end
+    private_constant :APP
+
+    def app = APP
+
+    def test_get
+      get('/')
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :ok?
+      assert_equal 'Hello, World!', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    def test_get_with_params
+      get('/hello/John')
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :ok?
+      assert_equal 'Hello, John!', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    def test_get_with_multiple_params
+      get('/hello/John/18')
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :ok?
+      assert_equal 'Hello, John! You are 18 years old.', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    def test_post_with_json_body
+      post(
+        '/hello',
+        { name: 'John' }.to_json,
+        'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      )
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :ok?
+      assert_equal 'Hello, John!', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    def test_post_with_json_body_and_middleware
+      post(
+        '/welcome',
+        { name: 'John' }.to_json,
+        'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      )
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :ok?
+      assert_equal 'Welcome John!', last_response.body
+      assert_equal 'Lenna', last_response.headers['Default-Origin']
+    end
+
+    def test_get_json
+      get('/json')
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :ok?
+      assert_equal({ foo: 'bar' }.to_json, last_response.body)
+    end
+
+    def test_not_found
+      get('/not_found')
+
+      assert_predicate last_response, :not_found?
+      assert_equal 'Not Found', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    def test_default_headers
+      get('/')
+
+      headers = last_response.headers
+
+      assert_pattern do
+        headers['Content-Type'] => 'text/html'
+        headers['Content-Length'] => '13'
+        headers['Server'] => "Lennarb VERSION #{Lennarb::VERSION}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

From 9058ac82d330e979b8fda4ccaa50c856bdccdb6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:25:53 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 17/25] test: ensure params=, status=, bod= and headers=

---
 test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb | 22 ++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb
index 49afca5..6b8be20 100644
--- a/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb
+++ b/test/lib/lenna/router/test_response.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,24 @@ def setup
         @res = Response.new
       end
 
+      def test_assign_params
+        @res.assign_params(foo: 'bar')
+
+        assert_equal({ foo: 'bar' }, @res.params)
+      end
+
+      def test_params=
+        @res.params = { foo: 'bar' }
+
+        assert_equal({ foo: 'bar' }, @res.params)
+      end
+
       def test_status
         assert_equal 200, @res.status
       end
 
-      def test_assign_status
-        @res.assign_status(404)
+      def test_status=
+        @res.status = 404
 
         assert_equal 404, @res.status
       end
@@ -35,7 +47,7 @@ def test_assing_body
 
         assert_equal ['Hello'], @res.body
 
-        @res.assign_body(['World'])
+        @res.body = ['World']
 
         assert_equal ['World'], @res.body
       end
@@ -67,8 +79,10 @@ def test_assign_header
 
       def test_assign_headers
         @res.assign_headers('Content-Type' => 'text/plain')
+        @res['Foo'] = 'Bar'
 
-        assert_equal({ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, @res.headers)
+        assert_equal('Bar', @res.headers['Foo'])
+        assert_equal('text/plain', @res.headers['Content-Type'])
       end
 
       def test_delete_header

From 11333457aa4aa4bc8435aae69c7ab51f32525e5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:26:46 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 18/25] refactor: remove commented out code and add alias

---
 lib/lenna/router/response.rb | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/lenna/router/response.rb b/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
index f562da3..75a7b84 100644
--- a/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
+++ b/lib/lenna/router/response.rb
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ class Response
       #
       public attr_reader :length
 
-      # private attr_writer :body, :headers, :status, :params
-      # public  attr_reader :body, :headers, :status, :params
-
       # This method will initialize the response.
       #
       # @param headers [Hash]          the response headers, default is {}
@@ -96,29 +93,40 @@ def initialize(headers = {}, status = 200, body = [])
         @length  = 0
       end
 
-      # Returns the response header corresponding to `key`.
+      # This method will set the params.
       #
-      # @param key [String] the header name
+      # @param params [Hash] the params to be used
       #
-      # @return    [String] the header value
+      # @return       [void]
       #
       # @api public
       #
       # @example:
-      #     res["Content-Type"]   # => "text/html"
-      #     res["Content-Length"] # => "42"
+      #   response.params = { 'name' => 'John' }
+      #   # => { 'name' => 'John' }
       #
-      def [](key) = @headers[key]
+      def assign_params(params)
+        params => ::Hash
 
-      # This method will set the status value.
+        @params = params
+      rescue ::NoMatchingPatternError
+        raise ::ArgumentError, 'params must be a hash'
+      end
+      alias :params= assign_params
+
+      # Returns the response header corresponding to `key`.
       #
-      # @param value [Integer] the status value
+      # @param key [String] the header name
       #
-      # @return      [void]
+      # @return    [String] the header value
       #
       # @api public
       #
-      def assign_status(value) = put_status(value)
+      # @example:
+      #     res["Content-Type"]   # => "text/html"
+      #     res["Content-Length"] # => "42"
+      #
+      def [](key) = @headers[key]
 
       # Thi method set the body value.
       #
@@ -129,6 +137,7 @@ def assign_status(value) = put_status(value)
       # @api public
       #
       def assign_body(value) = put_body(value)
+      alias :body= assign_body
 
       # This method will set the header value.
       #
@@ -173,6 +182,7 @@ def assign_headers(headers)
 
         headers.each { |key, value| put_header(key, value) }
       end
+      alias :headers= assign_headers
 
       # This method will get the content type.
       #

From 0b952a430b8dd04ba7159c14795485d7dca153fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:30:06 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 19/25] doc: update CHANGELOG.md 0.1.6:

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ab09b41..c47223a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,53 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   - `Lennarb::Middleware::Default::Logging`
   - `Lennarb::Middleware::Default::ErrorHandling`
 
+### Changed
+
+- Replace `assign_status` to `=` on Response
+
+```rb
+response.status = 200
+```
+
+- Rename `Lenna::Base` to `Lenna::Application` and accept a block to build the routes. Ex.
+
+```rb
+Lenna::Application.new do |app|
+    app.get '/hello' do |req, res|
+        res.status = 200
+        res['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
+        res.body = 'Hello World'
+    end
+    app.post '/hello' do |req, res|
+        res.status = 200
+        res['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
+        res.body = 'Hello World'
+    end
+end
+```
+
+- The Middleware app now implements [Singleton](https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.5.1/libdoc/singleton/rdoc/Singleton.html) pattern to manager state.
+
+### Added
+
+- Add alias to `assign_header` to `[]=` on Response. Now, you can use:
+
+```rb
+response['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+```
+
+- Add alias to `assign_body` to `:body=` on Response. Now, you can use:
+
+```rb
+response.body = 'Hello World'
+```
+
+- Add alias to `assign_params` to `:params=` on Request. Now, you can use:
+
+```rb
+request.params = { name: 'John' }
+```
+
 ## [0.1.5] - 2023-25-11
 
 ### Added

From 95b0036423dc0afe873cfb35ba61489919fa5f33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:33:25 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 20/25] doc: updte README.md

---
 README.md | 8 +-------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b1d6246..76727a2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 Lennarb is a experimental lightweight, fast, and modular web framework for Ruby based on Rack.
 
-image
-
 ## Table of Contents
 
 - [About](#about)
@@ -27,6 +25,7 @@ Lennarb is designed to be simple and easy to use, while still providing the powe
 
 Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
 
+
 ```rb
 gem 'lennarb'
 ```
@@ -224,13 +223,8 @@ The example above renders the `{ message: 'Hello World!' }` object as JSON.
 ### TODO
 
 - [ ] Add support for mime types
-- [ ] Add support for sessions
-- [ ] Add support for websockets
 - [ ] Add support for streaming
-- [ ] Add support for CORS
 - [ ] Add support for CSRF
-- [ ] Add support for caching
-- [ ] Add support for gzip compression
 - [ ] Add support for SSL
 - [ ] Add support for HTTP/2
 - [ ] Add support for HTTP/3

From f2b5454a869572952de43978508d38f63128682f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:52:04 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 21/25] doc: updte README.md

---
 README.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 76727a2..185e77f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -47,15 +47,43 @@ $ gem install lennarb
 After installing, you can begin using Lennarb to build your modular web applications with Ruby. Here is an example of how to get started:
 
 ```rb
-app = Lenna::Base.new
+require 'lennarb'
 
-app.get('/hello/:name') do |req, res|
+Lenna::Application do |app|
+  # Simple routes
+  app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
+    res.html('Hello World!')
+  end
+  app.get('/hello/:name') do |req, res|
     name = req.params[:name]
 
-    res.html("Hello #{name}!")
+    res.json({message: "Hello #{name}!"})
+  end
+
+  # With namespaces
+  app.namespace("/api/v1") do |r|
+    r.get('/hello/:name') do |_req, res|
+      name = req.params[:name]
+      
+      res.html("Hello #{name} from API V1")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # With middlewares
+  app.get('/hello', TimeMiddleware) do |_req, res|
+    res.html('Hello World!')
+  end
+ 
+  # With multiple middlewares
+  app.get('/hello', [TimeMiddleware, LoggerMiddleware]) do |_req, res|
+    res.html('Hello World!')
+  end
+
+  # With global middlewares
+  app.use(Lenna::Middleware::Logger)
 end
 
-app.listen(8000)
+run app
 ```
 
 This example creates a new Lennarb application, defines a route for the `/hello/:name` path, and then starts the application on port 8000. When a request is made to the `/hello/:name` path, the application will respond with `Hello <name>!`, where `<name>` is the value of the `:name` parameter in the request path.
@@ -78,9 +106,9 @@ Lennarb allows you to define parameters in your routes. Parameters are defined u
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello/:name') do |req, res|
-    name = req.params[:name]
+  name = req.params[:name]
 
-    res.html("Hello #{name}!")
+  res.html("Hello #{name}!")
 end
 ```
 
@@ -92,9 +120,9 @@ Lennarb allows you to define namespaces in your routes. Namespaces are defined u
 
 ```rb
 app.namespace('/api') do |router|
-    roter.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
-        res.html('Hello World!')
-    end
+  roter.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
+    res.html('Hello World!')
+  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -106,7 +134,7 @@ The Lennarb application object has a `use` method that allows you to add middlew
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
-    res.html('Hello World!')
+  res.html('Hello World!')
 end
 
 app.use(Lenna::Middleware::Logger)
@@ -116,7 +144,7 @@ You can also define middleware for specific route.
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello', TimeMiddleware) do |_req, res|
-    res.html('Hello World!')
+  res.html('Hello World!')
 end
 ```
 
@@ -124,13 +152,13 @@ You can create your own middleware by creating a class that implements the `call
 
 ```rb
 class TimeMiddleware
-    def call(req, res, next_middleware)
-        puts Time.now
+  def call(req, res, next_middleware)
+    puts Time.now
 
-        req.headers['X-Time'] = Time.now
+    req.headers['X-Time'] = Time.now
 
-        next_middleware.call
-    end
+    next_middleware.call
+  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -138,11 +166,11 @@ Or using a lambda functions.
 
 ```rb
 TimeMiddleware = ->(req, res, next_middleware) do
-    puts Time.now
+  puts Time.now
 
-    req.headers['X-Time'] = Time.now
-
-    next_middleware.call
+  req.headers['X-Time'] = Time.now
+  
+  next_middleware.call
 end
 ```
 
@@ -150,7 +178,7 @@ So you can use it like this:
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello', TimeMiddleware) do |_req, res|
-    res.html('Hello World!')
+  res.html('Hello World!')
 end
 ```
 
@@ -158,7 +186,7 @@ And you can use multiple middlewares on the same route.
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello', [TimeMiddleware, LoggerMiddleware]) do |_req, res|
-    res.html('Hello World!')
+  res.html('Hello World!')
 end
 ```
 
@@ -195,7 +223,7 @@ Lennarb allows you to render HTML templates using the `render` method on the res
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
-    res.render('hello', locals: { name: 'World' })
+  res.render('hello', locals: { name: 'World' })
 end
 ```
 
@@ -204,7 +232,7 @@ By default, Lennarb looks for templates in the `views` directory in root path. Y
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
-    res.render('hello', path: 'app/web/templates', locals: { name: 'World' })
+  res.render('hello', path: 'app/web/templates', locals: { name: 'World' })
 end
 ```
 
@@ -214,7 +242,7 @@ Lennarb allows you to render JSON using the `json` method on the response object
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
-    res.json(data: { message: 'Hello World!' })
+  res.json(message: 'Hello World!')
 end
 ```
 

From 13d5108086c21d64b7f647721bf4c3959f027d77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:53:40 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 22/25] doc: updte README.md

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 185e77f..0787a09 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Lennarb uses a simple routing system that allows you to define routes for your a
 
 ```rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
-    res.html('Hello World!')
+  res.html('Hello World!')
 end
 ```
 

From dc38fe91257c000e7b4b67559cf66f292ae0a8ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:57:11 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 23/25] doc: updte README.md

---
 README.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0787a09..d0a00ec 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 
 Lennarb is a experimental lightweight, fast, and modular web framework for Ruby based on Rack.
 
+[![Testing](https://github.com/aristotelesbr/lennarb/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/aristotelesbr/lennarb/blob/main/.github/workflows/main.yml)
+
+# tag 
+
 ## Table of Contents
 
 - [About](#about)

From 64d4a0b008be9e1956f6a32ab0286c1f293cc763 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 18:00:35 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 24/25] doc: updte README.md

---
 README.md | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d0a00ec..80051b7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ Lennarb is a experimental lightweight, fast, and modular web framework for Ruby
 
 [![Testing](https://github.com/aristotelesbr/lennarb/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/aristotelesbr/lennarb/blob/main/.github/workflows/main.yml)
 
-# tag 
-
 ## Table of Contents
 
 - [About](#about)

From 5a839170707d271b6e582cd7ae0827e130a6980a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Arist=C3=B3teles=20Coutinho?= <aristotelesbr@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 20:20:02 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 25/25] doc: updte README.md

---
 README.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 80051b7..c405e1e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -27,28 +27,27 @@ Lennarb is designed to be simple and easy to use, while still providing the powe
 
 Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
 
-
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 gem 'lennarb'
-```
+~~~
 
 And then execute:
 
-```bash
+~~~ bash
 $ bundle install
-```
+~~~
 
 Or install it yourself as:
 
-```bash
+~~~ bash
 $ gem install lennarb
-```
+~~~
 
 ## Usage
 
 After installing, you can begin using Lennarb to build your modular web applications with Ruby. Here is an example of how to get started:
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 require 'lennarb'
 
 Lenna::Application do |app|
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ Lenna::Application do |app|
 end
 
 run app
-```
+~~~
 
 This example creates a new Lennarb application, defines a route for the `/hello/:name` path, and then starts the application on port 8000. When a request is made to the `/hello/:name` path, the application will respond with `Hello <name>!`, where `<name>` is the value of the `:name` parameter in the request path.
 
@@ -94,11 +93,11 @@ This example creates a new Lennarb application, defines a route for the `/hello/
 
 Lennarb uses a simple routing system that allows you to define routes for your application. Routes are defined using the `get`, `post`, `put`, `patch`, `delete`. These methods take three arguments: the path to match, an Array of the middlewares that can be apply on the current route and a block to execute when a request is made to the path. The block is passed two arguments: the [`request`](https://github.com/aristotelesbr/lennarb/blob/main/lib/lenna/router/request.rb) object and the [`response`](https://github.com/aristotelesbr/lennarb/blob/main/lib/lenna/router/response.rb) object. The request object contains information about the request, such as the request method, headers, and body. The response object contains methods for setting the response status code, headers, and body. Ex.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
   res.html('Hello World!')
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 The example above defines a route for the `/hello` path. When a request is made to the `/hello` path, the application will respond with `Hello World!`.
 
@@ -106,13 +105,13 @@ The example above defines a route for the `/hello` path. When a request is made
 
 Lennarb allows you to define parameters in your routes. Parameters are defined using the `:` character, followed by the name of the parameter. Parameters are passed to the route block as a hash in the request object's `params` property.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello/:name') do |req, res|
   name = req.params[:name]
 
   res.html("Hello #{name}!")
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 The example above defines a route for the `/hello/:name` path. When a request is made to the `/hello/:name` path, the application will respond with `Hello <name>!`, where `<name>` is the value of the `:name` parameter in the request path.
 
@@ -120,13 +119,13 @@ The example above defines a route for the `/hello/:name` path. When a request is
 
 Lennarb allows you to define namespaces in your routes. Namespaces are defined using the `namespace` method on the application object. Namespaces are passed to the route block as a hash in the request object's `params` property.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.namespace('/api') do |router|
   roter.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
     res.html('Hello World!')
   end
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 The example above defines a namespace for the `/api` path. When a request is made to the `/api/hello` path, the application will respond with `Hello World!`.
 
@@ -134,25 +133,25 @@ The example above defines a namespace for the `/api` path. When a request is mad
 
 The Lennarb application object has a `use` method that allows you to add middleware to your application. Middleware is defined using the `use` method on the application object. Ex.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
   res.html('Hello World!')
 end
 
 app.use(Lenna::Middleware::Logger)
-```
+~~~
 
 You can also define middleware for specific route.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello', TimeMiddleware) do |_req, res|
   res.html('Hello World!')
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 You can create your own middleware by creating a class that implements the `call` method. This methods receive three
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 class TimeMiddleware
   def call(req, res, next_middleware)
     puts Time.now
@@ -162,11 +161,11 @@ class TimeMiddleware
     next_middleware.call
   end
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 Or using a lambda functions.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 TimeMiddleware = ->(req, res, next_middleware) do
   puts Time.now
 
@@ -174,23 +173,23 @@ TimeMiddleware = ->(req, res, next_middleware) do
   
   next_middleware.call
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 So you can use it like this:
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello', TimeMiddleware) do |_req, res|
   res.html('Hello World!')
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 And you can use multiple middlewares on the same route.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello', [TimeMiddleware, LoggerMiddleware]) do |_req, res|
   res.html('Hello World!')
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 #### Default middlewares
 
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ Lennarb use two default middlewares: `Logging` and `ErrorHandling`.
 
 - `Lenna::Middleware::Logging` - Colorized http request status.
 
-```bash
+~~~ bash
 ❯ bundle exec puma ./config.ru                                                                                                 
 Puma starting in single mode...                                                                                                
 * Puma version: 6.4.0 (ruby 3.2.2-p53) ("The Eagle of Durango")                                                                
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ Use Ctrl-C to stop
 [2023-11-29 14:06:08 -0300] "GET /" 200 0.19ms                                                                                 
 [2023-11-29 14:06:11 -0300] "GET /" 200 0.10ms                                                                                 
 [2023-11-29 14:06:11 -0300] "GET /" 200 0.20ms
-```
+~~~
 
 - `Lenna::Middleware::ErrorHandling` - Error handling middleware in development mode.
 
@@ -223,30 +222,30 @@ Use Ctrl-C to stop
 
 Lennarb allows you to render HTML templates using the `render` method on the response object. The `render` method takes two arguments: the name of the template file, and a hash of variables to pass to the template.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
   res.render('hello', locals: { name: 'World' })
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 The example above renders the `hello.html.erb` template, passing the `name` variable to the template.
 By default, Lennarb looks for templates in the `views` directory in root path. You can change this specifying the path for `views` in render method. Ex.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
   res.render('hello', path: 'app/web/templates', locals: { name: 'World' })
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 ### Render JSON
 
 Lennarb allows you to render JSON using the `json` method on the response object. The `json` method takes one argument: the object to render as JSON.
 
-```rb
+~~~ rb
 app.get('/hello') do |_req, res|
   res.json(message: 'Hello World!')
 end
-```
+~~~
 
 The example above renders the `{ message: 'Hello World!' }` object as JSON.
 
@@ -263,15 +262,15 @@ The example above renders the `{ message: 'Hello World!' }` object as JSON.
 
 To set up the development environment after cloning the repo, run:
     
-```bash
+~~~ bash
 $ bin/setup
-```
+~~~
 
 To run the tests, run:
 
-```bash
+~~~ bash
 $ rake test
-```
+~~~
 
 ## Contributing