NeosModLoader works on Linux, but in addition to the normal install steps there are some extra steps you need to take until Neos issue #2638 is fixed.
The log directory on Linux is $HOME/.local/share/Steam/steamapps/common/NeosVR/Logs
If your log contains the following, you need to set up a workaround for the issue.
System.IO.DirectoryNotFoundException: Could not find a part of the path "/home/myusername/.local/share/Steam/steamapps/common/NeosVR/Neos_Data\Managed/FrooxEngine.dll".
To set up the workaround, run the following commands in your terminal:
cd "$HOME/.local/share/Steam/steamapps/common/NeosVR"
ln -s Neos_Data/Managed 'Neos_Data\Managed'