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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Markmap</title>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
#mindmap {
display: block;
width: 100vw;
height: 100vh;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<svg id="mindmap"></svg>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/d3.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/browser/index.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/index.js"></script><script>(r => {
setTimeout(r);
})(() => {
const {
markmap,
mm
} = window;
const {
el
} = markmap.Toolbar.create(mm);
el.setAttribute('style', 'position:absolute;bottom:20px;right:20px');
document.body.append(el);
})</script><script>((getMarkmap, getOptions, root2, jsonOptions) => {
const markmap = getMarkmap();
window.mm = markmap.Markmap.create(
"svg#mindmap",
(getOptions || markmap.deriveOptions)(jsonOptions),
root2
);
})(() => window.markmap,null,{"content":"<strong>English</strong>","children":[{"content":"- <a href=\"./prasal_v.html\">Фразовые глаголы</a>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2,3"}},{"content":"- <a href=\"./conjunctions.html\">Предлоги и связки</a>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"3,4"}},{"content":"- <a href=\"./verbs.html\">Неправильные глаголы</a>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"4,5"}},{"content":"- <a href=\"./ex_cond.md\">Упражнения на cond</a>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"5,6"}},{"content":"- <a href=\"./ans.md\">Ответы</a>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"6,7"}},{"content":"- <a href=\"./linking.md\">linkin</a>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"7,8"}},{"content":"<strong>Past Simple</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Для основных событий истории","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"11,12"}},{"content":"Чтобы рассказать о завершившемся событии, привычке или состоянии в опредленное время в прошлом","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"12,13"}},{"content":"чтобы говорить о последовательных событиях или ситуациях в прошлом","children":[{"content":"John woke up early in the morning, had breakfast and left for work.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"14,15"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"13,15"}},{"content":"Специальные случаи:","children":[{"content":"when past simple + past continous (When he came in, she was cooking)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"16,17"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"15,17"}},{"content":"При использовании с before: Befor + Past Simple, используется чтобы показать что действие случилось после действия выраженного Past Perfect","children":[{"content":"he mugger had run away before Tom called the police (=Tom called the police after the mugger had run away).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"18,19"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"17,19"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"10,11"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"yesterday","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"20,21"}},{"content":"last week/month/year","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"21,22"}},{"content":"... ago","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"22,23"}},{"content":"in (2020)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"23,24"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"19,20"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + Ved/V2","children":[{"content":"I started my new job two days ago.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"27,28"}},{"content":"We hired a boat for the party last weekend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"28,29"}},{"content":"We bought a big birthday cake yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"29,30"}},{"content":"I walked to the store.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"30,31"}},{"content":"I heard a notification and picked up my phone.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"31,32"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"26,27"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"25,26"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + did not + V","children":[{"content":"She didn't come back yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"34,35"}},{"content":"Mark didn't attend the yoga class last week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"35,36"}},{"content":"They didn't invite Olly to the wedding ceremony.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"36,37"}},{"content":"Did you ask your guests for a birthday present?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"37,38"}},{"content":"He didn't like the film.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"38,39"}},{"content":"He saw me but didn't say \"Hello\".","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"39,40"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"33,34"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"32,33"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Was/were + S + ... ?","children":[{"content":"Were you at work?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"42,43"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"41,42"}},{"content":"Did(auxiliary) + S + V? (вопрос о действии)","children":[{"content":"Did you finish that task yesterday?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"44,45"}},{"content":"Did she have a break yesterday?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"45,46"}},{"content":"Did they pass the exams yesterday?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"46,47"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"43,44"}},{"content":"Question word + did(auxiliary) + S + V + ... ?(object question)","children":[{"content":"When did you arrive at the party?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"48,49"}},{"content":"When did he come back home?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"49,50"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"47,48"}},{"content":"Who / what / which + Ved/V2 + ... ?( subject question - не используем auxiliary если вопрос о субъекте)","children":[{"content":"What made you so happy?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"51,52"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"50,51"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"40,41"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"24,25"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"9,10"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы сказать, что происходит с субъектом","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"54,55"}},{"content":"Часто используется когда субъект не известен или не важен, если надо субъект помечается через by.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"55,56"}},{"content":"Когда нужно сфокусироваться на самом действии, а не субъекте","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"56,57"}},{"content":"когда пишеле исследовательскую работу или отчет","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"57,59"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"53,54"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"was/were + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"This picture was painted by James.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"62,63"}},{"content":"The book was written by Jack.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"63,64"}},{"content":"The birthday cake was bought yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"64,65"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"61,62"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"60,61"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"was not/were not + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"This picture wasn't painted by James.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"67,68"}},{"content":"The book wasn't written by Jack.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"68,69"}},{"content":"Olly was not invited to the wedding ceremony.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"69,70"}},{"content":"This rug was made in Thailand.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"70,71"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"66,67"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"65,66"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Wh-) + was/were + S + Ved/V3…?","children":[{"content":"Was this picture painted by James?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"73,74"}},{"content":"Was the book written by Jack?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"74,75"}},{"content":"Were your guests asked for a birthday present?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"75,76"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"72,73"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"71,72"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"59,60"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"52,53"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"8,9"}},{"content":"<strong>Past Continuous</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"чтобы рассказывать о фоновых событиях","children":[{"content":"The sun was shining and the birds were singing while the kids were playing in the park.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"80,81"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"79,81"}},{"content":"чтобы рассказать о событиях которые были в процессе в определенное время в прошлом когда произошли другие события","children":[{"content":"I was watching a film when my sister came into the room and turned off the TV.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"82,83"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"81,83"}},{"content":"чтобы показать что два события происходили в одно и тоже время","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"83,84"}},{"content":"Специальные случаи","children":[{"content":"past continuous + when/while past continous(He was cooking while she was reading)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"85,87"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"84,87"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"78,79"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"at that time","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"88,89"}},{"content":"still","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"89,90"}},{"content":"all...(all day long)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"90,91"}},{"content":"from...till...","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"91,92"}},{"content":"the whole ...","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"92,93"}},{"content":"while","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"93,94"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"87,88"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + was/were + Ving","children":[{"content":"I was working on my new project yesterday at 10 o’clock.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"97,98"}},{"content":"She was talking on the phone when I walked into the room.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"98,100"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"96,97"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"95,96"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + was/were + not + Ving","children":[{"content":"She wasn't listening to music at that moment.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"102,103"}},{"content":"They weren't playing basketball because it was raining outside.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"103,104"}},{"content":"We weren't driving the car between 3 and 4 p.m.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"104,105"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"101,102"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"100,101"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Wh-word) + Was/Were + S + Ving?","children":[{"content":"Were you studying at 2 p.m.?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"107,108"}},{"content":"What were you thinking when you decided to quit your job?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"108,109"}},{"content":"Were you typing the report when the boss was talking on the phone?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"109,110"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"106,107"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"105,106"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"94,95"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"77,78"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Когда не известно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"112,113"}},{"content":"Когда не важно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"113,114"}},{"content":"Когда пишете исследовательскую работу или отчет","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"114,115"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"111,112"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"115,116"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"was/were + being + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"The bike was being fixed yesterday in the morning.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"119,120"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"118,119"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"117,118"}},{"content":"-","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"120,121"}},{"content":"?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"123,124"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"116,117"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"110,111"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"76,77"}},{"content":"<strong>Past Perfect</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Для того чтобы говорить о чем-то что закончилось перед основными событиями в прошлом","children":[{"content":"She had moved to the USA before she turned eight.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"130,131"}},{"content":"By the time I arrived at the station, the train had already left.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"131,132"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"129,132"}},{"content":"Чтобы подчеркнуть факт того какое событие произошло первым, Past Perfect для события которое произошло первым, Past Simple для более позднего","children":[{"content":"He had cleaned the house before his mum came home.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"133,134"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"132,134"}},{"content":"При использовании с before: Before + Past Perfect, используется чтобы показать что действие не закончилось перед дествие выраженным Past Simple","children":[{"content":"They left before I had talked to them (= I hadn't had the chance to talk to them before they left).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"135,136"}},{"content":"I had finished my homework before I went out with my friends.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"136,138"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"134,138"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"128,129"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"already","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"139,140"}},{"content":"just","children":[{"content":"We went to this bar when it had just opened.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"141,142"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"140,141"}},{"content":"ever","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"142,143"}},{"content":"never","children":[{"content":"They went to the concert, but they'd never heard about this singer.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"144,145"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"143,144"}},{"content":"still","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"145,146"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"138,139"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"I/you/we, etc. + had + V3/ed","children":[{"content":"When I came back, my dog had already eaten my shoes.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"149,150"}},{"content":"The thief had escaped before the police arrived.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"150,151"}},{"content":"I had finished my work before the meeting started.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"151,152"}},{"content":"He understood that he had left the keys in the car.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"152,153"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"148,149"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"147,148"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"I/you/we, etc + had not + V3/ed","children":[{"content":"She was surprised because she had not = hadn't seen dolphins before.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"155,156"}},{"content":"I had not read this book before I watched the movie.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"156,157"}},{"content":"They hadn't eaten breakfast before they left the house.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"157,158"}},{"content":"Dan remembered that he hadn't registered on that website a week before.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"158,159"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"154,155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"153,154"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Had + subject + V3/ed","children":[{"content":"Had you read this book before I told you about it?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"161,162"}},{"content":"Had you met him before you left for London?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"162,163"}},{"content":"Had they known the exam results before they saw the website page?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"163,164"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"160,161"}},{"content":"Wh-word + had + S + V3/ed?","children":[{"content":"Where had he lived before he moved to this town?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"165,166"}},{"content":"Had you ever been to New York before last year?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"166,167"}},{"content":"Короткие ответы:","children":[{"content":"Yes, I/ he/ we, etc. had.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"168,169"}},{"content":"No, I/ he/ we, etc. hadn’t.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"169,170"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"167,170"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"164,165"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"159,160"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"146,147"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"127,128"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Когда не известно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"172,173"}},{"content":"Когда не важно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"173,174"}},{"content":"Когда пишете исследовательскую работу или отчет","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"174,175"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"171,172"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"175,176"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"had + been + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"The message had been sent by 6 p.m. yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"180,182"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"179,180"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"178,179"}},{"content":"-","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"182,183"}},{"content":"?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"185,186"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"177,178"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"170,171"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"126,127"}},{"content":"<strong>Past Perfect Continuous</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Для того чтобы говорить о продолжавшихся в моменте в прошлом или действий закончившихся прямо перед моментом в прошлом","children":[{"content":"She was out of breath because she had been running late to the meeting and had been sprinting for the last few blocks.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"192,193"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"191,193"}},{"content":"Для того чтобы сфокусироваться на длительности активности","children":[{"content":"She had been studying for six hours when she finally decided to take a break.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"194,195"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"193,195"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"190,191"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"since","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"196,197"}},{"content":"for","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"197,198"}},{"content":"all...(all the time, all his life)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"198,199"}},{"content":"of late","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"199,200"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"195,196"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"I/you/we, etc. + had + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"She had been studying for hours before she took a break.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"203,205"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"202,203"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"201,202"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"I/you/we, etc. + had not (hadn’t) + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"They hadn't been working out regularly, so they weren't in shape for the marathon.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"207,208"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"206,207"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"205,206"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Wh-word) + had + I/you/we, etc. + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"Had you been waiting long before I arrived?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"210,211"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"209,210"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"208,209"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"200,201"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"189,190"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"188,189"}},{"content":"<strong>Present Simple</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Do, does, did are used in affirmative sentences or imperatives to express emphasis.","children":[{"content":"do/does/did + infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"215,216"}},{"content":"It does make a good first impression!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"216,217"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"214,217"}},{"content":"для фактов","children":[{"content":"Multitaskers cope with several tasks at once.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"218,219"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"217,219"}},{"content":"привычки","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"219,220"}},{"content":"повторяющиеся события","children":[{"content":"I usually feel nervous before an important event.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"221,222"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"220,222"}},{"content":"для выражения нравится, не нравится, мнения","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"222,223"}},{"content":"для выражения будущего для событий фиксированных в расписаниях, календарях и т.д.","children":[{"content":"The train to London departs at 9:00 AM tomorrow.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"224,225"}},{"content":"The meeting takes place on 20 April.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"225,226"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"223,226"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"213,214"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"Глаголы состояний только в Present Simple","children":[{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"238,239\">think</p>","children":[{"content":"I think he is German. (=believe)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"239,240"}},{"content":"<strong>but</strong> I am thinking about selling my house. (=am considering)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"240,241"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"238,241"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"241,242\">look</p>","children":[{"content":"Emma looks tired. (=appears)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"242,243"}},{"content":"Emma is looking at her son. (=is directing her eyes)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"243,244"}},{"content":"*You can use both Present Simple and Present Continuous with the verb look if you talk about someone’s appearance:","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"244,246"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"241,247"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"247,248\">like</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"247,248"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"248,249\">want</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"248,249"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"249,250\">know</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"249,250"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"250,251\">have</p>","children":[{"content":"John has a car. (=possesses)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"251,252"}},{"content":"<strong>but</strong> John is having a shower now. (=is washing himself in a shower)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"252,253"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"250,253"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"253,254\">dislike</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"253,254"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"254,255\">belong</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"254,255"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"255,256\">need</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"255,256"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"256,257\">be</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"256,257"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"257,258\">see</p>","children":[{"content":"I see some people near your house. (=perceive with my eyes)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"258,259"}},{"content":"<strong>but</strong> I'm seeing John tomorrow. (=am meeting)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"259,260"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"257,260"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"260,261\">taste</p>","children":[{"content":"The food tastes good. (=has a good taste)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"261,262"}},{"content":"<strong>but</strong> He is tasting the food. (=is testing the taste of the food)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"262,263"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"260,263"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"263,264\">feel</p>","children":[{"content":"This scarf feels soft. (=has a soft texture)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"264,265"}},{"content":"<strong>but</strong> Shh! The doctor is feeling his pulse. (=is touching)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"265,266"}},{"content":"You can use both Present Simple and Present Continuous with the verb feel if you talk about emotions:","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"266,268"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"263,269"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"269,270\">smell</p>","children":[{"content":"This perfume smells amazing! (=has an amazing smell)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"270,271"}},{"content":"<strong>but</strong> Jess is smelling my new perfume. (=is sniffing with her nose)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"271,272"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"269,272"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"272,273\">seem</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"272,273"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"237,238"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"226,227"}},{"content":"to be и other verbs","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are","children":[{"content":"I am big-hearted.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"276,277"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"275,276"}},{"content":"S + V / (Vs/es* for he, she, it)","children":[{"content":"She goes to the cinema every Sunday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"278,279"}},{"content":"She plays the piano.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"279,280"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"277,278"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"274,275"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are + not","children":[{"content":"It is not great.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"282,284"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"281,282"}},{"content":"S + do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t) + V","children":[{"content":"They don’t work for this company.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"285,286"}},{"content":"They do not watch TV.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"286,287"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"284,285"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"280,281"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Am/Is/Are + S ?","children":[{"content":"Are you busy every day?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"289,290"}},{"content":"Are you angry?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"290,291"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"288,289"}},{"content":"Question word/phrase + am/is/are + S","children":[{"content":"What is your favourite sport?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"292,293"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"291,292"}},{"content":"Do/Does + S + V?","children":[{"content":"Does he work out every morning?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"294,295"}},{"content":"Do you like coffee?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"295,296"}},{"content":"Do you have a hobby?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"296,297"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"293,294"}},{"content":"Question word/phrase + do/does(auxiliary) + S + V(object question)","children":[{"content":"What time does the match start?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"298,299"}},{"content":"Who do you call most often?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"299,300"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"297,298"}},{"content":"Who/What/Which + V(s) + ...? (subject question - не спользуем auxiliary если вопрос о субъекте)","children":[{"content":"Who calls you most often?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"301,302"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"300,301"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"287,288"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"273,274"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"212,213"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Часто используется когда субъект не известен или не важен, если надо субъект помечается через by.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"304,305"}},{"content":"Когда нужно сделать акцент на действии, а не том кто его совершает","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"305,306"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"303,304"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"am/are/is + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"Cheese is made from milk.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"309,310"}},{"content":"After all, cakes are made to be eaten!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"310,311"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"308,309"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"307,308"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"am not/are not/is not + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"Cheese isn't made from vegetables.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"313,314"}},{"content":"Guests are not met by anyone in this country.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"314,315"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"312,313"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"311,312"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Wh-) + am/are/is + S + Ved/V3 … ?","children":[{"content":"What is cheese made from?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"317,318"}},{"content":"Is Maria often seen at parties?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"318,319"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"316,317"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"315,316"}},{"content":"by используется чтобы сказать кто совершил действие","children":[{"content":"This aeroplane is manufactured by Boeing.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"320,321"}},{"content":"The pictures are designed by Lilly Baker.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"321,322"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"319,320"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"306,307"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"302,303"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"211,212"}},{"content":"<strong>Present Continuous</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Для фокусировки на текущей или продолжающейся сущности действия","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"325,326"}},{"content":"для описания действий которые происходят в этот самый момент говорения (now, still, at the moment)","children":[{"content":"She is reading a book right now","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"327,328"}},{"content":"I am trying to focus now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"328,329"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"326,329"}},{"content":"действия которые обычно носят временный или ограниченных характер, а не постоянные ( these days/week/month etc)","children":[{"content":"He is living in New York for the summer.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"330,331"}},{"content":"My brother is very busy. He is getting ready for his finals.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"331,332"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"329,332"}},{"content":"для выражения будущего, если говорить о договоренностях которые точно реализуются( что-то что уже организованно или получено согласие), особенно когда время или место упоминается","children":[{"content":"I am meeting my friends for dinner tonight.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"333,334"}},{"content":"I am having dinner with Mary tonight.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"334,335"}},{"content":"I am flying to Madrid in a month, I’ve already bought the ticket.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"335,336"}},{"content":"We are meeting them at 6 PM.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"336,337"}},{"content":"She is going to a wedding on Saturday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"337,338"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"332,338"}},{"content":"Тренды или изменение ситуации, используется для описания действий, которые начинают выполняться или тренды которые сейчас происходят","children":[{"content":"More people are using electric cars","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"339,340"}},{"content":"The number of cars on the roads is increasing rapidly each year.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"340,341"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"338,341"}},{"content":"для выражения эмоционального отношения говорящего(impatience, irritation, admiration) по отношению к повторяющимся действиям характеризующим субъекта","children":[{"content":"You are always losing your things!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"342,345"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"341,345"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"324,325"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"at the moment","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"346,347"}},{"content":"now","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"347,348"}},{"content":"right now","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"348,349"}},{"content":"at present","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"349,350"}},{"content":"currently","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"350,351"}},{"content":"today","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"351,352"}},{"content":"still","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"352,353"}},{"content":"this week/month/days etc.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"353,355"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"345,346"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are + Ving*","children":[{"content":"She is reading a book at the moment.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"358,359"}},{"content":"He is studying for his exams.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"359,360"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"357,358"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"356,357"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are + not + Ving","children":[{"content":"This week they are not working.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"362,363"}},{"content":"We are not going to the party.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"363,364"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"361,362"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"360,361"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Am/Is/Are + S + Ving","children":[{"content":"What are you doing now?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"366,367"}},{"content":"Are they playing football?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"367,368"}},{"content":"Is he working right now?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"368,369"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"365,366"}},{"content":"Question word + are/is/am(auxiliary) + S + Ving + ... ? (object question)","children":[{"content":"What are you doing now?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"370,371"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"369,370"}},{"content":"Who / what / which + is/are + Ving + ... ? (subject question)","children":[{"content":"Who is playing in the garden?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"372,373"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"371,372"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"364,365"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"355,356"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"323,324"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Когда вы не знаете кто выполняет действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"375,376"}},{"content":"Не важно кто вылняет действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"376,377"}},{"content":"вы пишете исследовательскую работу или отчет","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"377,378"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"374,375"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"378,379"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"am/is/are + being + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"The dish is being cooked now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"383,384"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"382,383"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"381,382"}},{"content":"-","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"384,385"}},{"content":"?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"387,388"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"380,381"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"373,374"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"322,323"}},{"content":"<strong>Present Perfect</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы говорить о завершенном действии в неопределенный момент с результатом в настоящем, с фокусом на завершенности действия и результате (already, ever, never, yet, lately, recently, just, so far, of late, etc.)","children":[{"content":"Have you finished your work yet?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"394,395"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"393,395"}},{"content":"о состояних и действиях которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до настоящего времени.( с since and for и глаголоми которые обычно имеют континоусные формы)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"395,396"}},{"content":"Чтобы сделать акцент на завершенности действия в период времени который еще не завершен (this morning, today, this week, this year, etc.)","children":[{"content":"I have written an essay. I can go for a walk.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"397,398"}},{"content":"She hasn't seen her colleagues this morning.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"398,399"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"396,399"}},{"content":"Жизненных опытах ( I have seen many countries.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"399,400"}},{"content":"недавно завершенных событиях","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"400,401"}},{"content":"В отрицательных предлоежниях для выражения отсутствия действия или события","children":[{"content":"I haven't spoken to Eliza since May. (=The last time I spoke to her was in May.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"402,403"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"401,403"}},{"content":"Используется с глаголами состояний, с глаголами действий используется Present Perfect Continous","children":[{"content":"I have been here all morning.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"404,405"}},{"content":"We've known each other for 5 years.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"405,406"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"403,406"}},{"content":"чтобы обозначить результаты действия, когда мы говорим сколько было сделно, сколько раз делалось что-то, как много чего было сделано.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"406,407"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"392,393"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"Just","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"(S + have/has + just + V3/ed)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"410,411"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"409,410"}},{"content":"Используется для индикации того что что-то произошло недавно","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"411,412"}},{"content":"Обычно используется в положительных предложениях","children":[{"content":"Jane has just come to see me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"413,414"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"412,413"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"408,409"}},{"content":"Already (не используется в отрицательных)","children":[{"content":"Используется для индикации что что-то произошло до настоящего момента или раньше чем ожидалось","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"415,416"}},{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + have/has + already + V3/ed","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"417,418"}},{"content":"S + have/has + Ved/3 … already","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"418,419"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"416,417"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Question word + have/has + S + already + V3/ed?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"420,421"}},{"content":"Question word + have/has + S + V3/ed + already?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"421,422"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"419,420"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"414,415"}},{"content":"Never","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"422,423"}},{"content":"Ever","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"423,424"}},{"content":"For (Для индикации периода времени)","children":[{"content":"Можно опускать в утвердительных предложениях","children":[{"content":"They have been married (for) 5 yaers","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"426,427"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"425,426"}},{"content":"Можно заменить на in в отрицательных приложениях","children":[{"content":"I haven't come here for->in 5 years","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"428,429"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"427,428"}},{"content":"не используется с all","children":[{"content":"He has worked here all his life","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"430,431"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"429,430"}},{"content":"three hours","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"431,432"}},{"content":"15 minutes","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"432,433"}},{"content":"three days","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"433,434"}},{"content":"a long time","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"434,435"}},{"content":"five months","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"435,436"}},{"content":"10 years","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"436,437"}},{"content":"a week","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"437,438"}},{"content":"ages","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"438,439"}},{"content":"years","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"439,440"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"424,425"}},{"content":"Since (Для индикации начальной точки)","children":[{"content":"9 o'clock","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"441,442"}},{"content":"Sunday","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"442,443"}},{"content":"12 July","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"443,444"}},{"content":"March 2020","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"444,445"}},{"content":"Easter","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"445,446"}},{"content":"noon","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"446,447"}},{"content":"we came","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"447,448"}},{"content":"i got up, etc","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"448,449"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"440,441"}},{"content":"yet ( не используется в утвердительных)","children":[{"content":"используется для индикации что что-то не произошло к определенному моменту времени","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"450,451"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + have/has + not + V3/ed + …. yet","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"452,453"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"451,452"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Question word + have/has + S + V3/ed … yet?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"454,455"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"453,454"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"449,450"}},{"content":"lately","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"455,456"}},{"content":"recently","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"456,457"}},{"content":"so far","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"457,458"}},{"content":"используется for и scince в ответах на вопросы how long( for 5 years, since they started university)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"459,460"}},{"content":"Используется It is/ It has been + scince (It has been 5 years since he moved to this city)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"460,461"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"407,408"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"I/You/We/They + have + V3/Ved (He/She/It + has + V3/Ved)","children":[{"content":"I have stayed in this hotel since Friday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"464,465"}},{"content":"I have known my best friend since I was a kid!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"465,466"}},{"content":"They have been to Spain three times.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"466,467"}},{"content":"Alex has never tried diving.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"467,468"}},{"content":"Peter has done this exercise really quickly.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"468,469"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"463,464"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"462,463"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"I/You/We/They + have not (=haven't) + V3/Ved (He/She/It + has not (=hasn't) + V3/Ved)","children":[{"content":"He hasn't travelled around the country for 2 years.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"471,472"}},{"content":"We haven’t been to a concert.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"472,473"}},{"content":"He hasn't been to Germany.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"473,474"}},{"content":"He hasn't travelled abroad.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"474,475"}},{"content":"Katty hasn't visited the office this week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"475,476"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"470,471"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"469,470"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Have + I/you/we/they + V3/Ved (Has + He/she/it + V3/Ved)","children":[{"content":"Have you been to that resort?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"478,479"}},{"content":"Have you ever been in love?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"479,480"}},{"content":"Have you visited your parents this month?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"480,481"}},{"content":"Have you washed the car yet?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"481,482"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"477,478"}},{"content":"(Wh-word) + have(auxiliary) + I/you/we/they + Ved/V3? ((Wh-word) + has + he/she/it + Ved/V3?)(object question )","children":[{"content":"Where have you worked in your life?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"483,484"}},{"content":"Why have you missed the class?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"484,485"}},{"content":"How many hours has she worked this week?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"485,486"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"482,483"}},{"content":"Who / what / which + have/has + Ved/V3 + ... ?(subject question)","children":[{"content":"Which country has impressed you the most?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"487,488"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"486,487"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"476,477"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"461,462"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"391,392"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Когда не известно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"490,491"}},{"content":"Когда не важно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"491,492"}},{"content":"Когда пишете исследовательскую работу или отчет","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"492,493"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"489,490"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"493,494"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"have/has + been + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"The food has been bought.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"498,500"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"497,498"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"496,497"}},{"content":"-","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"500,501"}},{"content":"?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"503,504"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"495,496"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"488,489"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"390,391"}},{"content":"<strong>Present Perfect Continuous</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Фокусировка на том как долго что-то происходила, с акцентом на связи между прошлым и настоящем","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"509,510"}},{"content":"Подсвечивает что действие началось в прошлом, все еще продолжается или влияет на настоящее( с since, for, all day, how long)","children":[{"content":"He has been looking for a job since he graduated.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"511,512"}},{"content":"How long have you been studying English?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"512,513"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"510,513"}},{"content":"Используется чтобы говорить о незаконченных действиях которые начались в определенный момент в прошлом и не закончились до сих пор или закончились только что, с акцентом на <strong>длительности</strong> не важно закончилось оно или нет","children":[{"content":"She has been studying for three hours.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"514,515"}},{"content":"I'm exhausted. I have been working on this problem for several weeks","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"515,516"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"513,516"}},{"content":"Если нужно сделать <strong>акцент</strong> именно на длительности и продолжающейся натуре","children":[{"content":"I have been writing an essay for two hours. I haven't finished yet. I can’t go out.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"517,518"}},{"content":"He’s out of breath because he has been running.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"518,519"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"516,519"}},{"content":"В отрицательных предлоежниях если нужен акцент на длительности","children":[{"content":"I haven't been speaking with Eliza long, just a couple of minutes. (=Our conversation started a couple of minutes ago.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"520,521"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"519,521"}},{"content":"Чтобы говорить о закончившихся недавно действиях и имеют результаты или влияние на настоящее","children":[{"content":"We have been waiting for the bus for 20 minutes.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"522,523"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"521,523"}},{"content":"Используется с глаголами действий, иначе с глаголами состояний используется Present perfect","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"523,524"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"508,509"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"this week/month/year etc.(указывает на не завершенный период времени)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"525,526"}},{"content":"lately","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"526,527"}},{"content":"today","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"527,528"}},{"content":"all day/week/month etc.(указывает на не завершенный период времени)<br>\nThey have been working hard all day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"528,530"}},{"content":"since","children":[{"content":"He has been living here since 2022.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"531,532"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"530,532"}},{"content":"for","children":[{"content":"We have been studying for 3 weeks.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"533,534"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"532,534"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"524,525"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"I / You / We / They + have + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"We have been working hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"537,538"}},{"content":"I have been playing football the whole weekend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"538,539"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"536,539"}},{"content":"He / She / It + has + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"He has been writing an essay.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"540,541"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"539,541"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"535,536"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"I / You / We / They + have not (=haven’t) + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"I haven’t been waiting long.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"543,544"}},{"content":"You haven't been baking this cake long.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"544,545"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"542,545"}},{"content":"He / She / It + has not (=hasn't) + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"She hasn’t been dancing with me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"546,547"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"545,547"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"541,542"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Have + I / you / we / they + been + Ving?","children":[{"content":"Have you been playing tennis?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"549,550"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"548,550"}},{"content":"Has + he / she / it + been + Ving?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"550,551"}},{"content":"Wh-word + have/has + I / he / we / etc. + been + Ving?","children":[{"content":"Короткие ответы:","children":[{"content":"Yes, I / he / we / etc. have/has.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"553,554"}},{"content":"No, I / he / we / etc. haven’t/ hasn’t.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"554,555"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"552,555"}},{"content":"Where has he been living?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"555,556"}},{"content":"What has he been doing all this time?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"556,557"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"551,557"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"547,548"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"534,535"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"507,508"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"506,507"}},{"content":"<strong>Специальные формы будущего</strong>","children":[{"content":"<strong>to be going to future</strong>","children":[{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"559,560\">Использвание</p>","children":[{"content":"для выражения намерения о будущем, планы которые сделаны до момента говорения","children":[{"content":"We are going to visit our grandparents over the weekend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"561,562"}},{"content":"I am going to do some work-out next week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"562,563"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"560,563"}},{"content":"для планов, решений и предсказаний основанных на доказательствах","children":[{"content":"Look at those dark clouds. It's going to rain soon.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"564,565"}},{"content":"It’s so dark and windy! I think it is going to rain soon.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"565,566"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"563,566"}},{"content":"действие которые начали выполняться","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"566,567"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"559,567"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"567,568\">Формы</p>","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are + going to + V","children":[{"content":"Look at the sky! It is going to rain.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"569,570"}},{"content":"There are more and more robots around us, so they are going to replace people soon.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"570,571"}},{"content":"They are going to have a picnic in the park.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"571,573"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"568,573"}},{"content":"","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are + not + going to + V","children":[{"content":"We are not going to meet today.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"574,575"}},{"content":"My sister isn't going to have a baby in the near future.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"575,576"}},{"content":"She is not going to buy a new car.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"576,577"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"573,577"}},{"content":"? Am/Is/Are + S + going to + V","children":[{"content":"When are they going to move?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"578,579"}},{"content":"Are students going to take paper exams this year?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"579,580"}},{"content":"Is he going to travel abroad?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"580,581"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"577,581"}}],"payload":{"tag":"ul","lines":"573,581"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"567,581"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"558,559"}},{"content":"<strong>to be about to/to be on the point of</strong>","children":[{"content":"чтобы сказать о событиях которые очень скоро случаться, или начаниют случаться","children":[{"content":"I am about to leave for work. (I will leave very soon, possibly within a few moments.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"583,584"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"582,584"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"S + am/is/are + about + to + V (base form)","children":[{"content":"She is about to play the piano.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"587,588"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"586,588"}},{"content":"S + am/is/are + not + about + to + V (base form)","children":[{"content":"They are not about to watch TV.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"590,591"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"589,591"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Wh-word) + am/is/are + S + about + to + V (base form)?","children":[{"content":"Are you about to leave?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"593,594"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"592,594"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"591,594"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"584,594"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"581,582"}},{"content":"<strong>to plan/intend/mean to</strong>","children":[{"content":"чтобы сказать о чьих либо намерениях, стремлениях, решительностях что-то соврешить в будущем","children":[{"content":"I mean to finish reading that book by the end of the month.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"596,597"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"595,597"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"S + plan/intend/mean + to + V (base form)","children":[{"content":"She plans to study abroad next year.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"600,602"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"599,602"}},{"content":"S + do not (don’t) plan/intend/mean + to + V (base form)","children":[{"content":"They don’t intend to attend the meeting tomorrow.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"604,605"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"603,605"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"605,606\">?</p>","children":[{"content":"(Wh-word) + do/does + S + plan/intend/mean + to + V (base form)?","children":[{"content":"What do you mean to do with that information?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"607,608"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"606,608"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"605,608"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"597,608"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"594,595"}},{"content":"<strong>be likely/ unlikely to + infinitive</strong>","children":[{"content":"be like/unlikely to + infinitive чтобы сказать что что-то в будущем возможно, не возможно","children":[{"content":"They are unlikely to arrive tonight","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"610,611"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"609,611"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"608,609"}},{"content":"<strong>be certain / sure / bound to + infinitive</strong>","children":[{"content":"чтобы сказать что что-то начинает выполняться или должно быть ожидаемо","children":[{"content":"When you drive too fast, you are bound to have an accident.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"613,614"}},{"content":"The party is sure to be an unforgettable event.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"614,615"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"612,615"}},{"content":"Be certain / sure to + infinitive (not be bound to) могут использоваться как императивы","children":[{"content":"Be sure / certain to call me when you arrive!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"616,617"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"615,617"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"611,612"}},{"content":"<strong>be due to + infinitive</strong>","children":[{"content":"чтобы сказать что что-то ожидается что произойдет в определенное время","children":[{"content":"The company's chief executive is due to retire next year.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"619,620"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"618,620"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"617,618"}},{"content":"<strong>To be to</strong>","children":[{"content":"Довольно формальный способ говорить о планах на будущее","children":[{"content":"We are to get married in July.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"622,623"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"621,623"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"620,621"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"557,558"}},{"content":"<strong>Future Simple</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"факты о будущем в которых мы не полностью уверены, часто с probably","children":[{"content":"It will probably rain tomorrow.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"627,628"}},{"content":"The election will take place on the 25 of March.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"628,629"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"626,629"}},{"content":"прогнозы на будущее основанные на личном мнении или знаниях(Аналоги i think)","children":[{"content":"I think she will win the competition.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"630,631"}},{"content":"They won't be late for the meeting.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"631,632"}},{"content":"I think I will go to the cinema in the evening.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"632,633"}},{"content":"The bike won’t break , it's brand-new.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"633,634"}},{"content":"I believe the whole world will never go cashless.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"634,635"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"629,635"}},{"content":"решения принятые в момент говорения","children":[{"content":"I see this bag is heavy. I will help you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"636,637"}},{"content":"Oh, I will pay in cash then.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"637,638"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"635,638"}},{"content":"обещания и надежды на будущее","children":[{"content":"We will make sure to deliver the results on time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"639,640"}},{"content":"I promise, I will return your book tomorrow.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"640,641"}},{"content":"I promise I will pay you back tomorrow!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"641,642"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"638,642"}},{"content":"предложения","children":[{"content":"will help you with your project! (or if it's a question: Shall I help you with your project?)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"643,645"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"642,645"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"625,626"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"645,646"}},{"content":"формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + will (’ll) + V","children":[{"content":"I think Tom will be at home before 9.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"650,651"}},{"content":"I think many people will have smart houses in the future.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"651,652"}},{"content":"She will visit her grandparents tomorrow.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"652,653"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"649,650"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"648,649"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + will not (won’t) + V","children":[{"content":"What would you like for dessert?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"655,656"}},{"content":"I won’t have a dessert. Thank you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"656,657"}},{"content":"In 20 years, we will not (=won't) use cash money.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"657,658"}},{"content":"They will not attend the meeting.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"658,659"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"654,655"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"653,654"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Will + S + V?(когда просих кого-то что-то сделать)","children":[{"content":"Will you be at home tomorrow?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"661,662"}},{"content":"Will you have time for your hobby tomorrow?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"662,663"}},{"content":"Will people stop reading paper books in the near future?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"663,664"}},{"content":"Will you come to the concert?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"664,665"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"660,661"}},{"content":"Shall + S + V?(для предложений и советов)","children":[{"content":"Shall I open the window?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"666,667"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"665,666"}},{"content":"Question word + will(auxiliary) + S + V + ... ? (object question)","children":[{"content":"When will you be home?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"668,669"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"667,668"}},{"content":"Who / what / which + will + V (base form) + ... ? (subject question)","children":[{"content":"Who will bring us some coffee?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"670,671"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"669,670"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"659,660"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"647,648"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"624,625"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"Когда не известно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"673,674"}},{"content":"Когда не важно кто совершает действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"674,675"}},{"content":"Когда пишете исследовательскую работу или отчет","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"675,676"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"672,673"}},{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"676,677"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"will be + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"The restaurant will be built next year.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"681,683"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"680,681"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"679,680"}},{"content":"-","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"683,684"}},{"content":"?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"686,687"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"678,679"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"671,672"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"623,624"}},{"content":"<strong>Future Continous</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для описания запланированных действий которые будут в процессе в определенный момент в будущем","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"692,693"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"691,692"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"<strong>+</strong> S + will + be + Ving","children":[{"content":"My brother will be running a marathon this weekend","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"695,696"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"694,695"}},{"content":"<strong>-</strong> S + will not (won't) + be + Ving","children":[{"content":"I won't be working next week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"697,698"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"696,697"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Will + S + be + Ving?","children":[{"content":"Will you be watching a new TV show at 6 pm today?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"699,700"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"698,699"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"693,694"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"690,691"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"700,701"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"689,690"}},{"content":"<strong>Future Perfect</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для описания действий, которые закончились перед определенный событием в будущем","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"704,705"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"703,705"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"will + have + V (past participle)","children":[{"content":"She'll have gotten a bionic eye by tomorrow morning.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"707,708"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"706,708"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"705,708"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"702,708"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"708,709"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"701,702"}},{"content":"<strong>Future Perfect Continuous</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для описания действий, которые продолжаются определенное время перед определенный событием в будущем","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"712,713"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"711,713"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"will + have + been + Ving","children":[{"content":"They will have been testing the new method for 2 hours by the time I come.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"715,716"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"714,716"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"713,716"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"710,716"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"716,717"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"709,710"}},{"content":"<strong>Passive voice in general</strong>","children":[{"content":"For <strong>Simple</strong> tenses <strong>to be+V3</strong>","children":[{"content":"Some useful tips are given in this video.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"719,720"}},{"content":"This building was designed two centuries ago.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"720,721"}},{"content":"My order will be delivered tomorrow.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"721,722"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"718,722"}},{"content":"For <strong>Continuous</strong> tenses <strong>to 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child.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"730,731"}},{"content":"The building stopped being used as a cinema.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"731,732"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"729,732"}},{"content":"For <strong>infinitives</strong> <strong>(to) be + V3</strong>","children":[{"content":"I don't want to be fooled again.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"733,734"}},{"content":"Tables in our restaurant can't be reserved during weekends.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"734,735"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"732,735"}},{"content":"После need и активный герундий и пассивный инфинитив могут быть взаимозаменяемы","children":[{"content":"My hair needs washing. = My hair needs to be washed.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"736,737"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"735,737"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"717,718"}},{"content":"<strong>Артикли</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использвание","children":[{"content":"a/an используется с исчислимыми существительными единственного числа","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"739,740"}},{"content":"the используется со всеми типами существительных","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"740,741"}},{"content":"zero использвуется с исчислимыми и не исчислимыми существительными множественного числа","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"741,742"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"738,739"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"A/An","children":[{"content":"Когда что-то упоминается в первый раз","children":[{"content":"I have a bag. The bag is red.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"745,746"}},{"content":"Sean has a house in the countryside and an apartment in the city centre.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"746,747"}},{"content":"I saw a dog in the park.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"747,748"}},{"content":"Mary bought a tablet and a laptop, but she used the tablet more often.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"748,749"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"744,745"}},{"content":"Названиями профессий","children":[{"content":"He is an artist.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"750,751"}},{"content":"Tina is a programmer.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"751,752"}},{"content":"She is a teacher.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"752,753"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"749,750"}},{"content":"Когда не понятно какой именно элемент упоминается из нескольких","children":[{"content":"Open a window please.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"754,755"}},{"content":"Give me an apple, please. (one of many, it’s not important which one)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"755,756"}},{"content":"A linguist I work with told me about it. (one of those linguists I work with)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"756,757"}},{"content":"I need a pen. (Any pen, not a specific one)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"757,758"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"753,754"}},{"content":"В фразах","children":[{"content":"<pre data-lines=\"759,763\"><code>- It is\n- There is\n- This is\n- What...!\n</code></pre>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"pre","lines":"759,763"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"758,759"}},{"content":"В значении <strong>один</strong>","children":[{"content":"I need an hour.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"764,765"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"763,764"}},{"content":"Для выражения частоты","children":[{"content":"I go swimming three times a week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"766,767"}},{"content":"I have French classes three times a week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"767,768"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"765,766"}},{"content":"Описания кого-то или чего-то","children":[{"content":"He is a good person.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"769,770"}},{"content":"Tokyo is a beautiful city.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"770,771"}},{"content":"Italian is a melodic language.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"771,772"}},{"content":"She is a linguist.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"772,773"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"768,769"}},{"content":"В некоторых фразах","children":[{"content":"<pre data-lines=\"774,778\"><code>- in a hurry\n- to have a good time\n- to go for a walk\n- as a result\n</code></pre>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"pre","lines":"774,778"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"773,774"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"743,744"}},{"content":"The","children":[{"content":"Когда что-то упоминается во второй раз","children":[{"content":"I have a bag.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"780,781"}},{"content":"Sean has a house in the countryside and an apartment in the city centre, but he prefers to live in the house.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"781,782"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"779,780"}},{"content":"Когда понятно какой именно элемент упоминается","children":[{"content":"Open the window, please.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"783,784"}},{"content":"This is the pub I told you about.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"784,785"}},{"content":"The book on the table is mine. (A specific book that both people know about)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"785,786"}},{"content":"There's the hotel. (=That is the hotel we have been looking for.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"786,787"}},{"content":"Look! They are the three actors who won Oscars last year. (=You are looking at them right now and know who you are talking about.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"787,788"}},{"content":"The linguist I work with told me about it. (=The person you're saying it to knows which linguist you're talking about.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"788,789"}},{"content":"The films we watched yesterday were fantastic! (=You know what films we watched yesterday.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"789,790"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"782,783"}},{"content":"С уникальными объектами(the sun, the moon, world, sky etc.)","children":[{"content":"The Earth goes round the Sun.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"791,792"}},{"content":"We're going to travel round the world.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"792,793"}},{"content":"The fact that languages are dying out is partly due to the internet.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"793,794"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"790,791"}},{"content":"Здания, места и организации, которые вы часто видите или посещаете(the bank, the theatre, the cinema, the university etc.)","children":[{"content":"I go to the gym three times a week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"795,796"}},{"content":"I went to the theatre last week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"796,797"}},{"content":"She's at the gym.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"797,798"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"794,795"}},{"content":"Реки, океаны, моря, каналы, пустыни и группы островов, горные хребты","children":[{"content":"the Nile","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"799,800"}},{"content":"the Alps","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"800,801"}},{"content":"The Pacific","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"801,802"}},{"content":"The Thames is England's most famous river.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"802,803"}},{"content":"The Pacific Ocean is bigger than the Mediterranean Sea.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"803,804"}},{"content":"The Hawaiian islands are very popular among tourists.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"804,805"}},{"content":"The Himalayas is the highest mountain range on Earth.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"805,806"}},{"content":"Oahu is the third largest island of the Hawaiian Islands.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"806,807"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"798,799"}},{"content":"Названия отелей, кинотеатров, музеев итд","children":[{"content":"We stayed at the Morrison when we visited Chicago.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"808,809"}},{"content":"The National Gallery and the British Museum are London tourist attractions.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"809,810"}},{"content":"The Straits Times is Singapore's English-language newspaper.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"810,811"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"807,808"}},{"content":"С первосходными формами","children":[{"content":"This is the best place in the world.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"812,813"}},{"content":"She is the best dancer","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"813,814"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"811,812"}},{"content":"С порядковыми числами","children":[{"content":"I live on the third floor.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"815,816"}},{"content":"It's the first time I've been here.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"816,817"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"814,815"}},{"content":"С музыкальными инструментами","children":[{"content":"I play the piano.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"818,819"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"817,818"}},{"content":"С last и next","children":[{"content":"This is the last day of holidays.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"820,821"}},{"content":"Но last/next+time, zero article ( Last April, Next week)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"821,822"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"819,820"}},{"content":"В определенных фразах","children":[{"content":"<pre data-lines=\"823,829\"><code>- in the morning/evening/afternoon\n- at the moment\n- on the whole\n- by the way\n- on the left/right\n- to go to the cinema/theatre/bank/post office/airport/doctor\n</code></pre>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"pre","lines":"823,829"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"822,823"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"778,779"}},{"content":"Zero","children":[{"content":"В тех же случаях что и a/an но с неисчислимыми и множественными","children":[{"content":"We bought cheese and cucumbers.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"831,832"}},{"content":"Dogs are loyal. (All dogs in general)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"832,833"}},{"content":"Vegetables are good for you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"833,834"}},{"content":"Music makes me happy. (Music in general)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"834,836"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"830,831"}},{"content":"Для общих идей или в общем","children":[{"content":"I like music","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"837,838"}},{"content":"Tigers are very dangerous animals. (in general)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"838,839"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"836,837"}},{"content":"С играми и спортом","children":[{"content":"Anna plays football","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"840,841"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"839,840"}},{"content":"Страны и города, континенты, острова, штаты, горы","children":[{"content":"France, Beijing","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"842,843"}},{"content":"London is the capital of England.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"843,844"}},{"content":"Tunisia is in North Africa.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"844,845"}},{"content":"He lives in Texas.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"845,846"}},{"content":"Mount Everest is Earth’s highest mountain.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"846,847"}},{"content":"Oahu is the third largest island of the Hawaiian Islands.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"847,848"}},{"content":"исключения составные имена и во множественном числе, включающие слова республика, штаты, федерация, королевство, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, the Netherlands","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"848,849"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"841,842"}},{"content":"Части стран или континетов","children":[{"content":"Central America, Souteast Asia","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"850,851"}},{"content":"исключения the для имен части","children":[{"content":"the South","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"852,853"}},{"content":"the Midwest","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"853,854"}},{"content":"the North","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"854,855"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"851,855"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"849,850"}},{"content":"Улицы, Станции, Горы, озера, аэропорты, дороги, парки, магазины, рестораны","children":[{"content":"Grand Station can be found in Walter Street.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"856,857"}},{"content":"Lake Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro are both in Africa.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"857,858"}},{"content":"We often eat out at Charley's.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"858,859"}},{"content":"Исключения шоссе и нумированные дороги","children":[{"content":"the m6, A25","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"860,861"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"859,861"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"855,856"}},{"content":"Языки","children":[{"content":"She speaks Eglish","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"862,863"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"861,862"}},{"content":"С приемами пищи, заболеваниями, методами путешествий, месяцами, днями недели, периодами времени, школьными предметами","children":[{"content":"Will you have lunch with me?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"864,865"}},{"content":"I have breakfast every day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"865,866"}},{"content":"Her mother has diabetes.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"866,867"}},{"content":"I travel to work by bus.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"867,868"}},{"content":"It's time to go to bed.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"868,869"}},{"content":"Let’s have dinner in a restaurant tonight!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"869,870"}},{"content":"I go to work by bus.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"870,871"}},{"content":"We have dinner at 8.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"871,872"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"863,864"}},{"content":"В некоторых фразах","children":[{"content":"at/to/from school","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"873,874"}},{"content":"at/to/from work","children":[{"content":"I get back from work at 5 p.m.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"875,876"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"874,876"}},{"content":"at/to/from home","children":[{"content":"She's not at home today.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"877,878"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"876,878"}},{"content":"to go to bed/to hospital","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"878,879"}},{"content":"at midnight","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"879,880"}},{"content":"at night","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"880,881"}},{"content":"on TV","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"881,882"}},{"content":"in fact","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"882,883"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"872,873"}},{"content":"после","children":[{"content":"my","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"884,885"}},{"content":"his","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"885,886"}},{"content":"her","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"886,887"}},{"content":"their","children":[{"content":"you can take my car","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"888,889"}},{"content":"I want to visit their new event.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"889,890"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"887,890"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"883,884"}},{"content":"перед next/last + day, week, etc.","children":[{"content":"See you next weekend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"891,892"}},{"content":"I met him last 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have+v3, это подчеркивает завершенность действия или его связь с прошлым","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"897,898"}},{"content":"Иногда используются для гипотетических предположений о прошлом и тогда проявляется связь с third conditional:","children":[{"content":"If I had studied harder, I could have passed the exam.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"899,900"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"898,900"}},{"content":"Связано с reported speach, если в прямой речи must в косввенной необходимо будет сказать must have для обозначения действия в прошлом","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"900,901"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"Must have + V3 (Participle)","children":[{"content":"Употребляется, когда говорящий почти уверен, что что-то произошло в прошлом.","children":[{"content":"She must have left early. (Она, должно быть, ушла рано.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"904,905"}},{"content":"You must have watched this film — it's quite old.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"905,906"}},{"content":"Maria was fired last week. She must have failed her project.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"906,907"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"903,907"}},{"content":"Уровень уверенности: высокий.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"907,908"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"902,908"}},{"content":"May(not)/Might(not) have + V3","children":[{"content":"Используются, когда говорящий предполагает возможность/вероятность произошедшего, но не уверен.","children":[{"content":"They may have forgotten the meeting. (Возможно, они забыли о встрече.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"910,911"}},{"content":"Where is my phone? I might have left it at home … or in the taxi.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"911,912"}},{"content":"Don’t worry, he might have forgotten to call you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"912,913"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"909,913"}},{"content":"степень уверенности: средний или низкий.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"913,914"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"908,914"}},{"content":"Can’t/Couldn’t have + V3","children":[{"content":"Употребляется, когда говорящий почти уверен, что что-то не могло произойти.","children":[{"content":"He can’t have been serious. (Он не мог быть серьёзен.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"916,917"}},{"content":"You can't have seen Leon yesterday — he's in Spain now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"917,918"}},{"content":"He couldn't have finished this report in just a day. It usually takes about a week.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"918,919"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"915,919"}},{"content":"Уровень уверенности: высокий, но отрицательный.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"919,920"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"914,920"}},{"content":"Could have + V3 (не используется в положительных предложениях)","children":[{"content":"Употребляется для выражения того, что что-то могло произойти в прошлом, но не произошло.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"921,922"}},{"content":"Использовуется чтобы критиковать кого-то или что-то вежливо.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"922,923"}},{"content":"Используется чтобы сказать что что-то возможно было правдой, но мы не уверены.","children":[{"content":"She could have taken a different route. 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I really need to get some sleep.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"980,981"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"979,980"}},{"content":"needed to + infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"981,982"}},{"content":"will need to + infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"982,983"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"978,979"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"975,976"}},{"content":"to be able to","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"чтобы говорить о возможностях","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"985,986"}},{"content":"может использоваться в любых временах","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"986,987"}},{"content":"was able to используется для описания специфической ситуации в прошлом","children":[{"content":"I was able to swim across the big lake when I was a child.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"988,989"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"987,989"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"984,985"}},{"content":"Формы (для любых времен, здесть преведены только некоторые)","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"am/are/is able + to V ( was/were able + to V, will be able + to V )","children":[{"content":"I'm able to speak French.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"992,993"}},{"content":"We were able to speak French when we were children.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"993,994"}},{"content":"Jan will be able to speak French when he finishes the course.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"994,995"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"991,992"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"990,991"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"am not/are not/is not able + to V (was/were not able + to V, will not be able + to V)","children":[{"content":"He isn't able to cook well.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"997,998"}},{"content":"Mindy wasn't able to cook well earlier.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"998,999"}},{"content":"Anna won't be able to cook well even if she finishes the course.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"999,1000"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"996,997"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"995,996"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Wh-) + am/are/is + S + able + to V…? ((Wh) + was/were + S + able + to V …?, (Wh) + will + S + be able + to V …?)","children":[{"content":"Are you able to help me?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1002,1003"}},{"content":"What were you able to do well as a child?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1003,1004"}},{"content":"Will you be able to help me tomorrow?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1004,1005"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1001,1002"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1000,1001"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"989,990"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"983,984"}},{"content":"Should/Shouldn't","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы дать совет делать или не делать что-либо","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1007,1008"}},{"content":"Чтобы сказать что вы ожидаете чего-то что должно случиться или стало правдой","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1008,1009"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1006,1007"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + should + infinitive(without to)","children":[{"content":"You should apply for this job.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1012,1013"}},{"content":"You should listen before you speak.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1013,1014"}},{"content":"You should call your mum, she's worried about you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1014,1015"}},{"content":"You shouldn't eat so much unhealthy food.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1015,1016"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1011,1012"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1010,1011"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"S + should not (shouldn’t) + infinitive(without to)","children":[{"content":"She shouldn't stay outside for too long.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1018,1019"}},{"content":"You shouldn't eat this. It is not healthy.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1019,1021"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1017,1018"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1016,1017"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Should + S + V","children":[{"content":"Should I ask her about it?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1023,1024"}},{"content":"Should I call a doctor?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1024,1025"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1022,1023"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1021,1022"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1009,1010"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1005,1006"}},{"content":"Ought","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы дать совет делать или не делать что-либо","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1027,1028"}},{"content":"Чтобы сказать что вы ожидаете чего-то что должно случиться или стало правдой","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1028,1029"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1026,1027"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+ -","children":[{"content":"ought/ought not + infinitive (with \"to\")","children":[{"content":"You ought to read this before starting to write.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1032,1033"}},{"content":"You ought not to mention this to him.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1033,1034"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1031,1032"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1030,1031"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1029,1030"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1025,1026"}},{"content":"Could","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы предложить возможные поведения","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1036,1037"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1035,1036"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"S + could + V","children":[{"content":"You could come to the party or stay at home.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1040,1041"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1039,1040"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1038,1039"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"не используется","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1042,1043"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1041,1042"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Could + S + V","children":[{"content":"Could we go to the cinema tonight?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1045,1046"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1044,1045"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1043,1044"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1037,1038"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1034,1035"}},{"content":"Have to","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для разговора об обязательствах внешних по отношению к говорящему","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1048,1049"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1047,1048"}},{"content":"Формы (изменяется по временам)","children":[{"content":"Настоящее have/has to + infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1050,1051"}},{"content":"Прошлое Had to + infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1051,1052"}},{"content":"Будущее will have to + infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1052,1053"}},{"content":"+ Для настоящего и прошлого времени","children":[{"content":"S + have to/has to/had to + V","children":[{"content":"We have to clean the house because it's messy after the party.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1055,1056"}},{"content":"We had to call Mr Jatt yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1056,1057"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1054,1055"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1053,1054"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Do/Does/Did + S + have to + V","children":[{"content":"Do I have to wash the dishes?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1059,1060"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1058,1059"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1057,1058"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1049,1050"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1046,1047"}},{"content":"don't have to/needn't","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется когда нет необходимости делать что-то, но можно если хочется","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1062,1063"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1061,1062"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"- Для настоящего и прошлого времени","children":[{"content":"S + don't/doesn't/didn't + have to + infinitive/ needn't + infinitive","children":[{"content":"Dan has an easy job, so he doesn't have to work hard. (=he can work hard, but it's not necessary)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1066,1067"}},{"content":"You don't have to wear a tie in our office.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1067,1068"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1065,1066"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1064,1065"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1063,1064"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1060,1061"}},{"content":"Must","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Для описания настоящего или будущих персональных обязательство(для прошлого had to)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1070,1071"}},{"content":"Для дачи настоятельного совета","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1071,1072"}},{"content":"Для правил и законов(особенно записаных)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1072,1073"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1069,1070"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"+ Для настоящего времени","children":[{"content":"S + must + V","children":[{"content":"All passengers must wear seat belts.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1076,1077"}},{"content":"You must be very happy about going to Greece.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1077,1078"}},{"content":"I really must lose some weight.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1078,1079"}},{"content":"You must see the new movie, it's brilliant!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1079,1080"}},{"content":"You must fasten your seatbelt while travelling.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1080,1081"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1075,1076"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1074,1075"}},{"content":"? 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Did you use to go abroad on holiday when you were a child?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1128,1129"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1127,1129"}},{"content":"would используется чтобы подчеркнуть факт того что это было <strong>типично</strong> для человека или ситуации, used to используется для просто сообщения факта","children":[{"content":"It used to snow on the first day of winter when I was a child. It would always snow on the first day of winter when I was a child.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1130,1131"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1129,1131"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1122,1131"}},{"content":"to be used to + Ving используется для того чтобы сказать, что это сейчас повторяющееся действие или привычка, подчеркивает, что что-то не ново или странного для кого-то","children":[{"content":"He is used to waking up early now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1132,1133"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1131,1133"}},{"content":"to get used to + Ving для того чтобы подчеркнуться, что что-то становится повторяющимся или привычкой сейчас, чтобы поговорить о процессе","children":[{"content":"We will get used to eating healthily.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1134,1135"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1133,1135"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1118,1119"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"used to + V ( за этим следует инфинитив)","children":[{"content":"S + used to + V","children":[{"content":"He used to work hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1139,1140"}},{"content":"Mike used to be a doctor. Now he is a teacher.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1140,1141"}},{"content":"We used to visit the village every weekend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1141,1142"}},{"content":"I used to be afraid of dogs, but now I am not.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1142,1143"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1138,1143"}},{"content":"S + did not + use to + V","children":[{"content":"He didn’t use to work hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1145,1146"}},{"content":"I didn't use to like rock music.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1146,1147"}},{"content":"There did not use to be so many cars in the past.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1147,1148"}},{"content":"I didn't use to eat a lot of sweets when I was a child.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1148,1149"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1144,1149"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Qw) + did + S + use to + V","children":[{"content":"Did he use to work hard?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1151,1152"}},{"content":"Did you use to have red hair?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1152,1153"}},{"content":"How often did you use to smoke?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1153,1154"}},{"content":"Did the building use to be a post office?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1154,1155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1150,1155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1149,1155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1136,1155"}},{"content":"would + V","children":[{"content":"S + would + V (base form)","children":[{"content":"Each summer I would visit my grandparents.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1157,1158"}},{"content":"I would eat a lot of junk food when I was a student.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1158,1159"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1156,1159"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1155,1159"}},{"content":"be used to + (doing)Ving (существительное, местоимение, герундий)","children":[{"content":"S + be used to + Ving","children":[{"content":"He is used to working hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1162,1163"}},{"content":"I'm used to working late at night.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1163,1165"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1161,1165"}},{"content":"S + be not + used to + Ving","children":[{"content":"He isn’t used to working hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1167,1168"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1166,1168"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1168,1169\">?</p>","children":[{"content":"(Qw) + be + S + used to + Ving","children":[{"content":"Is he used to working hard?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1170,1171"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1169,1171"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1168,1171"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1159,1171"}},{"content":"get used to + (doing)Ving (существительное, местоимение, герундий)","children":[{"content":"S + get used to + Ving","children":[{"content":"He gets used to working hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1174,1175"}},{"content":"Mike is getting used to cycling to work.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1175,1176"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1173,1176"}},{"content":"S + auxiliary verb not + get used to + Ving","children":[{"content":"He doesn’t get used to working hard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1178,1179"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1177,1179"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"(Qw) + auxiliary verb + S + get used to + Ving","children":[{"content":"Does he get used to working hard?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1181,1182"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1180,1182"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1179,1182"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1171,1182"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1135,1136"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1117,1118"}},{"content":"<strong>Habit, Routine and Tendency</strong>","children":[{"content":"Keep, be prone to, tend to, have a tendency to, as a rule)","children":[{"content":"Используются чтобы говорить о типичных действиях или состояних в настоящем","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1184,1185"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1183,1184"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"to keep + gerund","children":[{"content":"The client keeps asking for a refund.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1187,1188"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1186,1188"}},{"content":"to be prone to + gerund / infinitive (обычно применяется с негативными ситуациями)","children":[{"content":"Mark is prone to catch colds in the autumn.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1189,1190"}},{"content":"Mark is prone to catching colds in the autumn.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1190,1191"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1188,1191"}},{"content":"to tend to / to have a tendency to + infinitive","children":[{"content":"I tend to forget people's names.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1192,1193"}},{"content":"We have a tendency to get together on Sundays.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1193,1194"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1191,1194"}},{"content":"As a rule, + a clause","children":[{"content":"As a rule, I try not to work at weekends.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1195,1196"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1194,1196"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1185,1186"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1182,1183"}},{"content":"<strong>Предлоги времени</strong>","children":[{"content":"At","children":[{"content":"определенное время","children":[{"content":"at 5 o'clock","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1199,1200"}},{"content":"at lunchtime","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1200,1201"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1198,1199"}},{"content":"Праздники и выходные","children":[{"content":"at Christmas","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1202,1203"}},{"content":"at weekends","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1203,1204"}},{"content":"в определенных выражениях","children":[{"content":"at the moment","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1205,1206"}},{"content":"at present","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1206,1207"}},{"content":"at the same time","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1207,1208"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1204,1208"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1201,1202"}},{"content":"Специальные выражения","children":[{"content":"at night","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1209,1210"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1208,1209"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1197,1198"}},{"content":"On","children":[{"content":"дни","children":[{"content":"on Friday","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1212,1213"}},{"content":"on Mondays","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1213,1214"}},{"content":"on Christmas Day","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1214,1215"}},{"content":"on Easter Day","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1215,1216"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1211,1212"}},{"content":"части определенного дня","children":[{"content":"on Friday morning","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1217,1218"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1216,1217"}},{"content":"даты","children":[{"content":"on 16th May","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1219,1220"}},{"content":"on my birthday","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1220,1221"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1218,1219"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1210,1211"}},{"content":"In","children":[{"content":"месяцы","children":[{"content":"in March","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1223,1224"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1222,1223"}},{"content":"сезоны","children":[{"content":"in winter","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1225,1226"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1224,1225"}},{"content":"годы","children":[{"content":"in 1991","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1227,1228"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1226,1227"}},{"content":"части дня","children":[{"content":"in the evening","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1229,1230"}},{"content":"in the morning","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1230,1231"}},{"content":"in the afternoon","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1231,1232"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1228,1229"}},{"content":"периоды времени","children":[{"content":"in the 19th century","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1233,1234"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1232,1233"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1221,1222"}},{"content":"Специальные случаи","children":[{"content":"last + day/week/month/year","children":[{"content":"last month","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1236,1237"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1235,1237"}},{"content":"this + day/week/month/year","children":[{"content":"this year","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1238,1239"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1237,1239"}},{"content":"next + day/week/month/year","children":[{"content":"next summer","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1240,1241"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1239,1241"}},{"content":"every + day/week/month/year","children":[{"content":"every day","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1242,1243"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1241,1243"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1234,1235"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1196,1197"}},{"content":"<strong>Intensifiers</strong>","children":[{"content":"Усилители pretty, quite, really, very, extremely + adjective (adverb)","children":[{"content":"very","children":[{"content":"This rule is very easy. I understood it quickly.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1246,1247"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1245,1246"}},{"content":"really","children":[{"content":"same","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1248,1249"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1247,1248"}},{"content":"extreamly","children":[{"content":"same","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1250,1252"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1249,1250"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1244,1245"}},{"content":"Услабители quite + an article a (if it's a singular countable noun) + adjective + noun","children":[{"content":"quite","children":[{"content":"You're quite a funny guy.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1254,1255"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1253,1254"}},{"content":"pretty","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1255,1256"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1252,1253"}},{"content":"Enough","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы показать что чего-то достаточно, то что ты хочешь или нуждаешься, положительное значение","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1257,1258"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"enough + noun (for somebody)","children":[{"content":"There are enough cookies for everyone","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1260,1261"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1259,1260"}},{"content":"verb/adjective + enough","children":[{"content":"The shoes are good enough","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1262,1263"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1261,1262"}},{"content":"enough to do something","children":[{"content":"He is old enough to make his own decisions","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1264,1265"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1263,1264"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1258,1259"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1256,1257"}},{"content":"To","children":[{"content":"Использутеся чтобы сказать, что чего-то больше чем тебе надо, отрицательное значение","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1266,1267"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"too + adjective/adverb (to do something)","children":[{"content":"She is too young to get married","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1269,1270"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1268,1269"}},{"content":"too + adjective/adverb (for something/somebody)","children":[{"content":"That task was too difficult for me","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1271,1272"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1270,1271"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1267,1268"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1265,1266"}},{"content":"So/Such","children":[{"content":"Используется для того чтобы сделать акцент","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1273,1274"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"so + adjective/adverb (+ that)","children":[{"content":"The weather was so bad that I stayed at home all day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1276,1277"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1275,1276"}},{"content":"such + article a (for singular countable nouns) + noun phrase (+ that)","children":[{"content":"He’s such a clever boy!<br>\nJack and Ivan are such clever boys!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1278,1280"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1277,1278"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1274,1275"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1272,1273"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1243,1244"}},{"content":"<strong>Want to, would like to</strong>","children":[{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"Want to + V","children":[{"content":"I want to understand how to help the environment.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1283,1284"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1282,1283"}},{"content":"+","children":[{"content":"Would like to (='d like to) + V","children":[{"content":"We would like to reduce (='d like to) the amount of meat we eat.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1286,1287"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1285,1286"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1284,1285"}},{"content":"-","children":[{"content":"Would not (=wouldn't) like to + V","children":[{"content":"He would not (=wouldn't) like to change his habits and start recycling.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1289,1290"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1288,1289"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1287,1288"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"Would + subject + like to + V?","children":[{"content":"Would you like to start using eco-bags?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1292,1293"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h6","lines":"1291,1292"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1290,1291"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1281,1282"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1280,1281"}},{"content":"<strong>Infinitive</strong>","children":[{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"adjective+infinitive","children":[{"content":"Используется после прилагательных","children":[{"content":"It is great to have so many friends.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1297,1298"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1296,1297"}},{"content":"Ключевые 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Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"There is only one thing to be done.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1312,1313"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1311,1313"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1310,1311"}},{"content":"Subject + to be +adjective + to + V","children":[{"content":"It is easy to start recycling at home.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1314,1315"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1313,1314"}},{"content":"Subject + to be +adjective + of + noun/pronoun + to + V","children":[{"content":"It was kind of me/you/them/us/him/her to invite Jack to the party.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1316,1317"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1315,1316"}},{"content":"Subject + Verb + Object (optional) + \"to\" + Verb","children":[{"content":"Объясняет цели простых ежедневных действий, когда вы хотите объяснить почему вы что-то делаете","children":[{"content":"I go to work to earn money.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1319,1320"}},{"content":"I work out to keep fit.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1320,1321"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1318,1321"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1317,1318"}},{"content":"\"It's\" + Adjective + \"to\" + Verb","children":[{"content":"Когда вы оцениваете качество или сложность активности","children":[{"content":"It's difficult to learn a new language.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1323,1324"}},{"content":"It's exciting to try new foods.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1324,1325"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1322,1325"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1321,1322"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1295,1296"}},{"content":"Выражают план, намерение или будущее действие(инфинитиная форма подчеркивает цель или назначение действия)","children":[{"content":"Используется как субъект","children":[{"content":"To run is good exercise.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1327,1328"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1326,1328"}},{"content":"После абстрактных существительных(сформированных из глагола или прилагательного)","children":[{"content":"ability","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1329,1330"}},{"content":"advice","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1330,1331"}},{"content":"offer","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1331,1332"}},{"content":"decision","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1332,1333"}},{"content":"chance","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1333,1334"}},{"content":"dream","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1334,1335"}},{"content":"opportunity","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1335,1336"}},{"content":"permission","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1336,1337"}},{"content":"tendency","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1337,1338"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1328,1338"}},{"content":"Используется как объект","children":[{"content":"I like to swim.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1339,1340"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1338,1340"}},{"content":"Для выражения стремлений и намерений","children":[{"content":"I came to study.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1341,1342"}},{"content":"We came there to talk to the professor.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1342,1343"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1340,1343"}},{"content":"Используется после too + прилагательное","children":[{"content":"It is too cold to walk outside.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1344,1345"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1343,1345"}},{"content":"Использьуется после прилагательное + enough","children":[{"content":"She is brave enough to ask him about it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1346,1347"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1345,1347"}},{"content":"После слов и их производных","children":[{"content":"something","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1348,1349"}},{"content":"anything","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1349,1350"}},{"content":"nothing","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1350,1351"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1347,1351"}},{"content":"Используется bare infinitive( без to)","children":[{"content":"после определенных глаголов","children":[{"content":"let","children":[{"content":"Let me do this task for you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1354,1355"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1353,1355"}},{"content":"make","children":[{"content":"<em>He made me go with them.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1356,1357"}},{"content":"<em>My boyfriend always makes me laugh. He’s so funny!</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1357,1358"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1355,1358"}},{"content":"see","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1358,1359"}},{"content":"hear","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1359,1360"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1352,1360"}},{"content":"после модальных глаголов","children":[{"content":"can","children":[{"content":"You can trust them.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1362,1363"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1361,1363"}},{"content":"must","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1363,1364"}},{"content":"needn’t (need never)","children":[{"content":"You needn’t worry about the outcome. Everything is under control!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1365,1366"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1364,1366"}},{"content":"had better","children":[{"content":"<em>You’d better stop talking to me like this.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1367,1368"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1366,1368"}},{"content":"would rather","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1368,1369"}},{"content":"should etc.","children":[{"content":"<em>I should spend less time online.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1370,1371"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1369,1371"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1360,1371"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1351,1371"}},{"content":"После определенных глаголов + noun/pronoun","children":[{"content":"ask","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1372,1373"}},{"content":"expect","children":[{"content":"I expect you to come earlier today.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1374,1375"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1373,1375"}},{"content":"hire","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1375,1376"}},{"content":"invite","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1376,1377"}},{"content":"teach","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1377,1378"}},{"content":"tell","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1378,1379"}},{"content":"warn","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1379,1380"}},{"content":"advise","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1380,1381"}},{"content":"allow","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1381,1382"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1371,1382"}},{"content":"Только инфинитив после","children":[{"content":"<strong>would like</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>i would like to 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technology.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1438,1439"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1436,1439"}},{"content":"<strong>Offer</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>They offered to help.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1440,1441"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1439,1441"}},{"content":"<strong>Plan</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>We plan to visit Italy next year.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1442,1443"}},{"content":"<em>We plan to visit.</em> (a future action or goal)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1443,1444"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1441,1444"}},{"content":"<strong>Prepare</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She prepared to give a speech.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1445,1446"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1444,1446"}},{"content":"<strong>Pretend</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>He pretended to be 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cry.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1484,1485"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1483,1485"}},{"content":"can't stand","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1485,1486"}},{"content":"propose","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1486,1487"}},{"content":"intend","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1487,1488"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1466,1488"}},{"content":"(дублирование инф из Герундия) После определенных глаголов может быть как gerund так и infinitive, <strong>но со сменой смысла</strong>","children":[{"content":"forget<br>\nDon't forget to meet him.(Action of meeting)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1489,1491"}},{"content":"stop","children":[{"content":"He stopped drinking coffee. (He doesn't drink coffee any more.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1492,1493"}},{"content":"He stopped to drink a cup of coffee. (He stopped something else in order to have a cup of coffee.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1493,1494"}},{"content":"He stopped to smoke. (He stopped doing something in order to smoke)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1494,1495"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1491,1495"}},{"content":"try","children":[{"content":"Try swimming. (Try and see if you enjoy the activity.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1496,1497"}},{"content":"Try to swim. (Make an effort to do it.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1497,1498"}},{"content":"Try to eat less sugar. (Make an effort to reduce sugar intake)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1498,1499"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1495,1499"}},{"content":"remember","children":[{"content":"I remembered calling her. (I have a memory of calling her)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1500,1501"}},{"content":"I remembered to call her. (I remembered and then I called her)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1501,1502"}},{"content":"Remember to tell her. (Action of telling)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1502,1503"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1499,1503"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1488,1503"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1382,1503"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1325,1326"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1294,1295"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1293,1294"}},{"content":"<strong>Gerund</strong>","children":[{"content":"Active","children":[{"content":"Эти глаголы частно описывают действие или активность которые в процессе, продолжаются, или привычны. Концентнируется на продолжающейся природе действия","children":[{"content":"Как субъект","children":[{"content":"Reading enhances our knowledge.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1507,1508"}},{"content":"Running is good exercise.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1508,1509"}},{"content":"Watching ads can be so boring.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1509,1510"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1506,1510"}},{"content":"Как объекты","children":[{"content":"Выражение отношения нравится/не нравится","children":[{"content":"Ключевые слова для выражения того что нравится","children":[{"content":"love","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1513,1514"}},{"content":"like","children":[{"content":"I like swimming.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1515,1516"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1514,1516"}},{"content":"enjoy","children":[{"content":"She enjoys swimming.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1517,1518"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1516,1518"}},{"content":"prefer","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1518,1519"}},{"content":"be crazy about","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1519,1520"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1512,1520"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1511,1520"}},{"content":"для выражения того что не нравится","children":[{"content":"dislike","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1521,1522"}},{"content":"hate","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1522,1523"}},{"content":"be not a fan of","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1523,1524"}},{"content":"can't stand","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1524,1525"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1520,1525"}},{"content":"Использовать don't mind чтобы сказать что твое отношение нейтральное","children":[{"content":"don't mind","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1526,1527"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1525,1527"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"love/like/enjoy/dislike + V + -ing","children":[{"content":"I love doing puzzles.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1529,1531"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1528,1531"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1531,1532\">do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t) + love/like/enjoy + V + -ing</p>","children":[{"content":"She doesn’t like reading detective stories.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1532,1533"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1531,1533"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1533,1534\">? Do/Does + subject + love/like/enjoy/dislike + V + -ing</p>","children":[{"content":"Do they enjoy gardening?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1534,1535"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1533,1535"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1527,1535"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1510,1535"}},{"content":"после предлогов","children":[{"content":"She is interested in painting.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1536,1537"}},{"content":"I am interested in reading.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1537,1538"}},{"content":"My father is very good at remembering numbers.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1538,1539"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1535,1539"}},{"content":"После определенных глаголов, таких как:","children":[{"content":"<strong>Admit</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She admitted making a 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delayed responding to the email.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1558,1559"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1557,1559"}},{"content":"<strong>Deny</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She denied breaking the vase.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1560,1561"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1559,1561"}},{"content":"<strong>Discuss</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>They discussed going on vacation.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1562,1563"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1561,1563"}},{"content":"<strong>Dislike</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>He dislikes waiting in line.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1564,1565"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1563,1565"}},{"content":"<strong>Enjoy</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She enjoys reading books.</em> (emphasizes the ongoing pleasure of the activity)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1566,1567"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1565,1567"}},{"content":"<strong>Escape</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>He escaped being caught.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1568,1569"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1567,1569"}},{"content":"<strong>Give up</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1569,1570"}},{"content":"<strong>Finish</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She finished doing her homework.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1571,1572"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1570,1572"}},{"content":"<strong>Imagine</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>Can you imagine living in Paris?</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1573,1574"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1572,1574"}},{"content":"<strong>Involve</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>The job involves traveling a 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friends.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1583,1584"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1582,1584"}},{"content":"<strong>Postpone</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>They postponed leaving for a week.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1585,1586"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1584,1586"}},{"content":"<strong>Practice</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She practices playing the piano daily.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1587,1588"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1586,1588"}},{"content":"<strong>Recall</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>I recall meeting him at the party.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1589,1590"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1588,1590"}},{"content":"<strong>Recommend</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>They recommend taking the train.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1591,1592"}},{"content":"<em>I recommend installing a new app on your phone.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1592,1593"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1590,1593"}},{"content":"<strong>Regret</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>He regrets not studying harder.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1594,1595"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1593,1595"}},{"content":"<strong>Resist</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She couldn't resist eating the cake.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1596,1597"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1595,1597"}},{"content":"<strong>Risk</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>He risks losing his job.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1598,1599"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1597,1599"}},{"content":"<strong>Suggest</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>She suggested going to the park.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1600,1601"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1599,1601"}},{"content":"<strong>(don't) mind</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>He doesn't mind waiting.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1602,1603"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1601,1603"}},{"content":"<strong>be used to</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1603,1604"}},{"content":"<strong>can't help</strong>","children":[{"content":"<em>Uma can’t help thinking about the dangers of using the internet so often.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1605,1606"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1604,1606"}},{"content":"<strong>end up</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1606,1607"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1539,1607"}},{"content":"Как объекты в фразовых глаголах","children":[{"content":"She looks forward to meeting you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1608,1609"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1607,1609"}},{"content":"После определенных глаголов может быть как gerund так и infinitive, <strong>без смены смысла</strong> ну или с очень малым изменением","children":[{"content":"begin","children":[{"content":"<em>She began to sing</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1611,1612"}},{"content":"<em>Julie began to paint/painting the room.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1612,1613"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1610,1613"}},{"content":"continue","children":[{"content":"He continued to talk.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1614,1615"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1613,1615"}},{"content":"prefer","children":[{"content":"I prefer to walk.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1616,1617"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1615,1617"}},{"content":"start","children":[{"content":"They started to run.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1618,1619"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1617,1619"}},{"content":"love","children":[{"content":"He loves to read.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1620,1621"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1619,1621"}},{"content":"hate","children":[{"content":"They hate to be late.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1622,1623"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1621,1623"}},{"content":"like","children":[{"content":"I like to ski.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1624,1625"}},{"content":"She likes to swim.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1625,1626"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1623,1626"}},{"content":"can't bear","children":[{"content":"<em>I can’t bear to see/seeing Kelly cry.</em>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1627,1628"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1626,1628"}},{"content":"can't stand","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1628,1629"}},{"content":"propose","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1629,1630"}},{"content":"intend","children":[{"content":"I like skiing.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1631,1632"}},{"content":"he likes swimming","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1632,1633"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1630,1633"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1609,1633"}},{"content":"После определенных глаголов может быть как gerund так и infinitive, <strong>но со сменой смысла</strong>","children":[{"content":"forget","children":[{"content":"I'll never forget meeting you (The memory of meeting)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1635,1636"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1634,1636"}},{"content":"stop","children":[{"content":"He stopped drinking coffee. (He doesn't drink coffee any more.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1637,1638"}},{"content":"He stopped to drink a cup of coffee. (He stopped something else in order to have a cup of coffee.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1638,1639"}},{"content":"She stopped working when she was 65. (=She doesn’t work anymore.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1639,1640"}},{"content":"He stopped to buy a cup of coffee. (=He stopped something else in order to buy a cup of coffee.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1640,1641"}},{"content":"He stopped smoking. (He quit the habit)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1641,1642"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1636,1642"}},{"content":"try","children":[{"content":"Try swimming. (Try and see if you enjoy the activity.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1643,1644"}},{"content":"Try to swim. (Make an effort to do it.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1644,1645"}},{"content":"Try to think where you saw your keys last. (=Make an effort to remember.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1645,1646"}},{"content":"Try painting one picture. You might enjoy it. (=Try and see if you enjoy the activity.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1646,1647"}},{"content":"Try eating less sugar. (Experiment with reducing sugar intake)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1647,1648"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1642,1648"}},{"content":"remember","children":[{"content":"I remembered calling her. (I have a memory of calling her)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1649,1650"}},{"content":"I remember telling you. (The memory of telling)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1650,1651"}},{"content":"I remembered to call her. (I remembered and then I called her)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1651,1652"}},{"content":"Remember to lock the door when you leave. (=Don't forget to do it.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1652,1653"}},{"content":"Do you remember ordering this book? (=Do you have a memory of this?)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1653,1654"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1648,1654"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1633,1654"}},{"content":"После конструкций be/get used to","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1654,1655"}},{"content":"После выражений","children":[{"content":"it's no use","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1656,1657"}},{"content":"there's no point in","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1657,1658"}},{"content":"it's worth","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1658,1659"}},{"content":"be busy","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1659,1660"}},{"content":"have difficulty/trouble","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1660,1661"}},{"content":"waste of time (можно продолжить и герундием)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1661,1662"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1655,1662"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1505,1662"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1504,1505"}},{"content":"Passive","children":[{"content":"modal + be + Ved/V3","children":[{"content":"The rules must be followed.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1664,1665"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1663,1665"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1662,1663"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1503,1504"}},{"content":"<strong>Impersonal passive structures</strong>","children":[{"content":"Используются чтобы передать слова, мнения и веры других людей, или обеспечить дистанцирование от личный утверждений<br>\nИспользуются чтобы отказаться от использования таких слов как they, some people и других, в качестве подлежащего.","children":[{"content":"This man is believed to be dangerous.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1668,1669"}},{"content":"It’s said that the exam isn’t very difficult.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1669,1670"}},{"content":"Henry is reported to have received an award for his contribution.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1670,1671"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1666,1671"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"It is + said / thought / believed / expected / reported / known / understood + that …","children":[{"content":"It is believed that she is a teacher.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1673,1674"}},{"content":"It’s reported that he landed in London yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1674,1675"}},{"content":"It is known that he’s already landed in London.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1675,1676"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1672,1676"}},{"content":"Для настоящего и будущего времени используется<br>\nsubject + is/are + said / thought / believed / expected / reported / known / understood + to V1","children":[{"content":"She is said to be a teacher.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1678,1679"}},{"content":"Tom is expected to land in London.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1679,1680"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1676,1680"}},{"content":"Прошедшего времени используется<br>\nsubject + is/are + said / thought / believed / expected / reported / known / understood + to have + V3","children":[{"content":"He is said to have entered the house through the window.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1682,1683"}},{"content":"Tom is expected to have landed in London.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1683,1684"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1680,1684"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1671,1684"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1665,1666"}},{"content":"<strong>Complex object</strong>","children":[{"content":"verb + object + infinitive","children":[{"content":"Использовать complex objects после определенных глаголов","children":[{"content":"assume","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1687,1688"}},{"content":"believe","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1688,1689"}},{"content":"discover","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1689,1690"}},{"content":"expect","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1690,1691"}},{"content":"imagine","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1691,1692"}},{"content":"know","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1692,1693"}},{"content":"prove","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1693,1694"}},{"content":"suppose","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1694,1695"}},{"content":"think","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1695,1696"}},{"content":"consider","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1696,1697"}},{"content":"find","children":[{"content":"Their parents find the decision to be thoughtless.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1698,1699"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1697,1699"}},{"content":"desire","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1699,1700"}},{"content":"want","children":[{"content":"I want you to stop criticising their choices.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1701,1702"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1700,1702"}},{"content":"wish","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1702,1703"}},{"content":"like","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1703,1704"}},{"content":"dislike","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1704,1705"}},{"content":"intend","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1705,1706"}},{"content":"ask","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1706,1707"}},{"content":"permit","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1707,1708"}},{"content":"order","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1708,1709"}},{"content":"allow","children":[{"content":"He allowed us to speak after him.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1710,1711"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1709,1711"}},{"content":"advise","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1711,1712"}},{"content":"request","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1712,1713"}},{"content":"beg","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1713,1714"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1686,1714"}},{"content":"некоторые глаголы с infinitive без To","children":[{"content":"let","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1715,1716"}},{"content":"make","children":[{"content":"Don’t make me reconsider my decision!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1717,1718"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1716,1718"}},{"content":"have","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1718,1719"}},{"content":"help","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1719,1720"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1714,1720"}},{"content":"глаголы чувств","children":[{"content":"infinitive без to для закончившихся действий","children":[{"content":"We heard him complain about his wife. (the single or completed action)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1722,1723"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1721,1723"}},{"content":"present participle(verb+ving) для незакончившихся действий","children":[{"content":"Teachers saw him explaining maths to his son. (the action in progress)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1724,1725"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1723,1725"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1720,1725"}},{"content":"Фразы с for + to infinitive","children":[{"content":"It is difficult for me to take sides in this matter.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1726,1727"}},{"content":"Fortunately, there is no need for me to risk anything.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1727,1728"}},{"content":"I left something under your door for you to read.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1728,1729"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1725,1729"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1685,1729"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1684,1685"}},{"content":"<strong>Relative clauses</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Who(that)","children":[{"content":"The man who/that wants to buy my cottage is my colleague.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1733,1734"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1732,1733"}},{"content":"which (that) refers to a place, a thing or an animal","children":[{"content":"Brad moved to a village which/that is not far from his hometown.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1735,1736"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1734,1735"}},{"content":"where refers to a place","children":[{"content":"A town hall is a place where a local government works.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1737,1738"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1736,1737"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1730,1731"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1729,1730"}},{"content":"<strong>Linking words</strong>","children":[{"content":"subordinate conjunctions","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы соединять разные части предложений","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1741,1742"}},{"content":"Чтобы соединять разные предложения","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1742,1743"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1740,1741"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"Чтобы указать на причинно слледственную связь","children":[{"content":"Therefore(поэтому, следовательно)","children":[{"content":"He worked the hardest; therefore, he got a promotion.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1746,1747"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1745,1747"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1744,1747"}},{"content":"Чтобы говорить о последствиях","children":[{"content":"That's why","children":[{"content":"That's why people like her.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1749,1750"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1748,1750"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1747,1750"}},{"content":"Дополняет предыдущую информацию","children":[{"content":"Also в начале предложения","children":[{"content":"Also, having a Facebook friend in the U.S. will make you more interested in the events happening in the U.S.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1752,1753"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1751,1753"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1750,1753"}},{"content":"Маркер для суммирования предыдущей информации","children":[{"content":"So, if we had the wings, we might fly to that rock.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1754,1755"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1753,1755"}},{"content":"So в начале предложения","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1755,1756"}},{"content":"Контраст, используется в начале или середине предложения","children":[{"content":"Although(хотя)","children":[{"content":"Although/Though/Even though we often quarrel, we have always been a close family.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1758,1759"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1757,1759"}},{"content":"though(хотя, все же) чуть более неформальное чем although, может идти в конце предложения","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1759,1760"}},{"content":"even though(не смотря на) сильнее чем although","children":[{"content":"We have always been a close family although/though/even though we often quarrel.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1761,1762"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1760,1762"}},{"content":"However(однако, как бы ни) в середине предложения(нужно использовть ; перед словом и запятую после)","children":[{"content":"The movie got good reviews; however, I didn't like it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1763,1764"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1762,1764"}},{"content":"However(однако, как бы ни) в начале предложения, выделяется запятой после, дальше должно следовать полное предложение","children":[{"content":"However, some people are beginning to doubt this.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1765,1766"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1764,1766"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1756,1766"}},{"content":"Предназначение (чаще всего используются в середине предлоежния)","children":[{"content":"to (в значении чтобы) дальше инфитив","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1767,1768"}},{"content":"in order to (чтобы) дальше инфинитив","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1768,1769"}},{"content":"We set off early in the morning to/in order to get to the mountains by noon.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1769,1770"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1766,1770"}},{"content":"Результат","children":[{"content":"as a result(в результате)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1771,1772"}},{"content":"so (таким образом)(в середине предложения)","children":[{"content":"I know you are tired, so I will let you rest.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1773,1774"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1772,1774"}},{"content":"Our local shop closed earlier yesterday, so/as a result I drank coffee without any milk in the morning.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1774,1775"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1770,1775"}},{"content":"Причина(cause or reason)","children":[{"content":"because of + noun","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1776,1777"}},{"content":"due to + noun","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1777,1778"}},{"content":"as (вводит подчиненное предложение)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1778,1779"}},{"content":"The accident happened due to/because of violation of rules.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1779,1780"}},{"content":"As he has a lot of work, he hardly ever calls me without any purpose.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1780,1781"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1775,1781"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1743,1744"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1739,1740"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1738,1739"}},{"content":"<strong>Present and past participles</strong>","children":[{"content":"Present","children":[{"content":"Используется как прилагательное, наречие или глагол описывающие ситуацию","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1783,1784"}},{"content":"Нужно различать разницу между present и past когда они описывают что-то или кого-то(Present - active meaning)","children":[{"content":"The situation was confusing. (Here we describe the situation.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1785,1786"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1784,1786"}},{"content":"V-ing","children":[{"content":"They went past me, laughing at my new bike","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1787,1788"}},{"content":"The film was amazing!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1788,1789"}},{"content":"The song playing in the club is my favourite one.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1789,1790"}},{"content":"I am doing my homework now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1790,1791"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1786,1791"}},{"content":"Continuous tenses","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1791,1792"}},{"content":"Present participle как прилагательные","children":[{"content":"Для описания активной характеристики(динамика) существительного, намекая что существительное выполняет действие","children":[{"content":"The movie is entertaining. (The movie causes entertainment.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1794,1795"}},{"content":"She gave an inspiring speech. (The speech inspires people.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1795,1796"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1793,1796"}},{"content":"Нужно различать с past participle","children":[{"content":"present ongoing: The problem is confusing. (The problem causes<br>\nconfusion.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1797,1799"}},{"content":"past completed: I am confused by the problem. (The problem<br>\ncaused confusion to me.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1799,1801"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1796,1801"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1792,1801"}},{"content":"present participle clause","children":[{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1802,1803\">Описывают происходящие действия, которые происходят в одно и тоже время с действиями в основной части предложения</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1802,1803"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1803,1804\">Такие подпредложения говорят о том что два предлоежния связаны во времени или причине.</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1803,1804"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1804,1805\">Субъкт дополнительного подпредложения обычно тот же самы что и у основной части</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1804,1805"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1805,1806\">Предполгается что дается акцент на происходящих, активных событиях</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1805,1806"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1806,1807\">Они служат цели сделать предложения короче и более ествественными, объединяя несколько действий в одно предложение</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1806,1807"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1807,1808\">Чтобы дать результат действия</p>","children":[{"content":"No one laughed at his joke, making him uncomfortable.<br>\n(No one laughed at his joke, which made him uncomfortable.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1808,1810"}},{"content":"The storm hit, causing widespread damage.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1810,1812"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1807,1812"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1812,1813\">Чтобы дать причину действия</p>","children":[{"content":"Having no more work to do, Peter decided to go home early.<br>\n(As Peter had no more work to do, he decided to go home early.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1813,1815"}},{"content":"Knowing the answer, she raised her hand.<br>\n(Because she knew the answer, she raised her hand.)<br>\n(The storm hit and as a result, widespread damage occurred.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1815,1818"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1812,1818"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1818,1819\">Чтобы рассказать о двух одновременных или последовательных действиях</p>","children":[{"content":"Walking in the park downtown, George met his old friend.<br>\n(George met his old friend while he was walking in the park downtown.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1819,1821"}},{"content":"Walking to school, he saw his friend.<br>\n(He was walking and saw his friend at the same time.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1821,1823"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1818,1823"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1823,1824\">Чтобы дать дополнительную информацию о существительном в основной части</p>","children":[{"content":"Opening next spring, the hotel will feature a water park, conference facilities and a full-service spa.<br>\n(The hotel will feature a water park, conference facilities and a full-service spa. It will open next spring.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1824,1826"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1823,1826"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"1826,1827\">Мы можем использовать present clauses после подчинительных союзов</p>","children":[{"content":"Before taking the exam, you should go over all your notes.<br>\nWhen planning your vacation, consider visiting a new destination.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1827,1829"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1826,1829"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1801,1829"}},{"content":"reduced present relative clauses способ сократить относительные придаточные предложения, чтобы сделать речь более компактной, убирается относительное местоимение(which, that, who) и вспомогательный глагол","children":[{"content":"полное","children":[{"content":"The woman who is singing on the stage is very talented (Женщина, которая поет на сцене, очень талантлива).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1831,1832"}},{"content":"The car that is parked outside belongs to my neighbor (Машина, которая припаркована снаружи, принадлежит моему соседу).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1832,1833"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1830,1833"}},{"content":"сокращенное","children":[{"content":"The woman singing on the stage is very talented (Женщина, поющая на сцене, очень талантлива).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1834,1835"}},{"content":"The car parked outside belongs to my neighbor (Машина, припаркованная снаружи, принадлежит моему соседу).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1835,1836"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1833,1836"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1829,1836"}},{"content":"Нужно отличать от герундия<br>\n-I enjoy reading (Я наслаждаюсь чтением) — герундий выступает в роли дополнения.","children":[{"content":"Reading is fun (Чтение — это весело) — глагольное существительное.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1838,1840"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1836,1840"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1782,1783"}},{"content":"Past","children":[{"content":"Используется как прилагательное, наречие или глагол для того чтобы показать опыт или отношение к ситуации","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1841,1842"}},{"content":"Нужно различать разницу между present и past когда они описывают что-то или кого-то(Past - passive meaning)","children":[{"content":"She was confused. (Here we say what the person thought or experienced.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1843,1844"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1842,1844"}},{"content":"V+ed/V3","children":[{"content":"A broken phone was on the table.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1845,1846"}},{"content":"She was amused by the accident.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1846,1847"}},{"content":"The names mentioned in the report were unknown to me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1847,1848"}},{"content":"The homework was done by me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1848,1849"}},{"content":"I have done my homework.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1849,1850"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1844,1850"}},{"content":"Perfect tenses Указывает на совершенные действия в настоящем, прошлом или будущем","children":[{"content":"She has written a letter.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1851,1852"}},{"content":"She has visited Italy.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1852,1853"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1850,1853"}},{"content":"Passive voice Фокусирует внимание на объекте действия, а не акторе","children":[{"content":"S+ form of \"be\" + past participle","children":[{"content":"The cake was baked by John. (The cake receives the action of being baked.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1855,1856"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1854,1856"}},{"content":"The cake was baked by John.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1856,1857"}},{"content":"The letter was written by her.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1857,1858"}},{"content":"The letter is written (Present Passive)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1858,1859"}},{"content":"The letter was written (Past Passive)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1859,1860"}},{"content":"The letter will be written (Future Passive)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1860,1861"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1853,1861"}},{"content":"В роли прилагательного, описывает существительное, часто передает идею что существительное в состоянии вызыванном совершенным дейсттвием.","children":[{"content":"The finished project is on the table.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1862,1863"}},{"content":"The broken chair needs fixing.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1863,1864"}},{"content":"The broken window needs to be repaired. (The window is in a state of being broken)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1864,1865"}},{"content":"He was bored by the lecture. (He experienced boredom as a result of the lecture)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1865,1866"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1861,1866"}},{"content":"Неправильные формы","children":[{"content":"I have eaten lunch","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1867,1868"}},{"content":"He has eaten dinner","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1868,1869"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1866,1869"}},{"content":"Past Participle Clauses","children":[{"content":"Используются для индикации что действие закончилось или выражает пассивность. Описывают действие которое закончилось перед действием в осноной части или является его результатом.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1870,1871"}},{"content":"Субъект подпредложение обычно тот же самый что и в основной части","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1871,1872"}},{"content":"Часто заменяют passive relative clauses чтобы сделать предложение короче.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1872,1873"}},{"content":"Для завершенных действий, чаще всего перед основным действием","children":[{"content":"Exhausted from work, she went straight to bed.<br>\n(She was exhausted, and as a result, she went to bed.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1874,1876"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1873,1876"}},{"content":"Пассивное значение, индицирующее что что-то было сделано с субъектом предложения или результируещее состояние","children":[{"content":"Defeated by the enemy, the soldiers retreated.<br>\n(The soldiers were defeated, so they retreated.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1877,1879"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1876,1879"}},{"content":"Причина(cause), может так же описывать reason, но с пассивной перспективы","children":[{"content":"Surprised by the news, she didn't know what to say.<br>\n(Because she was surprised, she didn’t know what to say.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1880,1882"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1879,1882"}},{"content":"Результат","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1882,1883"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1869,1883"}},{"content":"Reduced past relative clauses - способ сократить относительные придаточные предложения, чтобы сделать речь более компактной, убирается относительное местоимение(which, that, who) и вспомогательный глагол","children":[{"content":"полные","children":[{"content":"The letter that was written by John was lost (Письмо, которое было написано Джоном, было утеряно).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1885,1886"}},{"content":"The car which was damaged in the accident was repaired (Машина, которая была повреждена в аварии, была отремонтирована).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1886,1887"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1884,1887"}},{"content":"сокращенные","children":[{"content":"The letter written by John was lost (Письмо, написанное Джоном, было утеряно).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1888,1889"}},{"content":"The car damaged in the accident was repaired (Машина, поврежденная в аварии, была отремонтирована).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1889,1890"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1887,1890"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1883,1890"}},{"content":"Perfect infinitives Это форма инфинитива показывающая что действие произошло до другого действия в любом времени","children":[{"content":"Образуется как to have + Past participle","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1891,1892"}},{"content":"Выражение завершенности или предшестующего действия","children":[{"content":"I am glad to have met her before she left (Я рад, что встретил её до того, как она уехала). Здесь подчеркивается, что встреча произошла до отъезда.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1893,1894"}},{"content":"She seems to have forgotten my birthday (Кажется, она забыла о моём дне рождения). Действие (забывание) произошло до момента, когда об этом заговорили.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1894,1895"}},{"content":"He hopes to have completed the project by next week (Он надеется завершить проект к следующей неделе). Ожидается, что действие (завершение проекта) будет выполнено до определенного момента в будущем.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1895,1896"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1892,1896"}},{"content":"Часто используется с модальными глаголами для выражения предположений о прошлом или сожалений","children":[{"content":"Must have: для предположений, уверенности о прошлом:","children":[{"content":"She must have forgotten the meeting (Она, должно быть, забыла о встрече).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1898,1899"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1897,1899"}},{"content":"Could have / might have: для предположений о возможных действиях в прошлом:","children":[{"content":"They could have arrived by now (Они могли бы уже приехать к этому времени).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1900,1901"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1899,1901"}},{"content":"Should have: для выражения сожаления о том, что что-то не было сделано:","children":[{"content":"I should have studied harder (Мне следовало бы учиться усерднее).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1902,1903"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1901,1903"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1896,1903"}},{"content":"После определенных глаголов и выражений: Некоторые глаголы и фразы требуют использования perfect infinitive, если подразумевается завершенное или предшествующее действие:","children":[{"content":"Would like to have:","children":[{"content":"I would like to have seen that movie (Мне бы хотелось посмотреть тот фильм).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1905,1906"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1904,1906"}},{"content":"Appear / seem to have:","children":[{"content":"She seems to have lost her keys (Кажется, она потеряла свои ключи).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1907,1908"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1906,1908"}},{"content":"Claim to have:","children":[{"content":"He claims to have written that book (Он утверждает, что написал ту книгу).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1909,1910"}},{"content":"He claims to have finished the work.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1910,1911"}},{"content":"He claims to have finished the project. (He claims that the project was completed before now.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1911,1912"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1908,1912"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1903,1912"}},{"content":"Present context:","children":[{"content":"He seems to have finished the work (Кажется, он закончил работу). Здесь совершенный инфинитив показывает, что работа завершена к моменту говорения.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1913,1914"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1912,1914"}},{"content":"Past context:","children":[{"content":"I was happy to have helped them (Я был рад, что помог им). Действие (помощь) произошло раньше другого действия (радость).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1915,1916"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1914,1916"}},{"content":"Future context:","children":[{"content":"They hope to have passed the exam by next week (Они надеются сдать экзамен к следующей неделе). Ожидается, что действие будет завершено к будущему моменту.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1917,1918"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1916,1918"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1890,1918"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1840,1841"}},{"content":"Ключевые различия и ошибки","children":[{"content":"Фокусировка","children":[{"content":"present: Происходящие или одновременные события","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1920,1921"}},{"content":"past: Завершенные действия или пассивные состояния","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1921,1922"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1919,1922"}},{"content":"Когда действие происходит","children":[{"content":"present: В то же время что и осноное действие","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1923,1924"}},{"content":"past: Перед действием в основном предложении","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1924,1925"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1922,1925"}},{"content":"Активное или пассивное","children":[{"content":"present: Описывает действие которое субъект делает(активное)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1926,1927"}},{"content":"past: Описывает действие которое было сделано над субъектом(пассивное)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1927,1928"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1925,1928"}},{"content":"Субъект","children":[{"content":"present: Субъект совершает действие(тот же что в основном)","children":[{"content":"Walking home, she met her friend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1930,1931"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1929,1931"}},{"content":"past: Субъект подвергся действию","children":[{"content":"Exhausted from the hike, he collapsed.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1932,1933"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1931,1933"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1928,1933"}},{"content":"Использование связанных подпредложений","children":[{"content":"Present: Заменяет активноые связанное подпредложение","children":[{"content":"The man running is my friend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1935,1936"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1934,1936"}},{"content":"Past: Заменяет пассивное связанное подпредложение","children":[{"content":"The cake baked yesterday is delicious.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1937,1938"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1936,1938"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1933,1938"}},{"content":"Основные ошибки","children":[{"content":"Использование неправильного причастия","children":[{"content":"не использовать present когда действие уже закончено.","children":[{"content":"Working all day, he went home if you mean Having<br>\nworked all day, he went home (completed action).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1941,1943"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1940,1943"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1939,1943"}},{"content":"Неправильное расположение","children":[{"content":"подчиненная часть должна иметь тот же субъект как и основная часть","children":[{"content":"Walking down the street, the flowers were blooming is incorrect because the flowers are not walking. It should be Walking down the street, I saw the flowers blooming.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1945,1946"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1944,1946"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1943,1946"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1938,1946"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1918,1919"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1781,1782"}},{"content":"<strong>Adjectives ending in -ed -ing</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"relaxed/relaxing","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1949,1950"}},{"content":"bored/boring","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1950,1951"}},{"content":"interested/interesting","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1951,1952"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1948,1949"}},{"content":"Прилагательные оканьчивающиеся на -ed показывают чьи-то чувтва","children":[{"content":"Bill was excited about his trip. But then he was surprised that it was over so soon.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1953,1954"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1952,1953"}},{"content":"Прилагательные заканчивающиеся на -ing описывают людий и вещи","children":[{"content":"Bill's trip was exciting. He saw amazing sights.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1955,1956"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1954,1955"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1947,1948"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1946,1947"}},{"content":"<strong>Indefinite pronouns</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использование some/any/no + body/thing/where для разговора о людях и вещах без того чтобы объяснять кто или что они","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1957,1958"}},{"content":"body/one для людей","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1958,1959"}},{"content":"thing вещей","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1959,1960"}},{"content":"where вещей","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1960,1961"}},{"content":"some + one/body/thing/where","children":[{"content":"Lily spoke to someone from Italy.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1962,1963"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1961,1962"}},{"content":"any","children":[{"content":"Use any + one/body/thing/where to say \"it doesn't matter who/what/where\". Use it when you answer questions.","children":[{"content":"<pre data-lines=\"1965,1967\"><code>— What would you like to drink?\n— Anything cold.\n</code></pre>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"pre","lines":"1965,1967"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1964,1965"}},{"content":"- (negative verb)","children":[{"content":"any + one/body/thing/where","children":[{"content":"I haven't heard anything about this tour.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1969,1970"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1968,1969"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1967,1968"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"any + one/body/thing/where","children":[{"content":"Are you going anywhere this summer?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1972,1973"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1971,1972"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1970,1971"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1963,1964"}},{"content":"no","children":[{"content":"Use singular verbs after -one and -body.","children":[{"content":"Nobody understands this rule(but you do).","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1975,1976"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1974,1975"}},{"content":"- (positive verb)","children":[{"content":"no + one/body/thing/where","children":[{"content":"They have nowhere to stay.<br>\n#Quantifiers","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1978,1980"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"1977,1978"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1976,1977"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1973,1974"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1956,1957"}},{"content":"<strong>Countable and Uncountable</strong>","children":[{"content":"Countable","children":[{"content":"Используются для вещей которые можно сосчитать","children":[{"content":"Cats","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1983,1984"}},{"content":"Pizzas","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1984,1985"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1982,1985"}},{"content":"Используется a в значении одна вещь","children":[{"content":"Who needs a car when you can walk?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1986,1987"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1985,1987"}},{"content":"Используется форма множествественного числа для множества вещей","children":[{"content":"Dogs are my favourite animals.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1988,1989"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1987,1989"}},{"content":"Используется many","children":[{"content":"Nick didn’t go to many clubs in Ibiza.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1990,1991"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1989,1991"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1981,1982"}},{"content":"Uncountable","children":[{"content":"Слова обозначающие абстрактные идеи","children":[{"content":"information","children":[{"content":"I’ve heard some information about your new course, can I join it?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1994,1995"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1993,1995"}},{"content":"homework","children":[{"content":"I do homework every day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1996,1997"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1995,1997"}},{"content":"knowledge","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1997,1998"}},{"content":"work","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1998,1999"}},{"content":"advice","children":[{"content":"My grandma always gives me some advice about life.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2000,2001"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"1999,2001"}},{"content":"traffic","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2001,2002"}},{"content":"money","children":[{"content":"Money is not the main thing in life.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2003,2004"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2002,2004"}},{"content":"news etc.<br>\nThey haven’t had any news about when they can come back home.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2004,2006"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"1992,1993"}},{"content":"Субстанции","children":[{"content":"water","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2007,2008"}},{"content":"milk","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2008,2009"}},{"content":"wine","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2009,2010"}},{"content":"silver","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2010,2011"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2006,2007"}},{"content":"Название группы вещей","children":[{"content":"luggage","children":[{"content":"James took 2 pieces of luggage on the plane.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2013,2014"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2012,2014"}},{"content":"furniture etc.","children":[{"content":"Rose bought a new piece of furniture for her garden.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2015,2016"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2014,2016"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2011,2012"}},{"content":"Погода","children":[{"content":"weather","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2017,2018"}},{"content":"snow","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2018,2019"}},{"content":"rain etc.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2019,2020"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2016,2017"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"1991,1992"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"1980,1981"}},{"content":"<strong>Quantifiers</strong>","children":[{"content":"Much/Many","children":[{"content":"Чтобы сказать что чего-то много","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2023,2024"}},{"content":"Используются обычно в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2024,2025"}},{"content":"Для положительных использутеся a lot of","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2025,2026"}},{"content":"Many используется для исчислимых","children":[{"content":"Have you bought many hats at a discount?<br>\nYes, but I don’t really need them!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2027,2029"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2026,2029"}},{"content":"Much для неисчислимых","children":[{"content":"Rashid doesn’t like to spend much time on shopping.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2030,2031"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2029,2031"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2021,2022"}},{"content":"Little/ A little","children":[{"content":"Используется little чтобы описать что чего-то мало, но <strong>не достаточно</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2033,2034"}},{"content":"Используетя a little для описания того что чего-то мало, но <strong>достаточно</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2034,2035"}},{"content":"little и a little используется для <strong>неисчислимых</strong>","children":[{"content":"There is little time to choose! The sale ends today!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2036,2037"}},{"content":"I will order taxi. I’ve got a little money for it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2037,2038"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2035,2038"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2031,2032"}},{"content":"Few/A frew","children":[{"content":"Few используется для описания малого числа чего-то, чего <strong>не достаточно</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2039,2040"}},{"content":"A Few используется для малого числа чего-то, но которого <strong>достаточно</strong>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2040,2041"}},{"content":"Few и a few используются с множественным числом исчислимых","children":[{"content":"They had few phones on this website so I checked a different one.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2042,2043"}},{"content":"I have a few friends in this city, so I always have someone to talk to.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2043,2044"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2041,2044"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2038,2039"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2020,2021"}},{"content":"<strong>Conditionals</strong>","children":[{"content":"Would....","children":[{"content":"would you like = do you want? - чтобы предлагать что-либо","children":[{"content":"Would you like some coffee?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2047,2048"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2046,2048"}},{"content":"would you like to - для приглашения","children":[{"content":"Would you like to go for a walk?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2049,2050"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2048,2050"}},{"content":"I’d like = i would like - вежливая форма сказать i want","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2050,2051"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2045,2046"}},{"content":"Другие уловные стуктуры как альтернативы к if","children":[{"content":"выражает нигативное условие, означеющее - если не, только если","children":[{"content":"Unless ( except if.)","children":[{"content":"Unless we leave now, we're going to be late.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2054,2055"}},{"content":"He won't come unless you ask him.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2055,2056"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2053,2056"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2052,2056"}},{"content":"Even if(даже если)","children":[{"content":"Even if you apologize, I'll never forgive you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2057,2058"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2056,2058"}},{"content":"Otherwise(в противном случае)","children":[{"content":"You should revise for your test, otherwise you won't pass it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2059,2060"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2058,2060"}},{"content":"чтобы дать формальные инструкции","children":[{"content":"In case (на тот случай, если)","children":[{"content":"I'll buy some snacks in case I get hungry on the road.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2062,2063"}},{"content":"Write down my telephone number in case you forget.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2063,2064"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2061,2064"}},{"content":"In (the) case of ( В случае)","children":[{"content":"In (the) case of emergency, evacuate the building.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2065,2066"}},{"content":"In case of emergency, call this number.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2066,2067"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2064,2067"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2060,2067"}},{"content":"когда условие необходимо для результата","children":[{"content":"Provided (that), Providing (that)(В случае чего)","children":[{"content":"You can borrow my laptop, provided that you give it back to me before the weekend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2069,2070"}},{"content":"You can have a pet provided that you promise to look after it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2070,2071"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2068,2071"}},{"content":"On condition that(при условии что)","children":[{"content":"I allow my daughter to spend the night at her friend's house on condition that she calls me every two hours.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2072,2073"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2071,2073"}},{"content":"As/so long as (Пока)","children":[{"content":"This trip is going to be perfectly safe as long as you follow the guide's instructions.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2074,2075"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2073,2075"}},{"content":"only if","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2075,2076"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2067,2076"}},{"content":"чтобы говорить о воображаемых ситуации","children":[{"content":"Suppose/Supposing(Предполагая)/Assuming/What if","children":[{"content":"Suppose we discover alien life next year, what do you think will happen?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2078,2079"}},{"content":"Supposing something goes wrong, what then?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2079,2080"}},{"content":"Supposing you were late for the train, you would have to buy a new ticket, wouldn't you?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2080,2081"}},{"content":"What if I had accidentally revealed her secret?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2081,2082"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2077,2082"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2076,2082"}},{"content":"If… should(если следует)","children":[{"content":"If you should see Amy today, tell her to call me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2083,2084"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2082,2084"}},{"content":"If… (should) happen to ( Если должно случится с)","children":[{"content":"If you (should) happen to find my keys, can you put them on my table?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2085,2086"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2084,2086"}},{"content":"чтобы говорить о прошлых нужных условиях","children":[{"content":"but for + noun","children":[{"content":"But for your help, I wouldn't have been able to complete the task in time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2088,2089"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2087,2089"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2086,2089"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2051,2052"}},{"content":"Zero","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы дать определение или выразить общий или научный факт","children":[{"content":"Water starts boiling if the temperature is above 100 °C.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2092,2093"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2091,2093"}},{"content":"Повторяющиеся ситуации со стабильными результатами(всегда верно)","children":[{"content":"If my son cleans his room, I let him play video games. (Repeated occasion: I do it every time.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2094,2095"}},{"content":"If/When the temperature falls below 0, water turns into ice.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2095,2096"}},{"content":"If/When my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2096,2097"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2093,2097"}},{"content":"Можем использовать модальные глаголы и повелительные формы","children":[{"content":"I can help you if I have time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2098,2099"}},{"content":"If you have time tomorrow, call me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2099,2101"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2097,2101"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2090,2091"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"If/When/Whenever(Когда же) + present tense, present tense","children":[{"content":"Whenever my children get good grades, I give them a small reward.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2103,2104"}},{"content":"Present Simple + Present Simple","children":[{"content":"If you walk in the rain, you get wet.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2105,2106"}},{"content":"If you mix all the colors, you get white.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2106,2107"}},{"content":"If you eat a lot of fatty foods, you become overweight.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2107,2108"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2104,2108"}},{"content":"Present Simple + Present Continuous","children":[{"content":"Jane always brings me small gifts if she is travelling abroad.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2109,2110"}},{"content":"Fake gold darkens when it is being burnt.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2110,2111"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2108,2111"}},{"content":"Present Perfect + Present Perfect","children":[{"content":"You haven't lived unless you have heard Jimi Hendrix playing the guitar.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2112,2113"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2111,2113"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2102,2103"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2101,2102"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2089,2090"}},{"content":"First conditional","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для речи о <strong>реалистичных</strong> или <strong>скорее всего случащихся</strong> условиях в настоящем и будущем и результатах в настоящем или будущем","children":[{"content":"Our grandchildren might live in a very different world unless technological development slows down.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2116,2117"}},{"content":"If my children get good grades, I'll take them to the zoo.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2117,2118"}},{"content":"If I take them to the zoo, we're going to see a lot of animals there.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2118,2119"}},{"content":"When we see all the animals, my children will be very happy.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2119,2120"}},{"content":"And if they are happy, they might be even more motivated to study.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2120,2121"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2115,2121"}},{"content":"В разговоре мы используем be going to вместо настоящего времени","children":[{"content":"If I'm going to catch the train, I‘ll have to leave now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2122,2123"}},{"content":"We'll need more chairs if we're going to invite so many people to the performance.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2123,2124"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2121,2124"}},{"content":"Использовать повелительную форму, чтобы дать инструкции","children":[{"content":"If you see a big red button, don't touch it!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2125,2126"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2124,2126"}},{"content":"Используется инвертация чтобы сделать предложение более иптатичным","children":[{"content":"Should you happen to see Martha, please instruct her to come to my office.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2127,2128"}},{"content":"Had it not been for Mary’s laziness, she might do all the housework.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2128,2129"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2126,2129"}},{"content":"Можно использовать другие модальные или полу-модальные глаголы вместо will","children":[{"content":"If I buy some cheese and milk, I can make French cream soup.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2130,2131"}},{"content":"We should/ought to arrive on time if the train doesn't make any stops.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2131,2132"}},{"content":"Mike has to tell Sarah the truth if he wants her to forgive him.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2132,2133"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2129,2133"}},{"content":"Альтернативы к if","children":[{"content":"When/As soon as/After/Before/Until/While<br>\nЧто-то возможно произойдет в определенное время","children":[{"content":"When you come home, I'll call you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2136,2137"}},{"content":"After I finish my homework, I'll have lunch.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2137,2138"}},{"content":"I'll look at the files before I go to bed.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2138,2139"}},{"content":"I'll call you when I get home.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2139,2140"}},{"content":"We'll announce the results as soon as they become available.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2140,2141"}},{"content":"Unless I finish my final report on time, I won't get a bonus.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2141,2142"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2134,2142"}},{"content":"Мы готовы к чему-то что может случится<br>\nIn case","children":[{"content":"I'll take an umbrella in case it rains.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2144,2145"}},{"content":"I’ll leave my mobile phone switched on in case Jane calls. (= because it is possible she will call)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2145,2146"}},{"content":"I’ll draw a map for you in case you have problems finding our house. (= because it is possible you will have problems)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2146,2147"}},{"content":"I’ll remind them about the meeting in case they’ve forgotten. (= because it is possible they have forgotten)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2147,2148"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2142,2148"}},{"content":"If not или only if<br>\nUnless","children":[{"content":"Unless we do it now, it'll be too late. (= If we don't do it now, it’ll be too late.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2150,2151"}},{"content":"I won't comment on your work unless you ask me to. (= I will only comment on your work if you ask me.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2151,2152"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2148,2152"}},{"content":"мы знаем что что-то может случится, беря во внимание, определенные условия(концессии)( provided(that), unless, uven if, althouh)","children":[{"content":"Even if the boss is late, we'll start the meeting on time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2153,2155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2152,2155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2133,2155"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2114,2115"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"If/As long as/On condition that/Unless + present tense, future form/be going to (используется запятая)","children":[{"content":"If they save enough money, they will buy a flat.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2157,2158"}},{"content":"If you explain the issue to me, I will be able to help you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2158,2159"}},{"content":"Unless we leave now, we will be late.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2159,2160"}},{"content":"I will allow my daughter to spend the night at her friend's house on condition that she calls me every two hours.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2160,2161"}},{"content":"If I do all my work on time, I'll spend some time with my family.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2161,2162"}},{"content":"If you have revised, you'll have no problems with the exam.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2162,2163"}},{"content":"If I stay at home, I am going to watch Mad Max.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2163,2164"}},{"content":"Unless it rains, we will go to the festival. (Present Simple + Future Simple)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2164,2165"}},{"content":"If you help me, I will have completed the assignment by Monday. (Present Simple + Future Perfect)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2165,2166"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2156,2157"}},{"content":"Future tense if + Present tense","children":[{"content":"You will not get much privacy if you rent a flat.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2167,2168"}},{"content":"I will buy this book if i have money next week","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2168,2169"}},{"content":"She won't go out unless she has recovered.(Future Simple + Present Perfect)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2169,2170"}},{"content":"We will be playing cards all day long if it snows again.(Future Continuous/Perfect + Present Simple)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2170,2171"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2166,2167"}},{"content":"If + present tense, any structure with future meaning","children":[{"content":"If my boss gives me a bonus next month, I hope to be able to buy a car.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2172,2173"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2171,2172"}},{"content":"If/When + present tense, imperative(можно дать инструкции или предложение)","children":[{"content":"When you come home, text me that everything's fine.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2174,2175"}},{"content":"If you don't feel well, go home!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2175,2176"}},{"content":"Call the police immediately if you are witnessing a crime.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2176,2177"}},{"content":"Don't call me if it is not an emergency.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2177,2178"}},{"content":"Turn off the lights when you are going to sleep.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2178,2179"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2173,2174"}},{"content":"If + present tense, modal verb + infinitive","children":[{"content":"If he apologises, I might forgive him.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2180,2181"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2179,2180"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2155,2156"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2113,2114"}},{"content":"Second conditional","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для того чтобы сказать о воображаемой(<strong>не реалистичной</strong>) или гипотетической ситуации в настоящем или будущем.","children":[{"content":"If I were an only child, I wouldn't have to share my toys.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2184,2185"}},{"content":"If Tina worked harder, she would be a CEO by now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2185,2186"}},{"content":"If Tina worked harder, she would be a CEO by now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2186,2187"}},{"content":"Mike would look like Charles Dickens if he had a beard.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2187,2188"}},{"content":"If people could fly, we wouldn't need cars.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2188,2189"}},{"content":"People would care more about politics if they could understand it better.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2189,2190"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2183,2190"}},{"content":"Чтобы дать совет( If i were you) или попросить совета","children":[{"content":"I wouldn't touch that insect if I were you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2191,2192"}},{"content":"If I were you, I'd stop smoking so much.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2192,2193"}},{"content":"If I were you, I would think very carefully about that job offer.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2193,2194"}},{"content":"I wouldn't eat that if I were you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2194,2195"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2190,2195"}},{"content":"можно использовать might, could, should вместо would","children":[{"content":"We could have a dog if we didn't live in a tiny apartment.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2196,2197"}},{"content":"If I didn't have two dogs, I could travel more.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2197,2198"}},{"content":"Celine might be happier if she didn't work in tech support.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2198,2199"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2195,2199"}},{"content":"В разговорном американском говорящие иногда использоуют would в if части","children":[{"content":"US: I don't know how I would react if I saw / would see a bear.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2200,2201"}},{"content":"UK: I don't know how I would react if I saw a bear.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2201,2202"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2199,2202"}},{"content":"В неформальном английском вы можем использовать и was и were(более формальный) после if","children":[{"content":"Formal: If I were less busy with work, I'd spend more time with the kids.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2203,2204"}},{"content":"Informal: If I was/were less busy with work, I'd spend more time with the kids.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2204,2205"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2202,2205"}},{"content":"Можем инвертировать предложение для того чтобы звучало более импатично","children":[{"content":"Were we to start using only renewable energy, it would still not solve the problem of pollution.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2206,2207"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2205,2207"}},{"content":"Другие условные структуры","children":[{"content":"If it wasn't/weren't for + somebody/something","children":[{"content":"If it wasn't/weren't for you, I'd feel very lonely.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2209,2210"}},{"content":"You wouldn’t be a manager if it wasn't/weren't for Mark's help.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2210,2211"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2208,2211"}},{"content":"Were it not for + somebody/something","children":[{"content":"Were it not for my friends, I would have a very hard time here.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2212,2213"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2211,2213"}},{"content":"Provided that, Providing that","children":[{"content":"Sam would be content with working for an international corporation provided that his salary was big enough.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2214,2215"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2213,2215"}},{"content":"As/so long as","children":[{"content":"I could live with a roommate as long as I had my own space.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2216,2217"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2215,2217"}},{"content":"Suppose/Supposing","children":[{"content":"Supposing your landlord evicted you, where would you live?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2218,2219"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2217,2219"}},{"content":"If somebody/something were to","children":[{"content":"Would it help the city if the mayor were to build more parks?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2220,2221"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2219,2221"}},{"content":"If somebody/something happened to","children":[{"content":"If you happened to see a crime, what would you do?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2222,2224"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2221,2224"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2207,2224"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2182,2183"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"Можно импользовать would('d) + infinitive (без if) для того чтобы говорить о imaginary ситуациях","children":[{"content":"I would visit you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2226,2227"}},{"content":"I'd travel more.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2227,2228"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2225,2226"}},{"content":"Использовать could + infinitive для гипотетической возможности","children":[{"content":"If he knew Jim, he could ask him about the job. (He does not know Jim, so he has no ability to ask him.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2229,2230"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2228,2229"}},{"content":"Если в if используется to be","children":[{"content":"Корретно использовать were для всех субъектов","children":[{"content":"If I were you, I would apply for this job.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2232,2233"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2231,2233"}},{"content":"В разговорном ghb i, he, she, it часто используется was","children":[{"content":"If he was a doctor, he would be able to help.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2234,2235"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2233,2235"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2230,2231"}},{"content":"+ If + Past Simple/Continuous, would/wouldn't + bare infinitive","children":[{"content":"I would always sort the rubbish if I had a lot of time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2236,2237"}},{"content":"I would buy this book if I had money.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2237,2238"}},{"content":"If I worked in a shop, I would have a discount on buying goods.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2238,2239"}},{"content":"If Alex wasn't working tomorrow, he would be able to come to my party.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2239,2240"}},{"content":"If I worked harder, I would have a better job.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2240,2241"}},{"content":"If I worked in a shop, I would have a discount for buying goods.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2241,2242"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2235,2236"}},{"content":"- If + S + didn't(wasn't etc) + V(-ing), S + wouldn't + V","children":[{"content":"If I didn't have a lot of money, I wouldn't buy a big house on the Mediterranean coast.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2243,2244"}},{"content":"If I didn't know Allie, I wouldn't have a supportive friend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2244,2245"}},{"content":"If I wasn't working right now, I would help you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2245,2246"}},{"content":"If I didn't work in a shop, I wouldn't have a company discount.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2246,2247"}},{"content":"If Ethan wasn't having a shower, he would come to the phone.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2247,2248"}},{"content":"If Alex wasn't working tomorrow, he would be able to come to my party.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2248,2249"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2242,2243"}},{"content":"If + Past Tense, might or could + infinitive","children":[{"content":"If I had more money, I might start my own business.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2250,2251"}},{"content":"Annie could travel on her own if she was older.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2251,2252"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2249,2250"}},{"content":"?","children":[{"content":"main part","children":[{"content":"Would + S + V","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2254,2255"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2253,2255"}},{"content":"if-part","children":[{"content":"if + S + V2/ed?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2256,2257"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2255,2257"}},{"content":"Would you go to Antarctica if you wanted to see penguins?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2257,2259"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2252,2253"}},{"content":"You can use \"were\" as a form of \"to be\" for he/she/it in the if-part.","children":[{"content":"If he was/were my son, I would like him to be an environmental scientist.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2260,2261"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2259,2260"}},{"content":"You can change the order of the sentence parts; use a comma if the if clause is at the beginning of the sentence.","children":[{"content":"If I was/were in Egypt, I would need to drink a lot of water because of hot weather.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2262,2263"}},{"content":"I would need to drink a lot of water because of hot weather if I was/were in Egypt.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2263,2264"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2261,2262"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2224,2225"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2181,2182"}},{"content":"Third conditional","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется для того чтобы сказать о воображаемой(<strong>не реалистичной</strong>) или гипотетической ситуации в прошлом.","children":[{"content":"We might have missed our train if we hadn't called a taxi.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2267,2268"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2266,2268"}},{"content":"Чтобы выразить сожаления по поводу прошлого","children":[{"content":"If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2269,2270"}},{"content":"If I had told Jean that I loved her, she wouldn't have left me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2270,2271"}},{"content":"If John had overslept, he would have missed his meeting.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2271,2272"}},{"content":"If my girlfriend hadn't been wearing a hat, I would have noticed her new haircut.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2272,2273"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2268,2273"}},{"content":"можно использовать might/could/should вместо would","children":[{"content":"If I had found some investors, my company might not have gone bankrupt.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2274,2275"}},{"content":"If you had practised for the match, you could have won it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2275,2276"}},{"content":"If you had done all the revision, you should have passed the exam.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2276,2277"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2273,2277"}},{"content":"если начинаем предложение с if, ставим запятую","children":[{"content":"If I had the time, I would have helped you. = I would have helped you if I had the time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2278,2279"}},{"content":"We might have missed our train if we hadn't called a taxi.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2279,2280"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2277,2280"}},{"content":"В разговорном Американском, иногда используется would в if части","children":[{"content":"US: I don't know what I would have done if you hadn't / wouldn't have helped me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2281,2282"}},{"content":"UK: I don't know what I would have done if you hadn't helped me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2282,2283"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2280,2283"}},{"content":"Мы можем инвертировать предложения, чтобы получить более эмпатичную форму","children":[{"content":"Had the apple not fallen on Newton's head, he might never have discovered the relationship between the motion of the moon and the motion of a body falling on the Earth.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2284,2285"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2283,2285"}},{"content":"Другие условные структуры","children":[{"content":"If it hadn't been for + somebody/something","children":[{"content":"If it hadn't been for the doctors, Ann would have died.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2287,2288"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2286,2288"}},{"content":"Had it not been for + somebody/something","children":[{"content":"Had it not been for your advice, I would have made a very bad decision.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2289,2290"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2288,2290"}},{"content":"But for + somebody/something","children":[{"content":"Chris would never have become a doctor but for the support of his parents.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2291,2292"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2290,2292"}},{"content":"Suppose/Supposing","children":[{"content":"Suppose Gabriel had said \"no\", what would you have done then?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2293,2294"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2292,2294"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2285,2294"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2265,2266"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"If + Past Perfect/ Past Perfect Continuous, would/wouldn't + have + V3","children":[{"content":"If we had saved more money, we would have bought a better car.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2296,2297"}},{"content":"I would have prepared my presentation in time if I hadn't gone to the party.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2297,2298"}},{"content":"If John had overslept, he would have missed his meeting.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2298,2299"}},{"content":"If Mary hadn't overslept, she wouldn't have missed her flight.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2299,2300"}},{"content":"Jack wouldn't have failed the exam if he had been studying better.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2300,2301"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2295,2296"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2294,2295"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2264,2265"}},{"content":"Mixed conditional","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"2303,2304\">Мы можем смешивать Second и Third Conditional чтобы передать более точное значение в некоторых ситуациях</p>","children":[{"content":"чтобы создать mixed вы берем ситуацию в прошлом(third) и соединяем и его условие и его результат с настоящим (second)","children":[{"content":"Для прошлых ситуаций с результатом в настоящем","children":[{"content":"If I hadn't bought a laptop, I wouldn't be able to work on-the-go.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2306,2307"}},{"content":"Mary wouldn't have her own restaurant, had she not won that lottery.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2307,2308"}},{"content":"If Joe had listened to his parents, he would have studied medicine at University. (= He didn't listen to his parents in the past, so he didn't study medicine in the past.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2308,2309"}},{"content":"If Joe had listened to his parents, he would be a doctor. (= He didn't listen to his parents in the past, so he isn't a doctor now.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2309,2310"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2305,2310"}},{"content":"Для общих ситуаций с результатом в прошлом","children":[{"content":"If I wasn't so forgetful, I wouldn't have lost my phone.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2311,2312"}},{"content":"Linda would have become a singer, if she had a good voice.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2312,2313"}},{"content":"If I had been more assertive, I would have defended my opinion. (= I wasn't assertive at a specific point in the past, and I didn't defend my opinion.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2313,2314"}},{"content":"If I were more assertive, I would have defended my opinion. (= I am generally not an assertive person, so I didn't defend my opinion at some point in the past.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2314,2317"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2310,2317"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2304,2317"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2303,2317"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"2317,2318\">Таймлайны:</p>","children":[{"content":"1","children":[{"content":"past: I failed my interview","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2319,2320"}},{"content":"now: I am not working for Google","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2320,2321"}},{"content":"if i hadn't failed my interview, i would be working for google now","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2321,2322"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2318,2322"}},{"content":"2","children":[{"content":"past: i lost my pnone","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2323,2324"}},{"content":"always forgetful","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2324,2325"}},{"content":"if i wasn't forgetful, i wouldn't have lost my phone","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2325,2327"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2322,2327"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2317,2327"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2302,2303"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"2328,2329\">Past condition + present result</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2328,2329"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"2329,2330\">If + Past Perfect, \"would\"/\"wouldn't\" + bare infinitive</p>","children":[{"content":"if условие указывает на воображаемое прошлое, основная часть на воображаемое настоящее","children":[{"content":"If I had had my coffee in the morning, I would feel so much better now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2331,2332"}},{"content":"If you had followed the instructions, we wouldn't try to fix so many problems now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2332,2333"}},{"content":"If I hadn't bought a laptop, I wouldn't be able to work on-the-go.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2333,2334"}},{"content":"If you had followed the instructions, we wouldn't try to fix so many problems now.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2334,2335"}},{"content":"If Jane hadn't been careful, she would be in a hospital.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2335,2337"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2330,2337"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2329,2337"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"2337,2338\">General situating(present) + past result</p>","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2337,2338"}},{"content":"\n<p data-lines=\"2338,2339\">If + Past Simple/Continuous, \"would\"/\"wouldn't\" + \"have\" + V3</p>","children":[{"content":"if условие указывает на воображаемое настоящее, основная часть указывает на воображаемое прошлое","children":[{"content":"I wouldn't have spilt my coffee if they served it in normal cups.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2340,2341"}},{"content":"If Helen wasn't working on an important project, she would have spent the weekend with her friends.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2341,2342"}},{"content":"I would not have bought a second wi-fi router if I lived in a low-income country.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2342,2343"}},{"content":"If Helen wasn't working on an important project, she would have spent the weekend with her friends.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2343,2344"}},{"content":"If I weren't so forgetful, I wouldn't have lost my phone.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2344,2345"}},{"content":"If we didn't already have three dogs, we would have adopted a cat we found last month.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2345,2346"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2339,2346"}},{"content":"можно менять порядок следования, тогда ставится запятая","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2346,2347"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2338,2347"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2327,2328"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2301,2302"}},{"content":"Other conditional structures","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2348,2349"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"If it hadn't been for + somebody/something, would/wouldn’t + have + V3","children":[{"content":"If it hadn't been for the head's commercial acumen, we would have lost our position in the market.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2351,2352"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2350,2351"}},{"content":"But for + somebody/something, would/wouldn’t + have + V3","children":[{"content":"Chris would never have become a doctor but for the support of his parents.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2353,2354"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2352,2353"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2349,2350"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2347,2348"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2044,2045"}},{"content":"<strong>Unreal or Hypothetical structures</strong>","children":[{"content":"I wish/if only + Past Simple/Would","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Использу есть для выражения сожалений или желаний. Мы воображаем другое настоящее или прошлое","children":[{"content":"if only и wish взаимозаменяемы, но if only более выразительно","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2358,2359"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2357,2359"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2356,2357"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"wish / if only + Past Simple/Continuous","children":[{"content":"Выражает желания о настоящем, мы хотим чтобы что-то было по другому сейча, но это сейчас не возможно","children":[{"content":"I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow. (But you're leaving.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2362,2363"}},{"content":"If only I could turn back time. (But I cannot do it.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2363,2364"}},{"content":"You don't know how to swim.","children":[{"content":"I wish I knew how to swim.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2365,2366"}},{"content":"If only I knew how to swim.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2366,2367"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2364,2367"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2361,2367"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2360,2361"}},{"content":"wish / if only + Past Perfect","children":[{"content":"Выражает сожаление о прошлом, мы хотим тим изменить что-то что уже произошло","children":[{"content":"I wish I had apologised properly in front of your family last night. (But I didn't do it.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2369,2370"}},{"content":"If only the editor hadn't mentioned the actor's divorce in the article. (But they mentioned it.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2370,2371"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2368,2371"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2367,2368"}},{"content":"wish / if only + would + infinitive","children":[{"content":"Выражает раздражение или критику, мы хотем чтобы чье-то поведение изменилось или что-то произошло","children":[{"content":"Dan wishes Tracy would stop bringing up her personal issues during meetings.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2373,2374"}},{"content":"If only someone would come up with a quick solution.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2374,2375"}},{"content":"Your neighbour plays music loudly.","children":[{"content":"I wish my neighbour wouldn't play music so loudly.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2376,2377"}},{"content":"If only my neighbour wouldn't play music so loudly.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2377,2378"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2375,2378"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2372,2378"}},{"content":"<strong>Важно</strong> Изменения должно быть возможно! Если это не возможно или не под нашим контролем, нужно использовать другую форму - <strong>wish / if only + Past Simple.</strong>","children":[{"content":"I wish celebrities would open up more about their struggles. (It's possible.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2379,2380"}},{"content":"I wish we had more free time. (But now it's impossible.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2380,2381"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2378,2381"}},{"content":"<strong>Важно</strong> Если субект и объект это одно и тоже лицо,<br>\nнельзя использовать would, нужно использвать <strong>Past Simple</strong>","children":[{"content":"I wish I could hear my deceased grandfather’s voice one more time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2383,2384"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2381,2384"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2371,2372"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2359,2360"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2355,2356"}},{"content":"It's (high/about) time + clause","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Чтобы сказать что что-то происходит, но не должно было бы","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2386,2387"}},{"content":"Нельзя использовать отрицательную форму в it's time","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2387,2388"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2385,2386"}},{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"It's (high/about) time (that) + Past Simple/Continuous","children":[{"content":"It's high time (that) you arranged an interview with her.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2390,2391"}},{"content":"It's time (that) Oliver was / were promoted to a producer.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2391,2392"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2389,2390"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2388,2389"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2384,2385"}},{"content":"Would rather/sooner + clause","children":[{"content":"Формы","children":[{"content":"would ('d) rather/sooner + Past Simple/Continuous","children":[{"content":"Выражение предпочтений или дача совета в вежливой форме. Форма прошлого времени относится к настоящему и будущему","children":[{"content":"She'd rather you didn't talk behind her colleague's back.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2396,2397"}},{"content":"We'd sooner you made a comeback this summer.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2397,2398"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2395,2398"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2394,2395"}},{"content":"would ('d) rather/sooner + Past Perfect","children":[{"content":"Выражает предпочтения или желания о прошлом","children":[{"content":"I'd rather you hadn't watched that documentary. Look how concerned it made you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2400,2401"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2399,2401"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h5","lines":"2398,2399"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h4","lines":"2393,2394"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2392,2393"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2354,2355"}},{"content":"<strong>Causatives: \"have\" и \"get\"</strong>","children":[{"content":"Обычно have something done, используется когда коворится когда рассказывается что мы заплатили кому-то чтобы сделать что-то для нас. Обычно речь идет о сервисах.","children":[{"content":"<strong>Have + object + past participle</strong>","children":[{"content":"I am having my car washed . (= A car wash worker is washing my car.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2404,2405"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2403,2405"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2402,2405"}},{"content":"Вместо have мы можем использовать форму с get something done, это будет звучать менее формально","children":[{"content":"<strong>Get + object + past participle</strong>","children":[{"content":"Sue got her hair cut. (= A hairdresser cut Sue’s hair.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2407,2408"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2406,2408"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2405,2408"}},{"content":"Конструкция have something do имеет очень похожее значение, но в этот раз мы говорим о том <strong>кто</strong> что-то сделал, кого мы попросили","children":[{"content":"<strong>Have + person + infinitive</strong>","children":[{"content":"I am having my brother wash my car. (= My brother is washing my car.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2410,2411"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2409,2411"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2408,2411"}},{"content":"Конструкция get someone to do значит что вы заставили сделать действие, может через оплату, или просьбой или убеждением","children":[{"content":"<strong>Get + person + to + infinitive</strong>","children":[{"content":"Sue got her sister to cut her hair. (= She might have begged her to cut her hair.)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2413,2414"}},{"content":"I get my brother to wash my car every week by promising to lend him the car from time to time.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2414,2415"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2412,2415"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2411,2415"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2401,2402"}},{"content":"<strong>Indirect Speach</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Чтобы передать то что сказал другой человек","children":[{"content":"tell somebody / say that + Subject + Verb","children":[{"content":"Нужно использовать present simple в обоих частях, если утверждение сейчас верно","children":[{"content":"прямая : \"I know a lot about history,\" Bella says","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2420,2421"}},{"content":"не прямая: Bella says (that) she knows a lot about history.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2421,2422"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2419,2422"}},{"content":"можно опустить <strong>that</strong> в таких предлоежниях","children":[{"content":"прямая : \"Smoking is bad for you,\" scientists say.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2423,2424"}},{"content":"не прямая : Scientists say (that) smoking is bad for you.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2424,2425"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2422,2425"}},{"content":"нужно менять местоимения","children":[{"content":"прямая : \"I want to change my job,\" Harry says.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2426,2427"}},{"content":"не прямая : Harry tells me he wants to change his job. = Harry says that he wants to change his job","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2427,2428"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2425,2428"}},{"content":"<strong>Внимание</strong> Используя tell + somebody а не say + to somebody и say something","children":[{"content":"Lizzy tells me she works for a big IT company.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2429,2430"}},{"content":"She says to me that she wants to become a top manager.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2430,2431"}},{"content":"She often says these words.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2431,2432"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2428,2432"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2418,2432"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2417,2432"}},{"content":"Чтобы сообщить идею используюя","children":[{"content":"ключевые слова","children":[{"content":"understand","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2434,2435"}},{"content":"know","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2435,2436"}},{"content":"realise","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2436,2437"}},{"content":"explain","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2437,2438"}},{"content":"see (to see = to understand)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2438,2439"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2433,2439"}},{"content":"нужно использовать порядок (S+V), после","children":[{"content":"where","children":[{"content":"We don’t know where the bus stop is.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2441,2442"}},{"content":"<strong>NOT</strong> We don’t know where is the bus stop.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2442,2443"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2440,2443"}},{"content":"why","children":[{"content":"I see why you want to move to Canada.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2444,2445"}},{"content":"<strong>NOT</strong> I see why do you want to move to Canada.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2445,2446"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2443,2446"}},{"content":"when","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2446,2447"}},{"content":"how","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2447,2448"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2439,2448"}},{"content":"Используй Present Simple в обоих частях если утверждение верно","children":[{"content":"Nobody understands how Roberto can speak so many languages!","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2449,2450"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2448,2450"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2432,2450"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2416,2417"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2415,2416"}},{"content":"<strong>Reported Speach</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использование","children":[{"content":"Используется чтобы пересказать слова другого человека","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2452,2453"}},{"content":"“I want to visit my aunt on Friday.”<br>\nMary said she wanted to visit her aunt on Friday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2453,2455"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2451,2452"}},{"content":"Формирование","children":[{"content":"Откатить на одно время назад когда говорим о будущем","children":[{"content":"Present Simple ➡ Past Simple","children":[{"content":"I like cats. ➡ She told me she liked cats.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2458,2459"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Do you do it? ➝ She asked if I did it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2459,2460"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2457,2460"}},{"content":"Present Continuous ➡ Past Continuous","children":[{"content":"I am watching a film now. ➡ He said he was watching a film at that moment.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2461,2462"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Are you cooking dinner? ➝ She asked him if he was cooking dinner.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2462,2463"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2460,2463"}},{"content":"Present Perfect ➡ Past Perfect","children":[{"content":"We have done our homework. ➡ They said they had done their homework.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2464,2465"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Have you been there? ➝ He asked me whether I had been there.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2465,2466"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2463,2466"}},{"content":"Past Simple ➡ Past Perfect","children":[{"content":"I was at home. ➡ He said he had been at home.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2467,2468"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Did you do it? ➝ She asked if I had done it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2468,2469"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2466,2469"}},{"content":"Present Perfect Continuous ➡ Past Perfect Continuous","children":[{"content":"We have been doing it for 3 hours. ➡ They told him they had been doing it for 3 hours.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2470,2471"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Has she been working the whole day? ➝ She asked them if she had been working the whole day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2471,2472"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2469,2472"}},{"content":"Past Continuous ➡ Past Perfect Continuous","children":[{"content":"It was raining yesterday. ➡ He said it had been raining the previous day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2473,2474"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Were you eating? ➝ She asked if he had been eating.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2474,2475"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2472,2475"}},{"content":"Will ➡ Would","children":[{"content":"We will save our planet! ➡ They said they would save their planet.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2476,2477"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Will you do it? ➝ She asked whether I would do it.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2477,2478"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2475,2478"}},{"content":"Can ➡ Could","children":[{"content":"I can swim. ➡ She told us she could swim.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2479,2480"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Can you lend me your laptop? ➝ He asked me if I could lend him my laptop.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2480,2481"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2478,2481"}},{"content":"May ➡ Might","children":[{"content":"You may come in. ➡ She said I might come in.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2482,2483"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> May I come in? ➝ She asked if she might come in.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2483,2484"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2481,2484"}},{"content":"Must ➡ Had to","children":[{"content":"You must study better if you want to have a new toy! ➡ My mum said I had to study better if I wanted to have a new toy.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2485,2486"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Must you go there? ➝ He asked her if she had to go there.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2486,2487"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2484,2487"}},{"content":"Have to ➡ Had to","children":[{"content":"I have to be in the office at 8 tomorrow. ➡ My colleague said he had to be in the office at 8 the next day.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2488,2489"}},{"content":"<strong>?</strong> Do you have to meet her? ➝ He asked me if I had to meet her.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2489,2490"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2487,2490"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2456,2490"}},{"content":"некоторые модальные глаголы не меняются","children":[{"content":"might","children":[{"content":"it might be difficult to solve the issue. ➡ They told me it might be difficult to solve the issue.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2492,2493"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2491,2493"}},{"content":"could","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2493,2494"}},{"content":"would","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2494,2495"}},{"content":"should","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2495,2496"}},{"content":"ought to","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2496,2497"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2490,2497"}},{"content":"есть случаи когда время менять не надо, когда ситуация еще правдива или это факт","children":[{"content":"He said that he teaches fifth grade.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2498,2499"}},{"content":"They said that iron melts at the temperature of 1538 degrees Celsius.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2499,2500"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2497,2500"}},{"content":"не меняется время когда первая часть в настоящем","children":[{"content":"She says that we are meeting at 5 o’clock at the cafe.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2501,2502"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2500,2502"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2455,2456"}},{"content":"Изменение указаний на время","children":[{"content":"now -> then/at that time","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2503,2504"}},{"content":"today -> that day","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2504,2505"}},{"content":"tonight -> that night","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2505,2506"}},{"content":"yesterday -> the day before/the previous day","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2506,2507"}},{"content":"2 days ago -> 2 days before","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2507,2508"}},{"content":"last week -> the week before/ the previous week","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2508,2509"}},{"content":"tomorrow -> the next day/ the following day","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2509,2510"}},{"content":"in a week -> a week later","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2510,2511"}},{"content":"next year -> the following year","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2511,2512"}},{"content":"here -> there","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2512,2513"}},{"content":"this -> that","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2513,2514"}},{"content":"these -> those","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2514,2515"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2502,2503"}},{"content":"Вопросы","children":[{"content":"используется чтобы пересказать вопросы заданные другими","children":[{"content":"нужно использовать if или whether если нужно сделать general question + direct word order","children":[{"content":"She asked if I could meet her.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2518,2519"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2517,2519"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2516,2519"}},{"content":"Специальные вопросы","children":[{"content":"Сохраняется вопросительное слово/фраза чтобы сделать special question+ direct word","children":[{"content":"The teacher asked, \"When did the era of space travel begin?\" ➝ The teacher asked when the era of space travel had begun.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2521,2522"}},{"content":"I asked, \"How has this film got so popular here?\" ➝ I asked how that film had got so popular there.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2522,2523"}},{"content":"“What are you doing tomorrow morning?” Mark asked➝ Mark asked her what she was doing the next morning.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2523,2524"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2520,2524"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2519,2524"}},{"content":"так же нужно менять времена","children":[{"content":"They asked whether we were planning to participate in the show.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2525,2526"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2524,2526"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2515,2516"}},{"content":"Команды","children":[{"content":"told somebody to do\" / \"told somebody not to do для команд","children":[{"content":"\"Talk to the manager.\" → He told me to talk to the manager","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2528,2529"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2527,2529"}},{"content":"Use \"asked somebody to do\" / \"asked somebody not to do\" для вопросов","children":[{"content":"\"Can you show me the receipt?\" → The shop assistant asked me to show the receipt.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2530,2531"}},{"content":"\"Can you not listen to loud music?\" → He asked me not to listen to loud music.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2531,2532"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2529,2532"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2526,2527"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2450,2451"}},{"content":"<strong>Умягчители приказов и запросов</strong>","children":[{"content":"Для вежливых вопросов использовать subject + verb","children":[{"content":"Can you get me a ticket? → I was wondering if you could get me a ticket.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2534,2535"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2533,2535"}},{"content":"I was hoping you could …","children":[{"content":"I was hoping you could cover my shift on Friday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2536,2537"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2535,2537"}},{"content":"I was wondering if you could …","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2537,2538"}},{"content":"Do you think you might be able to / could …","children":[{"content":"Do you think I might be able to leave a few minutes early?","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2539,2540"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2538,2540"}},{"content":"Would you mind + -ing …","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2540,2541"}},{"content":"I thought perhaps you could/would …","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2541,2542"}},{"content":"I hoped you would …","children":[{"content":"I hoped you would write me a letter of recommendation.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2543,2544"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2542,2544"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2532,2533"}},{"content":"<strong>Who, which, where</strong>","children":[{"content":"Определяющие относительные предложения","children":[{"content":"Используется для предостовления основной информации о персоне, месте, или том что это или что делает.<br>\nОбычно используется сразу после существительного, которое оно описывает.","children":[{"content":"Используете для соединения основной и относительной части","children":[{"content":"who для людей","children":[{"content":"He is the man who lives next to me.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2550,2551"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2549,2551"}},{"content":"which для объектов","children":[{"content":"Show me the dress which you bought yesterday.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2552,2553"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2551,2553"}},{"content":"that для людей и объектов","children":[{"content":"They are the builders that I’ve hired.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2554,2555"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2553,2555"}},{"content":"where для мест","children":[{"content":"This is the village where he was born.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2556,2557"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2555,2557"}},{"content":"whose для указания принадлежности","children":[{"content":"I am the woman whose son you speak of.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2558,2559"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2557,2559"}},{"content":"when для времени","children":[{"content":"That was the year when we met.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2560,2561"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2559,2561"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2548,2561"}},{"content":"Может опускаться если не является субъектом относительной части","children":[{"content":"She is the girl (who) I met two days ago. (The subject of the relative clause is “I”, so we can leave out “who”)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2562,2563"}},{"content":"She is the girl who likes dancing salsa. (The subject of the relative clause is “who”, so we can’t leave it out)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2563,2564"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2561,2564"}},{"content":"При использовании в этом формате не ставится запятая","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2564,2565"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2546,2565"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2545,2546"}},{"content":"Не определяющие относительные предложения","children":[{"content":"Используется для добавления расширенной информации в предложение. Когда она не обязательно и предложение останется грамматически корректным если ничего не добавлять","children":[{"content":"who для людей","children":[{"content":"Kevin, who lives next to me, has just bought a dog.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2568,2569"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2567,2569"}},{"content":"which для объектов","children":[{"content":"Lucas helped me with the luggage, which was very kind of him.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2570,2571"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2569,2571"}},{"content":"where для мест<br>\n- She lived in New York for ten years, where she taught French.","children":[{"content":"whose для указания принадлежности","children":[{"content":"Alice, whose flat is downstairs, usually comes home very late.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2574,2575"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2573,2575"}},{"content":"when для времени<br>\n- The last time we went to China was in April, when the weather was perfect.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2575,2577"}},{"content":"Обязательно используется запятая","children":[{"content":"My sister, who works at the supermarket, is my best friend.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2578,2579"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2577,2579"}},{"content":"Нельзя опускать местоимения","children":[{"content":"Erick, whose car you’ve bought, has moved to the USA.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2580,2581"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2579,2581"}},{"content":"Нельзя использовать that для замены who и which","children":[{"content":"My parents, who are really into sport, are going to swim across the Bosphorus next year.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2582,2583"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2581,2583"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2571,2583"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2566,2583"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h3","lines":"2565,2566"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2544,2545"}},{"content":"<strong>Get</strong>","children":[{"content":"Для обладания или получения чего-либо","children":[{"content":"I <strong>got</strong> a new book yesterday.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2585,2586"}},{"content":"Where did you <strong>get</strong> this phone?\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2586,2587"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2584,2587"}},{"content":"Для обозначения становится или изменения состояния","children":[{"content":"It's <strong>getting</strong> cold outside.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2588,2589"}},{"content":"She <strong>got</strong> angry after hearing the news.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2589,2590"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2587,2590"}},{"content":"Приезжать или добираться","children":[{"content":"I <strong>got</strong> home late last night.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2591,2592"}},{"content":"What time will we <strong>get</strong> to the airport?\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2592,2593"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2590,2593"}},{"content":"понимать","children":[{"content":"Do you <strong>get</strong> what I mean?\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2594,2595"}},{"content":"I didn'92t <strong>get</strong> the joke.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2595,2596"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2593,2596"}},{"content":"принести","children":[{"content":"Can you <strong>get</strong> me some water, please?\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2597,2598"}},{"content":"I'll <strong>get</strong> the keys from the car.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2598,2599"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2596,2599"}},{"content":"заставлять или уговаривать","children":[{"content":"I'll <strong>get</strong> him to call you later.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2600,2601"}},{"content":"She <strong>got</strong> her brother to help with the project.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2601,2602"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2599,2602"}},{"content":"иметь шанс(opportunity)","children":[{"content":"I <strong>got</strong> to meet the CEO last week.\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2603,2604"}},{"content":"Did you <strong>get</strong> to see the movie?\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2604,2605"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2602,2605"}},{"content":"как часть фразового глагола","children":[{"content":"<strong>Get up</strong> '96 to rise from bed\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2606,2607"}},{"content":"<strong>Get over</strong> '96 to recover from something\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2607,2608"}},{"content":"<strong>Get along</strong> '96 to have a good relationship\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2608,2609"}},{"content":"<strong>Get rid of</strong> '96 to remove or eliminate\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2609,2610"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2605,2610"}},{"content":"Используется с прилагательными чтобы показать изменение в физическом, эмоциональном или ситуационном состоянии","children":[{"content":"<em>It's <strong>getting</strong> dark</em> (transitioning from light to dark).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2611,2612"}},{"content":"<em>She <strong>got</strong> tired after working all day</em> (changed from feeling energetic to feeling tired).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2612,2613"}},{"content":"<em>I'92m <strong>getting</strong> hungry</em> (beginning to feel hungry).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2613,2614"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2610,2614"}},{"content":"Чтобы показать медленное изменение со временем","children":[{"content":"<em>The weather is <strong>getting</strong> warmer</em> (it'92s gradually becoming warmer).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2615,2616"}},{"content":"<em>He'92s <strong>getting</strong> better at playing the guitar</em> (his skill is improving over time).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2616,2617"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2614,2617"}},{"content":"Чтобы дать акцент на результат изменения","children":[{"content":"<em>I <strong>got</strong> sick after eating bad food</em> (I became sick).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2618,2619"}},{"content":"<em>They <strong>got</strong> lost on their way to the party</em> (they became lost).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2619,2620"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2617,2620"}},{"content":"Некоторые пары с прилагательными, используемые чтобы показать изменение","children":[{"content":"<strong>Emotions/Feelings</strong>: angry, happy, upset, sad, tired, bored\\","children":[{"content":"<em>She <strong>got</strong> angry when she heard the news</em> (she transitioned from calm to angry).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2622,2623"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2621,2623"}},{"content":"<strong>Physical conditions</strong>: cold, warm, sick, better, worse, hungry, thirsty\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2623,2624"}},{"content":"<strong>Other states</strong>: lost, late, ready, stuck\\","children":[{"content":"<em>It'92s <strong>getting</strong> late, we should go</em> (the time is transitioning to a later hour).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2625,2626"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2624,2626"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2620,2626"}},{"content":"С сравнительными прилагательными","children":[{"content":"better","children":[{"content":"<em>Things are <strong>getting</strong> better</em> (the situation is improving).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2628,2629"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2627,2629"}},{"content":"worse","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2629,2630"}},{"content":"older","children":[{"content":"<em>He'92s <strong>getting</strong> older every year</em> (he is aging).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2631,2632"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2630,2632"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2626,2632"}},{"content":"C некоторыми неформальными выражениями","children":[{"content":"<em>We need to hurry, it's <strong>getting</strong> late</em> (the time is advancing).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2633,2634"}},{"content":"<em>I'92m <strong>getting</strong> nervous about the exam</em> (my anxiety is increasing).\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2634,2635"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2632,2635"}},{"content":"Для неформалной замены become","children":[{"content":"Formal: <em>He <strong>became</strong> angry.</em>\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2636,2637"}},{"content":"Informal: <em>He <strong>got</strong> angry.</em>\\","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2637,2638"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2635,2638"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2583,2584"}},{"content":"<strong>Слова связки</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использовать эти предложения в начале истории, ставить запятую после:","children":[{"content":"First of all,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2640,2641"}},{"content":"To start off with,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2641,2642"}},{"content":"To begin with,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2642,2643"}},{"content":"Once,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2643,2644"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2639,2644"}},{"content":"Продолжение истории","children":[{"content":"Then,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2645,2646"}},{"content":"After that,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2646,2647"}},{"content":"Next,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2647,2648"}},{"content":"As soon as..","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2648,2649"}},{"content":"... but then...","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2649,2650"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2644,2650"}},{"content":"Следующие выражения используются для добавления информации","children":[{"content":"What's more","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2651,2652"}},{"content":"Also","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2652,2653"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2650,2653"}},{"content":"Если нужно сказать что вы на самом деле думаете, или ввестити что-то неожиданное","children":[{"content":"Actually,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2654,2655"}},{"content":"To be honest,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2655,2656"}},{"content":"To tell you the truth,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2656,2657"}},{"content":"Believe me,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2657,2658"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2653,2658"}},{"content":"Чтобы сменить направление дискуссии","children":[{"content":"By the way,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2659,2660"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2658,2660"}},{"content":"Рассказать о чем-то неожиданном, или отличное от того что сейчас было сказано","children":[{"content":"...(but) even so,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2661,2662"}},{"content":"on the whole,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2662,2663"}},{"content":"However,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2663,2664"}},{"content":"Despite something/ doing something/ the fact (that)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2664,2665"}},{"content":"Yet","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2665,2666"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2660,2666"}},{"content":"Это слово поможет ввести идею которая второй выбор или вероятность","children":[{"content":"Instead,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2667,2668"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2666,2668"}},{"content":"Обобщающее утверждение","children":[{"content":"On the whole,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2669,2670"}},{"content":"In general,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2670,2671"}},{"content":"Generally,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2671,2672"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2668,2672"}},{"content":"Чтобы добавить напряжения можно использовать:","children":[{"content":"Suddenly,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2673,2674"}},{"content":"All of a sudden,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2674,2675"}},{"content":"Unexpectedly,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2675,2676"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2672,2676"}},{"content":"Конец истории вводится","children":[{"content":"Finally,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2677,2678"}},{"content":"In the end,","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2678,2679"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2676,2679"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2638,2639"}},{"content":"<strong>Clauses of contrast, concession and purpose</strong>","children":[{"content":"Использовать while, whilst(whailt - пока),whereas(тогда как) когда мы говорим о 2 событиях и хотим их отделить друг от друга, мы также используем while в знячении в \"в то же время\", в этом случае while означает тоже что и whilst, после следует существительное, герундий или местоимение","children":[{"content":"While some people think his comedy is funny, others find him offensive.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2681,2682"}},{"content":"He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks about 30.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2682,2683"}},{"content":"Whilst we were sitting down to dinner, the phone rang.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2683,2684"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2680,2684"}},{"content":"Чтобы выразить причину, часто используются so that и in order to. Мы можем использовать \"so as not to/in order not to\" для того чтобы выразить негативные причины. Далее следует инфинитив, после so that, мы можем использовать модальные глаголы.","children":[{"content":"He trained a lot, so that he may win this competition.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2685,2686"}},{"content":"We must save money so as not to take out a loan at the end of the month.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2686,2687"}},{"content":"People must recycle plastic in order not to pollute the planet.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2687,2688"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2684,2688"}},{"content":"Мы можем использовать наречия \"in spite of\"(Несмотря на), \"despite\", \"however\", \"on the other hand\", \"though\" чтобы выразить concession. После \"In spite of\" и \"despite\" может следовать существительное, гурундий и местоимение. Although, though, even though используются в начале или середине предложения, though может идти в конце второй фразы, что довольно распространено в разговорном английском.","children":[{"content":"You are not allowed to go out after 10 pm; however, if your brother is with you, then you can.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2689,2690"}},{"content":"I like Mary as a friend, on the other hand, she is very callous.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2690,2691"}},{"content":"In spite of the fact that her elbow ached, Mary decided not to leave the tennis court.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2691,2692"}},{"content":"Bob paid the bill, despite existing financial constraints.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2692,2693"}},{"content":"Bob has a lot of financial constraints. He paid the bill, though.","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2693,2694"}}],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2688,2694"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2679,2680"}},{"content":"<strong>TODO</strong>","children":[{"content":"in case(нужно узнать для случаев не входящих в обычные conditionals)","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2695,2696"}},{"content":"real and unreal conditionals with if 1, 2 в разделе грамматики","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2696,2697"}},{"content":"Conditional Clauses with Unless, As Long As, Provided, Providing","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2697,2698"}},{"content":"«Whether ... or not» and «on condition that» / «as long as» / «providing that» / «provided that»","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2698,2699"}},{"content":"Согласовать indirect и reported speach","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2699,2700"}},{"content":"passive voices and determinating of tenses","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2700,2701"}},{"content":"Questions and tenses","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2701,2702"}},{"content":"perfect infinitive","children":[],"payload":{"tag":"li","lines":"2702,2703"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h2","lines":"2694,2695"}}],"payload":{"tag":"h1","lines":"1,2"}},{})</script>
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