diff --git a/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-credential.ts b/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-credential.ts
index d96690792..ea338c1bf 100644
--- a/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-credential.ts
+++ b/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-credential.ts
@@ -137,6 +137,10 @@ export class VerifiableCredential {
       throw new Error('Issuer and subject must be defined');
     }
 
+    if(typeof issuer !== 'string' || typeof subject !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error('Issuer and subject must be of type string');
+    }
+
     const credentialSubject: CredentialSubject = {
       id: subject,
       ...jsonData
diff --git a/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-presentation.ts b/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-presentation.ts
index 5e5a61af5..a74e48df5 100644
--- a/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-presentation.ts
+++ b/packages/credentials/src/verifiable-presentation.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { PortableDid } from '@web5/dids';
+import type { BearerDid } from '@web5/dids';
 import type { IPresentation} from '@sphereon/ssi-types';
 
 import { utils as cryptoUtils } from '@web5/crypto';
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export type VerifiablePresentationCreateOptions = {
  * @param did - The holder DID of the presentation, represented as a PortableDid.
  */
 export type VerifiablePresentationSignOptions = {
-  did: PortableDid;
+  did: BearerDid;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ export class VerifiablePresentation {
       signerDid : options.did,
       payload   : {
         vp  : this.vpDataModel,
-        iss : options.did.did,
-        sub : options.did.did,
+        iss : options.did.uri,
+        sub : options.did.uri,
       }
     });
 
@@ -128,6 +128,10 @@ export class VerifiablePresentation {
       throw new Error('Holder must be defined');
     }
 
+    if(typeof holder !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error('Holder must be of type string');
+    }
+
     const vpDataModel: VpDataModel = {
       '@context' : [DEFAULT_CONTEXT],
       type       : Array.isArray(type)
diff --git a/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-credential.spec.ts b/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-credential.spec.ts
index 00beb160b..629428542 100644
--- a/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-credential.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-credential.spec.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,24 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', async() => {
       }
     });
 
+    it('should throw an error if issuer is not string', async () => {
+      const subjectDid = issuerDid.uri;
+
+      const anyTypeIssuer: any = DidKey.create();
+
+      try {
+        await VerifiableCredential.create({
+          type    : 'StreetCred',
+          issuer  : anyTypeIssuer,
+          subject : subjectDid,
+          data    : new StreetCredibility('high', true),
+        });
+        expect.fail();
+      } catch(e: any) {
+        expect(e.message).to.include('Issuer and subject must be of type string');
+      }
+    });
+
     it('should throw an error if data is not parseable into a JSON object', async () => {
       const issuerDid = 'did:example:issuer';
       const subjectDid = 'did:example:subject';
diff --git a/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-presentation.spec.ts b/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-presentation.spec.ts
index 2779a50bd..d9bbaccd9 100644
--- a/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-presentation.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/credentials/tests/verifiable-presentation.spec.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import type { PortableDid } from '@web5/dids';
+import type { BearerDid } from '@web5/dids';
 
 import { expect } from 'chai';
-import { DidKeyMethod } from '@web5/dids';
+import { DidKey } from '@web5/dids';
 
 import { Jwt } from '../src/jwt.js';
 import { VerifiablePresentation } from '../src/verifiable-presentation.js';
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ const validVcJwt = 'eyJraWQiOiJkaWQ6a2V5OnpRM3NoZ0NqVmZucldxOUw3cjFRc3oxcmlRUldv
 'BVZaZ9-RqpiAM-fHKrdGUzVyXr77pOl7yGgwIO90g';
 
 describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
-  let holderDid: PortableDid;
+  let holderDid: BearerDid;
 
   beforeEach(async () => {
-    holderDid = await DidKeyMethod.create();
+    holderDid = await DidKey.create();
   });
 
   describe('Verifiable Presentation (VP)', () => {
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
       const vcJwts = ['vcjwt1'];
 
       const vp = await VerifiablePresentation.create({
-        holder : holderDid.did,
+        holder : holderDid.uri,
         vcJwts : vcJwts
       });
 
-      expect(vp.holder).to.equal(holderDid.did);
+      expect(vp.holder).to.equal(holderDid.uri);
       expect(vp.type).to.equal('VerifiablePresentation');
       expect(vp.vpDataModel.verifiableCredential).to.not.be.undefined;
       expect(vp.vpDataModel.verifiableCredential).to.deep.equal(vcJwts);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
 
     it('create and sign vp with did:key', async () => {
       const vp = await VerifiablePresentation.create({
-        holder : holderDid.did,
+        holder : holderDid.uri,
         vcJwts : [validVcJwt]
       });
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
       const parsedVp = await VerifiablePresentation.parseJwt({ vpJwt });
 
       expect(vpJwt).to.not.be.undefined;
-      expect(parsedVp.holder).to.equal(holderDid.did);
+      expect(parsedVp.holder).to.equal(holderDid.uri);
       expect(parsedVp.type).to.equal('VerifiablePresentation');
       expect(parsedVp.vpDataModel.verifiableCredential).to.not.be.undefined;
       expect(parsedVp.vpDataModel.verifiableCredential).to.deep.equal([validVcJwt]);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
       };
 
       const vp = await VerifiablePresentation.create({
-        holder         : holderDid.did,
+        holder         : holderDid.uri,
         vcJwts         : [validVcJwt],
         additionalData : {
           presentation_submission: presentationSubmission
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
       const parsedVp = await VerifiablePresentation.parseJwt({ vpJwt });
 
       expect(vpJwt).to.not.be.undefined;
-      expect(parsedVp.holder).to.equal(holderDid.did);
+      expect(parsedVp.holder).to.equal(holderDid.uri);
       expect(parsedVp.type).to.equal('PresentationSubmission');
       expect(parsedVp.vpDataModel.verifiableCredential).to.not.be.undefined;
       expect(parsedVp.vpDataModel.verifiableCredential).to.deep.equal([validVcJwt]);
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
     });
 
     it('parseJwt checks if missing vp property', async () => {
-      const did = await DidKeyMethod.create();
+      const did = await DidKey.create();
       const jwt = await Jwt.sign({
         signerDid : did,
         payload   : {
-          iss : did.did,
-          sub : did.did
+          iss : did.uri,
+          sub : did.uri
         }
       });
 
@@ -127,5 +127,20 @@ describe('Verifiable Credential Tests', () => {
         expect(e.message).to.include('Holder must be defined');
       }
     });
+
+    it('should throw an error if holder is not a string', async () => {
+      const anyTypeHolder: any = DidKey.create();
+
+      try {
+        await VerifiablePresentation.create({
+          holder : anyTypeHolder,
+          vcJwts : [validVcJwt]
+        });
+
+        expect.fail();
+      } catch(e: any) {
+        expect(e.message).to.include('Holder must be of type string');
+      }
+    });
   });
 });
\ No newline at end of file