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<p>转自:<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI1MTIxODg5MA==&mid=2652639811&idx=1&sn=d8aabe341bdc1e74401d661f96c0b172&scene=19#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener">知老汤乎</a></p>
<p>转载请注明出处:<a href="https://dax309.club/learnPC-CPU.html">https://dax309.club/learnPC-CPU.html</a><br>简单来说,主板是由集成电路和插槽构成的电路板,为其他电脑硬件提供安装位置、供电和其他功能。主板已经把连接其他部件的接口做成插槽,I/O(Input/Output)接口含USB、VGA视频接口、RJ45网口,音频接口等;SATA接口用于连接SATA接口的硬盘;插针与机箱上的接口线连接,为机箱提供电源键、USB、音频等功能。<br><a id="more"></a><br><img src="/images/learnpc/1.jpg"></p>
<h2 id="主板分类"><a href="#主板分类" class="headerlink" title="主板分类"></a>主板分类</h2><p>主板多是以芯片组分类的。芯片是有处理能力的集成电路,芯片组就是由多块芯片构成的芯片集。过去,芯片组有两名成员:在主板上方靠近CPU的北桥(也称主桥,North Bridge,NB)芯片和右下方与PCI槽相邻的南桥(South Bridge,SB)芯片。<br><img src="/images/learnpc/2.png"><br>NB主要控制CPU与内存之间的数据传输,SB主要控制I/O(Input/Output)接口。随着成本和稳定性的需要,NB的部分功能如内存控制器和核心显卡被集成到CPU中,剩余功能与SB集成在一起,形成看起来只有SB的现在的主板的样貌,称为单桥(PCH)。<br>过去,NB肩负着CPU运算的重任,故芯片组均以NB的类型命名,如H81、B85、Z87等。相应地,也把搭载不同芯片组的主板简称为H81主板、B85主板等,便形成了主板的分类。</p>
<h2 id="芯片组的作用"><a href="#芯片组的作用" class="headerlink" title="芯片组的作用"></a>芯片组的作用</h2><p>1.芯片组不同,可承载的硬件规格就不同。一般来说,更高端的芯片组,可承载的其他硬件规格就更高。<br>如100系主板(如Z170、B150等)可支持DDR4内存。<br>不同芯片组支持的最大内存频率、M.2接口的支持与否等区别不胜枚举,大家都可以问度娘,在此不一一列举。<br>2.芯片组不同,可承载的硬件数量就不同。一般来说,更高端的芯片组,可承载的硬件数量就更多。<br>如H81主板只有2个内存插槽,也就只能插两条内存;而B85主板则拥有最多4个内存插槽。<br>此外还有USB接口数、PCI-E总线数、SATA接口数等各种接口数量上的差异大家都可以问度娘,在此也不一一列举。<br>3.芯片组不同,拓展功能也不同。一般来说,更高端的芯片组,拓展性就更强,可玩性也更强。<br>比如B85等非旗舰芯片组难以进行多显卡SLI,不仅是因为PCI-E总线数不足,而且本身芯片组就对SLI进行了限制。(部分主板也可以通过破解解除封印)<br>仅有Z系主板原生支持超频。其他差异大家都可以问度娘,在此还是不一一列举。(BTW,部分主板也可以通过破解,解除超频锁定)<br>4.芯片组不同,价格自然就不同。</p>
<h2 id="主板的分类"><a href="#主板的分类" class="headerlink" title="主板的分类"></a>主板的分类</h2><p>1.板型<br>板型是最直观的区别,常见的板型由大到小分别为XL-ATX,ATX,M-ATX,ITX。这里的命名是比较混乱的,尤其在电商购买时往往分类不标准:<br>XL-ATX一般也记为E-ATX;<br>ATX也称Standard-ATX,是标准板型;<br>M-ATX即Micro-ATX,其实包括正宗的M-ATX和μ-ATX:M-ATX为正方形;μ-ATX为宽度比M-ATX小的长方形,尺寸比M-ATX更小;<br>ITX又称Mini-ITX;<br>购买时注意识别。<br><img src="/images/learnpc/3.png"><br>尺寸小的主板,插槽固然也少。其中M-ATX一般瞄准低端市场,用料也会比较低端,价格上一般比较便宜。ITX用于组装小巧精致的Mini台式机,这类台式机更多是为了美观和给发烧友装13用的,所以某些主板厂商机(jiao)智(hua)地瞄准这些高端用户推出用料精良的高端ITX主板,所以某些产品比ATX主板还贵。</p>
<p>2.I/O接口<br>之前提到,不同芯片组可支持的I/O接口的类型和数量是不同的,另外,I/O接口也由主板厂商的设计决定:<br>同为Z170主板,技嘉和华硕的产品在USB接口数量上就不一样:技嘉 Z170X-GAMING G1有10个USB接口,而华硕 Z170-DELUXE为6个。这两款主板的音频接口在材质上也有明显区别。</p>
<p>I/O接口的差异影响着实用性,购买时应仔细比较,并判断自己所需要的I/O接口。</p>
<p>3.供电模块<br>电力从电源传输到主板,主板进行稳流和调制后传输给各个硬件,供电模块的作用便是为硬件提供稳定、纯净的电流。供电模块的构成比较复杂,普通DIYer一般关注供电相数、电子元件的质量等。其中电子元件的质量取决于生产元件的厂家,主板厂商一般会把所用的元件品牌型号列出,这里不予讨论,仅讨论供电相数。<br>供电相数:一相供电由一个电感,一个电容和一对MOS管组成,用于滤波、稳流。随着CPU性能的增强,对供电的要求越来越高,主板的供电相数也越做越多。</p>
<p>供电相数多,自然可以提供更稳定的电流。但过多也是有弊端的:<br>首先,电子元件多了,价格自然也贵。<br>其次,电子元件的增加使电路变复杂,后果便是主板设计更加困难,小厂商设计跟不上却又想增加供电相数,结果就是供电设计不合理,容易坏;采用更优秀的设计,设计成本又上来了,只能从用户中赚回来,又变贵。供电模块多,发热问题也很严重,如果设计时不加装供电模块的散热片,发热过大容易导致元件烧毁;加装散热片又会增加成本,还是一个字:贵。</p>
<p>总而言之,供电相数,够用就好。一般来说,对于不超频的用户而言,供电相数10相以内足矣,5、6相已经差不多了,主板厂商设计主流芯片组的主板时也不会采用太多相,但基本上也不会出现供电相数不足的情况,否则怎么卖得出去呢。但超频用户,还得尽量选择供电相数较多的主板,以保证超频稳定。<br>4.内存插槽<br>这里主要强调的也是内存插槽的数量。尤其是分类模糊的M-ATX主板中,μ-ATX一般仅有两根内存插槽,购买前看清楚。</p>
<p>5.SATA接口<br>SATA接口是连接硬盘的接口,数量和种类便是关键。<br>目前SATA接口分为2.0和3.0版本,后者传输速度较高。不同主板提供的SATA接口种类和数量可能不同,购买时应注意。</p>
<p>6.PCH设计<br>某些主板总是比其他主板便宜,乍一看不知所以然,其实可能是PCH设计偷工减料。这里主要是指PCH散热设计。<br>和供电模块散热相似,我们并不能通过PCH散热的有无判断主板在使用过程中会不会出问题,中低端主板的散热并非刚需,而是锦上添花的设计。但对于高端主板,面对高强度使用的消费者,主板设计的这些小细节有时还是能让DIYer对之青睐,或嗤之以鼻。</p>
<p>7.PCI-E接口<br>PCI-E接口是大家都很关心的接口,毕竟显卡、无线网卡、采集器等硬件都需要它,不同主板的PCI-E接口数量和种类可能不同,应按需选购。</p>
<h2 id="主板的挑选"><a href="#主板的挑选" class="headerlink" title="主板的挑选"></a>主板的挑选</h2><p>第一步:选择芯片组。玩超频选Z系,不玩超频选B系;</p>
<p>第二步:选择价位。</p>
<p>第三步:比较同价位的产品。300附近看评论;500附近看参数;1000附近看附加功能;1500以上看够不够炫酷、灯光够不够多、散热片够不够夸张、颜色够不够装13。</p>
<p>Intel芯片组的规格由Intel统一规划,所以芯片组之间的差异取决于Intel的决策。这种决策当然有失误的时候。8系主板就被认为是分级较为失败的一波产品,原因是旗舰级的Z87芯片组性能太弱,与B85芯片组没有形成明显的分级,于是出现了B85主板大卖的状况。<br><img src="/images/learnpc/4.png"><br>所以,在选购主板时,也不能盲目选择最贵的芯片组。一般用户都会选择性价比较高的次旗舰芯片组。按目前Intel的命名规律,便是选择B系主板,如最新的B150主板和红透半边天的B85主板。<br>2.别忘了主板是放在机箱里面的,主板的大小从侧面决定了机箱的大小。</p>
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<div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#主板分类"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">主板分类</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#芯片组的作用"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">芯片组的作用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#主板的分类"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">主板的分类</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#主板的挑选"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">主板的挑选</span></a></li></ol></div>
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