Skip to content

Latest commit

 

History

History
217 lines (164 loc) · 9.62 KB

os-linux.md

File metadata and controls

217 lines (164 loc) · 9.62 KB
Raw

Linux, Unix and POSIX:

UNIX was a proprietary OS in the 60-70s. Over time it became a standard to which some OS are compliant. The desire for more liberal OS licenses that operate in a similar principle is what prompted the creation of GNU General Public License (GPL) v2 and LINUX.

LINUX is a FOSS derivative of UNIX, mainly defined by the kernel (which controls hardware allocation and management regarding software). GNU GPL states "end users have the freedom to run, study, share and modify the program". Derivatives of a GPL must remain GPL licensed.

POSIX (maintained by IEEE) and SUS are standards. Standards are meant to guarantee compatibility.

Running .sh scripts

chmod +x script.sh sh script.sh bash script.sh

Sheetcode

Command Action
lsb_release -a get the version
ls list files
ll alias defined in ".bashrc" in home/ for ls -alF
touch create file
cat read file
mv asd* folder/ move all files that start with asd into folder
mkdir create directory
rm remove file (-r for dirs)
cd change directory (cd / cd to root; cd ~ cd to home usr)
pwd print working directory
grep search and match pattern
wc counts
history display bash cmd history
chmod modify permissions

GREP - Global Regular Expression Print

grep is a command line utility used for searching plain-text data for lines that match a regular expression or pattern.

grep error file.txt

-i ignores upper/lowercase,
-v inverts the command,
-F permits a file as input for the patterns to search,
-n adds line count,
-c counts the number of occurences.
-rl makes it recursive, showing subdirs occurences.
-rL shows the archives where it happens, but ommits the occurence itself.

egrep "^09|^10|^11|^12" gets only those that start with 09, or 10, or 11 or 12. In REGEX, ^ means "the start of line"; while $ means "the end of line". grep means Global RegEx Print

grep "^[co]" -i -n vim.md - ignoring case, get lines that start with O or C.

cat <file> | awk -F " " '{print $3, $6}
This split every line considering space as delimiter and prints the 3rd and 6th element of each line.

| sort sorts the output; | uniq shows only uniques; wc -l counts the number of lines.

Substitute leading "./" for "" in a path. "././string" | sed 's/^.\///g'. sed works in the format 's/regex/regex/g'. The regex for getting the leading "./" is:

  • ^ (at the start)
  • .\/ (slash must be escaped with back slash)
  • then nothing is kept between the last two slashs to precisely erase it.

Utils

tree is a package that print the file structure being used

Linux's directories - Fireship YouTube Video

All the binaries are mapped together with the $PATH env variable. Find out where a binary lives by which curl

Directory Description
/bin binaries/executables (gzip, curl, ls) that can run from the terminal
/sbin system binaries (mount, deluser) only to be executed by the root user
/lib the binaries may share common libraries that are stored in lib
/usr its /bin and /sbin are not essential to the OS itself and are intended to the enduser
/usr/local/bin locally compiled
/etc editable text configuration to customize your OS
/home keep the user data
/boot files to boot the system, like the Linux kernel
/dev for device files - interface with hardware or drivers as if they were regular files (like create disk partitions)
/opt optional or add-on files
/var variable files that change when the OS is being used like logs and cache files
/tmp temporary files -- arent persistent between reboots
/proc illusionary filesystem that is created on memory on the fly by the kernel to keep track of running processes

Arch Linux

A simple, lightweight distribution that tries to Keep It Simple.

It has official packages optimized for x86-64 architecture. This gets complemented with AUR - Arch User Repository, a community-operated package repository.

pacman is Arch's package manager. Its aim is to easily manage packages, be it from official repositorties or user's own build.

pacman -Syu           # pacman upgrade (Standard)
pacman -Syyu          # pacman upgrade --force
pacman -Su            # pacman system_upgrade
pacman -S <package>   # pacman install
pacman -R <package>   # pacman remove

# Query (-i more info) 
pacman -Qi [code]  # local package database
pacman -Si         # sync package database

AUR has packages descriptions (PKGBUILDs) that can be compiled from source with makepkg and installed via pacman. There are wrappers/helpers around pacman to handle packages from AUR. A prominent helper is AUR Helper yay, more infos in yay's GitHub.

# Install yay
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
cd yay
makepkg -si

# Use yay to update
yay -Syu

Installation

I followed step-by-step the Installation Guide the first time; it took almost 2 hours. Further on, I followed NVIDIA Drivers Installation Guide.

archinstall is a new method based on a python script that helps through the steps. The second time I installed, I followed this straightforward video by Learn Linux TV. I liked it the best.

These steps are few of the steps taken when installing Arch Linux. They are also relevant when booting from a live media.

# Stop audit messages
auditctl -e0

# List disk paritioning
fdisk -l

# Mount partition to directory /mnt
mount partition /mnt

# Ensure Internet connection
rfkill (see devices)
rfkill unblock wlan # if blocked
iwctl
device list
station name scan  # name is the device name
station name get-networks
station name connect (name of the wifi)
# >> it prompts for the password

# Add sudo capability to the user
useradd -m -g users -G wheel <username>

# Before umount, run 
pacman -Syu

# Umount
umount -R /mnt

# Afterward access to wheel group must be given
nano /etc/sudoers
# uncomment the "wheel group" line

Multimedia

For Bluetooth to work, bluez bluez-utils, load kernel module btusb and systemctl enable bluetooth source.

For audio to work, linux-firmware was not enough in my laptop; I needed sof-firmware.

Specific firmware for other devices not included in linux-firmware (e.g. sof-firmware for onboard audio, linux-firmware-marvell for Marvell wireless and any of the multiple firmware packages for Broadcom wireless) source

Bootloader - GRUB

Main partition should be mount in /mnt and EFI Partition in /mnt/boot. To install grub under the name "GRUB" after getting it with pacman, grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB.

(optional) If you intend to permit dual-boot via GRUB, get os-prober with pacman. Run it os-prober and uncomment the last line in sudo nano /etc/default/grub

Make the configuration file with grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

pacman -Syu may crash mid-update while updating the boot files reddit post. I keep copies at /var/backup/boot just in case.

# Backup /boot
sudo mkdir -p /var/backup/boot & sudo cp -R /boot /var/backup/

# Get size of it
du -sh /var/backup/boot/

Terminal

# Update package manager & get packages
pacman -Syu
pacman -S gnome-terminal nu starship

# Get font
# Install necessary packages
sudo pacman -S curl unzip --noconfirm
curl -L -o CascadiaCode.zip https://github.com/ryanoasis/nerd-fonts/releases/download/v3.2.1/CascadiaCode.zip
unzip CascadiaCode.zip -d CascadiaCode
mkdir -p ~/.local/share/fonts
mv CascadiaCode/*.ttf ~/.local/share/fonts/

# Update the font cache
fc-cache -fv

# Clean up
rm -rf CascadiaCode.zip CascadiaCode
echo "Cascadia Code Nerd Font installed successfully."

# Open gnome-terminal
gnome-terminal
# Preferences > Profile > Command > Custom command: nu 

# Config nu to use starship
nu
"mkdir ~/.cache/starship" | save $nu.env-path --append
"starship init nu | save -f ~/.cache/starship/init.nu" | save $nu.env-path --append
"use ~/.cache/starship/init.nu" | save $nu.config-path --append

# Add preset to starship
starship preset pastel-powerline -o ~/.config/starship.toml

# Restart terminal