diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 3b8f3a8d..32bae1f3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Java (temurin@8)
         id: setup-java-temurin-8
         if: matrix.java == 'temurin@8'
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
         with:
           distribution: temurin
           java-version: 8
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Upload target directories
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request' && (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main')
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: target-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.java }}-${{ matrix.scala }}
           path: targets.tar
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Java (temurin@8)
         id: setup-java-temurin-8
         if: matrix.java == 'temurin@8'
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
         with:
           distribution: temurin
           java-version: 8
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:
         run: sbt +update
 
       - name: Download target directories (3)
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: target-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.java }}-3
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Java (temurin@8)
         id: setup-java-temurin-8
         if: matrix.java == 'temurin@8'
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
         with:
           distribution: temurin
           java-version: 8
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Java (temurin@8)
         id: setup-java-temurin-8
         if: matrix.java == 'temurin@8'
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
         with:
           distribution: temurin
           java-version: 8
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Java (temurin@11)
         id: setup-java-temurin-11
         if: matrix.java == 'temurin@11'
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
         with:
           distribution: temurin
           java-version: 11
diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index ffda0bf3..b5aa6f68 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ThisBuild / developers := List(
 // true by default, set to false to publish to s01.oss.sonatype.org
 ThisBuild / tlSonatypeUseLegacyHost := true
 
-lazy val scala3 = "3.3.1"
+lazy val scala3 = "3.3.3"
 
 ThisBuild / crossScalaVersions := List(scala3)
 ThisBuild / scalaVersion := scala3
diff --git a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/BufferedImageWriter.scala b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/BufferedImageWriter.scala
index d1d94dbb..2f6d7bc8 100644
--- a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/BufferedImageWriter.scala
+++ b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/BufferedImageWriter.scala
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package effect
 import cats.effect.IO
 import doodle.algebra.Algebra
 import doodle.algebra.Picture
+
 import java.awt.image.BufferedImage
 
 /** The BufferedImageWriter type represent the ability to encode an image as a
diff --git a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/BufferedImageWriterSyntax.scala b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/BufferedImageWriterSyntax.scala
index 01c7ff8e..a8f60227 100644
--- a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/BufferedImageWriterSyntax.scala
+++ b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/BufferedImageWriterSyntax.scala
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import cats.effect.unsafe.IORuntime
 import doodle.algebra.Algebra
 import doodle.algebra.Picture
 import doodle.effect.BufferedImageWriter
+
 import java.awt.image.BufferedImage
 
 trait BufferedImageWriterSyntax {
diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/DefaultRenderer.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/DefaultFrame.scala
similarity index 59%
rename from core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/DefaultRenderer.scala
rename to core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/DefaultFrame.scala
index 7ca84db7..dc0dc223 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/DefaultRenderer.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/DefaultFrame.scala
@@ -14,20 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package doodle
-package effect
+package doodle.effect
 
-import doodle.algebra.Algebra
-
-/** The `DefaultRenderer` typeclass is a `Renderer` that has a reasonable
-  * default frame.
+/** The `DefaultFrame` typeclass provides a reasonable default `Frame`. This is
+  * a convenience for `Renderer` or `Writer` users that don't want to have to
+  * create a `Frame` instance.
   */
-trait DefaultRenderer[+Alg <: Algebra, Frame, Canvas]
-    extends Renderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas] {
+trait DefaultFrame[Frame] {
   def default: Frame
 }
-object DefaultRenderer {
-  def apply[Alg <: Algebra, Frame, Canvas](implicit
-      renderer: DefaultRenderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas]
-  ): DefaultRenderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas] = renderer
+object DefaultFrame {
+  def apply[Frame](implicit frame: DefaultFrame[Frame]): DefaultFrame[Frame] =
+    frame
 }
diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/AbstractRendererSyntax.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/AbstractRendererSyntax.scala
index 4078985e..6cb4214f 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/AbstractRendererSyntax.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/AbstractRendererSyntax.scala
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ import cats.effect.IO
 import cats.effect.unsafe.IORuntime
 import doodle.algebra.Algebra
 import doodle.algebra.Picture
-import doodle.effect.DefaultRenderer
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
 import doodle.effect.Renderer
 
 /** Rendering works differently on different platforms. The Javascript runtime
   * must render asynchronously. The JVM runtime can render asychronously or
   * sychronously. However, rendering in a Swing / Java2D context takes places on
   * a daemon thread. This means the JVM will exit if this is the only thread
-  * running. The implication is that short Doodle program that does not block
+  * running. The implication is that a short Doodle program that does not block
   * the main thread waiting for the Swing thread to complete will usually exit
   * before the output appears. Therefore, at least in the common case of calling
   * `draw`, rendering should be synchronous on the JVM.
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ trait AbstractRendererSyntax {
       * options for this `Renderer`.
       */
     def draw[Frame, Canvas]()(implicit
-        renderer: DefaultRenderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+        renderer: Renderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+        frame: DefaultFrame[Frame],
         r: IORuntime
     ): Unit =
       runIO(drawToIO())
@@ -73,10 +74,11 @@ trait AbstractRendererSyntax {
       * `Frame` for this `Renderer`.
       */
     def drawToIO[Frame, Canvas]()(implicit
-        renderer: DefaultRenderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas]
+        renderer: Renderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+        frame: DefaultFrame[Frame]
     ): IO[A] =
       renderer
-        .canvas(renderer.default)
+        .canvas(frame.default)
         .flatMap(canvas => drawWithCanvasToIO(canvas))
 
     /** Create an effect that, when run, will draw the `Picture` using the given
diff --git a/docs/src/pages/effect/README.md b/docs/src/pages/effect/README.md
index 32d81007..f78dd7d1 100644
--- a/docs/src/pages/effect/README.md
+++ b/docs/src/pages/effect/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # Effects
 
-A picture is a description of what should be drawn. An effect carries out the description by, for example, drawing a picture to the screen. Another example includes converting a picture to a different type or saving it to a file which is managed by a special class of effects called `Writers`.
+A picture is a description of what should be drawn. An effect carries out the description by, for example, drawing a picture to the screen or writing it to a file. Effects are implemented as type classes and defined in the @:api(doodle.effect) package. Users will not usually interact directly with effects, but instead work with the syntax defined for them. For example calling `draw` on a `Picture` is syntax that uses the @:api(doodle.effect.Renderer) effect.
 
-Effects are defined in the @:api(doodle.effect.index) package. All effects have @:api(doodle.syntax.index) that makes them easier to use. You should not have to use effects directly unless you are extending Doodle.
+The main effects are:
+
+* @:api(doodle.effect.Renderer), which draws a `Picture` to the screen.
+* @:api(doodle.effect.Writer), is a marker trait for effects that convert a `Picture` to some other type or write it to a file.
+* @:api(doodle.effect.FileWriter), for writing to a `File`.
+* @:api(doodle.effect.Base64Writer), for writing to a base 64 encoded value.
+* @:api(doodle.effect.BufferedImageWriter), for writing to a `BufferedImage` on the JVM.
+* @:api(doodle.effect.DefaultFrame), not strictly an effect but a useful for utility to obtain a default frame instance. This makes other operations more convenient, as the user does not need to specify a frame.
diff --git a/image/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/AbstractImageSyntax.scala b/image/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/AbstractImageSyntax.scala
index ceeec988..85b50873 100644
--- a/image/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/AbstractImageSyntax.scala
+++ b/image/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/AbstractImageSyntax.scala
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ package image
 package syntax
 
 import cats.effect.unsafe.IORuntime
-import doodle.effect.DefaultRenderer
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
 import doodle.effect.Renderer
 import doodle.language.Basic
 import doodle.syntax.AbstractRendererSyntax
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ abstract class AbstractImageSyntax(rendererSyntax: AbstractRendererSyntax) {
       image.compile[Alg].drawWithFrame(frame)
 
     def draw[Alg <: Basic, Frame, Canvas]()(implicit
-        renderer: DefaultRenderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+        renderer: Renderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+        frame: DefaultFrame[Frame],
         r: IORuntime
     ): Unit =
       image.compile[Alg].draw()
diff --git a/interact/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/interact/effect/AnimationWriter.scala b/interact/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/interact/effect/AnimationWriter.scala
index 8215acc8..993589a5 100644
--- a/interact/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/interact/effect/AnimationWriter.scala
+++ b/interact/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/interact/effect/AnimationWriter.scala
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ import cats.Monoid
 import cats.effect.IO
 import doodle.algebra.Algebra
 import doodle.algebra.Picture
-import fs2.Stream
 import doodle.effect.Writer
+import fs2.Stream
 
 import java.io.File
 
diff --git a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/DefaultFrame.scala b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/DefaultFrame.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fe67b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/DefaultFrame.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Creative Scala
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package doodle.java2d.effect
+
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
+
+object Java2dDefaultFrame extends DefaultFrame[Frame] {
+  val default: Frame = Frame.default.withSizedToPicture(20)
+}
diff --git a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2d.scala b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2d.scala
index 55c713c6..37f962bb 100644
--- a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2d.scala
+++ b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2d.scala
@@ -19,16 +19,15 @@ package java2d
 package effect
 
 import cats.effect.IO
+import doodle.algebra.generic.*
 import doodle.core.BoundingBox
-import doodle.core.{Transform => Tx}
 import doodle.core.Color
 import doodle.core.Transform
-
-import doodle.algebra.generic.*
-import doodle.java2d.algebra.Graphics2DGraphicsContext
-import doodle.java2d.algebra.reified.Reified
+import doodle.core.{Transform => Tx}
 import doodle.java2d.algebra.Algebra
+import doodle.java2d.algebra.Graphics2DGraphicsContext
 import doodle.java2d.algebra.reified.Reification
+import doodle.java2d.algebra.reified.Reified
 import doodle.java2d.algebra.{Java2D => Java2dAlgebra}
 
 import java.awt.Graphics2D
diff --git a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dBufferedImageWriter.scala b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dBufferedImageWriter.scala
index a1b251e2..f6af1df4 100644
--- a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dBufferedImageWriter.scala
+++ b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dBufferedImageWriter.scala
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ package effect
 import cats.effect.IO
 import doodle.effect.*
 import doodle.java2d.effect.{Java2d => Java2dEffect}
+
 import java.awt.image.BufferedImage
 
 object Java2dBufferedImageWriter
diff --git a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dRenderer.scala b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dRenderer.scala
index e37e47f3..ca4bd2e2 100644
--- a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dRenderer.scala
+++ b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dRenderer.scala
@@ -19,18 +19,16 @@ package java2d
 package effect
 
 import cats.effect.IO
-import doodle.effect.DefaultRenderer
+import doodle.effect.Renderer
 
 import javax.swing.JFrame
 
-object Java2dRenderer extends DefaultRenderer[Algebra, Frame, Canvas] {
+object Java2dRenderer extends Renderer[Algebra, Frame, Canvas] {
 
   import cats.effect.unsafe.implicits.global
 
   private var jFrames: List[JFrame] = List.empty
 
-  val default: Frame = Frame.default.withSizedToPicture(20)
-
   def canvas(description: Frame): IO[Canvas] =
     Canvas(description).flatMap { jFrame =>
       IO {
diff --git a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/package.scala b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/package.scala
index dd4f3836..1ddf8786 100644
--- a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/package.scala
+++ b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/package.scala
@@ -19,14 +19,15 @@ package doodle
 import doodle.algebra._
 import doodle.core.format._
 import doodle.effect.Base64Writer
-import doodle.effect.DefaultRenderer
+import doodle.effect.BufferedImageWriter
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
 import doodle.effect.FileWriter
+import doodle.effect.Renderer
 import doodle.interact.algebra._
 import doodle.interact.effect.AnimationRenderer
 import doodle.interact.effect.AnimationWriter
 import doodle.java2d.algebra.reified.Reification
 import doodle.language.Basic
-import doodle.effect.BufferedImageWriter
 
 package object java2d extends Java2dToPicture {
   type Algebra =
@@ -52,8 +53,10 @@ package object java2d extends Java2dToPicture {
     doodle.java2d.effect.Java2dAnimationWriter
 
   implicit val java2dRenderer
-      : DefaultRenderer[Algebra, doodle.java2d.effect.Frame, Canvas] =
+      : Renderer[Algebra, doodle.java2d.effect.Frame, Canvas] =
     doodle.java2d.effect.Java2dRenderer
+  implicit val java2dFrame: DefaultFrame[doodle.java2d.effect.Frame] =
+    doodle.java2d.effect.Java2dDefaultFrame
   implicit val java2dGifWriter
       : FileWriter[Algebra, Frame, Gif] with Base64Writer[Algebra, Frame, Gif] =
     doodle.java2d.effect.Java2dGifWriter
diff --git a/project/Dependencies.scala b/project/Dependencies.scala
index 88aacab3..da623899 100644
--- a/project/Dependencies.scala
+++ b/project/Dependencies.scala
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import org.portablescala.sbtplatformdeps.PlatformDepsPlugin.autoImport._
 object Dependencies {
   // Library Versions
   val catsVersion = "2.10.0"
-  val catsEffectVersion = "3.5.2"
-  val fs2Version = "3.9.3"
+  val catsEffectVersion = "3.5.4"
+  val fs2Version = "3.10.0"
 
   val scalatagsVersion = "0.12.0"
 
diff --git a/project/build.properties b/project/build.properties
index e8a1e246..04267b14 100644
--- a/project/build.properties
+++ b/project/build.properties
@@ -1 +1 @@
-sbt.version=1.9.7
+sbt.version=1.9.9
diff --git a/project/plugins.sbt b/project/plugins.sbt
index 7eb36854..a4447605 100644
--- a/project/plugins.sbt
+++ b/project/plugins.sbt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-addSbtPlugin("org.scala-js" % "sbt-scalajs" % "1.14.0")
+addSbtPlugin("org.scala-js" % "sbt-scalajs" % "1.16.0")
 addSbtPlugin("com.timushev.sbt" % "sbt-updates" % "0.6.4")
 addSbtPlugin("org.scalameta" % "sbt-scalafmt" % "2.5.2")
 addSbtPlugin("com.github.sbt" % "sbt-unidoc" % "0.5.0")
-addSbtPlugin("ch.epfl.scala" % "sbt-scalafix" % "0.11.1")
-addSbtPlugin("org.typelevel" % "sbt-typelevel" % "0.6.2")
-addSbtPlugin("org.typelevel" % "sbt-typelevel-site" % "0.6.2")
+addSbtPlugin("ch.epfl.scala" % "sbt-scalafix" % "0.12.0")
+addSbtPlugin("org.typelevel" % "sbt-typelevel" % "0.6.7")
+addSbtPlugin("org.typelevel" % "sbt-typelevel-site" % "0.6.7")
diff --git a/reactor/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/reactor/Reactor.scala b/reactor/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/reactor/Reactor.scala
index 42860ec8..000bfa7a 100644
--- a/reactor/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/reactor/Reactor.scala
+++ b/reactor/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/reactor/Reactor.scala
@@ -93,11 +93,12 @@ final case class Reactor[A](
   }
 
   def draw[Alg <: Basic, Frame, Canvas]()(implicit
-      renderer: DefaultRenderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+      renderer: Renderer[Alg, Frame, Canvas],
+      frame: DefaultFrame[Frame],
       runtime: IORuntime
   ): Unit = {
     import doodle.image.syntax.all._
-    this.image.draw()(renderer, runtime)
+    this.image.draw()(renderer, frame, runtime)
   }
 }
 object Reactor {