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ggml-metal.m
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#import "ggml-metal.h"
#import "ggml-backend-impl.h"
#import "ggml.h"
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <Metal/Metal.h>
#undef MIN
#undef MAX
#define MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
#ifdef GGML_METAL_NDEBUG
#define GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO(...)
#define GGML_METAL_LOG_WARN(...)
#define GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR(...)
#else
#define GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO(...) ggml_metal_log(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, __VA_ARGS__)
#define GGML_METAL_LOG_WARN(...) ggml_metal_log(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN, __VA_ARGS__)
#define GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR(...) ggml_metal_log(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__)
#endif
#define UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
#define GGML_MAX_CONCUR (2*GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE)
struct ggml_metal_buffer {
const char * name;
void * data;
size_t size;
id<MTLBuffer> metal;
};
struct ggml_metal_context {
int n_cb;
id<MTLDevice> device;
id<MTLCommandQueue> queue;
id<MTLLibrary> library;
id<MTLCommandBuffer> command_buffers [GGML_METAL_MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS];
id<MTLComputeCommandEncoder> command_encoders[GGML_METAL_MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS];
dispatch_queue_t d_queue;
int n_buffers;
struct ggml_metal_buffer buffers[GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS];
int concur_list[GGML_MAX_CONCUR];
int concur_list_len;
// custom kernels
#define GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(name) \
id<MTLFunction> function_##name; \
id<MTLComputePipelineState> pipeline_##name
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(add);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(add_row); // TODO: avoid this extra kernel, instead extend the "add" kernel to support broadcast
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_row); // TODO: avoid this extra kernel, instead extend the "mul" kernel to support broadcast
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(div);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(div_row);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(scale);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(scale_4);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(tanh);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(relu);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(gelu);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(gelu_quick);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(silu);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(soft_max);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(soft_max_4);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(diag_mask_inf);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(diag_mask_inf_8);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_0);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_1);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_0);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_1);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q8_0);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q2_K);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q3_K);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_K);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_K);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(get_rows_q6_K);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(rms_norm);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(group_norm);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(norm);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32_1row);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32_l4);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f32_f32);
//GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32);
//GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32_1row);
//GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32_l4);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(rope_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(rope_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(alibi_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(im2col_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(upscale_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(pad_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(argsort_f32_i32_asc);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(argsort_f32_i32_desc);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(leaky_relu_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q8_0);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q4_0);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q4_1);
//GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q5_0);
//GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q5_1);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(concat);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(sqr);
GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(sum_rows);
#undef GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL
};
// MSL code
// TODO: move the contents here when ready
// for now it is easier to work in a separate file
//static NSString * const msl_library_source = @"see metal.metal";
// Here to assist with NSBundle Path Hack
@interface GGMLMetalClass : NSObject
@end
@implementation GGMLMetalClass
@end
static void ggml_metal_default_log_callback(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * msg, void * user_data) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s", msg);
UNUSED(level);
UNUSED(user_data);
}
ggml_log_callback ggml_metal_log_callback = ggml_metal_default_log_callback;
void * ggml_metal_log_user_data = NULL;
void ggml_metal_log_set_callback(ggml_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data) {
ggml_metal_log_callback = log_callback;
ggml_metal_log_user_data = user_data;
}
GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(2, 3)
static void ggml_metal_log(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * format, ...){
if (ggml_metal_log_callback != NULL) {
va_list args;
va_start(args, format);
char buffer[128];
int len = vsnprintf(buffer, 128, format, args);
if (len < 128) {
ggml_metal_log_callback(level, buffer, ggml_metal_log_user_data);
} else {
char* buffer2 = malloc(len+1);
va_end(args);
va_start(args, format);
vsnprintf(buffer2, len+1, format, args);
buffer2[len] = 0;
ggml_metal_log_callback(level, buffer2, ggml_metal_log_user_data);
free(buffer2);
}
va_end(args);
}
}
struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: allocating\n", __func__);
id<MTLDevice> device;
NSString * s;
#if TARGET_OS_OSX
// Show all the Metal device instances in the system
NSArray * devices = MTLCopyAllDevices();
for (device in devices) {
s = [device name];
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: found device: %s\n", __func__, [s UTF8String]);
}
#endif
// Pick and show default Metal device
device = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
s = [device name];
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: picking default device: %s\n", __func__, [s UTF8String]);
// Configure context
struct ggml_metal_context * ctx = malloc(sizeof(struct ggml_metal_context));
ctx->device = device;
ctx->n_cb = MIN(n_cb, GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS);
ctx->queue = [ctx->device newCommandQueue];
ctx->n_buffers = 0;
ctx->concur_list_len = 0;
ctx->d_queue = dispatch_queue_create("ggml-metal", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
// load library
{
NSBundle * bundle = nil;
#ifdef SWIFT_PACKAGE
bundle = SWIFTPM_MODULE_BUNDLE;
#else
bundle = [NSBundle bundleForClass:[GGMLMetalClass class]];
#endif
NSError * error = nil;
NSString * libPath = [bundle pathForResource:@"ggml" ofType:@"metallib"];
if (libPath != nil) {
// pre-compiled library found
NSURL * libURL = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:libPath];
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: loading '%s'\n", __func__, [libPath UTF8String]);
ctx->library = [ctx->device newLibraryWithURL:libURL error:&error];
} else {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: ggml.metallib not found, loading from source\n", __func__);
NSString * sourcePath;
NSString * ggmlMetalPathResources = [[NSProcessInfo processInfo].environment objectForKey:@"GGML_METAL_PATH_RESOURCES"];
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: GGML_METAL_PATH_RESOURCES = %s\n", __func__, ggmlMetalPathResources ? [ggmlMetalPathResources UTF8String] : "nil");
if (ggmlMetalPathResources) {
sourcePath = [ggmlMetalPathResources stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"ggml-metal.metal"];
} else {
sourcePath = [bundle pathForResource:@"ggml-metal" ofType:@"metal"];
}
if (sourcePath == nil) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_WARN("%s: error: could not use bundle path to find ggml-metal.metal, falling back to trying cwd\n", __func__);
sourcePath = @"ggml-metal.metal";
}
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: loading '%s'\n", __func__, [sourcePath UTF8String]);
NSString * src = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:sourcePath encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:&error];
if (error) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]);
return NULL;
}
MTLCompileOptions* options = nil;
#ifdef GGML_QKK_64
options = [MTLCompileOptions new];
options.preprocessorMacros = @{ @"QK_K" : @(64) };
#endif
// try to disable fast-math
// NOTE: this seems to have no effect whatsoever
// instead, in order to disable fast-math, we have to build ggml.metallib from the command line
// using xcrun -sdk macosx metal -fno-fast-math -c ggml-metal.metal -o ggml-metal.air
// and go through the "pre-compiled library found" path above
//[options setFastMathEnabled:false];
ctx->library = [ctx->device newLibraryWithSource:src options:options error:&error];
}
if (error) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]);
return NULL;
}
}
#if TARGET_OS_OSX
// print MTL GPU family:
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: GPU name: %s\n", __func__, [[ctx->device name] UTF8String]);
// determine max supported GPU family
// https://developer.apple.com/metal/Metal-Shading-Language-Specification.pdf
// https://developer.apple.com/metal/Metal-Feature-Set-Tables.pdf
for (int i = MTLGPUFamilyApple1 + 20; i >= MTLGPUFamilyApple1; --i) {
if ([ctx->device supportsFamily:i]) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: GPU family: MTLGPUFamilyApple%d (%d)\n", __func__, i - (int) MTLGPUFamilyApple1 + 1, i);
break;
}
}
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: hasUnifiedMemory = %s\n", __func__, ctx->device.hasUnifiedMemory ? "true" : "false");
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: recommendedMaxWorkingSetSize = %8.2f MB\n", __func__, ctx->device.recommendedMaxWorkingSetSize / 1e6);
if (ctx->device.maxTransferRate != 0) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: maxTransferRate = %8.2f MB/s\n", __func__, ctx->device.maxTransferRate / 1e6);
} else {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: maxTransferRate = built-in GPU\n", __func__);
}
#endif
// load kernels
{
NSError * error = nil;
/*
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: loaded %-32s %16p | th_max = %4d | th_width = %4d\n", __func__, "kernel_"#name, (void *) ctx->pipeline_##name, \
(int) ctx->pipeline_##name.maxTotalThreadsPerThreadgroup, \
(int) ctx->pipeline_##name.threadExecutionWidth); \
*/
#define GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(name) \
ctx->function_##name = [ctx->library newFunctionWithName:@"kernel_"#name]; \
ctx->pipeline_##name = [ctx->device newComputePipelineStateWithFunction:ctx->function_##name error:&error]; \
if (error) { \
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: load pipeline error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]); \
return NULL; \
}
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(add);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(add_row);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_row);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(div);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(div_row);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(scale);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(scale_4);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(tanh);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(relu);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(gelu);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(gelu_quick);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(silu);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(soft_max);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(soft_max_4);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(diag_mask_inf);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(diag_mask_inf_8);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_0);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_1);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_0);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_1);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q8_0);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q2_K);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q3_K);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_K);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_K);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(get_rows_q6_K);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(rms_norm);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(group_norm);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(norm);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32_1row);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32_l4);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f32_f32);
//GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32);
//GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32_1row);
//GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32_l4);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q6_K_f32);
if ([ctx->device supportsFamily:MTLGPUFamilyApple7]) {
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q6_K_f32);
}
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(rope_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(rope_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(alibi_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(im2col_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(upscale_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(pad_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(argsort_f32_i32_asc);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(argsort_f32_i32_desc);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(leaky_relu_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q8_0);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q4_0);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q4_1);
//GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q5_0);
//GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q5_1);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(concat);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(sqr);
GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(sum_rows);
#undef GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL
}
return ctx;
}
void ggml_metal_free(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: deallocating\n", __func__);
#define GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(name) \
[ctx->function_##name release]; \
[ctx->pipeline_##name release];
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(add);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(add_row);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_row);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(div);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(div_row);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(scale);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(scale_4);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(tanh);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(relu);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(gelu);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(gelu_quick);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(silu);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(soft_max);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(soft_max_4);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(diag_mask_inf);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(diag_mask_inf_8);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_0);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_1);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_0);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_1);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q8_0);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q2_K);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q3_K);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q4_K);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q5_K);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(get_rows_q6_K);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(rms_norm);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(group_norm);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(norm);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32_1row);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_f16_f32_l4);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f32_f32);
//GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32);
//GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32_1row);
//GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_f16_f32_l4);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mv_id_q6_K_f32);
if ([ctx->device supportsFamily:MTLGPUFamilyApple7]) {
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q6_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_1_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q8_0_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q2_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q3_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q4_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q5_K_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(mul_mm_id_q6_K_f32);
}
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(rope_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(rope_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(alibi_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(im2col_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(upscale_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(pad_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(argsort_f32_i32_asc);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(argsort_f32_i32_desc);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(leaky_relu_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q8_0);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q4_0);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q4_1);
//GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q5_0);
//GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_q5_1);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f16_f16);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(cpy_f16_f32);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(concat);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(sqr);
GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL(sum_rows);
#undef GGML_METAL_DEL_KERNEL
for (int i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; ++i) {
[ctx->buffers[i].metal release];
}
[ctx->library release];
[ctx->queue release];
[ctx->device release];
dispatch_release(ctx->d_queue);
free(ctx);
}
void * ggml_metal_host_malloc(size_t n) {
void * data = NULL;
const int result = posix_memalign((void **) &data, sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE), n);
if (result != 0) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: posix_memalign failed\n", __func__);
return NULL;
}
return data;
}
void ggml_metal_host_free(void * data) {
free(data);
}
void ggml_metal_set_n_cb(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, int n_cb) {
ctx->n_cb = MIN(n_cb, GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS);
}
int ggml_metal_if_optimized(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
return ctx->concur_list_len;
}
int * ggml_metal_get_concur_list(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
return ctx->concur_list;
}
// temporarily defined here for compatibility between ggml-backend and the old API
struct ggml_backend_metal_buffer {
void * data;
size_t size;
id<MTLBuffer> metal;
};
struct ggml_backend_metal_buffer_context {
void * all_data;
size_t all_size;
bool owned;
// multiple buffers are used only to avoid the maximum buffer size limitation when using mmap
int n_buffers;
struct ggml_backend_metal_buffer buffers[GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS];
};
// finds the Metal buffer that contains the tensor data on the GPU device
// the assumption is that there is 1-to-1 mapping between the host and device memory buffers, so we can find the
// Metal buffer based on the host memory pointer
//
static id<MTLBuffer> ggml_metal_get_buffer(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * t, size_t * offs) {
//GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: data tensor '%16s', offs_data = %8ld, offs_eval = %8ld, offs_cach = %8ld\n", __func__, t->name, offs_data, offs_eval, offs_cach);
const int64_t tsize = ggml_nbytes(t);
ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = t->view_src ? t->view_src->buffer : t->buffer;
// compatibility with ggml-backend
if (buffer && buffer->buft == ggml_backend_metal_buffer_type()) {
struct ggml_backend_metal_buffer_context * buf_ctx = (struct ggml_backend_metal_buffer_context *) buffer->context;
// find the view that contains the tensor fully
for (int i = 0; i < buf_ctx->n_buffers; ++i) {
const int64_t ioffs = (int64_t) t->data - (int64_t) buf_ctx->buffers[i].data;
//GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("ioffs = %10ld, tsize = %10ld, sum = %10ld, buf_ctx->buffers[%d].size = %10ld\n", ioffs, tsize, ioffs + tsize, i, buf_ctx->buffers[i].size);
if (ioffs >= 0 && ioffs + tsize <= (int64_t) buf_ctx->buffers[i].size) {
*offs = (size_t) ioffs;
//GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: tensor '%16s', offs = %8ld\n", __func__, t->name, *offs);
return buf_ctx->buffers[i].metal;
}
}
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: tensor '%s' buffer is nil\n", __func__, t->name);
return nil;
}
// find the view that contains the tensor fully
for (int i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; ++i) {
const int64_t ioffs = (int64_t) t->data - (int64_t) ctx->buffers[i].data;
//GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("ioffs = %10ld, tsize = %10ld, sum = %10ld, ctx->buffers[%d].size = %10ld, name = %s\n", ioffs, tsize, ioffs + tsize, i, ctx->buffers[i].size, ctx->buffers[i].name);
if (ioffs >= 0 && ioffs + tsize <= (int64_t) ctx->buffers[i].size) {
*offs = (size_t) ioffs;
//GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: '%s' tensor '%16s', offs = %8ld\n", __func__, ctx->buffers[i].name, t->name, *offs);
return ctx->buffers[i].metal;
}
}
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: buffer is nil\n", __func__);
return nil;
}
bool ggml_metal_add_buffer(
struct ggml_metal_context * ctx,
const char * name,
void * data,
size_t size,
size_t max_size) {
if (ctx->n_buffers >= GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: too many buffers\n", __func__);
return false;
}
if (data) {
// verify that the buffer does not overlap with any of the existing buffers
for (int i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; ++i) {
const int64_t ioffs = (int64_t) data - (int64_t) ctx->buffers[i].data;
if (ioffs >= 0 && ioffs < (int64_t) ctx->buffers[i].size) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: buffer '%s' overlaps with '%s'\n", __func__, name, ctx->buffers[i].name);
return false;
}
}
const size_t size_page = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
size_t size_aligned = size;
if ((size_aligned % size_page) != 0) {
size_aligned += (size_page - (size_aligned % size_page));
}
// the buffer fits into the max buffer size allowed by the device
if (size_aligned <= ctx->device.maxBufferLength) {
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].name = name;
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].data = data;
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].size = size;
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].metal = [ctx->device newBufferWithBytesNoCopy:data length:size_aligned options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared deallocator:nil];
if (ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].metal == nil) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate '%-16s' buffer, size = %8.2f MiB\n", __func__, name, size_aligned / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
return false;
}
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: allocated '%-16s' buffer, size = %8.2f MiB", __func__, name, size_aligned / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
++ctx->n_buffers;
} else {
// this overlap between the views will guarantee that the tensor with the maximum size will fully fit into
// one of the views
const size_t size_ovlp = ((max_size + size_page - 1) / size_page + 1) * size_page; // round-up 2 pages just in case
const size_t size_step = ctx->device.maxBufferLength - size_ovlp;
const size_t size_view = ctx->device.maxBufferLength;
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i += size_step) {
const size_t size_step_aligned = (i + size_view <= size) ? size_view : (size_aligned - i);
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].name = name;
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].data = (void *) ((uint8_t *) data + i);
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].size = size_step_aligned;
ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].metal = [ctx->device newBufferWithBytesNoCopy:(void *) ((uint8_t *) data + i) length:size_step_aligned options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared deallocator:nil];
if (ctx->buffers[ctx->n_buffers].metal == nil) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate '%-16s' buffer, size = %8.2f MiB\n", __func__, name, size_step_aligned / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
return false;
}
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("%s: allocated '%-16s' buffer, size = %8.2f MiB, offs = %12ld", __func__, name, size_step_aligned / 1024.0 / 1024.0, i);
if (i + size_step < size) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("\n");
}
++ctx->n_buffers;
}
}
#if TARGET_OS_OSX
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO(", (%8.2f / %8.2f)",
ctx->device.currentAllocatedSize / 1024.0 / 1024.0,
ctx->device.recommendedMaxWorkingSetSize / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
if (ctx->device.currentAllocatedSize > ctx->device.recommendedMaxWorkingSetSize) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_WARN("%s: warning: current allocated size is greater than the recommended max working set size\n", __func__);
} else {
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO("\n");
}
#else
GGML_METAL_LOG_INFO(", (%8.2f)\n", ctx->device.currentAllocatedSize / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
#endif
}
return true;
}
void ggml_metal_set_tensor(
struct ggml_metal_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * t) {
size_t offs;
id<MTLBuffer> id_dst = ggml_metal_get_buffer(ctx, t, &offs);
memcpy((void *) ((uint8_t *) id_dst.contents + offs), t->data, ggml_nbytes(t));
}
void ggml_metal_get_tensor(
struct ggml_metal_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * t) {
size_t offs;
id<MTLBuffer> id_src = ggml_metal_get_buffer(ctx, t, &offs);
memcpy(t->data, (void *) ((uint8_t *) id_src.contents + offs), ggml_nbytes(t));
}
void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(
struct ggml_metal_context * ctx,
struct ggml_cgraph * gf, bool check_mem) {
int search_depth = gf->n_nodes; //we only find concurrency in this range to avoid wasting too much time
int nodes_unused[GGML_MAX_CONCUR];
for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_CONCUR; i++) { ctx->concur_list[i] = 0; }
for (int i = 0; i < gf->n_nodes; i++) { nodes_unused[i] = 1; }
ctx->concur_list_len = 0;
int n_left = gf->n_nodes;
int n_start = 0; // all nodes before n_start at nodes_unused array have been sorted and store back to ctx->concur_list
int level_pos = 0; // at ctx->concur_list, the last layer (level) ends at level_pos
while (n_left > 0) {
// number of nodes at a layer (that can be issued concurrently)
int concurrency = 0;
for (int i = n_start; i < ((n_start + search_depth > gf->n_nodes) ? gf->n_nodes : n_start + search_depth); i++) {
if (nodes_unused[i]) {
// if the requirements for gf->nodes[i] are satisfied
int exe_flag = 1;
// scan all srcs
for (int src_ind = 0; src_ind < GGML_MAX_SRC; src_ind++) {
struct ggml_tensor * src_cur = gf->nodes[i]->src[src_ind];
if (src_cur) {
// if is leaf nodes it's satisfied.
// TODO: ggml_is_leaf()
if (src_cur->op == GGML_OP_NONE && src_cur->grad == NULL) {
continue;
}
// otherwise this src should be the output from previous nodes.
int is_found = 0;
// scan 2*search_depth back because we inserted barrier.
//for (int j = ((level_pos - 2*search_depth) < 0 ? 0 : (level_pos - 2*search_depth)); j < level_pos; j++) {
for (int j = MAX(0, level_pos - 2*search_depth); j < level_pos; j++) {
if (ctx->concur_list[j] >= 0 && gf->nodes[ctx->concur_list[j]] == src_cur) {
is_found = 1;
break;
}
}
if (is_found == 0) {
exe_flag = 0;
break;
}
}
}
if (exe_flag && check_mem) {
// check if nodes[i]'s data will be overwritten by a node before nodes[i].
// if node[5] and node[3] write to the same memory region, then we can't issue node[5] before node[3]
int64_t data_start = (int64_t) gf->nodes[i]->data;
int64_t length = (int64_t) ggml_nbytes(gf->nodes[i]);
for (int j = n_start; j < i; j++) {
if (nodes_unused[j] && gf->nodes[j]->op != GGML_OP_RESHAPE \
&& gf->nodes[j]->op != GGML_OP_VIEW \
&& gf->nodes[j]->op != GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE \
&& gf->nodes[j]->op != GGML_OP_PERMUTE) {
if (((int64_t)gf->nodes[j]->data) >= data_start + length || \
((int64_t)gf->nodes[j]->data) + (int64_t) ggml_nbytes(gf->nodes[j]) <= data_start) {
continue;
}
exe_flag = 0;
}
}
}
if (exe_flag) {
ctx->concur_list[level_pos + concurrency] = i;
nodes_unused[i] = 0;
concurrency++;
ctx->concur_list_len++;
}
}
}
n_left -= concurrency;
// adding a barrier different layer
ctx->concur_list[level_pos + concurrency] = -1;
ctx->concur_list_len++;
// jump all sorted nodes at nodes_bak
while (!nodes_unused[n_start]) {
n_start++;
}
level_pos += concurrency + 1;
}
if (ctx->concur_list_len > GGML_MAX_CONCUR) {
GGML_METAL_LOG_WARN("%s: too many elements for metal ctx->concur_list!\n", __func__);
}
}
static bool ggml_metal_supports_op(const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
switch (op->op) {
case GGML_OP_UNARY:
switch (ggml_get_unary_op(op)) {
case GGML_UNARY_OP_TANH:
case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU:
case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
case GGML_OP_NONE:
case GGML_OP_RESHAPE:
case GGML_OP_VIEW:
case GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE:
case GGML_OP_PERMUTE:
case GGML_OP_CONCAT:
case GGML_OP_ADD:
case GGML_OP_ACC:
case GGML_OP_MUL:
case GGML_OP_DIV:
case GGML_OP_SCALE:
case GGML_OP_SQR:
case GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS:
case GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX:
case GGML_OP_RMS_NORM:
case GGML_OP_GROUP_NORM:
case GGML_OP_NORM:
case GGML_OP_ALIBI:
case GGML_OP_ROPE:
case GGML_OP_IM2COL:
case GGML_OP_UPSCALE:
case GGML_OP_PAD:
case GGML_OP_ARGSORT:
case GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU:
case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID:
return true;
case GGML_OP_CPY:
case GGML_OP_DUP:
case GGML_OP_CONT:
{
switch (op->src[0]->type) {
case GGML_TYPE_F32:
switch (op->type) {
case GGML_TYPE_F16:
case GGML_TYPE_F32:
case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
case GGML_TYPE_F16:
switch (op->type) {
case GGML_TYPE_F16:
case GGML_TYPE_F32:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
default:
return false;
};
}
case GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF:
case GGML_OP_GET_ROWS:
{
return op->ne[3] == 1;
}
default:
return false;
}
}
void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
struct ggml_metal_context * ctx,
struct ggml_cgraph * gf) {
@autoreleasepool {
// if there is ctx->concur_list, dispatch concurrently
// else fallback to serial dispatch
MTLComputePassDescriptor * edesc = MTLComputePassDescriptor.computePassDescriptor;
const bool has_concur = ctx->concur_list_len && ctx->concur_list_len <= GGML_MAX_CONCUR;
const int n_nodes = has_concur ? ctx->concur_list_len : gf->n_nodes;
edesc.dispatchType = has_concur ? MTLDispatchTypeConcurrent : MTLDispatchTypeSerial;
// create multiple command buffers and enqueue them
// then, we encode the graph into the command buffers in parallel
const int n_cb = ctx->n_cb;
for (int i = 0; i < n_cb; ++i) {
ctx->command_buffers[i] = [ctx->queue commandBuffer];
// enqueue the command buffers in order to specify their execution order
[ctx->command_buffers[i] enqueue];