diff --git a/src/main/c/jni/org_jpy_PyLib.c b/src/main/c/jni/org_jpy_PyLib.c
index 75d6d39..5184178 100644
--- a/src/main/c/jni/org_jpy_PyLib.c
+++ b/src/main/c/jni/org_jpy_PyLib.c
@@ -499,12 +499,18 @@ void dumpDict(const char* dictName, PyObject* dict)
 
     size = PyDict_Size(dict);
     printf(">> dumpDict: %s.size = %ld\n", dictName, size);
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(dict);
+#endif
     while (PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
         const char* name;
         name = JPy_AS_UTF8(key);
         printf(">> dumpDict: %s[%ld].name = '%s'\n", dictName, i, name);
         i++;
     }
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION();
+#endif
 }
 
 /**
@@ -521,7 +527,7 @@ PyObject *getMainGlobals() {
     }
 
     pyGlobals = PyModule_GetDict(pyMainModule); // borrowed ref
-    JPy_INCREF(pyGlobals);
+    JPy_XINCREF(pyGlobals);
 
     return pyGlobals;
 }
@@ -557,7 +563,7 @@ JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_org_jpy_PyLib_getCurrentGlobals
 
     JPy_BEGIN_GIL_STATE
 
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION <= 12
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
     globals = PyEval_GetGlobals(); // borrowed ref
     JPy_XINCREF(globals);
 #else
@@ -588,7 +594,7 @@ JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_org_jpy_PyLib_getCurrentLocals
 
     JPy_BEGIN_GIL_STATE
 
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION <= 12
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
     locals = PyEval_GetLocals(); // borrowed ref
     JPy_XINCREF(locals);
 #else
@@ -1124,7 +1130,11 @@ JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_jpy_PyLib_incRef
     if (Py_IsInitialized()) {
         JPy_BEGIN_GIL_STATE
 
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
         refCount = pyObject->ob_refcnt;
+#else
+        refCount = Py_REFCNT(pyObject);
+#endif
         JPy_DIAG_PRINT(JPy_DIAG_F_MEM, "Java_org_jpy_PyLib_incRef: pyObject=%p, refCount=%d, type='%s'\n", pyObject, refCount, Py_TYPE(pyObject)->tp_name);
         JPy_INCREF(pyObject);
 
@@ -1150,7 +1160,11 @@ JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_jpy_PyLib_decRef
     if (Py_IsInitialized()) {
         JPy_BEGIN_GIL_STATE
 
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
         refCount = pyObject->ob_refcnt;
+#else
+        refCount = Py_REFCNT(pyObject);
+#endif
         if (refCount <= 0) {
             JPy_DIAG_PRINT(JPy_DIAG_F_ALL, "Java_org_jpy_PyLib_decRef: error: refCount <= 0: pyObject=%p, refCount=%d\n", pyObject, refCount);
         } else {
@@ -1183,7 +1197,11 @@ JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_org_jpy_PyLib_decRefs
         buf = (*jenv)->GetLongArrayElements(jenv, objIds, &isCopy);
         for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             pyObject = (PyObject*) buf[i];
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
             refCount = pyObject->ob_refcnt;
+#else
+            refCount = Py_REFCNT(pyObject);
+#endif
             if (refCount <= 0) {
                 JPy_DIAG_PRINT(JPy_DIAG_F_ALL, "Java_org_jpy_PyLib_decRefs: error: refCount <= 0: pyObject=%p, refCount=%d\n", pyObject, refCount);
             } else {
diff --git a/src/main/c/jpy_jmethod.c b/src/main/c/jpy_jmethod.c
index ab49bd3..6548efc 100644
--- a/src/main/c/jpy_jmethod.c
+++ b/src/main/c/jpy_jmethod.c
@@ -799,8 +799,7 @@ JPy_JMethod* JOverloadedMethod_FindMethod0(JNIEnv* jenv, JPy_JOverloadedMethod*
                               overloadedMethod->declaringClass->javaName, JPy_AS_UTF8(overloadedMethod->name), overloadCount, argCount);
 
     for (i = 0; i < overloadCount; i++) {
-        // borrowed reference but no need to replace it with  PyList_GetItemRef(), because the list won't be
-        // changed concurrently
+        // borrowed ref, no need to replace with PyList_GetItemRef() because the list won't be changed concurrently
         currMethod = (JPy_JMethod*) PyList_GetItem(overloadedMethod->methodList, i);
 
         if (currMethod->isVarArgs && matchValueMax > 0 && !bestMethod->isVarArgs) {
@@ -952,8 +951,7 @@ int JOverloadedMethod_AddMethod(JPy_JOverloadedMethod* overloadedMethod, JPy_JMe
         // we need to insert this before the first varargs method
         Py_ssize_t size = PyList_Size(overloadedMethod->methodList);
         for (ii = 0; ii < size; ii++) {
-            // borrowed reference but no need to replace it with  PyList_GetItemRef(), because the list won't be
-            // changed concurrently
+            // borrowed ref, no need to replace with PyList_GetItemRef() because the list won't be changed concurrently
             PyObject *check = PyList_GetItem(overloadedMethod->methodList, ii);
             if (((JPy_JMethod *) check)->isVarArgs) {
                 // this is the first varargs method, so we should go before it
diff --git a/src/main/c/jpy_jobj.c b/src/main/c/jpy_jobj.c
index 06687d5..7ee6877 100644
--- a/src/main/c/jpy_jobj.c
+++ b/src/main/c/jpy_jobj.c
@@ -74,10 +74,20 @@ PyObject* JObj_FromType(JNIEnv* jenv, JPy_JType* type, jobject objectRef)
 
     // we check the type translations dictionary for a callable for this java type name,
     // and apply the returned callable to the wrapped object
-    callable = PyDict_GetItemString(JPy_Type_Translations, type->javaName);
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    // if return is 1, callable is new reference
+    if (PyDict_GetItemStringRef(JPy_Type_Translations, type->javaName, &callable) != 1) {
+        callable = NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    callable = PyDict_GetItemString(JPy_Type_Translations, type->javaName); // borrowed reference
+    JPy_XINCREF(callable);
+#endif
+
     if (callable != NULL) {
         if (PyCallable_Check(callable)) {
             callableResult = PyObject_CallFunction(callable, "OO", type, obj);
+            JPy_XDECREF(callable);
             if (callableResult == NULL) {
                 Py_RETURN_NONE;
             } else {
@@ -85,6 +95,7 @@ PyObject* JObj_FromType(JNIEnv* jenv, JPy_JType* type, jobject objectRef)
             }
         }
     }
+    JPy_XDECREF(callable);
 
     return (PyObject *)obj;
 }
@@ -103,6 +114,7 @@ int JObj_init_internal(JNIEnv* jenv, JPy_JObj* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* k
 
     type = ((PyObject*) self)->ob_type;
 
+    // borrowed ref, no need to replace with PyDict_GetItemStringRef because tp_dict won't be changed concurrently
     constructor = PyDict_GetItemString(type->tp_dict, JPy_JTYPE_ATTR_NAME_JINIT);
     if (constructor == NULL) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no constructor found (missing JType attribute '" JPy_JTYPE_ATTR_NAME_JINIT "')");
diff --git a/src/main/c/jpy_jtype.c b/src/main/c/jpy_jtype.c
index f1877bc..29e4eb9 100644
--- a/src/main/c/jpy_jtype.c
+++ b/src/main/c/jpy_jtype.c
@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ JPy_JType* JType_GetType(JNIEnv* jenv, jclass classRef, jboolean resolve)
     }
 
     ACQUIRE_GET_TYPE_LOCK();
+    // borrowed ref, no need to replace with PyDict_GetItemRef because it protected by the lock
     typeValue = PyDict_GetItem(JPy_Types, typeKey);
     if (typeValue == NULL) {
 
@@ -1081,12 +1082,21 @@ jboolean JType_AcceptMethod(JPy_JType* declaringClass, JPy_JMethod* method)
     PyObject* callableResult;
 
     //printf("JType_AcceptMethod: javaName='%s'\n", overloadedMethod->declaringClass->javaName);
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    // if return is 1, callable is new reference
+    if (PyDict_GetItemStringRef(JPy_Type_Callbacks, declaringClass->javaName, &callable) != 1) {
+        callable = NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    callable = PyDict_GetItemString(JPy_Type_Callbacks, declaringClass->javaName); // borrowed reference
+    JPy_XINCREF(callable);
+#endif
 
-    callable = PyDict_GetItemString(JPy_Type_Callbacks, declaringClass->javaName);
     if (callable != NULL) {
         if (PyCallable_Check(callable)) {
             callableResult = PyObject_CallFunction(callable, "OO", declaringClass, method);
             if (callableResult == Py_None || callableResult == Py_False) {
+                JPy_XDECREF(callable);
                 return JNI_FALSE;
             } else if (callableResult == NULL) {
                 JPy_DIAG_PRINT(JPy_DIAG_F_TYPE, "JType_AcceptMethod: warning: failed to invoke callback on method addition\n");
@@ -1094,6 +1104,7 @@ jboolean JType_AcceptMethod(JPy_JType* declaringClass, JPy_JMethod* method)
             }
         }
     }
+    JPy_XDECREF(callable);
 
     return JNI_TRUE;
 }
@@ -1493,6 +1504,7 @@ int JType_AddMethod(JPy_JType* type, JPy_JMethod* method)
         return -1;
     }
 
+    // borrowed ref, no need to replace with PyDict_GetItemRef because typeDict won't be changed concurrently
     methodValue = PyDict_GetItem(typeDict, method->name);
     if (methodValue == NULL) {
         overloadedMethod = JOverloadedMethod_New(type, method->name, method);
@@ -1520,6 +1532,7 @@ PyObject* JType_GetOverloadedMethod(JNIEnv* jenv, JPy_JType* type, PyObject* met
         return NULL;
     }
 
+    // borrowed ref, no need to replace with PyDict_GetItemRef because typeDict won't be changed concurrently
     methodValue = PyDict_GetItem(typeDict, methodName);
     if (methodValue == NULL) {
         if (useSuperClass) {