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Fullmoon

Fullmoon is a fast and minimalistic web framework based on Redbean -- a portable, single-file distributable web server.

Everything needed for development and distribution comes in a single file with no external dependencies and after packaging with Redbean runs on Windows, Linux, or macOS. The following is a complete example of a Fullmoon application:

local fm = require "fullmoon"
fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& name %}")
fm.setRoute("/hello/:name", function(r)
    return fm.serveContent("hello", {name = r.params.name})
  end)
fm.run()

After it is packaged with Redbean, it can be launched using ./redbean.com, which starts a server that returns "Hello, world" to an HTTP(S) request sent to http://localhost:8080/hello/world.

Contents

Why Fullmoon

Redbean is a single-file distributable cross-platform web server with unique and powerful qualities. While there are several Lua-based web frameworks (Lapis, Lor, Sailor, Pegasus, and others), none of them integrates with Redbean (although there is an experimental framework anpan).

Fullmoon is a lightweight and minimalistic web framework that is written from the perspective of showcasing all the capabilities that Redbean provides by extending and augmenting them in the simplest and the most efficient way. It runs fast and comes with batteries included (routes, templates, JSON generation and more).

Fullmoon follows the Lua philosophy and provides a minimal set of tools to combine as needed and use as the basis to build upon.

What Redbean provides

  • Single file deployment and distribution (Linux, Windows, and macOS)
  • Integrated SSL support (using MbedTLS) with SSL virtual hosting
  • Integrated crypto hashing (SHA1/SHA224/256/384/512/BLAKE2B256)
  • Cross-platform fork, socket, shared memory, and more
  • Efficient serving of static and gzip encoded assets
  • Integrated password-hashing (using Argon2)
  • pledge/unveil sandboxing (where supported)
  • unix.* module for Unix system interfaces
  • HTTP/HTTPS client for external requests
  • JSON and Lua serialization and parsing
  • Ships with Lua 5.4 and SQLite 3.40

What Fullmoon adds

  • Small package (~1700 LOC) with no external dependencies
  • Simple and flexible routing with parameters and custom filters
  • Template engine with JSON support and efficient memory utilization
  • Optimized execution with pre-compiled routes and lazy loaded methods
  • Response streaming and Server-Sent Events support
  • Cookie/header/session generation and processing
  • Multipart message processing for file uploads
  • Parametrized URL rewrites and re-routing
  • Form validation with a variety of checks
  • Cron syntax for scheduling Lua functions
  • DB management with schema migrations
  • Custom 404 and other status pages
  • Basic support to run CGI scripts
  • Access to all Redbean features

Installation

Step 1: Get the latest Redbean (v2.0+)

Download a copy of Redbean by running the following commands (skip the second one if running these commands on Windows):

curl -o redbean.com https://redbean.dev/redbean-2.2.com
chmod +x redbean.com

The latest version number can be retrieved with the following request:

curl https://redbean.dev/latest.txt

Another option is to build Redbean from source by following instructions for the source build.

Step 2: Prepare Fullmoon code

  • Copy fullmoon.lua to .lua/ directory
  • Save the application code to a file named .init.lua (for example, the Lua code shown in the description).

Another option is to place the application code into a separate file (for example, .lua/myapp.lua) and add require "myapp" to .init.lua. This is how all included examples are presented.

Step 3: Package Fullmoon code with Redbean

zip redbean.com .init.lua .lua/fullmoon.lua

If the application code is stored in a separate Lua file, as described above, make sure to place it inside the .lua/ directory and zip that file as well.

Step 4: Run the server

./redbean.com

If this command is executed on Linux and throws an error about not finding interpreter, it should be fixed by running the following command (although note that it may not survive a system restart):

sudo sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/bin/sh:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"

If this command produces puzzling errors on WSL or WINE when using Redbean 2.x, they may be fixed by disabling binfmt_misc:

sudo sh -c 'echo -1 >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status'

Step 5: Check the result

Launch a browser pointing at http://localhost:8080/hello/world and it should return "Hello, world" (assuming the application is using the code shown in the introduction or the one in the usage section).

Usage

The simplest example needs to (1) load the module, (2) configure one route, and (3) run the application:

local fm = require "fullmoon" -- (1)
fm.setRoute("/hello", function(r) return "Hello, world" end) -- (2)
fm.run() -- (3)

This application responds to any request for /hello URL with returning "Hello, world" content (and the 200 status code) and responds with the 404 status code for all other requests.

Quick reference

  • setRoute(route[, action]): registers a route. If route is a string, then it is used as a route expression to compare the request path against. If it is a table, then its elements are strings that are used as routes and its hash values are conditions that the routes are checked against. If the second parameter is a function, then it is executed if all conditions are satisfied. If it is a string, then it is used as a route expression and the request is processed as if it is sent at the specified route (acts as an internal redirect). If any condition is not satisfied, then the next route is checked. The route expression can have multiple parameters and optional parts. The action handler accepts a request table that provides access to request and route parameters, as well as headers, cookies, and session.

  • setTemplate(name, template[, parameters]): registers a template with the specified name or a set of templates from a directory. If template is a string, then it's compiled into a template handler. If it is a function, it is stored and called when rendering of the template is requested. If it's a table, then its first element is a template or a function and the rest are used as options. For example, specifying ContentType as one of the options sets the Content-Type header for the generated content. Several templates (500, json, and others) are provided by default and can be overwritten. parameters is a table with template parameters stored as name/value pairs (referenced as variables in the template).

  • serveResponse(status[, headers][, body]): sends an HTTP response using provided status, headers, and body values. headers is an optional table populated with HTTP header name/value pairs. If provided, this set of headers removes all other headers set earlier during handling of the same request. Header names are case-insensitive, but provided aliases for header names with dashes are case-sensitive: {ContentType = "foo"} is an alternative form for {["Content-Type"] = "foo"}. body is an optional string.

  • serveContent(name, parameters): renders a template using provided parameters. name is a string that names the template (as set by a setTemplate call) and parameters is a table with template parameters stored as name/value pairs (referenced as variables in the template).

  • run([options]): runs the server using configured routes. By default the server listens on localhost and port 8080. These values can be changed by setting addr and port values in the options table.

Examples

Running examples requires including a require statement in the .init.lua file, which loads the module with each example code, so for the showcase example implemented in showcase.lua, .init.lua includes the following:

-- this is the content of .init.lua
require "showcase"
-- this loads `showcase` module from `.lua/showcase.lua` file,
-- which also loads its `fullmoon` dependency from `.lua/fullmoon.lua`

Showcase example

The showcase example demonstrates several Fullmoon features:

  • serving static assets (using serveAsset)
  • setting http to https redirect
  • setting 404 template
  • configuring internal redirect
  • configuring external redirect (using serveRedirect)
  • filtering for loopback ip client addresses
  • filtering based on parameter values using regex
  • serving json

The following files need to be added to redbean executable/archive:

.init.lua -- require "showcase"
.lua/fullmoon.lua
.lua/showcase.lua

TechEmpower benchmark example

The TechEmpower example implements various test types for the web framework benchmarks using Fullmoon and an in-memory sqlite database.

This example demonstrates several Fullmoon/redbean features:

  • routing for various endpoints
  • serving text and json content
  • filtering for specific HTTP methods
  • using templates with embedded Lua code
  • using select/insert statements with included SQLite engine
  • executing prepared SQL statements

The following files need to be added to redbean executable/archive:

.init.lua -- require "techbench"
.lua/fullmoon.lua
.lua/techbench.lua

htmx board example

The htmx board example demonstrates a simple application that generates HTML fragments delivered to the client using htmx library.

This example demonstrates several Fullmoon/redbean features:

  • handling of GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE HTTP methods
  • serving of dynamic HTML fragments and static assets
  • processing of required and optional parameters
  • loading of templates from a directory
  • using 10+ templates of two different types
  • including templates into other templates and passing parameters to templates
  • serving of internal state for debugging purposes as a local-only resource
  • using "fallthrough" routes to imitate "before" hook
  • using internal redirects

The following files need to be added to redbean executable/archive:

.init.lua -- require "htmxboard"
.lua/fullmoon.lua
.lua/htmxboard.lua
assets/styles.css
tmpl/* -- all files from examples/htmxboard/tmpl directory

Note 1: since all the data is stored in memory, this example is executed in the uniprocess mode.

Note 2: this examples retrieves htmx, hyperscript, and sortable libraries from external resources, but these libraries can be also stored as local assets, thus providing a completely self-sufficient portable distribution package.

htmx SSE example

The htmx SSE example demonstrates a way to generate server-sent events (SSE) that can be streamed to a client (which shows results using htmx library and its SSE extension).

This example demonstrates several Fullmoon/redbean features:

  • usage of "sse" template to generate SSE content
  • streaming of responses (using streamContent)
  • logging of messages

The following files need to be added to redbean executable/archive:

.init.lua -- require "htmxsse"
.lua/fullmoon.lua
.lua/htmxsse.lua

Documentation

Each Fullmoon application follows the same basic flow with five main components:

Let's look at each of the components starting from the request routing.

Routes

Fullmoon handles each HTTP request using the same process:

  • takes the path URL and matches it against each route URL in the order in which routes are registered
  • verifies conditions for those routes that match
  • calls a specified action handler (passing a request table) for those routes that satisfy all conditions
  • serves the response if anything other than false or nil returned from the action handler (and continues the process otherwise)

In general, route definitions bind request URLs (and a set of conditions) to action handlers (which are regular Lua function). All conditions are checked in a random order for each URL that matches the route definition. As soon as any condition fails, the route processing is aborted and the next route is checked with one exception: any condition can set the otherwise value, which triggers a response with the specified status code.

If no route matches the request, then the default 404 processing is triggered, which can be customized by registering a custom 404 template (fm.setTemplate("404", "My 404 page...")).

Basic routes

Each route takes a path that matches exactly, so the route "/hello" matches requests for /hello and doesn't match /hell, /hello-world, or /hello/world. The route below responds with "Hello, World!" for all requests directed at the /hello path and returns 404 for all other requests.

fm.setRoute("/hello", function(r) return "Hello, World!" end)

To match a path where /hello is only a part of it, optional parameters and splat can be used.

Routes with parameters

In addition to fixed routes, any path may include placeholders for parameters, which are identified by a : followed immediately by the parameter name:

fm.setRoute("/hello/:name",
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.name) end)

Each parameter matches one or more characters except /, so the route "/hello/:name" matches /hello/alice, /hello/bob, /hello/123 and does not match /hello/bob/and/alice (because of the non-matched forward slashes) or /hello/ (because the length of the to-be-matched fragment is zero).

Parameter names can only include alphanumeric characters and _.

Parameters can be accessed using the request table and its params table, such that r.params.name can be used to get the value of the name parameter from the earlier example.

Optional parameters

Any specified route fragment or parameter can be declared as optional by wrapping it into parentheses:

fm.setRoute("/hello(/:name)",
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.name or "World!") end)

In the example above, both /hello and /hello/Bob are accepted, but not /hello/, as the trailing slash is part of the optional fragment and :name still expects one or more characters.

Any unmatched optional parameter gets false as its value, so in the case above "Hello, World!" gets returned for the /hello request URL.

More than one optional parameter can be specified and optional fragments can be nested, so both "/posts(/:pid/comments(/:cid))" and "/posts(/:pid)/comments(/:cid)" are valid route values.

Splat parameters

There is another kind of parameter called splat that is written as * and matches zero or more characters, including a forward slash (/). The splat is also stored in the params table under the splat name. For example, the route "/download/*" matches /download/my/file.zip and the splat gets the value of my/file.zip. If multiple splats are needed in the same route, then splats can be assigned names similar to other parameters: /download/*path/*fname.zip (although the same result can be achieved using /download/*path/:fname.zip, as the first splat captures all path parts except the filename).

All parameters (including the splat) can appear in any part of the path and can be surrounded by other text, which needs to be matched exactly. This means that the route "/download/*/:name.:ext" matches /download/my/path/file.zip and params.name gets file, params.ext gets zip and params.splat gets my/path values.

Another reason to use splat is to allow multiple routes with the same path to be registered in the system. The current implementation overwrites routes with the same name and to avoid that a named splat can be used to create unique paths. For example,

fm.setRoute("/*dosomething1", function(r) return "something 1" end)
fm.setRoute("/*dosomething2", function(r) return "something 2" end)

This can be used in situations when there is a set of conditions that needs to be checked in the action handler and while it may be possible to combine both routes into one, sometimes it's cleaner to keep them separate.

Custom parameters

The default value for the parameters is all characters (except /) of length one or more. To specify a different set of valid characters, it can be added at the end of the variable name; for example, using :id[%d] instead of :id changes the parameter to match only digits.

fm.setRoute("/hello(/:id[%d])",
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.id or "World!") end)

The following Lua character classes are supported: %w, %d, %a, %l, %u, and %x; any punctuation character (including % and ]) can also be escaped with %. Negative classes (written in Lua as %W) are not supported, but not-in-set syntax is supported, so [^%d] matches a parameter that doesn't include any digits.

Note that the number of repetitions can't be changed (so :id[%d]* is not a valid way to accept zero-or-more digits), as only sets are allowed and the values still accept one or more characters. If more flexibility in describing acceptable formats is needed, then custom validators can be used to extend the matching logic.

Query and Form parameters

Query and form parameters can be accessed in the same way as the path parameters using the params table in the request table that is passed to each action handler. Note that if there is a conflict between parameter and query/form names, then parameter names take precedence.

There is one special case that may result in a table returned instead of a string value: if the query/form parameter name ends in [], then all matching results (one or more) are returned as a table. For example, for a query string a[]=10&a[]&a[]=12&a[]= the value of params["a[]"] is {10, false, 12, ""}.

As writing these parameter names may require several brackets, params.a can be used as a shortcut for params["a[]"] with both forms returning the same table.

Multipart parameters

Multipart parameters are also processed when requested and can be accessed in the same way as the rest of the parameters using the params table. For example, parameters with names simple and more can be retrieved from a message with multipart/form-data content type using params.simple and params.more.

As some of the multipart content may include additional headers and parameters within those headers, they can be accessed with multipart field of the params table:

fm.setRoute({"/hello", simple = "value"}, function(r)
    return "Show "..r.params.simple.." "..r.params.multipart.more.data)
  end)

The multipart table includes all the parts of the multipart message (so it can be iterated over using ipairs), but it also allows access using parameter names (params.multipart.more). Each of the elements is also a table that includes the following fields:

  • data: the main field with the content. It contains a string with the content or a table in the case of recursive multipart messages.
  • headers: a table with headers (as keys, all lowercase) and their content as values. This table is always present, but may be empty.
  • name: the name of the parameter (if specified); nil if not.
  • filename: the filename of the parameter (if specified); nil if not.

This multipart processing consumes any multipart sub-types and handles recursive multipart messages. It also inserts a part with Content-ID value matching the start parameter into the first position.

Multiple routes

Despite all earlier examples showing a single route, it's rarely the case in real applications; when multiple routes are present, they are always evaluated in the order in which they are registered.

One setRoute call can also set multiple routes when they have the same set of conditions and share the same action handler:

fm.setRoute({"/route1", "/route2"}, handler)

This is equivalent to two calls setting each route individually:

fm.setRoute("/route1", handler)
fm.setRoute("/route2", handler)

Given that routes are evaluated in the order in which they are set, more selective routes need to be set first, otherwise they may not get a chance to be evaluated:

fm.setRoute("/user/bob", handlerBob)
fm.setRoute("/user/:name", handlerName)

If the routes are set in the opposite order, /user/bob may never be checked as long as the "/user/:name" action handler returns some non-false result.

As described earlier, if none of the routes match, a response with a 404 status code is returned. There may be cases when this is not desirable; for example, when the application includes Lua scripts to handle requests that are not explicitly registered as routes. In those cases, a catch-all route can be added that implements the default redbean processing (the name of the splat parameter is only used to disambiguate this route against other /* routes that may be used elsewhere):

fm.setRoute("/*catchall", fm.servePath)

Named routes

Each route can be provided with an optional name, which is useful in referencing that route when its URL needs to be generated based on specific parameter values. Provided makePath function accepts either a route name or a route URL itself as well as the parameter table and returns a path with populated parameter placeholders:

fm.setRoute("/user/:name", handlerName)
fm.setRoute({"/post/:id", routeName = "post"}, handlerPost)

fm.makePath("/user/:name", {name = "Bob"}) --> /user/Bob
fm.makePath("/post/:id", {id = 123}) --> /post/123
fm.makePath("post", {id = 123}) --> /post/123, same as the previous one

If two routes use the same name, then the name is associated with the one that was registered last, but both routes are still present.

The route name can also be used with external/static routes that are only used for URL generation.

External routes

If the route is only used for path generation, then it doesn't even need to have a route handler:

fm.setRoute({"https://youtu.be/:videoid", routeName = "youtube"})
fm.makePath("youtube", {videoid = "abc"}) --> https://youtu.be/abc

A route without any action handler is skipped during the route matching process.

Internal routes

Internal routes allow redirecting of one set of URLs to a different one. The target URL can point to a static resource or a .lua script. For example, if requests for one location need to be redirected to another, the following configuration redirects requests for any resources under /blog/ URL to those under /new-blog/ URL as long as the target resource exists:

fm.setRoute("/blog/*", "/new-blog/*")

This route accepts a request for /blog/post1 and serves /new-blog/post1 as its response, as long as /new-blog/post1 asset exists. If the asset doesn't exist, then the next route is checked. Similarly, using fm.setRoute("/static/*", "/*") causes requests for /static/help.txt to be served resource /help.txt.

Both URLs can include parameters that are filled in if resolved:

fm.setRoute("/blog/:file", "/new-blog/:file.html") --<<-- serve "nice" URLs
fm.setRoute("/new-blog/:file.html", fm.serveAsset) --<<-- serve original URLs

This example resolves "nice" URLs serving their "html" versions. Note that this doesn't trigger the client-side redirect by returning the 3xx status code, but instead handles the re-routing internally. Also note that the second rule is needed to serve the "original" URLs, as they are not handled by the first rule, because if the request is for /blog/mylink.html, then the redirected URL is /new-blog/mylink.html.html, which is not likely exist, so the route is skipped and the next one is checked. If handling of path separators is required as well, then *path can be used instead of :file, as * allows path separators.

Conditions

If an application needs to execute different functions depending on specific values of request attributes (for example, a method), this library provides two main options: (1) check for the attribute value an action handler (for example, using request.method == "GET" check) and (2) add a condition that filters out requests such that only requests using the specified attribute value reach the action handler. This section describes the second option in more detail.

Handling of HTTP methods

Each registered route by default responds to all HTTP methods (GET, PUT, POST, etc.), but it's possible to configure each route to only respond to specific HTTP methods:

fm.setRoute(fm.GET"/hello(/:name)",
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.name or "World!") end)

In this case, the syntax fm.GET"/hello(/:name)" configures the route to only accept GET requests. This syntax is equivalent to passing a table with the route and any additional filtering conditions:

fm.setRoute({"/hello(/:name)", method = "GET"},
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.name or "World!") end)

If more than one method needs to be specified, then a table with a list of methods can be passed instead of one string value:

fm.setRoute({"/hello(/:name)", method = {"GET", "POST"}},
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.name or "World!") end)

Every route that allows a GET request also (implicitly) allows a HEAD request and that request is handled by returning all headers without sending the body itself. If for some reason this implicit handling is not desirable, then adding HEAD = false to the method table disables it (as in method = {"GET", "POST", HEAD = false}).

Note that requests with non-matching methods don't get rejected, but rather fall through to be checked by other routes and trigger the 404 status code returned if they don't get matched (with one exception).

Conditional routes

In addition to method, other conditions can be applied using host, clientAddr, serverAddr, scheme, request headers, and parameters. For example, specifying name = "Bob" as one of the conditions ensures the value of the name parameter to be "Bob" for the action handler to be called.

Any request header can be checked using the header name as the key, so ContentType = "multipart/form-data" is satisfied if the value of the Content-Type header is multipart/form-data. Note that the header value may include other elements (a boundary or a charset as part of the Content-Type value) and only the actual media type is compared.

Since names for headers, parameters and properties can overlap, they are checked in the following order:

  • request headers that consist of multiple words, like ContentType,
  • request parameters,
  • request properties (method, port, host, etc.), and
  • request headers again.

Host header is also checked first (despite being a single word), so referencing Host filters based on the header Host, while referencing host filters based on the property host.

Custom validators

String values are not the only values that can be used in conditional routes. If more than one value is acceptable, passing a table allows to provide a list of acceptable values. For example, if Bob and Alice are acceptable values, then name = {Bob = true, Alice = true} expresses this as a condition.

Two special values passed in a table allow to apply a regex or a pattern validation:

  • regex: accepts a string that has a regular expression. For example, name = {regex = "^(Bob|Alice)$"} has the same result as the hash check shown earlier in this section
  • pattern: accepts a string with a Lua pattern expression. For example, name = {pattern = "^%u%l+$"} accepts values that start with an uppercase character followed by one or more lowercase characters.

These two checks can be combined with the table existence check: name = {Bob = true, regex = "^Alice$"} accepts both Bob and Alice values. If the first table-existence check fails, then the results of the regex or pattern expression is returned.

The last type of a custom validator is a function. The provided function receives the value to validate and its result is evaluated as false or true. For example, passing id = tonumber ensures that the id value is a number. As another example, clientAddr = fm.isLoopbackIp ensures that the client address is a loopback ip address.

fm.setRoute({"/local-only", clientAddr = fm.isLoopbackIp},
  function(r) return "Local content" end)

As the validator function can be generated dynamically, this works too:

local function isLessThan(n)
  return function(l) return tonumber(l) < n end
end
fm.setRoute(fm.POST{"/upload", ContentLength = isLessThan(100000)},
  function(r) ...handle the upload... end)

It's important to keep in mind that the validator function actually returns a function that is called during a request to apply the check. In the previous example, the returned function accepts a header value and compares it with the limit passed during its creation.

Responding on failed conditions

In some cases, failing to satisfy a condition is a sufficient reason to return some response back to the client without checking other routes. In a case like this, setting otherwise value to a number or a function returns either a response with the specified status or the result of the function:

local function isLessThan(n)
  return function(l) return tonumber(l) < n end
end
fm.setRoute(fm.POST{"/upload",
    ContentLength = isLessThan(100000), otherwise = 413
  }, function(r) ...handle the upload... end)

In this example the routing engine matches the route and then validates the two conditions comparing the method value with POST and the value of the Content-Length header with the result of the isLessThan function. If one of the conditions doesn't match, the status code specified by the otherwise value is returned with the rest of the response.

If the otherwise condition needs to only apply to the ContentLength check, then the otherwise value along with the validator function can be moved to a table associated with the ContentLength check:

fm.setRoute(fm.POST{"/upload",
    ContentLength = {isLessThan(100000), otherwise = 413}
  }, function(r) ...handle the upload... end)

The difference between the last two examples is that in this example only the ContentLength check failure triggers the 413 response (and all other methods fall through to other routes), while in the previous one both method and ContentLength check failures trigger the same 413 response.

Note that when the checked value is nil, the check against a table is deemed to be valid and the route is accepted. For example, a check for an optional parameter made against a string (name = "Bo") fails if the value of params.name is nil, but passes if the same check is made against a table (name = {Bo=true, Mo=true}), including regex/pattern checks. If this is not desirable, then a custom validator function can explicitly check for the expected value.

Consider the following example:

fm.setRoute({"/hello(/:name)",
    method = {"GET", "POST", otherwise = 405}},
  function(r) return "Hello, "..(r.params.name or "World!") end)

In this case, if this endpoint is accessed with the PUT method, then instead of checking other routes (because the method condition is not satisfied), the 405 status code is returned, as configured with the specified otherwise value. As documented elsewhere, this route accepts a HEAD request too (even when not listed), as a GET request is accepted.

When the 405 (Bad method) status code is returned and the Allow header is not set, it is set to the list of methods allowed by the route. In the case above it is set to GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS values, as those are the methods allowed by this configuration. If the otherwise value is a function (rather than a number), then returning a proper result and setting the Allow header is the responsibility of this function.

The otherwise value can also be set to a function, which provides more flexibility than just setting a status code. For example, setting otherwise = fm.serveResponse(413, "Payload Too Large") triggers a response with the specified status code and message.

Form validation

Handling form validation often requires specifying a set of conditions for the same parameter and a custom error message that may need to be returned when the conditions are not satisfied and these are provided by special validators returned by makeValidator function:

local validator = fm.makeValidator{
  {"name", minlen = 5, maxlen = 64, msg = "Invalid %s format"},
  {"password", minlen = 5, maxlen = 128, msg = "Invalid %s format"},
}
fm.setRoute(fm.POST{"/signin", _ = validator}, function(r)
    -- do something useful with name and password
    return fm.serveRedirect(307, "/")
  end)

In this example, the validator is configured to check two parameters -- "name" and "password" -- for their min and max lengths and return a message when one of the parameters fails the check.

Since the failing check causes the route to be skipped, providing the otherwise value allows the error to be returned as part of the response:

local validator = fm.makeValidator{
  {"name", minlen = 5, maxlen = 64, msg = "Invalid %s format"},
  {"password", minlen = 5, maxlen = 128, msg = "Invalid %s format"},
  otherwise = function(error)
    return fm.serveContent("signin", {error = error})
  end,
}

In this case the otherwise handler receives the error message (or a table with messages if requested by passing the all option covered below) that can be then provided as a template parameter and returned to the client.

Another option is to call the validator function directly in an action handler and return its results:

local validator = fm.makeValidator{
  {"name", minlen = 5, maxlen = 64, msg = "Invalid %s format"},
  {"password", minlen = 5, maxlen = 128, msg = "Invalid %s format"},
}
fm.setRoute(fm.POST{"/signin"}, function(r)
    local valid, error = validator(r.params)
    if valid then
      return fm.serveRedirect("/") -- status code is optional
    else
      return fm.serveContent("signin", {error = error})
    end
  end)

In this example the validator is called directly and is passed a table (r.params) with all parameter values to allow the validator function to check the values against the specified rules.

The validator function then returns true to signal success or nil, error to signal a failure to check one of the rules. This allows the validator call to be wrapped into an assert if the script needs to return an error right away:

assert(validator(r.params))  -- throw an error if validation fails
return fm.serveRedirect(307, "/")  -- return redirect in other cases

The following validator checks are available:

  • minlen: (integer) checks minimal length of a string.
  • maxlen: (integer) checks maximal length of a string.
  • test: (function) calls a function that is passed one parameter and is expected to return true or nil | false [, error].
  • oneof: (value | { table of values to be compared against }) checks if the parameter matches one of the provided values.
  • pattern: (string) checks if the parameter matches a Lua pattern expression.

In addition to the checks, the rules may include options:

  • optional: (bool) makes a parameter optional when it's nil. All the parameters are required by default, so this option allows the rules to be skipped when the parameter is not provided. All the rules are still applied if parameter is not nil.
  • msg: (string) adds a customer message for this if one of its checks fails, which overwrites messages from individual checks. The message may include a placeholder (%s), which is going to be replaced by a parameter name.

The validator itself also accepts several options that modify how the generated errors are returned or handled:

  • otherwise: (function) sets an error handler that is called when one of the checks fails. The function receives the error(s) triggered by the checks.
  • all: (bool) configures the validator to return all errors instead of just the first one. By default only one (first) error is returned as a string, so if all errors are requested, they are returned as a table with each error being a separate item.
  • key: (bool) configures the validator to return error(s) as values in a hash table (instead of element) where the keys are parameter names. This is useful to pass the table with errors to a template that can then display errors.name and errors.password error messages next to their input fields.

Actions

An action handler receives all incoming HTTP requests filtered for a particular route. Each of the examples shown so far includes an action handler, which is passed as a second parameter to the setRoute method.

Multiple action handlers can be executed in the course of handling one request and as soon as one handler returns a result that is evaluated as a non-false value, the route handling process ends. Returning false or nil from an action handler continues the processing, which allows implementing some common processing that applies to multiple routes (similar to what is done using "before" filters in other frameworks):

local uroute = "/user/:id"
fm.setRoute({uroute.."/*", method = {"GET", "POST", otherwise = 405}},
    function(r)
      -- retrieve user information based on r.params.id
      -- and store in r.user (as one of the options);
      -- return error if user is not found
      return false -- continue handling
  end)
fm.setRoute(fm.GET(uroute.."/view"), function(r) ... end)
fm.setRoute(fm.GET(uroute.."/edit"), function(r) ... end)
fm.setRoute(fm.POST(uroute.."/edit"), function(r) ... end)

In this example, the first route can generate three outcomes:

  • if the route is not matched, then other routes set later are checked.
  • if the route is matched, but the condition (the method check) is not matched, then the 405 status code is returned.
  • if the route is matched and the action handler is executed, it either retrieves the user and returns false, which continues processing with other routes, or fails to retrieve the user and returns an error.

In general, an action handler can return any of the following values:

  • true: this stops any further processing, sets the headers that have been specified so far, and returns the generated or set response body.
  • false or nil: this stops the processing of the current route and proceeds to the next one.
  • a string value: this sends a response with 200 as the status code and the returned string as its body. The Content-Type is set based on the body content (using a primitive heuristic) if not set explicitly.
  • a function value (most likely as a call to one of serve* methods): this executes the requested method and returns an empty string or true to signal the end of the processing.
  • any other returned value is ignored and interpreted as if true is returned (and a warning is logged).

Throwing errors

Normally any processing that results in a Lua error is returned to the client as a server error response (with the 500 status code). To assist with local debugging, the error message includes a stack trace, but only if the request is sent from a loopback or private IP (or if redbean is launched with the -E command line option).

It may be desirable to return a specific response through multiple layers of function calls, in which case the error may be triggered with a function value instead of a string value. For example, executing error(fm.serve404) results in returning the 404 status code, which is similar to using return fm.serve404, but can be executed in a function called from an action handler (and only from inside an action handler).

Here is a more complex example that returns the 404 status code if no record is fetched (assuming there is a table test with a field id):

local function AnyOr404(res, err)
  if not res then error(err) end
  -- serve 404 when no record is returned
  if res == db.NONE then error(fm.serve404) end
  return res, err
end
fm.setRoute("/", function(r)
    local row = AnyOr404(dbm:fetchOne("SELECT id FROM test"))
    return row.id
  end)

This example uses the serve404 function, but any other serve* method can also be used.

Requests

Each action handler accepts a request table that includes the following attributes:

  • method: request HTTP method (GET, POST, and others).
  • host: request host (if provided) or the bind address.
  • serverAddr: address to which listening server socket is bound.
  • remoteAddr: client ip4 address encoded as a number. This takes into consideration reverse proxy scenarios. Use formatIp function to convert to a string representing the address.
  • scheme: request URL scheme (if any).
  • path: request URL path that is guaranteed to begin with /.
  • authority: request URL with scheme, host, and port present.
  • url: request URL as an ASCII string with illegal characters percent encoded.
  • body: request message body (if present) or an empty string.
  • date: request date as a Unix timestamp.
  • time: current time as a Unix timestamp with 0.0001s precision.

The request table also has several utility functions, as well as headers, cookies, and session tables that allow retrieving request headers, cookies, and session and setting of headers and cookies that are included with the response.

The same request table is given as a parameter to all (matched) action handlers, so it can be used as a mechanism to pass values between those action handlers, as any value assigned as a field in one handler is available in all other action handlers.

Headers

The headers table provides access to the request headers. For example, r.headers["Content-Type"] returns the value of the Content-Type header. This form of header access is case-insensitive. A shorter form is also available (r.headers.ContentType), but only for registered headers and is case-sensitive with the capitalization preserved.

The request headers can also be set using the same syntax. For example, r.headers.MyHeader = "value" sets MyHeader: value response header. As the headers are set at the end of the action handler processing, headers set earlier can also be removed by assigning a nil value.

Repeatable headers can also be assigned with values separated by commas: r.headers.Allow = "GET, POST".

Cookies

The cookies table provides access to the request cookies. For example, r.cookies.token returns the value of the token cookie.

The cookies can also be set using the same syntax. For example, r.cookies.token = "new value" sets token cookie to new value. If the cookie needs to have its attributes set as well, then the value and the attributes need to be passed as a table: r.cookies.token = {"new value", secure = true, httponly = true}.

The following cookie attributes are supported:

  • expires: sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie as an HTTP-date timestamp. Can be specified as a date in the RFC1123 (string) format or as a UNIX timestamp (number of seconds).
  • maxage: sets number of seconds until the cookie expires. A zero or negative number expires the cookie immediately. If both expires and maxage are set, maxage has precedence.
  • domain: sets the host to which the cookie is going to be sent.
  • path: sets the path that must be present in the request URL, or the client is not going to send the Cookie header.
  • secure: (bool) requests the cookie to be only send to the server when a request is made with the https: scheme.
  • httponly: (bool) forbids JavaScript from accessing the cookie.
  • samesite: (Strict, Lax, or None) controls whether a cookie is sent with cross-origin requests, providing some protection against cross-site request forgery attacks.

Note that httponly and samesite="Strict" are set by default; a different set of defaults can be provided using cookieOptions passed to the run method. Any attributes set with a table overwrite the default, so if Secure needs to be enabled, make sure to also pass httponly and samesite options.

To delete a cookie, set its value to false: for example, r.cookies.token = false deletes the value of the token cookie.

Session

The session table provides access to the session table that can be used to set or retrieve session values. For example, r.session.counter returns the counter value set previously. The session values can also be set using the same syntax. For example, r.session.counter = 2 sets the counter value to 2.

The session allows storing of nested values and other Lua values. If the session needs to be removed, it can be set to an empty table or a nil value. Each session is signed with an application secret, which is assigned a random string by default and can be changed by setting session options.

Utility functions

The following functions are available as both request functions (as fields in the request table) and as library functions:

  • makePath(route[, parameters]): creates a path from either a route name or a path string by populating its parameters using values from the parameters table (when provided). The path doesn't need to be just a path component of a URL and can be a full URL as well. Optional parts are removed if they include parameters that are not provided.
  • makeUrl([url,] options): creates a URL using the provided value and a set of URL parameters provided in the options table: scheme, user, pass, host, port, path, and fragment. The url parameter is optional; the current request URL is used if url is not specified. Any of the options can be provided or removed (using false as the value). For example, makeUrl({scheme="https"}) sets the scheme for the current URL to https.
  • escapeHtml(string): escapes HTML entities (&><"') by replacing them with their HTML entity counterparts (&amp;&gt;&lt;&quot;&#39;).
  • escapePath(path): applies URL encoding (%XX) escaping path unsafe characters (anything other than -.~_@:!$&'()*+,;=0-9A-Za-z/).
  • formatHttpDateTime(seconds): converts UNIX timestamp (in seconds) to an RFC1123 string (Mon, 21 Feb 2022 15:37:13 GMT).

Templates

Templates provide a simple and convenient way to return a predefined and parametrized content instead of generating it piece by piece.

The included template engine supports mixing an arbitrary text with Lua statements/expressions wrapped into {% %} tags. All the code in templates uses a regular Lua syntax, so there is no new syntax to learn. There are three ways to include some Lua code:

  • {% statement %}: used for Lua statements. For example, {% if true then %}Hello{% end %} renders Hello.
  • {%& expression %}: used for Lua expressions rendered as HTML-safe text. For example, {%& '2 & 2' %} renders 2 &amp; 2.
  • {%= expression %}: used for Lua expressions rendered as-is (without escaping). For example, {%= 2 + 2 %} renders 4. Be careful, as HTML is not escaped with {%= }, this should be used carefully due to the potential for XSS attacks.

The template engine provides two main functions to use with templates:

  • setTemplate(name, text[, parameters]): registers a template with the provided name and text (and uses parameters as its default parameters). There are special cases where name or text parameters may not be strings, with some of those cases covered in the Loading templates section. parameters is a table with template parameters as name/value pairs (referenced as variables in the template).
  • render(name, parameters): renders a registered template using the parameters table to set values in the template (with key/value in the table assigned to name/value in the template).

There is only one template with a given name, so registering a template with an existing name replaces this previously registered template. This is probably rarely needed, but can be used to overwrite default templates.

Here is an example that renders Hello, World! to the output buffer:

fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& title %}!")
fm.render("hello", {title = "World"})

Rendering statements using the expression syntax or expressions using the statement syntax is a syntax error that is reported when the template is registered. Function calls can be used with either syntax.

Any template error (syntax or run-time) includes a template name and a line number within the template. For example, calling fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& if title then end %}!") results in throwing hello:1: unexpected symbol near 'if' error (as it inserts a Lua statement using the expression syntax).

Templates can also be loaded from a file or a directory using the same setTemplate function, which is described later in the Loading templates section.

There are several aspects worth noting, as they may differ from how templates are processed in other frameworks:

  • Templates render directly to the output buffer. This is done primarily for simplicity and performance reasons to delegate the output management to redbean. This means that template rendering doesn't return the output, although there are alternative ways to access it if needed.
  • Templates only have access to a restricted environment. Every value a template is using needs to be explicitly registered or passed as a parameter to be accessible (although there are several utility functions available).
  • Each template is parsed during registration and is converted to function that gets executed when a template is rendered. This allows to handle all the parsing and related processing once (during the initialization) and then call generated functions during rendering.
  • As all templates are converted to functions, it is also possible to pass a function directly (instead of a template), which provides a convenient extension mechanism that reuses the rest of the library. For example, json and sse templates are implemented using this approach.
  • There is no whitespace control or escaping provided (mostly for simplicity, as the same effect can be achieved with some reformatting).

Passing parameters to templates

Each template accepts parameters that then can be used in its rendering logic. Parameters can be passed in two ways: (1) when the template is registered and (2) when the template is rendered. Passing parameters during registration allows to set default values that are used if no parameter is provided during rendering. For example,

fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& title %}!", {title = "World"})
fm.render("hello") -- renders `Hello, World!`
fm.render("hello", {title = "All"}) -- renders `Hello, All!`

nil or false values are rendered as empty strings without throwing any error, but any operation on a nil value is likely to result in a Lua error. For example, doing {%& title .. '!' %} (without title set) results in attempt to concatenate a nil value (global 'title') error.

There is no constraint on what values can be passed to a template, so any Lua value can be passed and then used inside a template.

In addition to the values that can be passed to templates, there are two special tables that provide access to cross-template values:

  • vars: provides access to values registered with setTemplateVar, and
  • block: provides access to template fragments that can be overwritten by other templates.

Any value registered with setTemplateVar becomes accessible from any template through the vars table. In the following example, the vars.title value is set by the earlier setTemplateVar('title', 'World') call:

fm.setTemplateVar('title', 'World')
fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& vars.title %}!")
fm.render("hello") -- renders `Hello, World!`

Handling undefined values in templates

While undefined values are rendered as empty string by default (which may be convenient in most cases), there are still situations when it is preferrable to not allow undefined values to be silently handled. In this a special template variable (if-nil) can be set to handle those cases to throw an error or to log a message. For example, the following code throws an error, as the missing value is undefined, which triggers if-nil handler:

fm.setTemplateVar('if-nil', function() error"missing value" end)
fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& vars.missing %}!")
fm.render("hello") -- throws "missing value" error

Including templates in other templates

Templates can be also rendered from other templates by using the render function, which is available in every template:

fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& title %}!")
fm.setTemplate("header", "<h1>{% render('hello', {title = title}) %}</h1>")
---------------------------------└──────────────────────────────┘----------
fm.render("header", {title = 'World'}) -- renders `<h1>Hello, World!</h1>`

There are no limits on how templates can be rendered from other templates, but no checks for loops are made either, so having circular references in template rendering (when a template A renders a template B, which in turn renders A again) is going to cause a Lua error.

It's worth noting that the render function doesn't return the value of the template it renders, but instead puts it directly into the output buffer.

Using layouts and blocks

This ability to render templates from other templates allows producing layouts of any complexity. There are two ways to go about it:

  • to use dynamic template selection or
  • to use blocks.
Dynamic template selection

To dynamically choose the template to use at render time, the template name itself can be passed as a parameter:

fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& title %}!")
fm.setTemplate("bye", "Bye, {%& title %}!")
fm.setTemplate("header", "<h1>{% render(content, {title = title}) %}</h1>")
fm.render("header", {title = 'World', content = 'hello'})

This example renders either <h1>Hello, World!</h1> or <h1>Bye, World!</h1> depending on the value of the content parameter.

Blocks

Using blocks allows defining template fragments that can (optionally) be overwritten from other templates (usually called "child" or "inherited" templates). The following example demonstrates this approach:

fm.setTemplate("header", [[
  <h1>
    {% function block.greet() %} -- define a (default) block
      Hi
    {% end %}
    {% block.greet() %}, -- render the block
    {%& title %}!
  </h1>
]])
fm.setTemplate("hello", [[
  {% function block.greet() %} -- overwrite the `header` block (if any)
    Hello
  {% end %}
  {% render('header', {title=title}) %}!
]])
fm.setTemplate("bye", [[
  {% function block.greet() %} -- overwrite the `header` block (if any)
    Bye
  {% end %}
  {% render('header', {title=title}) %}!
]])

-- normally only one of the three `render` calls is needed,
-- so all three are shown for illustrative purposes only
fm.render("hello", {title = 'World'})  -- renders <h1>Hello, World!</h1>
fm.render("bye", {title = 'World'})    -- renders `<h1>Bye, World!</h1>`
fm.render("header", {title = 'World'}) -- renders `<h1>Hi, World!</h1>`

In this example the header template becomes the "layout" and defines the greet block with Hi as its content. The block is defined as a function in the block table with the content it needs to produce. It's followed by a call to the block.greet function to include its content in the template.

This is important to emphasize, as in addition to defining a block, it also needs to be called from the base/layout template at the point where it is expected to be rendered.

The hello template also defines block.greet function with a different content and then renders the header template. When the header template is rendered, it uses the content of the block.greet function as defined in the hello template. In this way, the child template "redefines" the greet block with its own content, inserting it into the appropriate place into the parent template.

It works the same way for the bye and header templates. There is nothing special about these "block" functions other than the fact that they are defined in the block table.

This concepts is useful for template composition at any depth. For example, let's define a modal template with a header and a footer with action buttons:

fm.setTemplate("modal", [[
  <div class="modal">
    <div class="modal-title">
      {% function block.modal_title() %}
        Details
      {% end %}
      {% block.modal_title() %}
    </div>
    <div class="modal-content">
      {% block.modal_content() %}
    </div>
    <div class="modal-actions">
      {% function block.modal_actions() %}
        <button>Cancel</button>
        <button>Save</button>
      {% end %}
      {% block.modal_actions() %}
    </div>
  </div>
]])

Now, in a template that renders the modal, the blocks can be overwritten to customize the content:

fm.setTemplate("page", [[
  {% function block.modal_title() %}
    Insert photo
  {% end %}
  {% function block.modal_content() %}
    <div class="photo-dropzone">Upload photo here</div>
  {% end %}

  {% render('modal') %}
]])

This enables easily building composable layouts and components, such as headers and footers, cards, modals, or anything else that requires the ability to dynamically customize sections in other templates.

Here is an example to illustrate how nested blocks work together:

-- base/layout template
{% function block.greet() %} -- 1. defines default "greet" block
  Hi
{% end %}
{% block.greet() %}          -- 2. calls "greet" block

-- child template
{% function block.greet() %} -- 3. defines "greet" block
  Hello
{% end %}
{% render('base') %}         -- 4. renders "base" template

-- grandchild template
{% function block.greet() %} -- 5. defines "greet" block
  Bye
{% end %}
{% render('child') %}        -- 6. renders "child" template

In this example the "child" template "extends" the base template and any block.greet content defined in the child template is rendered inside the "base" template (when and where the block.greet() function is called). The default block.greet block doesn't need to be defined in the base template, but when it is present (step 1), it sets the content to be rendered (step 2) if the block is not overwritten in a child template and needs to be defined before block.greet function is called.

Similarly, block.greet in the child template needs to be defined before (step 3) the base template is rendered (step 4) to have a desired effect.

If one of the templates in the current render tree doesn't define the block, then the later defined block is going to be used. For example, if the grandchild template doesn't define the block in step 5, then the greet block from the child template is going to be used when the grandchild template is rendered.

If none of the block.greet functions is defined, then block.greet() fails (in the base template). To make the block optional, just check the function before calling. For example, block.greet and block.greet().

In those cases where the "overwritten" block may still need to be rendered, it's possible to reference that block directly from the template that defines it, as shown in the following example:

fm.setTemplate("header", [[
  <h1>
    {% function block.greet() %}
      Hi
    {% end %}
    {% block.greet() %}, {%& title %}!
  </h1>
]])
fm.setTemplate("bye", [[
 {% block.header.greet() %},
  {% function block.greet() %}
    Bye
  {% end %}
  {% render('header', {title=title}) %}!
]])
fm.render("bye", {title = 'World'}) -- renders `<h1>Hi, Bye, World!</h1>`

In this case, {% block.header.greet() %} in the bye template renders the greet block from the header template. This only works with the templates that are currently being rendered and is intended to simulate the "super" reference (albeit with explicit template references). The general syntax of this call is block.<templatename>.<blockname>().

As blocks are simply regular Lua functions, there are no restrictions on how blocks can be nested into other blocks or how blocks are defined relative to template fragments or other Lua statements included in the templates.

Loading templates

In addition to registering templates from a string, the templates can be loaded and registered from a file or a directory using the same setTemplate function, but passing a table with the directory and a list of mappings from file extensions to template types to load. For example, calling fm.setTemplate({"/views/", tmpl = "fmt"}) loads all *.tmpl files from the /views/ directory (and its subdirectories) and registers each of them as the fmt template, which is the default template type. Only those files that match the extension are loaded and multiple extension mappings can be specified in one call.

Each loaded template gets its name based on the full path starting from the specified directory: the file /views/hello.tmpl is registered as a template with the name "hello" (without the extension), whereas the file /views/greet/bye.tmpl is registered as a template with the name "greet/bye" (and this is the exact name to use to load the template).

There are two caveats worth mentioning, both related to the directory processing. The first one is related to the trailing slash in the directory name passed to setTemplate. It's recommended to provide one, as the specified value is used as a prefix, so if /view is specified, it's going to match both /view/ and /views/ directories (if present), which may or may not be the intended result.

The second caveat is related to how external directories are used during template search. Since redbean allows access to external directories when configured using the -D option or directory option (see Running application for details), there may be multiple locations for the same template available. The search for the template follows these steps:

  • the internal (zip archive) is used to get the list of files matching a certain prefix (as specified in a setTemplate call);
  • the external directories are checked (in the order in which they are specified) to load the file;
  • the internal (zip archive) directory is checked to load the file.

This allows to have a working copy of a template to be modified and processed from the file system (assuming the -D option is used) during development without modifying its copy in the archive.

Serving template output

Even though using fm.render is sufficient to get a template rendered, for consistency with other serve* functions, the library provides the serveContent function, which is similar to fm.render, but allows the action handler to complete after serving the content:

fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, {%& name %}")
fm.setRoute("/hello/:name", function(r)
    return fm.serveContent("hello", {name = r.params.name})
  end)

There is also one subtle difference between render and serveContent methods that comes into play when serving static templates. It may be tempting to directly render a static template in response to a route with something like this:

fm.setTemplate("hello", "Hello, World!")
-- option 1:
fm.setRoute("/hello", fm.render("hello"))
-------------------------└─────┘-------- not going to work
-- option 2:
fm.setRoute("/hello", fm.serveContent("hello"))
-------------------------└───────────┘-- works as expected

The first approach is not going to work, as the call to fm.render is going to be made when setRoute is called (and the route is only being set up) and not when a request is being handled. When the serveContent method is using (the second option), it's implemented in a way that delays the processing until the request is handled, thus avoiding the issue. If the template content depends on some values in the request, then the serverContent call has to be wrapped into a function to accept and pass those variables (as shown in the earlier /hello/:name route example).

Special templates

Schedules

Most of the time, the library configuration is focused on handling of incoming requests, but in some cases it may be desirable to trigger and handle internal events. The library supports job scheduling using cron syntax, with configured jobs executed at the scheduled time (as long as the redbean instance is running). A new schedule can be registered using the setSchedule method:

--------------- ┌─────────── minute (0-59)
--------------- │ ┌───────── hour (0-23)
--------------- │ │ ┌─────── day of the month (1-31)
--------------- │ │ │ ┌───── month (1-12 or Jan-Dec)
--------------- │ │ │ │ ┌─── day of the week (0-6 or Sun-Mon)
--------------- │ │ │ │ │ --
--------------- │ │ │ │ │ --
fm.setSchedule("* * * * *", function() fm.logInfo("every minute") end)

All the standard and some non-standard cron expressions are supported:

  • *: describes any values in the allowed range.
  • ,: uses to form a list of items, for example, 1,2,3.
  • -: creates an (inclusive) range; for example, 1-3 is equivalent to 1,2,3. Open ranges are allowed as well, so -3 is equivalent to 1-3 for months and 0-3 for minutes and hours.
  • /: describes a step for ranges. It selects a subset of the values in the range, using the step value; for example, 2-9/3 is equivalent to 2,5,8 (it starts with 2, then adds a step value to get 5 and 8).

Non-numeric values are supported for months (Jan-Dec) and days of week (Sun-Mon) in any capitalization. Using 7 for Sun is supported too.

By default all functions are executed in a separate (forked) process. If the execution within the same process is needed, then setSchedule can be passed a third parameter (a table) to set sameProc value as one of the options: {sameProc = true}.

Some of the caveats to be aware of:

  • using schedules relies on OnServerHeartbeat hook, so a version of Redbean that provides that (v2.0.16+) should be used.
  • all schedule entries are interpreted as specified in GMT.
  • day-of-month and day-of-week are combined with an and (instead of an or), so when both are specified, the job is executed when both are satisfied (and not when both or either are specified). In other words, * * 13 * Fri is only valid on Friday the 13th and not on any Friday. If the or behavior is needed, then the schedule can be split into two to handle each condition separately.
  • each function is executed in a process forked from the main process; as noted above, set sameProc = true option to avoid forking.
  • some schedules can be executed twice if redbean instance is restarted within the same minute, as the implementation is stateless.
  • day-of-week makes Sun available on both ends (as 0 or 7), so it's better to use closed ranges in this case to avoid ambiguity.
  • all parsing errors (on incorrect formats or expressions) are reported as fatal errors, but incorrect ranges are silently corrected into proper ones, so using 6-100 for months is corrected to 6-12.

Responses

Each action handler generates some sort of response to send back to the client. In addition to strings, the application can return the following results:

  • general responses (serveResponse),
  • templates (serveContent),
  • redirects (serveRedirect),
  • static assets (serveAsset),
  • errors (serveError),
  • directory index (serveIndex), and
  • internal redirects/resources (servePath).

Each of these methods can be used as the return value from an action handler. serveAsset, servePath, and serveIndex methods can also be used as action handlers directly:

fm.setRoute("/static/*", fm.serveAsset)
fm.setRoute("/blog/", fm.serveIndex("/new-blog/"))

The first route configures all existing assets to be served from /static/* location; the second route configures /blog/ URL to return the index (index.lua or index.html resource) from /new-blog/ directory.

Serving response

serveResponse(status[, headers][, body]): sends an HTTP response using provided status, headers, and body values. headers is an optional table populated with HTTP header name/value pairs. If provided, this set of headers removes all other headers set earlier during the handling of the same request. Similar to the headers set using the request.headers field, the names are case-insensitive, but provided aliases for header names with dashes are case-sensitive: {ContentType = "foo"} is an alternative form for {["Content-Type"] = "foo"}. body is an optional string.

Consider the following example:

return fm.serveResponse(413, "Payload Too Large")

This returns the 413 status code and sets the body of the returned message to Payload Too Large (with the header table not specified).

If only the status code needs to be set, the library provides a short form using the serve### syntax:

return fm.serve413

It can also be used as the action handler itself:

fm.setRoute(fm.PUT"/status", fm.serve402)

Serving content

serveContent(name, parameters) renders a template using provided parameters. name is a string that names the template (as set by a setTemplate call) and parameters is a table with template parameters (referenced as variables in the template).

Serving redirect

Serving static asset

Serving error

Serving directory index

Serving path (internal redirect)

Database management

Fullmoon's function makeStorage is a way to connect to, and use a SQLite3 database. makeStorage returns a database management table which contains a rich set of functions to use with the connected database.

Running application

The run method executes the configured application. By default the server is launched listening on localhost and port 8080. Both of these values can be changed by passing addr and port options:

fm.run({addr = "localhost", port = 8080})

The following options are supported; the default values are shown in parentheses and options marked with mult can set multiple values by passing a table:

  • addr: sets the address to listen on (mult)
  • brand: sets the Server header value ("redbean/v# fullmoon/v#")
  • cache: configures Cache-Control and Expires headers (in seconds) for all static assets served. A negative value disables the headers. Zero value means no cache.
  • certificate: sets the TLS certificate value (mult)
  • directory: sets local directory to serve assets from in addition to serving them from the archive within the executable itself (mult)
  • headers: sets default headers added to each response by passing a table with HTTP header name/value pairs
  • logMessages: enables logging of response headers
  • logBodies: enables logging of request bodies (POST/PUT/etc.)
  • logPath: sets the log file path on the local file system
  • pidPath: sets the pid file path on the local file system
  • port: sets the port number to listen on (8080)
  • privateKey: sets the TLS private key value (mult)
  • sslTicketLifetime: sets the duration (in seconds) of the ssl ticket (86400)
  • trustedIp: configures IP address to trust (mult). This option accepts two values (IP and CIDR values), so they need to be passed as a table within a table specifying multiple parameters: trustedIp = {{ParseIp("103.31.4.0"), 22}, {ParseIp("104.16.0.0"), 13}}
  • tokenBucket: enables DDOS protection. This option accepts zero to 5 values (passed as a table within a table); an empty table can be passed to use default values: tokenBucket = {{}}

Each option can accept a simple value (port = 80), a list of values (port = {8080, 8081}) or a list of parameters. Since both the list of values and the list of parameters are passed as tables, the list of values takes precedence, so if a list of parameters needs to be passed to an option (like trustedIp), it has to be wrapped into a table: trustedIp = {{ParseIp("103.31.4.0"), 22}}. If only one parameter needs to be passed, then both trustedIp = {ParseIp("103.31.4.0")} and trustedIp = ParseIp("103.31.4.0") can work.

The key and certificate string values can be populated using the getAsset method that can access both assets packaged within the webserver archive and those stored in the file system.

There are also default cookie and session options that can be assigned using cookieOptions and sessionOptions tables described below.

Cookie options

cookieOptions sets default options for all cookie values assigned using request.cookie.name = value syntax ({httponly=true, samesite="Strict"}). It is still possible to overwrite default values using table assignment: request.cookie.name = {value, secure=false}.

Session options

sessionOptions sets default options for the session value assigned using request.session.attribute = value syntax ({name="fullmoon_session", hash="SHA256", secret=true, format="lua"}). If the secret value is set to true, then a random key is assigned each time the server is started; if verbose logging is enabled (by either adding -v option for Redbean or by using fm.setLogLevel(fm.kLogVerbose) call), then a message is logged explaining how to apply the current random value to make it permanent.

Setting this value to false or an empty string applies hashing without a secret key.

Logging

Benchmark

The results shown are from runs in the same environment and on the same hardware as the published redbean benchmark (thanks to @jart for executing the tests!). Even though these tests are using pre-1.5 version of redbean and 0.10 version of Fullmoon, the current versions of redbean/Fullmoon are expected to deliver similar performance.

The tests are using exactly the same code that is shown in the introduction with one small change: using {%= name %} instead of {%& name %} in the template, which skips HTML escaping. This code demonstrates routing, parameter handling and template processing.

$ wrk -t 12 -c 120 http://127.0.0.1:8080/user/paul
Running 10s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/user/paul
  12 threads and 120 connections
  Thread Stats   Avg      Stdev     Max   +/- Stdev
    Latency   312.06us    4.39ms 207.16ms   99.85%
    Req/Sec    32.48k     6.69k   71.37k    82.25%
  3913229 requests in 10.10s, 783.71MB read
Requests/sec: 387477.76
Transfer/sec:     77.60MB

The following test is using the same configuration, but redbean is compiled with MODE=optlinux option:

$ wrk -t 12 -c 120 http://127.0.0.1:8080/user/paul
Running 10s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/user/paul
  12 threads and 120 connections
  Thread Stats   Avg      Stdev     Max   +/- Stdev
    Latency   346.31us    5.13ms 207.31ms   99.81%
    Req/Sec    36.18k     6.70k   90.47k    80.92%
  4359909 requests in 10.10s, 0.85GB read
Requests/sec: 431684.80
Transfer/sec:     86.45MB

The following two tests demonstrate the latency of the request handling by Fullmoon and by redbean serving a static asset (no concurrency):

$ wrk -t 1 -c 1 http://127.0.0.1:8080/user/paul
Running 10s test @ http://127.0.0.1:8080/user/paul
  1 threads and 1 connections
  Thread Stats   Avg      Stdev     Max   +/- Stdev
    Latency    15.75us    7.64us 272.00us   93.32%
    Req/Sec    65.54k   589.15    66.58k    74.26%
  658897 requests in 10.10s, 131.96MB read
Requests/sec:  65241.45
Transfer/sec:     13.07MB

The following are the results from redbean itself on static compressed assets:

$ wrk -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' -t 1 -c 1 htt://10.10.10.124:8080/tool/net/demo/index.html
Running 10s test @ htt://10.10.10.124:8080/tool/net/demo/index.html
  1 threads and 1 connections
  Thread Stats   Avg      Stdev     Max   +/- Stdev
    Latency     7.40us    1.95us 252.00us   97.05%
    Req/Sec   129.66k     3.20k  135.98k    64.36%
  1302424 requests in 10.10s, 1.01GB read
Requests/sec: 128963.75
Transfer/sec:    102.70MB

3-rd party benchmarks

Berwyn Hoyt included Redbean results in his lua server benchmark results, which shows redbean outperforming a comparable nginx/openresty implementation.

Status

Highly experimental with everything being subject to change.

The core components are more stable and have been rarely updated since v0.3. Usually, the documented interfaces are much more stable than undocumented ones. Those commits that modified some of the interfaces are marked with COMPAT label, so can be easily identified to review for any compatibility issues.

Some of the obsolete methods are still present (with a warning logged when used) to be removed later.

Author

Paul Kulchenko ([email protected])

License

See LICENSE.