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Details-on-the-collectstatic-command-in-django-as-well-as-the-configuration-of-static-file-directory.html
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刚上手Django框架的时候，相信不少童鞋会对Django中静态文件配置有所疑惑。本文详解了Django中静态文件的配置、路径，另外还有一些笔者我的理解，希望可以解决你类似的困惑。
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<h4 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h4><p>我最近在琢磨django框架的使用，在上传个人网站服务器上时，再次遇到了<strong>找不到静态文件，css、img等样式全无</strong>的问题。于是沉下心来，好好研究了django的静态文件到底应该怎么去部署（deploy），一点心得体会现分享于下。</p>
<h4 id="1-python-manage-py-collectstatic做了什么"><a href="#1-python-manage-py-collectstatic做了什么" class="headerlink" title="1. python manage.py collectstatic做了什么"></a>1. <code>python manage.py collectstatic</code>做了什么</h4><blockquote>
<p>Collects the static files into STATIC_ROOT.<br>翻译：把静态文件收集到 STATIC_ROOT中。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>以上是官方文档中的简述。</p>
<p>当然你肯定会问，从<strong>哪里</strong>收集这些静态文件呢？</p>
<p>在回答这个问题前，我们先看一眼自己项目中的<code>setting.py</code>文件：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">STATICFILES_DIRS = [ </span><br><span class="line"> os.path.join(BASE_DIR, <span class="string">"static/"</span>),</span><br><span class="line"> ]</span><br><span class="line">STATIC_URL = <span class="string">'/static/'</span></span><br><span class="line">STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, <span class="string">"static_new/"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#其中STATIC_ROOT和STATICFILES_DIRS默认为None，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#即未设置，我是自己配置成这样子的</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><code>python manage.py collectstatic</code>在执行时，<code>django</code>默认会去查看定义在<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>里的目录，以及在<code>INSTALLED_APPS</code>里定义了的app的<code>static</code>目录。如果这些目录下有文件，则把文件全部收集起来，拷贝到<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>目录下。[<strong>18.10.19二次编辑</strong>：当使用<code>django</code>的<code>runserver</code>时，如果请求的是一个静态文件，django也是会默认查看上述的<strong>ROOT、DIRS和static</strong>目录。但是，在<strong>部署到服务器上</strong>时，此规则就不使用了。]</p>
<p>这样说可能有点难懂，下面给出一个示例：</p>
<p>首先，以下是我的项目树形图，多余文件在此已被省略。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">BASE_DIR</span><br><span class="line">├── manage.py</span><br><span class="line">├── polls</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── static</span><br><span class="line">│ │ ├── mystie_polls_static.txt</span><br><span class="line">├── static</span><br><span class="line">│ └── mysite_static.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：polls是我项目里的一个app！且已经添加到了INSTALLED_APPS中！</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可以看到，我的项目下有<code>static/mysite_static.txt</code>以及<code>polls/static/mystie_polls_static.txt</code>，前者目录已经被写在<code>STATICFILES_DIRS</code>中，后者的目录是app下的<strong>static</strong>目录，均符合静态文件的查找规则。</p>
<p>不难预想到，在执行<code>collectstatic</code>后，<code>mystie_polls_static.txt</code>和<code>mysite_static.txt</code>文件都会被收集到<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>中。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#在项目目录下执行</span></span><br><span class="line">python manage.py collectstatic</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>最终项目文件结构的树状图如下：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">├── manage.py</span><br><span class="line">├── polls</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── static</span><br><span class="line">│ │ ├── mystie_polls_static.txt</span><br><span class="line">├── static</span><br><span class="line">│ └── mysite_static.txt</span><br><span class="line">├── static_new</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── *admin</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── mysite_static.txt</span><br><span class="line">│ └── mystie_polls_static.txt</span><br><span class="line">#其中，admin是django自带的后台管理的静态文件</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>不出所料哈哈，django果然方便呀！我们以后很轻松就能把静态文件都收集到一起啦！</p>
<h4 id="2-STATIC-URL的作用"><a href="#2-STATIC-URL的作用" class="headerlink" title="2. STATIC_URL的作用"></a>2. <code>STATIC_URL</code>的作用</h4><blockquote>
<p>URL to use when referring to static files located in STATIC_ROOT.<br>Example: “/static/“ or “<a href="http://www.example.com/static/"" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.example.com/static/"</a><br>翻译：STATIC_URL用于引用STATIC_ROOT所指向的静态文件。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>举个栗子，在<code>python manage.py runserver</code>后，我能够以<a href="http://localhost:8000/static/mystie_polls_static.txt为路径，访问到STATIC_ROOT下的静态文件。" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://localhost:8000/static/mystie_polls_static.txt为路径，访问到STATIC_ROOT下的静态文件。</a></p>
<p>但是，如果你使用了<code>nginx</code>（或其他）服务器后，该规则就无效了。服务器会接管<code>URL</code>匹配规则，你需要在nginx服务器的配置文件中定义<code>/static</code>的<code>alias</code>。</p>
<p>此外，<code>STATIC_URL</code>还有一个作用，如下：</p>
<p>假定你的设置文件中有<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">STATIC_URL = '/static/'</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>那么，在<code>templates</code>中，你可以通过模板标签<strong>static</strong>和给定的相对路径来构成一个URL，如下。<br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">{% load static %}</span><br><span class="line"><img src=<span class="string">"{% static "</span>my_app/example.jpg<span class="string">" %}"</span> alt=<span class="string">"My image"</span>></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>此时，构成的URL为<code>my_app/static/my_app/example.jpg</code>。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>如果你在项目中用到了<code>static</code>这个模板标签，那一定要将nginx（或其他）服务器的<code>/static</code>配置到与<strong>STATIC_ROOT</strong>一致！<br>依我愚见，这样做是有好处的。因为django不像php，只要将静态文件放置在<code>.php</code>或者<code>.html</code>同一目录下就好。<br>比如：<code><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="static/css/main.css"></code>，在django中挪进一个文件夹中就可能访问不到了。<br>这个时候<code>static</code>标签就非常有用了；当然你也可以在uwsgi的配置中通过<code>--check-static</code>和<code>--static-map mountpoint=path</code>来解决这个问题。官方链接在此：<a href="https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/StaticFiles.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/StaticFiles.html</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h4><p>希望本文对大家有所帮助！</p>
<p>笔者也只是一名学生，如果出错了，欢迎指正，也欢迎与我讨论！</p>
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