diff --git a/Lib/pathlib/_abc.py b/Lib/pathlib/_abc.py
index 27c6b4e367a050..44fea525b6cac7 100644
--- a/Lib/pathlib/_abc.py
+++ b/Lib/pathlib/_abc.py
@@ -313,7 +313,14 @@ def with_name(self, name):
 
     def with_stem(self, stem):
         """Return a new path with the stem changed."""
-        return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
+        suffix = self.suffix
+        if not suffix:
+            return self.with_name(stem)
+        elif not stem:
+            # If the suffix is non-empty, we can't make the stem empty.
+            raise ValueError(f"{self!r} has a non-empty suffix")
+        else:
+            return self.with_name(stem + suffix)
 
     def with_suffix(self, suffix):
         """Return a new path with the file suffix changed.  If the path
@@ -324,6 +331,7 @@ def with_suffix(self, suffix):
         if not suffix:
             return self.with_name(stem)
         elif not stem:
+            # If the stem is empty, we can't make the suffix non-empty.
             raise ValueError(f"{self!r} has an empty name")
         elif suffix.startswith('.') and len(suffix) > 1:
             return self.with_name(stem + suffix)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pathlib/test_pathlib_abc.py b/Lib/test/test_pathlib/test_pathlib_abc.py
index 1d30deca8f7a1b..5bfb76f85c7909 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pathlib/test_pathlib_abc.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pathlib/test_pathlib_abc.py
@@ -957,6 +957,8 @@ def test_with_stem_empty(self):
         self.assertEqual(P('/').with_stem('d'), P('/d'))
         self.assertEqual(P('a/b').with_stem(''), P('a/'))
         self.assertEqual(P('a/b').with_stem('.'), P('a/.'))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('foo.gz').with_stem, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('/a/b/foo.gz').with_stem, '')
 
     def test_with_stem_seps(self):
         P = self.cls
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2024-01-26-16-42-31.gh-issue-114610.S18Vuz.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2024-01-26-16-42-31.gh-issue-114610.S18Vuz.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..519aede72aaf29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2024-01-26-16-42-31.gh-issue-114610.S18Vuz.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Fix bug where :meth:`pathlib.PurePath.with_stem` converted a non-empty path
+suffix to a stem when given an empty *stem* argument. It now raises
+:exc:`ValueError`, just like :meth:`pathlib.PurePath.with_suffix` does when
+called on a path with an empty stem, given a non-empty *suffix* argument.