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asm.m
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asm.m
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# assembly language, machine instruction, binary code
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64
# a c d b sp bp si di
# rax rcx rdx rbx rsp rbp rsi rdi
register_byte : Reg ? N =
A? 0
C? 1
D? 2
B_? 3
Sp? 4
Bp? 5
Si? 6
Di? 7
Ah? 4
Ch? 5
Dh? 6
Bh? 7
R8? 0
R9? 1
R10? 2
R11? 3
R12? 4
R13? 5
R14? 6
R15? 7
# p486 Table A-5. rFLAGS Condition Codes for CMOVcc, Jcc, and SETcc
flag_byte : Flag ? N =
O? 00 # int, of=1 - O (overflow)
No? 01 # int, of=0 - No (not overflow)
L? 02 # nat, cf=1 - B (below), C (carry), Nae (not above or equal)
Ge? 03 # nat, cf=0 - Nb (not below), Nc (not carry), Ae (above or equal)
E? 04 # nat, zf=1 - Z (zero), E (equal)
Ne? 05 # nat, zf=0 Nz (not zero), Ne (not equal)
Le? 06 # nat, (sf xor of)=1 or zf=1 - Le (less than or equal to), Ng (not greater than)
G? 07 # nat, (sf xor of)=0 and zf=0 - Nle (not less than or equal to), G (greater than)
S__? 08 # int, sf=1 signed
Ns? 09 # int, sf=0 not signed
P? 0a # pf=1 parity, parity even
Np? 0b # pf=0 not parity, parity odd
Sl? 0c # int, (sf xor of)=1 - Le (less than), Nge (not greater than or equal to)
Sge? 0d # int, (sf xor of)=0 - Nle (not less than), Ge (greater than or equal to)
Sle? 0e # int, cf=1 | zf=1 - Be (below or equal), Na (not above)
Sg? 0f # int, cf=0 | cf=1 - Nbe (not below or equal), A (above)
# extended set of registers in 64-bit
register_extended : Reg?B = (R8? 1; R9? 1; R10? 1; R11? 1; R12? 1; R13? 1; R14? 1; R15? 1; R15? 1)
register_extension_prefix0 binary:Flow register1:Reg register2:Reg =
register_extension_prefix binary 0 (register_extended register1) 0 (register_extended register2) 0
# same as register_extension_prefix0 but extend operand to 64-bit
register_extension_prefix1 binary:Flow register1:Reg register2:Reg =
register_extension_prefix binary 1 (register_extended register1) 0 (register_extended register2) 0
register_extension_prefix binary:Flow operand:B register:B index:B base:B uniform:B =
x = N.or (N.or (N.or (operand & 8) (register & 4)) (index & 2)) (base & 1).B.nat
(uniform.B.nat | x) & Flow.nat0 binary (N.or 040 x)
mode_register_memory mode:N register:N memory:N : N = N.or (N.shl mode 6) (N.or (N.shl register 3) memory)
op_register operand:N register:Reg : N = mode_register_memory 3 operand (register_byte register) # file:///ref/amd64-vol3/503.pdf - mode = 0011 = 3
scale_byte : N?N = (1? 0; 2? 1; 4? 2; 8? 3)
scale_index_base scale:N index:N base:N : N = N.or (N.shl scale.scale_byte 6) (N.or (N.shl index.register_byte 3) (register_byte base))
# op:N0
op_memory_register0 code:Flow op:N register:Reg base:Reg offset:N = # f r r n, 8-bit register
register_extension_prefix0 code register base
op_memory code op (register_byte register) base offset
# op:N0
op_memory_register code:Flow op:N register:Reg base:Reg offset:N = # f r r n
register_extension_prefix1 code register base
op_memory code op (register_byte register) base offset
# op:N1
op_memory_register1 code:Flow op:N register:Reg base:Reg offset:N = # f r r n
register_extension_prefix1 code register base
op_memory1 code op (register_byte register) base offset
# /0 or /7 are the immediates
# ADD reg/mem64, imm32 81 /0
# CMP reg/mem64, imm32 81 /7
# fixme - op:N0
op_memory_immediate code:Flow op:N immediate:N base:Reg offset:N = # f r n
register_extension_prefix1 code A base
op_memory code op immediate base offset
# fixme - op:N0
op_memory code:Flow op:N operand:N base:Reg offset:N = # f x r n
# Table 1-12. SIB.index and .base Field Encodings
# Register specification is null. The scale*index portion of the indexed register-indirect effective address is set to 0. - rSP = 0b100
scale = 1
index = Sp # none
mode = 2
memory = register_byte Sp # memory = register sp means use scale-index-base
sib = scale_index_base scale index base
Flow.nat0 code op
Flow.nat0 code (mode_register_memory mode operand memory)
Flow.nat0 code sib
Flow.nat2 code offset
# fixme - op:N1
op_memory1 code:Flow op:N operand:N base:Reg offset:N = # same as [op_memory] but op:N1
scale = 1
index = Sp # none
mode = 2
memory = register_byte Sp # memory = register sp means use scale-index-base
sib = scale_index_base scale index base
Flow.nat1 code op
Flow.nat0 code (mode_register_memory mode operand memory)
Flow.nat0 code sib
Flow.nat2 code offset
# p423 - Table A-1. Primary Opcode Map (One-byte Opcodes), Low Nibble 0–7h
group1_code : Term?N = (Add? 000; And? 020; Xor? 030; Or? 008; Sub? 028; Cmp? 038) # add adc and xor or sbb sub cmp
group1_tag : Term?B = (Add? 1; And? 1; Xor? 1; Or? 1; Sub? 1; Cmp? 1)
group1_byte : Term?N = (Add? 0; Or? 1; And? 4; Sub? 5; Xor? 6; Cmp? 7)
group2_byte : Term?N = (Shl? 4; Shr? 5)
symbols = 0100_000.Hash : name:S / offset:N
labels = 0100_000.Hash : name:S / offset:N
label_bases = %0 : %*(Spot, rank:N, base:N, name:S, offset:N)
label_spans = %0 : %*(Spot, rank:N, name1:S, name2:S, offset:N)
label_relatives = %0 : %*(Spot, name:S, offset:N)
# terms to binary machine code
terms_binary terms:Terms spot:Spot opt_wide:!N code:Flow data:Flow = terms .
Nat n, x & x & x.0 != Base? # wide/rank
terms_binary x spot n.N.opt code data
? !terms .
0? 0
1? term1_binary terms.0 spot opt_wide code data
2? term2_binary terms.0 terms.1 spot opt_wide code data
3? term3_binary terms spot opt_wide code data
4? term4_binary terms spot opt_wide code data
? Fail.main3 (Spot.str spot) $Fun terms.Term.seq_str
term1_binary term:Term spot:Spot opt_wide:!N code:Flow data:Flow = term .
Ret? Flow.nat0 code 0c3
Syscall? Flow.nat1 code 050f
Rdtsc? Flow.nat1 code 0310f
Cpuid? Flow.nat1 code 0a20f
# Improves the performance of spin loops, by providing a hint to the processor that the current code is in a spin loop. The processor may use this to optimize power consumption while in the spin loop.
Architecturally, this instruction behaves like a NOP instruction.
Processors that do not support PAUSE treat this opcode as a NOP instruction.
Pause? Flow.nat1 code 090f3
Nat n? Flow.nat code n (opt_wide & N.must opt_wide | N.rank n) # n
Mem n,s? Flow.mem code n s
Str s? Flow.str_pad code s (opt_wide & N.must opt_wide | !s) # s, todo - check if s is longer than opt_wide
Name x? # X
rank = Opt.or opt_wide 3 # 64-bit by default
# base = 0 because only used for labels in main.m - File, Code_vmaddr, Data_vmaddr, Data_size, Code_end, Bind
Ref.seq_add label_bases spot,rank,0,x,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat code 0 rank # patched by label_fix_base
? Fail.main4 (Spot.str spot) $Fun term.str term.Term.tag.N.str
last_label = %'' : %S
count = %0 : %N
count2 = %0 : %N
_debug = Env.bit 'asm' : B
term2_binary term1:Term term2:Term spot:Spot opt_wide:!N code:Flow data:Flow = term1,term2 .
Label, Name x? # @X
Hash.set labels x code.Flow.size # see CODE_DATA_OFFSET
n = Any.code_vmaddr+code.Flow.size
S.char x != \_ & # skip _Else* and _Done*
Trap.bit & last_label x
_debug & Debug.fill '$s$,$h$,$n' [x, n, n]
Push, Reg r? # push r - PUSH reg64 50 +rq
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code (050 + register_byte r)
Pop, Reg r? # pop r - POP reg64 58 +rq
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code (058 + register_byte r)
Push, Nat n? # push n2 - PUSH imm64 68 id
| opt_wide == 0 &
I.rank n <= 2 | Fail.main4 (Spot.str spot) $Fun 'push n2' n.Hex.str
Flow.nat0 code 068
Flow.nat2 code n
| opt_wide == 1 &
Flow.nat0 code 06a # push n0 - PUSH imm8 6A ib
Flow.nat0 code n
| Fail.main4 (Spot.str spot) $Fun 'push n' opt_wide.N.str
Push, Str s? # push s - PUSH imm64 68 id
Flow.nat0 code 068
# Asm.UNIQUE_STRING_LITERAL
# 49% = 1099 / (1099+1136.) of all symbols
# 99.1% 517752/522517., or 99.6% 1143864/1148629. with trap - min binary sie
new, offset = Hash.get_set symbols s Any.data_vmaddr+data.Flow.size # need code_vmaddr offset? see CODE_DATA_OFFSET
new & Ref.tick count | Ref.tick count2
Flow.nat2 code offset
new & Flow.str0 data s
Neg, Reg r? # neg r - NEG reg/mem64, F7/3
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code 0f7
Flow.nat0 code (op_register 3 r)
Mul, Reg r? # mul r - MUL reg/mem64 F7 /4
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code 0f7
Flow.nat0 code (op_register 4 r)
_, Reg r & group2_byte term1.Term.tag? # shl r - shl reg/mem64, CL D3 /4
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code 0d3
Flow.nat0 code (op_register (group2_byte term1.Term.tag) r)
J, Name x? # j X - JMP rel32off E9 cd
Flow.nat0 code 0e9
Ref.seq_add label_relatives spot,x,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat2 code 0
Call, Name x? # call X - CALL rel32off E8 id
Flow.nat0 code 0e8
Ref.seq_add label_relatives spot,x,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat2 code 0
n = Any.code_vmaddr + code.Flow.size
Call.add spot n !last_label x
_debug & Info.fill '$s$,$s$,$s$,$h$,$n' [Spot.str1 spot, !last_label, x, n, n] # todo - out x's address
Call, Reg r? # call r - CALL reg/mem64 FF /2
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code 0ff
Flow.nat0 code (op_register 2 r)
Push, Name x? # push X - PUSH imm64 68 id
Flow.nat0 code 068
# rank = 2: Push a sign-extended 32-bit immediate value onto the stack.
# todo - use move for 64-bit immediates
Ref.seq_add label_bases spot,2,Any.code_vmaddr,x,code.Flow.size # PUSH_NAME - see CODE_DATA_OFFSET
Flow.nat2 code 0
? Fail.main5 (Spot.str spot) $Fun term1.str term2.str term2.Term.tag.N.str
term3_binary terms:Terms spot:Spot opt_wide:!N code:Flow data:Flow = terms.0,terms.1,terms.2 .
# x=`/usr/bin/mktemp -t ''`; { echo bits 64; echo 'movq rax, xmm0'; } > $x; nasm -f bin -o /dev/stdout $x | ndisasm -b 64 -
Mov, Reg A, Reg Xmm0? # 66480F7EC0 movq rax,xmm0
Flow.nat0 code 066
Flow.nat0 code 048
Flow.nat0 code 00f
Flow.nat0 code 07e
Flow.nat0 code 0c0
# x=`/usr/bin/mktemp -t ''`; { echo bits 64; echo 'movq xmm1, rax'; } > $x; nasm -f bin -o /dev/stdout $x | ndisasm -b 64 -
Mov, Reg Xmm1, Reg A? # 00000000 66480F6EC8 movq xmm1,rax
Flow.nat0 code 066
Flow.nat0 code 048
Flow.nat0 code 00f
Flow.nat0 code 06e
Flow.nat0 code 0c8
# x=`/usr/bin/mktemp -t ''`; { echo bits 64; echo 'movq xmm0, rax'; } > $x; nasm -f bin -o /dev/stdout $x | ndisasm -b 64 -
Mov, Reg Xmm0, Reg A? # 66480F6EC0 movq xmm0,rax
# Flow.mem code 0_66480f6ec0
Flow.nat0 code 066
Flow.nat0 code 048
Flow.nat0 code 00f
Flow.nat0 code 06e
Flow.nat0 code 0c0
Mov, Reg r, Nat n? # mov r n - MOV reg64, imm64
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code (0b8 + register_byte r)
Flow.nat3 code n # 64-bit immediate, only to register, not memory
# [set] sets/clears only the lower 8-bit
# Checks the status flags in the rFLAGS register and, if the flags meet the condition specified in the mnemonic (cc),
# sets the value in the specified 8-bit memory location or register to 1. If the flags do not meet the specified condition, SETcc clears the memory location or register to 0.
Set_, Flag f, Reg r? # sete r - 0F94/0 - SETE reg/mem8 - Set byte if equal (ZF = 1).
Flow.nat0 code 0f
Flow.nat0 code (090 + flag_byte f)
Flow.nat0 code (op_register 0 r)
_, Reg r, Nat n & group1_tag terms.0.Term.tag? # add r n - ADD reg/mem64, imm32 81 /0 id Add sign-extended imm32 to reg/mem64
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code 081
Flow.nat0 code (op_register terms.0.Term.tag.group1_byte r)
Flow.nat2 code n
_, Reg r, Reg s & group1_tag terms.0.Term.tag? # add r r - ADD reg/mem64, reg64 01 /r
register_extension_prefix1 code s r
Flow.nat0 code (terms.0.Term.tag.group1_code + 01)
Flow.nat0 code (op_register (register_byte s) r)
Nat n, Base, Name x? # n + X, main.ma - 01000+Main0
rank = Opt.or opt_wide 3 # 64-bit by default
Ref.seq_add label_bases spot,rank,n,x,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat code 0 rank # patched by label_fix_base
Name x, Span, Name y? # X, Y
rank = Opt.or opt_wide 3 # 64-bit by default
Ref.seq_add label_spans spot,rank,x,y,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat code 0 rank # patched by label_fix_span
Push, Reg r, Nat n? # push r n - PUSH reg/mem64 FF /6
op_memory_immediate code 0ff 6 r n
Mul, Reg r, Nat n? # mul r n - MUL reg/mem64 F7 /4
op_memory_immediate code 0f7 4 r n
Div, Reg r, Nat n? # div r n - DIV reg/mem64 F7 /6 (unsigned), signed div IDIV reg/mem64 F7 /7
op_memory_immediate code 0f7 6 r n
Shl, Reg r, Nat n? # shl r n - SHL reg/mem64, imm8 C1 /4 ib
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code 0c1
Flow.nat0 code (op_register 4 r)
Flow.nat0 code n
J, Nat n, Name x? # j n X - JO rel32off 0F 80 cd
Flow.nat0 code 0f
Flow.nat0 code (080 + n)
Ref.seq_add label_relatives spot,x,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat2 code 0
J, Flag f, Name x? # j flag X - JO rel32off 0F 80 cd
Flow.nat0 code 0f
Flow.nat0 code (080 + flag_byte f)
Ref.seq_add label_relatives spot,x,code.Flow.size
Flow.nat2 code 0
Call, Reg r, Nat n? # call r n - CALL reg/mem64 FF /2
op_memory_immediate code 0ff 2 r n
Mov, Reg r, Name x? # mov r X - MOV reg64, imm64 B8 +rq iq
register_extension_prefix1 code A r
Flow.nat0 code (0b8 + register_byte r)
base = S.has x \. & Any.code_vmaddr | 0 # hack - main.ma has no unit - Code_vmaddr, Data_vmend
Ref.seq_add label_bases spot,3,base,x,code.Flow.size # MOVE_NAME - see CODE_DATA_OFFSET
Flow.nat3 code 0
Mov, Reg r, Reg s? # mov r r - MOV reg64, reg/mem64 8B /r
register_extension_prefix1 code r s
Flow.nat0 code 08b
Flow.nat0 code (op_register (register_byte r) s)
Movsx, Reg r, Reg s? # movsx r r - MOVSX reg64, reg/mem8 0F BE/r
register_extension_prefix1 code r s
Flow.nat1 code 0be0f
Flow.nat0 code (op_register (register_byte r) s)
New, Name x, Nat n? # $X n - same as push s below
# CODE_DATA_OFFSET -
# - labels in main.ma are absolute
# - code labels by step.m are off by code_vmaddr, due to PAGE_ZERO
# - data labels by step.m are absolute from data_vmaddr
# hence, -code_vmaddr here and base=code_vmaddr in PUSH_NAME and MOVE_NAME above
Hash.set labels x (Any.data_vmaddr - Any.code_vmaddr + data.Flow.size)
Flow.nat3 data n
New, Name x, Real r? # $X r - same as $X n above
Hash.set labels x (Any.data_vmaddr - Any.code_vmaddr + data.Flow.size)
Flow.nat3 data r.R.nat
? Fail.main3 (Spot.str spot) $Fun terms.Term.seq_str
# 1.2.2 Operand-Size Override Prefix
# The operand-size override prefix (66h) selects the non-default operand size.
operand_size_override code:Flow = Flow.nat0 code 066
term4_binary terms:Terms spot:Spot opt_wide:!N code:Flow data:Flow = terms.0,terms.1,terms.2,terms.3 .
Mov, Reg r, Reg s, Nat n? # mov r r n - MOV reg64, reg/mem64 8B /r
| N.must opt_wide == 0 &
op_memory_register0 code 08a r s n # 0 mov r r n - MOV reg8, reg/mem8 8A /r
| op_memory_register code 08b r s n
Lea, Reg r, Reg s, Nat n? # lea r r n - LEA reg64, mem 8D /r
op_memory_register code 08d r s n
_, Reg r, Reg s, Nat n & group1_tag terms.0.Term.tag? # add r r n - ADD reg64, reg/mem64 03 /r
op_memory_register code (group1_code terms.0.Term.tag + 03) r s n
Mov, Reg r, Nat m, Nat n? # mov r n n - MOV reg/mem64, imm32 C7 /0 id
op_memory_immediate code 0c7 0 r m
Flow.nat2 code n
# 0 mov r n r - MOV reg/mem8, reg8 88 /r
# mov r n r - MOV reg/mem16, reg16 89 /r
# mov r n r - MOV reg/mem32, reg32 89 /r
# mov r n r - MOV reg/mem64, reg64 89 /r
Mov, Reg r, Nat n, Reg s? Opt.or opt_wide 3 .
0? op_memory_register0 code 088 s r n
1? (operand_size_override code; op_memory_register0 code 089 s r n)
2? op_memory_register0 code 089 s r n
3? op_memory_register code 089 s r n
m? Fail.main3 (Spot.str spot) ($Fun + ' invalid wide ' + m.N.str) terms.Term.seq_str
# XCHG reg/mem64, reg64, 87 /r
# Exchange the contents of a 64-bit register with the contents of a 64-bit register or memory operand.
# If either operand references memory, the processor locks automatically, whether or not the LOCK prefix is used and independently of the value of IOPL.
Xchg, Reg r, Nat n, Reg s? # xchg r n r
op_memory_register code 087 s r n
# CMPXCHG reg/mem64, reg64 - 0F B1 /r
# Compare RAX register with a 64-bit register or memory location. If equal, copy the second operand to the first operand. Otherwise, copy the first operand to RAX.
Cmpxchg, Reg r, Nat n, Reg s? # xchg r n r
op_memory_register1 code 0b10f s r n
_, Reg r, Nat m, Nat n & group1_tag terms.0.Term.tag? # add r n n - ADD reg/mem64, imm32 81 /0 id - Add sign-extended imm32 to reg/mem64.
op_memory_immediate code 081 (group1_byte terms.0.Term.tag) r m # CMP reg/mem64, imm32 81 /7 id
Flow.nat2 code n
# add r n r
# ADD reg/mem64, reg64 01 /r - Add reg64 to reg/mem64.
# SUB reg/mem64, reg64 - 29 /r - Subtract the contents of a 64-bit register from a 64-bit destination register or memory location.
_, Reg r, Nat n, Reg s & group1_tag terms.0.Term.tag?
op_memory_register code 1+(group1_code terms.0.Term.tag) s r n
? Fail.main3 (Spot.str spot) $Fun terms.Term.seq_str
step_binary code:Flow data:Flow step:Step =
spot, terms = step
terms_binary terms spot 0 code data
terms_binary_out terms:Terms =
code = Flow 010000
data = Flow 010000
terms_binary terms (Spot 0) 0 code data
Flow.out code
Flow.out data
label_get spot:Spot label:S : N =
s = Hash.pair labels label
s & s.Row.at2_1 | Fail.main3 spot.Spot.str $Fun label # fixme - hash type for s.1
Base = Spot, N, N, S, N # spot, wide, base, name, key
label_fix_base code:S label_base:Base =
spot, wide, base, name, key = label_base
S.set_rank code+key base+(label_get spot name) wide
Span = Spot, N, S, S, N
label_fix_span code:S label_span:Span =
spot, wide, name1, name2, key = label_span
S.set_rank code+key (label_get spot name2)-(label_get spot name1) wide
Relative = Spot, S, N
label_fix_relative code:S label_relative:Relative =
spot, name, key = label_relative
Mem.set2 (code + key).S.mem (label_get spot name)-key-4
steps_binary_out steps:Steps pad:B =
code = Flow 01000000 # Code,Code_end 16MB
data = Flow 01000000 # Data,Data_end 16MB
Seq.do (step_binary code data) steps
Hash.set labels 'Call_head' Any.data_vmaddr+data.Flow.size
Call.add_flow data
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment#Computing_padding
pad & Flow.add code (N.and -code.Flow.size 0fff) # align 4096-byte for page
Hash.set labels 'Code_vmaddr' Any.code_vmaddr
Hash.set labels 'Code_end' code.Flow.size
Hash.set labels 'Code_vmend' Any.code_vmaddr+code.Flow.size
Hash.set labels 'Data_vmaddr' Any.data_vmaddr
Hash.set labels 'Data_size' data.Flow.size
Hash.set labels 'Data_vmend' Any.data_vmaddr+data.Flow.size
Hash.set labels 'Call_size' (List.size !Call.rows)
_debug & Debug.fill '$s$,$h$,$n' ['Code_vmend', Any.code_vmaddr+code.Flow.size, Any.code_vmaddr+code.Flow.size]
_debug & Debug.fill '$s$,$h$,$n' ['Data_vmend', Any.data_vmaddr+data.Flow.size, Any.data_vmaddr+data.Flow.size]
List.do !label_bases (label_fix_base code.Flow.head)
List.do !label_spans (label_fix_span code.Flow.head)
List.do !label_relatives (label_fix_relative code.Flow.head)
Flow.out code
Flow.out data
file_steps_binary_out file:File pad:B = steps_binary_out file.Step.of_file pad