diff --git a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/Base64WriterSyntax.scala b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/Base64WriterSyntax.scala
index c8124cba..d62f9fa3 100644
--- a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/Base64WriterSyntax.scala
+++ b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/Base64WriterSyntax.scala
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import doodle.algebra.Picture
 import doodle.core.format.Format
 import doodle.core.{Base64 as B64}
 import doodle.effect.Base64Writer
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
 
 trait Base64WriterSyntax {
   implicit class Base64Ops[Alg <: Algebra, A](
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ trait Base64WriterSyntax {
     class Base64OpsHelper[Fmt <: Format](picture: Picture[Alg, A]) {
       def apply[Frame]()(implicit
           w: Base64Writer[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+          f: DefaultFrame[Frame],
           r: IORuntime
       ): (A, B64[Fmt]) =
         w.base64(picture).unsafeRunSync()
@@ -47,7 +49,8 @@ trait Base64WriterSyntax {
 
     class Base64IOOpsHelper[Fmt <: Format](picture: Picture[Alg, A]) {
       def apply[Frame]()(implicit
-          w: Base64Writer[Alg, Frame, Fmt]
+          w: Base64Writer[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+          f: DefaultFrame[Frame]
       ): IO[(A, B64[Fmt])] =
         w.base64(picture)
 
diff --git a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/FileWriterSyntax.scala b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/FileWriterSyntax.scala
index 35919e08..cb7fde97 100644
--- a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/FileWriterSyntax.scala
+++ b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/syntax/FileWriterSyntax.scala
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import cats.effect.unsafe.IORuntime
 import doodle.algebra.Algebra
 import doodle.algebra.Picture
 import doodle.core.format.Format
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
 import doodle.effect.FileWriter
 
 import java.io.File
@@ -35,12 +36,14 @@ trait FileWriterSyntax {
     class FileWriterOpsHelper[Fmt <: Format](picture: Picture[Alg, A]) {
       def apply[Frame](file: String)(implicit
           w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+          f: DefaultFrame[Frame],
           r: IORuntime
       ): A =
         apply(new File(file))
 
       def apply[Frame](file: File)(implicit
           w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+          f: DefaultFrame[Frame],
           r: IORuntime
       ): A =
         w.write(file, picture).unsafeRunSync()
@@ -60,12 +63,14 @@ trait FileWriterSyntax {
 
     class FileWriterIOOpsHelper[Fmt <: Format](picture: Picture[Alg, A]) {
       def apply[Frame](file: String)(implicit
-          w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt]
+          w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+          f: DefaultFrame[Frame]
       ): IO[A] =
         apply(new File(file))
 
       def apply[Frame](file: File)(implicit
-          w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt]
+          w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+          f: DefaultFrame[Frame]
       ): IO[A] =
         w.write(file, picture)
 
diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/Base64Writer.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/Base64Writer.scala
index 226e953b..03ce25c8 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/Base64Writer.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/Base64Writer.scala
@@ -32,5 +32,9 @@ trait Base64Writer[+Alg <: Algebra, Frame, Fmt <: Format]
       description: Frame,
       picture: Picture[Alg, A]
   ): IO[(A, B64[Fmt])]
-  def base64[A](picture: Picture[Alg, A]): IO[(A, B64[Fmt])]
+
+  def base64[A](picture: Picture[Alg, A])(using
+      frame: DefaultFrame[Frame]
+  ): IO[(A, B64[Fmt])] =
+    base64(frame.default, picture)
 }
diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/FileWriter.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/FileWriter.scala
index 6128430e..98d12036 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/FileWriter.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/doodle/effect/FileWriter.scala
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ import java.io.File
   */
 trait FileWriter[+Alg <: Algebra, Frame, Fmt <: Format]
     extends Writer[Alg, Frame] {
-  def write[A](file: File, description: Frame, image: Picture[Alg, A]): IO[A]
-  def write[A](file: File, image: Picture[Alg, A]): IO[A]
+  def write[A](file: File, description: Frame, picture: Picture[Alg, A]): IO[A]
+
+  def write[A](file: File, picture: Picture[Alg, A])(using
+      frame: DefaultFrame[Frame]
+  ): IO[A] =
+    write(file, frame.default, picture)
 }
diff --git a/image/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/JvmImageSyntax.scala b/image/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/JvmImageSyntax.scala
index 9b33d25c..6488ecf1 100644
--- a/image/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/JvmImageSyntax.scala
+++ b/image/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/image/syntax/JvmImageSyntax.scala
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import doodle.algebra.Picture
 import doodle.core.format.Format
 import doodle.core.{Base64 as B64}
 import doodle.effect.Base64Writer
+import doodle.effect.DefaultFrame
 import doodle.effect.FileWriter
 import doodle.language.Basic
 
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ class JvmImageSyntax extends AbstractImageSyntax(doodle.syntax.renderer) {
   final class Base64Ops[Fmt <: Format](image: Image) {
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](implicit
         w: Base64Writer[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+        f: DefaultFrame[Frame],
         runtime: IORuntime
     ): B64[Fmt] = {
       val picture = new Picture[Basic, Unit] {
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ class JvmImageSyntax extends AbstractImageSyntax(doodle.syntax.renderer) {
   final class ImageWriterUnitOps[Fmt <: Format](image: Image) {
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](file: String)(implicit
         w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+        f: DefaultFrame[Frame],
         r: IORuntime
     ): Unit =
       apply(new File(file))
@@ -78,7 +81,11 @@ class JvmImageSyntax extends AbstractImageSyntax(doodle.syntax.renderer) {
 
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](
         file: File
-    )(implicit w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt], r: IORuntime): Unit =
+    )(implicit
+        w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+        f: DefaultFrame[Frame],
+        r: IORuntime
+    ): Unit =
       image.compile[Alg].write[Fmt](file)
 
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](file: File, frame: Frame)(implicit
@@ -94,7 +101,8 @@ class JvmImageSyntax extends AbstractImageSyntax(doodle.syntax.renderer) {
     */
   final class ImageWriterIOOps[Fmt <: Format](image: Image) {
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](file: String)(implicit
-        w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt]
+        w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+        f: DefaultFrame[Frame]
     ): IO[Unit] =
       apply(new File(file))
 
@@ -105,7 +113,10 @@ class JvmImageSyntax extends AbstractImageSyntax(doodle.syntax.renderer) {
 
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](
         file: File
-    )(implicit w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt]): IO[Unit] =
+    )(implicit
+        w: FileWriter[Alg, Frame, Fmt],
+        f: DefaultFrame[Frame]
+    ): IO[Unit] =
       image.compile[Alg].writeToIO[Fmt](file)
 
     def apply[Alg <: Basic, Frame](file: File, frame: Frame)(implicit
diff --git a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dWriter.scala b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dWriter.scala
index 19422a04..64b0aea0 100644
--- a/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dWriter.scala
+++ b/java2d/src/main/scala/doodle/java2d/effect/Java2dWriter.scala
@@ -46,10 +46,6 @@ trait Java2dWriter[Fmt <: Format]
   // with alpha channels as described in https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8119048
   def makeImage(w: Int, h: Int): BufferedImage
 
-  def write[A](file: File, picture: Picture[A]): IO[A] = {
-    write(file, Frame.default.withSizedToPicture(20), picture)
-  }
-
   def write[A](file: File, frame: Frame, picture: Picture[A]): IO[A] = {
     for {
       result <- Java2d.renderBufferedImage(
@@ -70,9 +66,6 @@ trait Java2dWriter[Fmt <: Format]
       base64 = JBase64.getEncoder.encodeToString(output.toByteArray)
     } yield (value, B64[Fmt](base64))
 
-  def base64[A](image: Picture[A]): IO[(A, B64[Fmt])] =
-    base64(Frame.default.withSizedToPicture(20), image)
-
   private def writeToOutput[A](
       output: OutputStream,
       frame: Frame,
diff --git a/svg/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/svg/effect/SvgWriter.scala b/svg/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/svg/effect/SvgWriter.scala
index fecac25d..cad95b3b 100644
--- a/svg/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/svg/effect/SvgWriter.scala
+++ b/svg/jvm/src/main/scala/doodle/svg/effect/SvgWriter.scala
@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ object SvgWriter
       }
   }
 
-  def write[A](file: File, picture: Picture[Algebra, A]): IO[A] =
-    write(file, Frame("").withSizedToPicture(), picture)
-
   def base64[A](
       frame: Frame,
       image: Picture[Algebra, A]
@@ -59,9 +56,4 @@ object SvgWriter
       (nodes, value) = rendered
       b64 = JBase64.getEncoder.encodeToString(nodes.getBytes())
     } yield (value, B64[format.Svg](b64))
-
-  def base64[A](
-      picture: Picture[Algebra, A]
-  ): IO[(A, B64[format.Svg])] =
-    base64(Frame("").withSizedToPicture(), picture)
 }