diff --git a/CHANGES.rst b/CHANGES.rst
index 4d90513a..db294356 100644
--- a/CHANGES.rst
+++ b/CHANGES.rst
@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@ New Features
 
 - ``peak_method`` as an optional argument to ``KosmosTrace`` [#115]
 
+API Changes
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- ``BoxcarExtract`` and ``HorneExtract`` now accept parameters (and require the image and trace)
+  at initialization, and allow overriding any input parameters when calling. [#117]
+
 
 1.0.0
 -----
@@ -15,8 +21,8 @@ New Features
 
 - Added ``Trace`` classes
 - Added basic synthetic data routines
-- Added ``BoxcarExtraction``
-- Added ``HorneExtraction``, a.k.a. ``OptimalExtraction``
+- Added ``BoxcarExtract``
+- Added ``HorneExtract``, a.k.a. ``OptimalExtract``
 - Added basic ``Background`` subtraction
 
 Bug Fixes
diff --git a/notebook_sandbox/compare_extractions.ipynb b/notebook_sandbox/compare_extractions.ipynb
index b8b2c56f..4ea672d5 100644
--- a/notebook_sandbox/compare_extractions.ipynb
+++ b/notebook_sandbox/compare_extractions.ipynb
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "bxc = BoxcarExtract()\n",
-    "bxc_result1d_slice = bxc(img, trace, 14)\n",
-    "bxc_result1d_whole = bxc(img, trace, nrows)"
+    "bxc = BoxcarExtract(img, trace)\n",
+    "bxc_result1d_slice = bxc(width=14)\n",
+    "bxc_result1d_whole = bxc(width=nrows)"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "hrn = HorneExtract()\n",
-    "hrn_result1d_whole = hrn(img, trace, variance=variance,\n",
+    "hrn = HorneExtract(img, trace)\n",
+    "hrn_result1d_whole = hrn(variance=variance,\n",
     "                         mask=mask, unit=u.DN) # whole image is aperture"
    ]
   },
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@
     "var_obj = VarianceUncertainty(variance)\n",
     "img_obj = CCDData(img, uncertainty=var_obj, mask=mask, unit=u.DN)\n",
     "\n",
-    "hrn2 = HorneExtract()\n",
-    "hrn2_result1d_whole = hrn(img_obj, trace)"
+    "hrn2 = HorneExtract(img_obj, trace)\n",
+    "hrn2_result1d_whole = hrn()"
    ]
   },
   {
diff --git a/notebook_sandbox/jwst_boxcar/boxcar_extraction.ipynb b/notebook_sandbox/jwst_boxcar/boxcar_extraction.ipynb
index b1de3ff9..fec97118 100644
--- a/notebook_sandbox/jwst_boxcar/boxcar_extraction.ipynb
+++ b/notebook_sandbox/jwst_boxcar/boxcar_extraction.ipynb
@@ -516,8 +516,8 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "boxcar = BoxcarExtract()\n",
-    "spectrum = boxcar(image-bg, auto_trace, width=ext_width)"
+    "boxcar = BoxcarExtract(image-bg, auto_trace)\n",
+    "spectrum = boxcar(width=ext_width)"
    ]
   },
   {
diff --git a/specreduce/extract.py b/specreduce/extract.py
index c77af1ed..3a22a5e4 100644
--- a/specreduce/extract.py
+++ b/specreduce/extract.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
 
 import warnings
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 import numpy as np
 
 from astropy import units as u
-from astropy.modeling import models, fitting
+from astropy.modeling import Model, models, fitting
 from astropy.nddata import NDData
 
 from specreduce.core import SpecreduceOperation
-from specreduce.tracing import FlatTrace
+from specreduce.tracing import Trace, FlatTrace
 from specutils import Spectrum1D
 
 __all__ = ['BoxcarExtract', 'HorneExtract', 'OptimalExtract']
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class BoxcarExtract(SpecreduceOperation):
     Example: ::
 
         trace = FlatTrace(image, trace_pos)
-        extract = BoxcarExtract()
-        spectrum = extract(image, trace, width)
+        extract = BoxcarExtract(image, trace)
+        spectrum = extract(width=width)
 
 
     Parameters
@@ -106,11 +106,19 @@ class BoxcarExtract(SpecreduceOperation):
     spec : `~specutils.Spectrum1D`
         The extracted 1d spectrum expressed in DN and pixel units
     """
-
+    image: NDData
+    trace_object: Trace
+    width: float = 5
+    disp_axis: int = 1
+    crossdisp_axis: int = 0
     # TODO: should disp_axis and crossdisp_axis be defined in the Trace object?
 
-    def __call__(self, image, trace_object, width=5,
-                 disp_axis=1, crossdisp_axis=0):
+    @property
+    def spectrum(self):
+        return self.__call__()
+
+    def __call__(self, image=None, trace_object=None, width=None,
+                 disp_axis=None, crossdisp_axis=None):
         """
         Extract the 1D spectrum using the boxcar method.
 
@@ -121,11 +129,11 @@ def __call__(self, image, trace_object, width=5,
         trace_object : Trace
             trace object
         width : float
-            width of extraction aperture in pixels
+            width of extraction aperture in pixels [default: 5]
         disp_axis : int
-            dispersion axis
+            dispersion axis [default: 1]
         crossdisp_axis : int
-            cross-dispersion axis
+            cross-dispersion axis [default: 0]
 
 
         Returns
@@ -134,6 +142,12 @@ def __call__(self, image, trace_object, width=5,
             The extracted 1d spectrum with flux expressed in the same
             units as the input image, or u.DN, and pixel units
         """
+        image = image if image is not None else self.image
+        trace_object = trace_object if trace_object is not None else self.trace_object
+        width = width if width is not None else self.width
+        disp_axis = disp_axis if disp_axis is not None else self.disp_axis
+        crossdisp_axis = crossdisp_axis if crossdisp_axis is not None else self.crossdisp_axis
+
         # TODO: this check can be removed if/when implemented as a check in FlatTrace
         if isinstance(trace_object, FlatTrace):
             if trace_object.trace_pos < 1:
@@ -162,11 +176,65 @@ class HorneExtract(SpecreduceOperation):
     """
     Perform a Horne (a.k.a. optimal) extraction on a two-dimensional
     spectrum.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+
+    image : `~astropy.nddata.NDData` or array-like, required
+        The input 2D spectrum from which to extract a source. An
+        NDData object must specify uncertainty and a mask. An array
+        requires use of the `variance`, `mask`, & `unit` arguments.
+
+    trace_object : `~specreduce.tracing.Trace`, required
+        The associated 1D trace object created for the 2D image.
+
+    disp_axis : int, optional
+        The index of the image's dispersion axis. [default: 1]
+
+    crossdisp_axis : int, optional
+        The index of the image's cross-dispersion axis. [default: 0]
+
+    bkgrd_prof : `~astropy.modeling.Model`, optional
+        A model for the image's background flux.
+        [default: models.Polynomial1D(2)]
+
+    variance : `~numpy.ndarray`, optional
+        (Only used if `image` is not an NDData object.)
+        The associated variances for each pixel in the image. Must
+        have the same dimensions as `image`. If all zeros, the variance
+        will be ignored and treated as all ones.  If any zeros, those
+        elements will be excluded via masking.  If any negative values,
+        an error will be raised. [default: None]
+
+    mask : `~numpy.ndarray`, optional
+        (Only used if `image` is not an NDData object.)
+        Whether to mask each pixel in the image. Must have the same
+        dimensions as `image`. If blank, all non-NaN pixels are
+        unmasked. [default: None]
+
+    unit : `~astropy.units.core.Unit` or str, optional
+        (Only used if `image` is not an NDData object.)
+        The associated unit for the data in `image`. If blank,
+        fluxes are interpreted as unitless. [default: None]
+
     """
+    image: NDData
+    trace_object: Trace
+    bkgrd_prof: Model = field(default=models.Polynomial1D(2))
+    variance: np.ndarray = field(default=None)
+    mask: np.ndarray = field(default=None)
+    unit: np.ndarray = field(default=None)
+    disp_axis: int = 1
+    crossdisp_axis: int = 0
+    # TODO: should disp_axis and crossdisp_axis be defined in the Trace object?
 
-    def __call__(self, image, trace_object,
-                 disp_axis=1, crossdisp_axis=0,
-                 bkgrd_prof=models.Polynomial1D(2),
+    @property
+    def spectrum(self):
+        return self.__call__()
+
+    def __call__(self, image=None, trace_object=None,
+                 disp_axis=None, crossdisp_axis=None,
+                 bkgrd_prof=None,
                  variance=None, mask=None, unit=None):
         """
         Run the Horne calculation on a region of an image and extract a
@@ -184,14 +252,13 @@ def __call__(self, image, trace_object,
             The associated 1D trace object created for the 2D image.
 
         disp_axis : int, optional
-            The index of the image's dispersion axis. [default: 1]
+            The index of the image's dispersion axis.
 
         crossdisp_axis : int, optional
-            The index of the image's cross-dispersion axis. [default: 0]
+            The index of the image's cross-dispersion axis.
 
         bkgrd_prof : `~astropy.modeling.Model`, optional
             A model for the image's background flux.
-            [default: models.Polynomial1D(2)]
 
         variance : `~numpy.ndarray`, optional
             (Only used if `image` is not an NDData object.)
@@ -199,18 +266,18 @@ def __call__(self, image, trace_object,
             have the same dimensions as `image`. If all zeros, the variance
             will be ignored and treated as all ones.  If any zeros, those
             elements will be excluded via masking.  If any negative values,
-            an error will be raised. [default: None]
+            an error will be raised.
 
         mask : `~numpy.ndarray`, optional
             (Only used if `image` is not an NDData object.)
             Whether to mask each pixel in the image. Must have the same
             dimensions as `image`. If blank, all non-NaN pixels are
-            unmasked. [default: None]
+            unmasked.
 
         unit : `~astropy.units.core.Unit` or str, optional
             (Only used if `image` is not an NDData object.)
             The associated unit for the data in `image`. If blank,
-            fluxes are interpreted as unitless. [default: None]
+            fluxes are interpreted as unitless.
 
 
         Returns
@@ -218,6 +285,15 @@ def __call__(self, image, trace_object,
         spec_1d : `~specutils.Spectrum1D`
             The final, Horne extracted 1D spectrum.
         """
+        image = image if image is not None else self.image
+        trace_object = trace_object if trace_object is not None else self.trace_object
+        disp_axis = disp_axis if disp_axis is not None else self.disp_axis
+        crossdisp_axis = crossdisp_axis if crossdisp_axis is not None else self.crossdisp_axis
+        bkgrd_prof = bkgrd_prof if bkgrd_prof is not None else self.bkgrd_prof
+        variance = variance if variance is not None else self.variance
+        mask = mask if mask is not None else self.mask
+        unit = unit if unit is not None else self.unit
+
         # handle image and associated data based on image's type
         if isinstance(image, NDData):
             img = np.ma.array(image.data, mask=image.mask)
diff --git a/specreduce/tests/test_extract.py b/specreduce/tests/test_extract.py
index d2534dd3..323e27dd 100644
--- a/specreduce/tests/test_extract.py
+++ b/specreduce/tests/test_extract.py
@@ -22,39 +22,40 @@ def test_boxcar_extraction():
     # Try combinations of extraction center, and even/odd
     # extraction aperture sizes.
     #
-    boxcar = BoxcarExtract()
     trace = FlatTrace(image, 15.0)
+    boxcar = BoxcarExtract(image, trace)
 
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace)
+    spectrum = boxcar.spectrum
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 75.))
     assert spectrum.unit is not None and spectrum.unit == u.Jy
 
     trace.set_position(14.5)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace)
+    spectrum = boxcar()
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 72.5))
 
     trace.set_position(14.7)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace)
+    spectrum = boxcar()
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 73.5))
 
     trace.set_position(15.0)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace, width=6)
+    boxcar.width = 6
+    spectrum = boxcar()
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 90.))
 
     trace.set_position(14.5)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace, width=6)
+    spectrum = boxcar(width=6)
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 87.))
 
     trace.set_position(15.0)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace, width=4.5)
+    spectrum = boxcar(width=4.5)
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 67.5))
 
     trace.set_position(15.0)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace, width=4.7)
+    spectrum = boxcar(width=4.7)
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 70.5))
 
     trace.set_position(14.3)
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace, width=4.7)
+    spectrum = boxcar(width=4.7)
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 67.0))
 
 
@@ -62,39 +63,37 @@ def test_boxcar_outside_image_condition():
     #
     # Trace is such that extraction aperture lays partially outside the image
     #
-    boxcar = BoxcarExtract()
     trace = FlatTrace(image, 3.0)
+    boxcar = BoxcarExtract(image, trace)
 
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace, width=10.)
+    spectrum = boxcar(width=10.)
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 32.0))
 
 
 def test_boxcar_array_trace():
-    boxcar = BoxcarExtract()
-
     trace_array = np.ones_like(image[1]) * 15.
-
     trace = ArrayTrace(image, trace_array)
 
-    spectrum = boxcar(image, trace)
+    boxcar = BoxcarExtract(image, trace)
+    spectrum = boxcar()
     assert np.allclose(spectrum.flux.value, np.full_like(spectrum.flux.value, 75.))
 
 
 def test_horne_variance_errors():
-    extract = HorneExtract()
     trace = FlatTrace(image, 3.0)
 
     # all zeros are treated as non-weighted (give non-zero fluxes)
     err = np.zeros_like(image)
     mask = np.zeros_like(image)
-    ext = extract(image.data, trace, variance=err, mask=mask, unit=u.Jy)
+    extract = HorneExtract(image.data, trace, variance=err, mask=mask, unit=u.Jy)
+    ext = extract.spectrum
     assert not np.all(ext == 0)
 
     # single zero value adjusts mask (does not raise error)
     err = np.ones_like(image)
     err[0] = 0
     mask = np.zeros_like(image)
-    ext = extract(image.data, trace, variance=err, mask=mask, unit=u.Jy)
+    ext = extract(variance=err, mask=mask, unit=u.Jy)
     assert not np.all(ext == 0)
 
     # single negative value raises error
@@ -102,4 +101,4 @@ def test_horne_variance_errors():
     err[0] = -1
     mask = np.zeros_like(image)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='variance must be fully positive'):
-        ext = extract(image.data, trace, variance=err, mask=mask, unit=u.Jy)
+        ext = extract(variance=err, mask=mask, unit=u.Jy)