diff --git a/niveau1/Dutch/Reporting_20240501.yml b/niveau1/Dutch/Reporting_20240501.yml index 898ed9d..392868b 100644 --- a/niveau1/Dutch/Reporting_20240501.yml +++ b/niveau1/Dutch/Reporting_20240501.yml @@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ Main-text: Koloniale bronnen zijn geschreven vanuit een perspectief dat koloniale overheersing rechtvaardigt. Vaak worden er termen gebruikt die niet meer gebruikelijk zijn of tegenwoordig als ongepast en kwetsend worden beschouwd. De zoekhulp [Bronnen](link naar zh Bronnen) geeft aanwijzingen over de omgang met verouderd taalgebruik in koloniale bronnen. In de verslaglegging is het van belang om de historische woorden en begrippen – eventueel tussen aanhalingstekens en voorzien van toelichting – te noemen indien ze noodzakelijk zijn om de objectgeschiedenis te begrijpen en verder onderzoek mogelijk te maken. - De publicatie [Woorden doen ertoe](https://www.tropenmuseum.nl/sites/default/files/2018-09/WordsMatter_DEF_Totale_PDF_NL_0.pdf) van het Wereldmuseum geeft tips voor de omgang met koloniale teminologie. + De publicatie [Woorden doen ertoe](https://www.tropenmuseum.nl/sites/default/files/2018-09/WordsMatter_DEF_Totale_PDF_NL_0.pdf) van het Wereldmuseum geeft tips voor de omgang met koloniale terminologie. content-type: text/markdown diff --git a/niveau1/English/Reporting_20240501.yml b/niveau1/English/Reporting_20240501.yml index 7b826b7..89fe0a6 100644 --- a/niveau1/English/Reporting_20240501.yml +++ b/niveau1/English/Reporting_20240501.yml @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Main-text: content: | ##The provenance report: - The purpose of the provenance report is to record both the research itself and the key data it produced. In doing so, it is important to provide the most omprehensive overview of the sources consulted, even if they did not reveal anything or contained conflicting information. Future provenance researchers can draw on this. This [checklist](link to pdf/page of checklist) provides an overview of possible points of interest. + The purpose of the provenance report is to record both the research itself and the key data it produced. In doing so, it is important to provide the most comprehensive overview of the sources consulted, even if they did not reveal anything or contained conflicting information. Future provenance researchers can draw on this. This [checklist](link to pdf/page of checklist) provides an overview of possible points of interest. A provenance report can take different forms. There are no official guidelines for reporting provenance research from, for example, the Dutch Museum Association or the ICOM. In institutions that manage collections, different forms of reporting are sometimes combined or used alongside each other. diff --git a/niveau1/English/SelectAndDelineate_20240425.yml b/niveau1/English/SelectAndDelineate_20240425.yml index 6c3039e..4ed7a41 100644 --- a/niveau1/English/SelectAndDelineate_20240425.yml +++ b/niveau1/English/SelectAndDelineate_20240425.yml @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Main-text: ## How do you select objects with a problematic provenance?: - If your purpose is to identify objects that have been looted or otherwise involuntarily disposessed, you probably want to know if there are certain characteristics by which you can identify these objects. Any clarity on this will come only after conducting provenance research: sometimes [basic research](niveau1/English/DoingResearch_20240425.yml) is sufficient to reveal a problematic provenance, but often extensive research will be necessary. + If your purpose is to identify objects that have been looted or otherwise involuntarily dispossessed, you probably want to know if there are certain characteristics by which you can identify these objects. Any clarity on this will come only after conducting provenance research: sometimes [basic research](niveau1/English/DoingResearch_20240425.yml) is sufficient to reveal a problematic provenance, but often extensive research will be necessary. There are several categories of objects that can be prioritized in this context: - Human remains diff --git a/niveau1/English/Sources_20240501.yml b/niveau1/English/Sources_20240501.yml index 1932d93..18a7597 100644 --- a/niveau1/English/Sources_20240501.yml +++ b/niveau1/English/Sources_20240501.yml @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Main-text: Such private collections can be found in numerous archives in the Netherlands. It is therefore advisable to begin your search at [www.archieven.nl](https://www.archieven.nl/). However, not all archival institutions can be found here, so it is often necessary to continue your search outside this website. Many Dutch nationals who were active in colonial administration, the military or science deposited their personal archives at the [Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV)](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2282075). These archives are now part of the [Leiden University Libraries]([https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl). Sometimes archives are still in private ownership, with families, organizations or companies. - Through the Dutch [National Archives](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl) the personnel records (studbooks) of colonial civil servants, military and naval personnel are digitally available. In this way, it is possible to find when and where they were stationed, and for what actions they received badges of honor and decorations. + Through the Dutch [National Archives](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl) the personnel records (studbooks) of colonial civil servants, military and naval personnel are digitally available. In this way, it is possible to find when and where they were stationed, and for what actions they received badges of honour and decorations. **Archives of institutions and governments** diff --git a/niveau2/Dutch/Trade_20240326.yml b/niveau2/Dutch/Trade_20240326.yml index 3bdedb9..9f407f0 100644 --- a/niveau2/Dutch/Trade_20240326.yml +++ b/niveau2/Dutch/Trade_20240326.yml @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Main-text: content: | ### Beschrijving - De handel in koloniale voorwerpen en goederen stond aan de basis van de vorming van collecties in Nederland. Handel en verkoop speelden een centrale rol in de circulatie van deze voorwerpen in Europa. Tegen het begin van de 20ste eeuw had de koloniale kunsthandel zich in Nederland tot een bloeiende business ontwikkeld. Musea kochten regelmatig bij handelaren en veilinghuizen, niet alleen in Nederland, maar ook in andere Europese koloniserende landen, met name Duitsland, België, Frankrijk en Groot-Britannië. Diezelfde handelaren en veilinghuizen waren bronnen voor privécollecties, van waaruit voorwerpen soms later weer in museumcollecties terechtkwamen. + De handel in koloniale voorwerpen en goederen stond aan de basis van de vorming van collecties in Nederland. Handel en verkoop speelden een centrale rol in de circulatie van deze voorwerpen in Europa. Tegen het begin van de 20ste eeuw had de koloniale kunsthandel zich in Nederland tot een bloeiende business ontwikkeld. Musea kochten regelmatig bij handelaren en veilinghuizen, niet alleen in Nederland, maar ook in andere Europese koloniserende landen, met name Duitsland, België, Frankrijk en Groot-Brittannië. Diezelfde handelaren en veilinghuizen waren bronnen voor privécollecties, van waaruit voorwerpen soms later weer in museumcollecties terechtkwamen. Bekende handelaren die koloniale goederen aan musea en particulieren verkochten waren de firma’s [Van Lier](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/pi57937) (1927-1996), [Aalderink](https://data.rkd.nl/artists/437058) (1930-2023) en [Lemaire](https://data.rkd.nl/artists/446005) (1933-heden) en de Amsterdamse veilinghuizen [Frederik Muller & Co.](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18821838) (1876-1961) en [Mak van Waay](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q73900989) (1918-1974). In Den Haag waren de winkels de [Groote Koninklijke Bazar](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/pi56363) (1841-1927) en [Boeatan](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q101082502) (1903-1949) gespecialiseerd in oosterse kunstnijverheid. diff --git a/niveau2/English/ChristianMission_20240417.yml b/niveau2/English/ChristianMission_20240417.yml index cc07f9c..1aa0623 100644 --- a/niveau2/English/ChristianMission_20240417.yml +++ b/niveau2/English/ChristianMission_20240417.yml @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Main-text: content: | ### Description - From the Netherlands during the colonial era, [Protestant](https://data.indischherinneringscentrum.nl/ied/104099) and [Catholic](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/termmaster25128) mission were practiced. Both Christian groups focused on the Dutch colonies, particularly Suriname and the Dutch East Indies, but missionaries were also active in China, the United States and Congo, among other places. Missionary organizations had demarcated among themselves regions in which they were active, without further official agreements. + From the Netherlands during the colonial era, [Protestant](https://data.indischherinneringscentrum.nl/ied/104099) and [Catholic](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/termmaster25128) mission were practised. Both Christian groups focused on the Dutch colonies, particularly Suriname and the Dutch East Indies, but missionaries were also active in China, the United States and Congo, among other places. Missionary organizations had demarcated among themselves regions in which they were active, without further official agreements. The missionaries brought objects from the areas where they were working, sometimes at the request of the organizations that sent them out. The objects were displayed during education about the organization's work or for the purpose of raising funds. When the organizations disposed of the objects, they then ended up in other collections, such as those of ethnographic museums. Individual missionaries also donated and sold objects to such museums. Objects from the mission also ended up in trade and private collections. diff --git a/niveau2/English/MilitaryAndNavy_20240417.yml b/niveau2/English/MilitaryAndNavy_20240417.yml index 1d30dac..61d4d9c 100644 --- a/niveau2/English/MilitaryAndNavy_20240417.yml +++ b/niveau2/English/MilitaryAndNavy_20240417.yml @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Main-text: Only a small number of objects in Dutch museums concern official spoils of war sent to the Netherlands by order of the colonial armies. A well-known example is the so-called [Lombok treasure](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q115754448). There are many more objects originating from individual military personnel that ended up in the Netherlands through private initiative. There were several ways military personnel obtained these objects: they could have been looted, donated or bought from the local population. - In the case of gifts received and objects purchased by military personnel, it is important to remember that there was an unequal balance of power between colonizer and colonized. Objects may have been sold or given out of fear, to favor the ruler or because the ongoing war situation led to impoverishment of the population." + In the case of gifts received and objects purchased by military personnel, it is important to remember that there was an unequal balance of power between colonizer and colonized. Objects may have been sold or given out of fear, to favour the ruler or because the ongoing war situation led to impoverishment of the population." ### Provenance research @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Main-text: To find information about a soldier, it is important to first determine which army or army unit the soldier served with, such as the Landmacht (the Dutch Army), the KNIL or the Navy. The [search aids](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/militairen-en- naval personnel) of the National Archives can be of service in this regard. - The personnel files of conscripts deployed to Indonesia in 1945-1949 are at the Ministry of Defense until 2026-2027 and are retrievable on the [website of the ministry]](https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/privacyrechten/privacyrechten-persoonsgegevens). To access a service record, a death certificate must be provided. Death certificates are subject to privacy restrictions, but an extract from the "persoonskaart" also applies. Extracts can be requested from the CBG (Center for Family History). Important information on the record is in which army unit the soldier served. Records and/or ego documents relating to almost every army unit can be found in archives and publications. These are mainly in the collections of the NIOD, the NIMH and at the Leiden University Libraries. + The personnel files of conscripts deployed to Indonesia in 1945-1949 are at the Ministry of Defence until 2026-2027 and are retrievable on the [website of the ministry]](https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/privacyrechten/privacyrechten-persoonsgegevens). To access a service record, a death certificate must be provided. Death certificates are subject to privacy restrictions, but an extract from the "persoonskaart" also applies. Extracts can be requested from the CBG (Center for Family History). Important information on the record is in which army unit the soldier served. Records and/or ego documents relating to almost every army unit can be found in archives and publications. These are mainly in the collections of the NIOD, the NIMH and at the Leiden University Libraries. Through the National Archives, personnel files (studbooks) of military and naval personnel are digitally searchable. There are search aids for the Dutch East Indies, West Indies and the various naval and army units. The studbooks contain information about when a serviceman or marine was stationed where and summary personal information. A [glossary](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/militaire-stamboeken-afkortingen-en-verklarende-woordenlijst) explains abbreviations in the studbooks. diff --git a/niveau2/English/Science_20240821.yml b/niveau2/English/Science_20240821.yml index 70d2369..821b664 100644 --- a/niveau2/English/Science_20240821.yml +++ b/niveau2/English/Science_20240821.yml @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Main-text: content: | ### Description - The development of various scientific disciplines, such as ethnography and geology, during mainly the nineteenth century went hand in hand with the European colonial and imperial expansion. The Dutch colonial territories and the nature, culture and population present there, consequently formed an important source for scientific research by scholars from the Netherlands and other countries. A well-known example where scientific research and colonial oppression went hand in hand are the excavations that took place under [Eugène Dubois](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q317176) on Sumatra and Java at the end of the nineteenth century, during which forced laborers excavated a collection of nearly 40,000 objects. This collection is still part of [Naturalis](niveau3/English/Naturalis_20270710.yml) in Leiden to this day, and the Homo erectus fossils found during these excavations are still considered an important scientific discovery. Without the colonial system, Eugène Dubois would not have been able to achieve this kind of discovery. + The development of various scientific disciplines, such as ethnography and geology, during mainly the nineteenth century went hand in hand with the European colonial and imperial expansion. The Dutch colonial territories and the nature, culture and population present there, consequently formed an important source for scientific research by scholars from the Netherlands and other countries. A well-known example where scientific research and colonial oppression went hand in hand are the excavations that took place under [Eugène Dubois](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q317176) on Sumatra and Java at the end of the nineteenth century, during which forced labourers excavated a collection of nearly 40,000 objects. This collection is still part of [Naturalis](niveau3/English/Naturalis_20270710.yml) in Leiden to this day, and the Homo erectus fossils found during these excavations are still considered an important scientific discovery. Without the colonial system, Eugène Dubois would not have been able to achieve this kind of discovery. Furthermore, European scientists often had broader interests than their own field of study. So it may well be that a geologist also collected other types of objects and later donated them to a museum. Missionaries also engaged in scientific research in addition to baptizing the local population. So the collections they collected were not only collected from the point of view of their mission, but could also have had a scientific character. Often objects collected by missionaries were used for teaching in the Netherlands. Special attention should also be paid to photography. This relatively new technique developed in the nineteenth century, was frequently used during scientific research in the colonial territories. These photographs later often remained part of the collections and thus contributed to the image that was created in Europe of the nature, the people and their culture in the colonies. diff --git a/niveau3/Dutch/Bronbeek_20241002.yml b/niveau3/Dutch/Bronbeek_20241002.yml index b524287..d91a05b 100644 --- a/niveau3/Dutch/Bronbeek_20241002.yml +++ b/niveau3/Dutch/Bronbeek_20241002.yml @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Main-text: ### Herkomstonderzoek - De collectie van Museum Bronbeek is doorzoekbaar op de [collectiewebsite](http://museumbronbeek.nl/) van het museum. De bibliotheek met meer dan 15.000 boeken is doorzoekbaar via [Worldcat](https://mindef.on.worldcat.org/discovery). Archieven met betrekking tot Bronbeek zijn te vinden bij het museum zelf, bij het [Nationaal Archief](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken) in Den Haag en bij het [Nederlands Instituur voor Militaire Historie](https://www.nimh.nl/) (NIMH). + De collectie van Museum Bronbeek is doorzoekbaar op de [collectiewebsite](http://museumbronbeek.nl/) van het museum. De bibliotheek met meer dan 15.000 boeken is doorzoekbaar via [Worldcat](https://mindef.on.worldcat.org/discovery). Archieven met betrekking tot Bronbeek zijn te vinden bij het museum zelf, bij het [Nationaal Archief](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken) in Den Haag en bij het [Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie](https://www.nimh.nl/) (NIMH). In 2024 heeft Museum Bronbeek een [website](http://www.rmwo.nl/) gelanceerd met 6000 biografieën van Ridders in de Militaire Willems-Orde. Hierin zijn verschillende publicaties over de Militaire Willems-Orde verzameld, aangevuld en online doorzoekbaar gemaakt. Er kan worden gezocht op naam, jaartal, rang of legeronderdeel. Individuele pagina's bevatten een persoonlijke informatie, informatie over detachering en archiefverwijzingen. content-type: text/markdown diff --git a/niveau3/Dutch/KoninklijkeBazar_20240313.yml b/niveau3/Dutch/KoninklijkeBazar_20240313.yml index 6c5092c..c092bc8 100644 --- a/niveau3/Dutch/KoninklijkeBazar_20240313.yml +++ b/niveau3/Dutch/KoninklijkeBazar_20240313.yml @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Relevant data: - "D. Boer & Zonen" Tags: Activity: - - "[Kunstandel](https://data.cultureelerfgoed.nl/term/id/cht/894a3834-2f95-4ed5-bf11-3f4170801bbf)" + - "[Kunsthandel](https://data.cultureelerfgoed.nl/term/id/cht/894a3834-2f95-4ed5-bf11-3f4170801bbf)" Type of objects: - "[Etnografica](http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300234108)" - "[Keramiek](http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300151343)" diff --git a/niveau3/Dutch/RijksmuseumAmsterdam_20241006.yml b/niveau3/Dutch/RijksmuseumAmsterdam_20241006.yml index 60eff43..58d79b3 100644 --- a/niveau3/Dutch/RijksmuseumAmsterdam_20241006.yml +++ b/niveau3/Dutch/RijksmuseumAmsterdam_20241006.yml @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Main-text: ### Herkomstonderzoek - De objectcollectie van het Rijksmuseum is toegankelijk en doorzoekbaar via de zogenaamde [Rijksstudio](https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken), via de optie 'uitgebreid zoeken' zijn meer selectie mogelijkheden voor het vinden van objecten. Via de objectpaginas is veelal relevante informatie vindbaar voor herkomstonderzoek, ook worden er relevante publicaties getoond. + De objectcollectie van het Rijksmuseum is toegankelijk en doorzoekbaar via de zogenaamde [Rijksstudio](https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken), via de optie 'uitgebreid zoeken' zijn meer selectie mogelijkheden voor het vinden van objecten. Via de objectpagina's is veelal relevante informatie vindbaar voor herkomstonderzoek, ook worden er relevante publicaties getoond. De archieven van het Rijksmuseum en rechtsvoorgangers to 1995 zijn beschikbaar via het [Noord-Hollands Archief](https://hdl.handle.net/21.12102/01644F687DD84B309BF24360FD2B2A25) en is voorzien van een uitvoerige archiefbeschrijving. De meer recente archieven zijn beschikbaar via het Rijksmuseum zelf. Voor informatie over dit archiefmateriaal en de mogelijkheden tot het raadplegen ervan kun je contact opnemen met de archiefmedewerkers van het Rijksmuseum via . diff --git a/niveau3/Dutch/WMAmsterdam_20240711.yml b/niveau3/Dutch/WMAmsterdam_20240711.yml index 7b2f5f9..27ea463 100644 --- a/niveau3/Dutch/WMAmsterdam_20240711.yml +++ b/niveau3/Dutch/WMAmsterdam_20240711.yml @@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ Main-text: Het huidige Wereldmuseum Amsterdam is ontstaan uit het in 1871 opgerichte [Koloniaal Museum](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q51871893) in Haarlem. Dit Koloniaal Museum, gevestigd in het Paviljoen Welgelegen was in eerste instantie voornamelijk een productenmuseum, waar een verscheidenheid aan koloniale waar werd tentoongesteld. Dit museum diende als bron voor koloniale ondernemers en bediende hen zo van kennis over onder andere mineralen en grondstoffen. Belangrijke schenkers van objecten waren bestuursambtenaren, zoals [Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q731829) en de oud gouverneur van Suriname, [Johand von Schmidt](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1694028), de Nederlands-Indische Regering, 's Lands Plantentuin in Bogor en verschillende andere handelsondernemingen en bedrijven. - Vanwege ruimtegebrek in Haarlem wordt in 1913 besloten de collectie over te dragen aan de in-oprichting-zijnde Vereeniging Koloniaal Insituut, wat in 1926 haar eigen museum zou openen aan de Mauritskade in Amsterdam, in het pand waar het Wereldmuseum Amsterdam nog altijd gevestigd is. Ook de collectie van het Etnografisch Museum Artis werden opgenomen in het museum van het Koloniaal Instituut. In 1926 bestond de collectie uit om en nabij 30.000 voorwerpen, waarvan 10.000 uit de Artiscollectie. Het Koloniaal Instituut werd opgedeeld in drie afdelingen, Tropische Producten, Tropische Hygiëne en Volkenkunde, die alledrie een eigen tentoonstellingsruimten tot hun beschikking hadden. Het museum voor Tropische producten werd in de jaren 1960 opgeheven en verschillende objecten zijn op latere momenten overgedragen aan de toenmalige Landbouwuniversiteit van Wageningen (tegenwoordig Wageningen Univeristy & Research) en het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden (tengenwoordig Naturalis). + Vanwege ruimtegebrek in Haarlem wordt in 1913 besloten de collectie over te dragen aan de in-oprichting-zijnde Vereeniging Koloniaal Insituut, wat in 1926 haar eigen museum zou openen aan de Mauritskade in Amsterdam, in het pand waar het Wereldmuseum Amsterdam nog altijd gevestigd is. Ook de collectie van het Etnografisch Museum Artis werden opgenomen in het museum van het Koloniaal Instituut. In 1926 bestond de collectie uit om en nabij 30.000 voorwerpen, waarvan 10.000 uit de Artiscollectie. Het Koloniaal Instituut werd opgedeeld in drie afdelingen, Tropische Producten, Tropische Hygiëne en Volkenkunde, die alledrie een eigen tentoonstellingsruimten tot hun beschikking hadden. Het museum voor Tropische producten werd in de jaren 1960 opgeheven en verschillende objecten zijn op latere momenten overgedragen aan de toenmalige Landbouwuniversiteit van Wageningen (tegenwoordig Wageningen Univeristy & Research) en het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden (tegenwoordig Naturalis). - Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd besloten het Koloniaal Insituut om te dopen tot het Indisch Instituut en zodoende het Indisch Museum, volledig gericht op de betrekkingen tussen Nederland en de koloniën in het Oosten en Westen. Om die reden werd in 1947 besloten de Afrikaanse collectie van het museum over te dragen aan het toenmalige Rijksmuseum voor Volenkunde in Leiden. Toen na de Indonesische onafhankelijkheidsoorlog in 1949 de soevereiniteitsoverdracht plaatsvond, zat het Indisch Museum in een lastig parket. Er werd voor gekozen de focus te verbreden naar de volledige 'tropische wereld'. Het Indisch Insituut heette vanaf 1950 het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT) en het bijbehorende museum voortaan het Tropenmuseum. Vanwege deze perspectiefverandering lag de focus in de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw op het verzamelen van objecten uit de verschillende tropische windstreken. Ook vanuit West Nieuw-Guinea, wat nog tot 1962 een Nederlandse kolonie bleef, kwamen veel objecten naar Amsterdam. + Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd besloten het Koloniaal Insituut om te dopen tot het Indisch Instituut en zodoende het Indisch Museum, volledig gericht op de betrekkingen tussen Nederland en de koloniën in het Oosten en Westen. Om die reden werd in 1947 besloten de Afrikaanse collectie van het museum over te dragen aan het toenmalige Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde in Leiden. Toen na de Indonesische onafhankelijkheidsoorlog in 1949 de soevereiniteitsoverdracht plaatsvond, zat het Indisch Museum in een lastig parket. Er werd voor gekozen de focus te verbreden naar de volledige 'tropische wereld'. Het Indisch Instituut heette vanaf 1950 het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT) en het bijbehorende museum voortaan het Tropenmuseum. Vanwege deze perspectiefverandering lag de focus in de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw op het verzamelen van objecten uit de verschillende tropische windstreken. Ook vanuit West Nieuw-Guinea, wat nog tot 1962 een Nederlandse kolonie bleef, kwamen veel objecten naar Amsterdam. - In 2014 werden het Tropenmuseum, Museum Volkenkunde in Leiden, het Afrika Museum in Berg en later het Wereldmuseum in Rotterdam samengevoegd tot het Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen. Sinds 2023 gaan deze musea verder onder de gezamelijke naam Wereldmuseum. + In 2014 werden het Tropenmuseum, Museum Volkenkunde in Leiden, het Afrika Museum in Berg en later het Wereldmuseum in Rotterdam samengevoegd tot het Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen. Sinds 2023 gaan deze musea verder onder de gezamenlijke naam Wereldmuseum. ### Herkomstonderzoek @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Sources: Link: - OCLC: "899009074" - ISBN: "9062550770" - Description and remarks: "Boek uit 1981 dat de geschiedenis van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen tot en met 1950 beschrijft. Het boek bevat veel foto's en geeft ook uitvoerige beschrijvingen van uiterlijke en innerlijke kenmerken van het tegenwoordige Wereldmuseum Amsterdam. Ook is er aandacht voor de manier waarop de organisatie van het KIT was ingericht gedurende de eerste decenia." + Description and remarks: "Boek uit 1981 dat de geschiedenis van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen tot en met 1950 beschrijft. Het boek bevat veel foto's en geeft ook uitvoerige beschrijvingen van uiterlijke en innerlijke kenmerken van het tegenwoordige Wereldmuseum Amsterdam. Ook is er aandacht voor de manier waarop de organisatie van het KIT was ingericht gedurende de eerste decennia." - Type of source: "Boek" Name: "Woudsma, J. (Jacobus), en Hansje Galesloot. Een markant gebouw in Amsterdam-Oost: het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen. Amsterdam: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 1990." Link: diff --git a/niveau3/Dutch/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml b/niveau3/Dutch/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml index 206cc9b..28b910e 100644 --- a/niveau3/Dutch/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml +++ b/niveau3/Dutch/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Level: 3 Title: "Wereldmuseum Berg en Dal" -Abstract: "Het Wereldmuseum Berg en Dal, voorheen Afrika Museum, was een museum in Berg en Dal dat in 1954 werd opgericht als onderdeel van de Congegratie van de Heilige Geest. Vanaf 2014 was het onderdeel van het Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, tot het in 2023 de deuren sloot." +Abstract: "Het Wereldmuseum Berg en Dal, voorheen Afrika Museum, was een museum in Berg en Dal dat in 1954 werd opgericht als onderdeel van de Congregatie van de Heilige Geest. Vanaf 2014 was het onderdeel van het Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, tot het in 2023 de deuren sloot." RelatedAides: - "Bronnen": diff --git a/niveau3/Dutch/WMLeiden_20240327.yml b/niveau3/Dutch/WMLeiden_20240327.yml index 0f2fbe9..df2fe64 100644 --- a/niveau3/Dutch/WMLeiden_20240327.yml +++ b/niveau3/Dutch/WMLeiden_20240327.yml @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Main-text: Het huidige Wereldmuseum Leiden kent een geschiedenis waarbij de eerste honderd jaar gekenmerkt wordt door financiële moeilijkheden, de aanwas van grote hoeveelheden objecten en vele wisselingen van locatie. In 1937 vindt het museum uiteindelijk in het voormalig academisch ziekenhuis een locatie waar het zijn volledige collectie tentoon kan stellen. Nog altijd is het museum in dit pand gevestigd. - De collectie van het Wereldmuseum Leiden is ontstaan uit de privéverzameling van Philipp Franz von Siebold, tevens de eerste directeur van het museum. Zijn collectie, die voornamelijk bestond uit Japanse objecten werd gedurende de 19e eeuw uitgebreid met verschillende particuliere verzamelingen en in 1883 verschillende etnografische objecten uit de collectie van het Koninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden. In het begin van de 20e eeuw werd ook een gedeelte van de collectie van het Oudheidkundig Museum in Leiden overgedragen aan het toenmalige Rijks Etnografisch Museum. Onder deze laatste groep objecten bevonden zich ook de verschillende Singosari-beelden, waarvan een deel in 1978 en een ander deel in 2023 zijn gerestitueerd aan Indonesië. Vanuit het etnografische museum worden evenwel objecten aan andere musea overgedragen, zoals aan het Anatomisch Museum in Leiden in 1935. + De collectie van het Wereldmuseum Leiden is ontstaan uit de privéverzameling van Philipp Franz von Siebold, tevens de eerste directeur van het museum. Zijn collectie, die voornamelijk bestond uit Japanse objecten werd gedurende de 19e eeuw uitgebreid met verschillende particuliere verzamelingen en in 1883 verschillende etnografische objecten uit de collectie van het Koninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden. In het begin van de 20e eeuw werd ook een gedeelte van de collectie van het Oudheidkundig Museum in Leiden overgedragen aan het toenmalige Rijks Etnografisch Museum. Onder deze laatste groep objecten bevonden zich ook de verschillende Singhasari-beelden, waarvan een deel in 1978 en een ander deel in 2023 zijn gerestitueerd aan Indonesië. Vanuit het etnografische museum worden evenwel objecten aan andere musea overgedragen, zoals aan het Anatomisch Museum in Leiden in 1935. Objecten werden op verschillende manieren verkregen. Allereerst, zoals hierboven beschreven, door het uitruilen met andere musea. Daarnaast was het Rijks Etnografisch Museum zelf een actieve koper van etnografische objecten bij handelaren en veilingen, een deel van de collectie Benin Bronzen van het museum zijn bijvoorbeeld op deze manier verkregen. Ook werden veel objecten ontvangen als donatie, vaak van koloniale ambtenaren of militairen van bijvoorbeeld het Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger (KNIL). Het overgrote deel van de collectie van het huidige Wereldmuseum Leiden is dan ook gedurende de 19e en 20e eeuw verzameld. diff --git a/niveau3/English/Bronbeek_20241002.yml b/niveau3/English/Bronbeek_20241002.yml index d111d23..51c2d56 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/Bronbeek_20241002.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/Bronbeek_20241002.yml @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Main-text: After [King William III](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q125649) ceded the Bronbeek estate in Arnhem to the Dutch state in 1862, a home was established there in 1863 for disabled colonial soldiers who had served in the [Royal Dutch East Indies Army](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q523553) (KNIL). Many of these former soldiers owned items that had been taken as booty from the battlefield or that they had brought back as souvenirs after their time in Indonesia. In addition, the Ministry of Colonies, members of the royal family and private individuals also donated various militaria such as weapons, banners, medals and portraits. This gave the home a museum function as well. - Until 1959, the home and its museum belonged to the Ministry of Colonies, after which it fell under the then new Ministry of Defense, of which it is still part today. In the 1950s, the objects in the museum were still displayed in the typical nineteenth-century manner: the walls were full of paintings and on either side of a narrow path a large number of objects were displayed. All this changed with a major renovation in 1963, prompted partly by the changing social view of the Dutch colonial past. In the remainder of the twentieth century, too, the museum's layout would change considerably several more times. From 1970, Bronbeek was opened to all former professional soldiers, not just from the KNIL. + Until 1959, the home and its museum belonged to the Ministry of Colonies, after which it fell under the then new Ministry of Defence, of which it is still part today. In the 1950s, the objects in the museum were still displayed in the typical nineteenth-century manner: the walls were full of paintings and on either side of a narrow path a large number of objects were displayed. All this changed with a major renovation in 1963, prompted partly by the changing social view of the Dutch colonial past. In the remainder of the twentieth century, too, the museum's layout would change considerably several more times. From 1970, Bronbeek was opened to all former professional soldiers, not just from the KNIL. In 2024, Museum Bronbeek opened a new permanent display of the collection. diff --git a/niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml b/niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml index 0498f7d..f50f601 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Main-text: The original administration of the collection, created by the first director [Reinier van de Kasteele](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q56097178), disappeared after his son [Abraham van de Kasteele](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18507671) succeeded him in 1840. At that time, many objects disappeared or got lost as well. The third and final director, [David van der Kellen](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5905167), who took office in 1876, was assigned to put things in order. - The archive of the Royal Cabinet of Curiosities is preserved in the [Noordhollands Archief](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3048702) as part of the Rijksmuseum archive. It contains, among other things, correspondence regarding donations and purchases. The appendices include detailed notes with convenient summaries of the correspondence. Please note that the KKZ correspondence also concerns items that were offered to the collection, but ultimately not purchased. + The archive of the Royal Cabinet of Curiosities is preserved in the [Noord-hollands Archief](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3048702) as part of the Rijksmuseum archive. It contains, among other things, correspondence regarding donations and purchases. The appendices include detailed notes with convenient summaries of the correspondence. Please note that the KKZ correspondence also concerns items that were offered to the collection, but ultimately not purchased. Additionally, there are archival documents at the [Nationaal Archief](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2371154), written by officials from the Ministry of the Interior. These documents relate to acquisitions, as well as the dissolution of the Royal Cabinet of Curiosities and the distribution of the collection among various museums. Within the letter archive of the Ministry of the Interior, reports and letters can be found regarding offered donations and sales. These can be traced through the indices on the reports. content-type: text/markdown diff --git a/niveau3/English/Naturalis_20270710.yml b/niveau3/English/Naturalis_20270710.yml index 38cd58e..f139c53 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/Naturalis_20270710.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/Naturalis_20270710.yml @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Main-text: In 1878, the Geology and Mineralogy Department split from the RMNH to form its own museum, the [Rijksmuseum voor Geologie en Mineralogie](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7333956) (RGM). This museum would continue to exist separately until it merged again with the National Museum of Natural History in 1984. While the RGM's collection initially focused on the former Dutch East Indies, under its first director [Karl Martin](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q72782) it was expanded to include objects from other areas, including the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean. Both the Rijksmuseum of Natural History and the Rijksmuseum of Geology and Mineralogy were primarily intended for interested scientists in the early years; it was only toward the beginning of the twentieth century that they opened their collections more frequently to the general public. - During the remainder of the twentieth century, the collections of both the RMNH and RGM expanded considerably, remaining in close contact with the areas colonized by the Netherlands. After moving to another buidling in 1998, the then merged collections continued under the current name of Naturalis. In 2010, the collections of the Zoological Museum Amsterdam and the National Herbarium Netherlands were also merged with Naturalis. Since 2019, the museum has been located in its current, new building, where the three tasks of Naturalis - collection, science and museum - are even more closely linked. + During the remainder of the twentieth century, the collections of both the RMNH and RGM expanded considerably, remaining in close contact with the areas colonized by the Netherlands. After moving to another building in 1998, the then merged collections continued under the current name of Naturalis. In 2010, the collections of the Zoological Museum Amsterdam and the National Herbarium Netherlands were also merged with Naturalis. Since 2019, the museum has been located in its current, new building, where the three tasks of Naturalis - collection, science and museum - are even more closely linked. **Former directors** *Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie* diff --git a/niveau3/English/RMO_20241106.yml b/niveau3/English/RMO_20241106.yml index 37c3c62..7aec8ab 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/RMO_20241106.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/RMO_20241106.yml @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Main-text: Interestingly, the museum collection was more broadly oriented than the present-day collection that focuses on Egypt, Classical Antiquity, the Near East and archaeology in the Netherlands. In fact, the first director, Caspar Reuvens, held a broader definition of antiquities, so Hindu-Buddhist statues originating from the Singhasari temple in East Java were also added to the collection. Only later, in the early 20th century, was it decided to narrow the museum's focus to the present-day delineations. This should be seen in an overall specialisation of the museum field of the Netherlands during that period. The collection of Asian and American antiquities were thus transferred to the then ‘s Rijks Ethnographisch Museum in 1904. In 2023 and 2024, several of the Singhasari statues originating from the former RMO collection were returned to Indonesia. - The Rijksmuseum of Antiquities' collection is also interesting in the broader context of archaeological collections from southern Europe, Egypt and the Middle East. Although relations were different from those in areas colonised by the Netherlands, archaeological collections in the nineteenth century were excavated and collected in ways contrary to current norms. Well-known examples of archaeological objects collected under these unequal power relations in the nineteenth century are the Parthenon friezes, the Rosetta Stone (both in the Brithish Museum) and the Bust of Nefertiti (owned by the Neues Museum in Berlin). It is therefore important to also see archaeological collection, such as that of the RMO, in the context of the colonial past. + The Rijksmuseum of Antiquities' collection is also interesting in the broader context of archaeological collections from southern Europe, Egypt and the Middle East. Although relations were different from those in areas colonised by the Netherlands, archaeological collections in the nineteenth century were excavated and collected in ways contrary to current norms. Well-known examples of archaeological objects collected under these unequal power relations in the nineteenth century are the Parthenon friezes, the Rosetta Stone (both in the British Museum) and the Bust of Nefertiti (owned by the Neues Museum in Berlin). It is therefore important to also see archaeological collection, such as that of the RMO, in the context of the colonial past. ### Provenance research diff --git a/niveau3/English/WMAmsterdam_20240809.yml b/niveau3/English/WMAmsterdam_20240809.yml index a9545a2..4fccb0b 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/WMAmsterdam_20240809.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/WMAmsterdam_20240809.yml @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ RelatedAides: - "Royal Cabinet of Curiosities": link: "niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml" rel_type: "see also" - - "Artis Ethnografic Museum": + - "Artis Ethnographic Museum": link: "niveau3/English/EMArtis_20240712.yml" rel_type: "see also" - "Wereldmuseum Berg en Dal": @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Main-text: content: | ### Description - The current Wereldmuseum Amsterdam emerged from the [Colonial Museum](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q51871893) in Haarlem, founded in 1871. This Colonial Museum, located in the Paviljoen Welgelegen was initially mainly a products museum, where a variety of colonial goods were displayed. This museum served as a resource for colonial entrepreneurs, providing them with knowledge about, amoung other things, minerals and natural resources. Important donors of objects were government officials, such as [Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q731829) and the former governor of Suriname, [Johand von Schmidt](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1694028), the Dutch East Indies Government, 's Lands Plantentuin in Bogor and several other trading companies and businesses. + The current Wereldmuseum Amsterdam emerged from the [Colonial Museum](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q51871893) in Haarlem, founded in 1871. This Colonial Museum, located in the Paviljoen Welgelegen was initially mainly a products museum, where a variety of colonial goods were displayed. This museum served as a resource for colonial entrepreneurs, providing them with knowledge about, among other things, minerals and natural resources. Important donors of objects were government officials, such as [Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q731829) and the former governor of Suriname, [Johand von Schmidt](http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1694028), the Dutch East Indies Government, 's Lands Plantentuin in Bogor and several other trading companies and businesses. Due to lack of space in Haarlem, it was decided in 1913 to transfer the collection to the recently founded Vereeniging Koloniaal Insituut, which would open its own museum on Mauritskade in Amsterdam in 1926, in the building where Wereldmuseum Amsterdam is still located. The collection of the Artis Ethnographic Museum was also incorporated into the Colonial Institute's museum. In 1926, the collection consisted of around 30,000 objects, 10,000 of which were from the Artis collection. The Colonial Institute was divided into three departments, Tropical Products, Tropical Hygiene and Ethnography, all of which had their own exhibition rooms at their disposal. The Tropical Products Museum was disbanded in the 1960s and several of its objects were transferred at later times to the then Agricultural University of Wageningen (now Wageningen Univeristy & Research) and the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden (now Naturalis). diff --git a/niveau3/English/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml b/niveau3/English/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml index 7ab890d..87f2f3f 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/WMBergEnDal_20241001.yml @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Main-text: As early as 1956, the museum was operated by the Stichting Afrika Museum and, in addition to the collection, received an annual donation from the Congregation of the Holy Spirit. Because of this independent position, the focus during the 1960s and 1970s came to be more on the scientific approach towards African cultural objects, and cooperation arose with the, then still, Roman Catholic Radboud University in Nijmegen. In 1974, the congregation decided to discontinue its donation to the museum, after which the Afrika Museum became entirely dependent on government funding. The museum grounds were subsequently made available by the congregation and the building was rented for a small price to the Stichting Afrika Museum and the collection was loaned to the association. - The Afrika Museum is known for the replicas of several African homes that were built on the museum grounds, openly visitable for the public. This outdoor museum and, first, also animal park, was founded in 1958 and expanded in 1987. In 2014, as part of the then centralization policy, the Afrika Museum was merged with [Museum Volkenkunde](niveau3/English/WMLeiden_20240508.yml) in Leiden, [the Tropenmuseum](niveau3/English/WMAmsterdam_20240809.yml) in Amsterdam and later [the Wereldmuseum](niveau3/English/WMRotterdam_2040822.yml) in Rotterdam, these museums have continued under the name Wereldmuseum since 2023. + The Afrika Museum is known for the replicas of several African homes that were built on the museum grounds, openly accessible for the public. This outdoor museum and, first, also animal park, was founded in 1958 and expanded in 1987. In 2014, as part of the then centralization policy, the Afrika Museum was merged with [Museum Volkenkunde](niveau3/English/WMLeiden_20240508.yml) in Leiden, [the Tropenmuseum](niveau3/English/WMAmsterdam_20240809.yml) in Amsterdam and later [the Wereldmuseum](niveau3/English/WMRotterdam_2040822.yml) in Rotterdam, these museums have continued under the name Wereldmuseum since 2023. In 2021, a dispute arose between the National Museum of World Cultures foundation and the Congregation of the Holy Spirit over the museum's destiny. The views of the foundation, which rented the museum building and has part of the collection on loan from the congregation, were so far apart that it was decided to close the museum at the end of 2023. To date, the future of the museum and its collection is unknown. diff --git a/niveau3/English/WMLeiden_20240508.yml b/niveau3/English/WMLeiden_20240508.yml index ea8cd43..c0738a6 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/WMLeiden_20240508.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/WMLeiden_20240508.yml @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ RelatedAides: - "Pieter H. Pott": link: "niveau3/English/PieterPott_20240508.yml" rel_type: "see also" - - "Artis Ethnografic Museum": + - "Artis Ethnographic Museum": link: "niveau3/English/EMArtis_20240712.yml" rel_type: "see also" - "Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Wetenschappen en Kunsten": @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Main-text: The modern-day Wereldmuseum Leiden has a history in which the first hundred years are characterized by financial difficulties, the accumulation of large quantities of objects and many changes of location. In 1937, the museum finally found a permanent home in the former University Hospital where it could display its entire collection. Today, the museum is still located in this building. - The collection of the Wereldmuseum Leiden originated from the private collection of Philipp Franz von Siebold, also the museum's first director. His collection, which consisted mainly of Japanese objects was expanded during the 19th century to include several private collections and, in 1883, several ethnographic objects from the collection of the [Royal Cabinet of Curiosities](niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml). At the start of the twentieth century, part of the collection of the Museum of Antiquities in Leiden was also transferred to the then Rijks Etnografisch Museum. The latter group of objects included the various Singasari statues, some of which were returned to Indonesia in 1978 and others in 2023. On the other hand, objects were also transferred from the Ethnographic Museum to other museums, such as to the Anatomical Museum in Leiden in 1935. + The collection of the Wereldmuseum Leiden originated from the private collection of Philipp Franz von Siebold, also the museum's first director. His collection, which consisted mainly of Japanese objects was expanded during the 19th century to include several private collections and, in 1883, several ethnographic objects from the collection of the [Royal Cabinet of Curiosities](niveau3/English/KKZ_20240417.yml). At the start of the twentieth century, part of the collection of the Museum of Antiquities in Leiden was also transferred to the then Rijks Etnografisch Museum. The latter group of objects included the various Singhasari statues, some of which were returned to Indonesia in 1978 and others in 2023. On the other hand, objects were also transferred from the Ethnographic Museum to other museums, such as to the Anatomical Museum in Leiden in 1935. Objects were acquired in various ways. First, as described above, by exchange with other museums. In addition, the National Ethnographic Museum itself was an active buyer of ethnographic objects from dealers and auctions; part of the Museum's collection of Benin Bronzes, for example, were obtained in this way. Many objects were also received as donations, often from colonial officials or military personnel of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL), for example. The vast majority of the collection of the present Wereldmuseum Leiden was therefore collected during the 19th and 20th centuries. diff --git a/niveau3/English/WageningenUniversity_20240508.yml b/niveau3/English/WageningenUniversity_20240508.yml index 106e29c..f08d16f 100644 --- a/niveau3/English/WageningenUniversity_20240508.yml +++ b/niveau3/English/WageningenUniversity_20240508.yml @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Main-text: content: | ### Description - The Agricultural College (now: [Wageningen University & Research](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q422208)) had a museum display of objects from [the Dutch East Indies](https://sws.geonames.org/1643084) since the early 20th century, which was used in teaching geography and anthropology. This collection expanded with purchases and donations by individuals, dealers and museums. For example, there was a donation in 1914 from the collections of the [Royal Military Academy](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q934782), the then [Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q17339437) donated a collection of Papua objects in 1941, and the then [Colonial Institute](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q20967233) donated a collection of Indonesian objects in 1948. Also on display from about 1946 to 1953 was the private collection of [Frits Herman van Naerssen](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q107598638), a lecturer at the Agricultural College. During World War II, much of the Agricultural College collection was lost, but it was reestablished after the war. After Indonesia's independence in 1949, the focus of the college's education shifted to other countries. Around 1960 almost the entire collection was given on loan to the Stedelijk [Gymnasium Schiedam](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2103808) and from 1962 the collection was divided between the Gymnasium in Schiedam and the Ethnographic Museum in Delft (later Museum Nusantara). The objects in Schiedam were transferred to the World Museum in Rotterdam in 1997, and the objects in Delft ended up with various museums after Museum Nusantara closed in 2013. + The Agricultural College (now: [Wageningen University & Research](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q422208)) had a museum display of objects from [the Dutch East Indies](https://sws.geonames.org/1643084) since the early 20th century, which was used in teaching geography and anthropology. This collection expanded with purchases and donations by individuals, dealers and museums. For example, there was a donation in 1914 from the collections of the [Royal Military Academy](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q934782), the then [Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q17339437) donated a collection of Papua objects in 1941, and the then [Colonial Institute](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q20967233) donated a collection of Indonesian objects in 1948. Also on display from about 1946 to 1953 was the private collection of [Frits Herman van Naerssen](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q107598638), a lecturer at the Agricultural College. During World War II, much of the Agricultural College collection was lost, but it was re-established after the war. After Indonesia's independence in 1949, the focus of the college's education shifted to other countries. Around 1960 almost the entire collection was given on loan to the Stedelijk [Gymnasium Schiedam](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2103808) and from 1962 the collection was divided between the Gymnasium in Schiedam and the Ethnographic Museum in Delft (later Museum Nusantara). The objects in Schiedam were transferred to the World Museum in Rotterdam in 1997, and the objects in Delft ended up with various museums after Museum Nusantara closed in 2013. ### Provenance research