diff --git a/assets/data/DATA.jsx b/assets/data/DATA.jsx index ea73c42..f623a72 100644 --- a/assets/data/DATA.jsx +++ b/assets/data/DATA.jsx @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ const data= [ "description": "Spanish Franciscans, led by friar Junípero Serra, establish Mission San Diego de Alcalá in Las Californias. By 1823, the missionaries successfully plant a series of 20 more missions along the coast of what becomes the Spanish province of Alta California. These missions bring European culture to the indigenous peoples of California, but also enable a serious decline of from one-third to one-half of the indigenous population there during the Mission period.", "media": require("../images/1769-Primitive_Plow.jpg"), "alt": "Indigenous farmers preparing a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá. Drawing by A.B. Dodge, 1920" -}, + }, { "year": "1775", "location": "Tuscón, Spanish Arizona", @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ const data= [ "date": "July 15", "description": "A U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition under the command of Lieutenant Zebulon Pike departs Fort Bellefontaine near Saint Louis to explore the southern Louisiana Territory.", "media": require("../images/1806-Zebulon_Pike.jpg"), - "alt": "Portrait of American general and explorer Zebulon Pike by Charles Wilson Peale" + "alt": "Portrait of American General and explorer Zebulon Pike by Charles Wilson Peale" }, { "year": "1806", @@ -207,50 +207,63 @@ const data= [ "date": "November 10", "description": "The Treaty of Fort Clark is signed, in which the Osage Nation cedes all of its territory east of Fort Clark and north of the Arkansas River to the United States.", "media": require("../images/1808-Treaty_of_Fort_Clark.png"), - "alt": "Mural depicting the treaty from the Missouri State Capitol" + "alt": "Mural depicting the treaty at the Missouri State Capitol" }, { "year": "1810", "location": "Mexico City, Mexico", "date": "September 16", - "description": "Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla proclaims the independence of Mexico from the Kingdom of Spain." + "description": "Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla proclaims the independence of Mexico from the Kingdom of Spain.", + "media": require("../images/1810-Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.png"), + "alt": "Portrait of Miguel Hidalgo" }, { "year": "1811", "location": "Astoria, Oregon", "date": "May 1", - "description": "Fort Astoria is established by John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company at the mouth of the Columbia River. It is the first American settlement on the Pacific coast." + "description": "Fort Astoria is established by John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company at the mouth of the Columbia River. It is the first American settlement on the Pacific coast.", + "media": require("../images/1811-Fort_Astoria_1813.jpg"), + "alt": "Fort Astoria in 1813" }, { "year": "1811", "location": "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada", "date": "June 15", - "description": "Most of the crew of the Tonquin, one of Astor's ships trading on Vancouver Island, is massacred by Tla-o-qui-aht Indians after the captain insults a chief. The ship is scuttled the following day in a magazine explosion that kills at least 100 natives." + "description": "Most of the crew of the Tonquin, one of Astor's ships trading on Vancouver Island, is massacred by Tla-o-qui-aht Indians after the captain insults a chief. The ship is scuttled the following day in a magazine explosion that kills at least 100 natives.", + "media": require("../images/1811-Tonquin.png"), + "alt": "The Tonquin being attacked off the shore of Vancouver Island in 1811" }, { "year": "1812", "location": "Sonoma County, California", "date": "March 1", "description": "Fort Ross is established by Russian traders on the California coast as the hub of the southernmost colony in Russian America.", - "media": require("../images/1812-Fort_Ross.jpg") + "media": require("../images/1812-Fort_Ross.jpg"), + "alt": "A view of Fort Ross in 1828 by A. B. Duhaut-Cilly. From the archives of the Fort Ross Historical Society" }, { "year": "1812", "location": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "date": "April 30", - "description": "Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state, and the first to include land west of the Mississippi River. It is also the first state organized from the Louisiana Purchase territory, the rest of which is soon renamed the Missouri Territory." + "description": "Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state, and the first to include land west of the Mississippi River. It is also the first state organized from the Louisiana Purchase territory, the rest of which is soon renamed the Missouri Territory.", + "media": require("../images/1812-Louisiana_State_Seal.png"), + "alt": "The Seal of the State of Louisiana" }, { "year": "1812", "location": "Pembina, North Dakota", "date": "September 4", - "description": "Scottish and Irish settlers led by Miles Macdonell formally take possession of the Red River Colony. They construct Fort Daer near present-day Pembina, North Dakota, which becomes the first permanent European-American settlement in the Dakotas." + "description": "Scottish and Irish settlers led by Miles Macdonell formally take possession of the Red River Colony. They construct Fort Daer near present-day Pembina, North Dakota, which becomes the first permanent European-American settlement in the Dakotas.", + "media": require("../images/1812-Miles_MacDonell.jpg"), + "alt": "A sketch portrait of Miles Macdonnell (1767 – 28 June 1828) was the first Governor of the Red River Colony (or, Assiniboia), a 19th-century Scottish settlement located in present-day Manitoba and North Dakota" }, { "year": "1812", "location": "South Pass City, Wyoming", "date": "October 21", - "description": "Carrying word of the fate of the Tonquin to Saint Louis, seven men of the Pacific Fur Company, led by Robert Stuart, become the first European Americans to cross the Continental Divide at South Pass, in present-day Wyoming. Later in the century, the pass will be used by half a million westward migrants as part of the main route of several emigrant trails." + "description": "Carrying word of the fate of the Tonquin to Saint Louis, seven men of the Pacific Fur Company, led by Robert Stuart, become the first European Americans to cross the Great Continental Divide at South Pass, in present-day Wyoming. Later in the century, the pass will be used by half a million westward migrants as part of the main route of several emigrant trails.", + "media": require("../images/1812-Continental_Divide.png"), + "alt": "The Continental Divide in North America in red, among other major hydrological divides" }, { "year": "1813", @@ -262,88 +275,113 @@ const data= [ "year": "1817", "location": "Arkansas Country", "date": "December 25", - "description": "Construction begins on a frontier military post known as Fort Smith in what is now Arkansas." + "description": "Construction begins on a frontier military post known as Fort Smith in what is now Arkansas.", + "media": require("../images/1817-Fort_Smith.jpg"), + "alt": "The remains of the foundation of the first fort built at Fort Smith, which was replaced by the second fort in 1838, both forts are part of the Fort Smith National Historic Site in Arkansas" }, { "year": "1818", "location": "Washington, D.C. and London, England", "date": "October 20", - "description": "The Treaty of 1818 establishes the 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods west to the Rocky Mountains as the boundary between the United States and British North America." + "description": "The Treaty of 1818 establishes the 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods west to the Rocky Mountains as the boundary between the United States and British North America.", + "media": require("../images/1818-Treaty_of_1818.png"), + "alt": "A map of US territorial acquisitions, the Treaty of 1818 involved the green and blue areas at the top of the map, along the present day Canada-US border" }, { "year": "1819", "location": "Arkansas", "date": "March 2", - "description": "The Arkansas Territory is organized." + "description": "The Arkansas Territory is organized.", + "media": require("../images/1819-Arkansas_Territory.png"), + "alt": "The Seal of the Arkansas Territory" }, { "year": "1819", "location": "Council Bluff, Nebraska", "date": "September 17", "description": "Intending to build forts along the Missouri River, a U.S. Army expedition led by Colonel Henry Atkinson and Major Stephen Harriman Long arrives by paddle steamer at Council Bluff on the river's west bank, in present-day Nebraska. It establishes what later becomes Fort Atkinson, the first Army outpost in the region, but the expedition stalls there over the winter and collapses entirely in the spring.", - "media": require("../images/1819-Stephen_Harriman_Long.jpg") + "media": require("../images/1819-Long_meets_the_Pawnee.jpg"), + "alt": "Major Long (left) meets with the Pawnees at Council Bluff, Nebraska, 1819" }, { "year": "1820", "location": "Missouri", "date": "March 5", - "description": "Congress passes the Missouri Compromise, prohibiting slavery in the unorganized territory north of 36.5° latitude and west of the Mississippi River, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri, while permitting the admission of Maine as a free state. Largely devised by Henry Clay, it is a landmark agreement in the debate over slavery in the West." + "description": "Congress passes the Missouri Compromise, prohibiting slavery in the unorganized territory north of 36.5° latitude and west of the Mississippi River, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri, while permitting the admission of Maine as a free state. Largely devised by Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky, it is a landmark agreement in the debate over slavery in the West.", + "media": require("../images/1820-James_Tallmadge.jpg"), + "alt": "New York Congressional Representative James Tallmadge Jr., the author of the antislavery amendment to Missouri statehood" }, { "year": "1820", "location": "Colorado and the Great Plains", "date": "May 1", "description": "Major Stephen H. Long leads a scientific expedition up the Platte River, along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, south to the Arkansas and Canadian rivers, and finally east to present-day Fort Smith, Arkansas. Among the first expeditions to bring American artists and scientists into the West, the party includes painter Samuel Seymour, artist-naturalist Titian Peale, and physician Edwin James, who leads the first recorded ascent of Pikes Peak. Long's report, published in 1823, promotes the idea of the Great Plains as the 'Great American Desert'.", - "media": require("../images/1820-Prairie_Dog-Titian_Ramsay_Peale.jpg") + "media": require("../images/1820-Prairie_Dog-Titian_Ramsay_Peale.jpg"), + "alt": "Prairie Dog by Titian Ramsay Peale, c. 1819–1821" }, { "year": "1821", "location": "Louisiana Purchase", "date": "February 22", - "description": "The Adams–Onís Treaty takes effect exactly two years after its initial signing, defining a new border between the territory of New Spain and the United States and further securing American claims to the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Country." + "description": "The Adams–Onís Treaty takes effect exactly two years after its initial signing, defining a new border between the territory of New Spain and the United States and further securing American claims to the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Country.", + "media": require("../images/1821-Adams_Onis_map.png"), + "alt": "A map of the Adams-Onís Treaty lines, showing the official acquisition of Florida by the United States" }, { "year": "1821", "location": "St. Charles, Missouri", "date": "August 10", - "description": "Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state." + "description": "Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.", + "media": require("../images/1821-Missouri_State_Seal.png"), + "alt": "The Great Seal of the State of Missouri" }, { "year": "1821", "location": "Mexico City, Mexico and Madrid, Spain", "date": "August 24", - "description": "The Kingdom of Spain finally recognizes the independence of Mexico with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba, ending the Mexican War of Independence." + "description": "The Kingdom of Spain finally recognizes the independence of Mexico with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba, ending the Mexican War of Independence.", + "media": require("../images/1821-Treaty_of_Cordoba.jpg"), + "alt": "The Treaty of Cordoba, signaling Mexico's official independence from Spain and ending the Mexican War of Independence" }, { "year": "1821", "location": "The Santa Fe Trail", "date": "September 1", - "description": "William Becknell and a party of frontier traders leave New Franklin, Missouri bound for Santa Fe. The Becknell route will become the Santa Fe Trail." + "description": "William Becknell and a party of frontier traders leave New Franklin, Missouri bound for Santa Fe. The Becknell route will become the Santa Fe Trail.", + "media": require("../images/1821-Santa_Fe_Trail.jpg"), + "alt": "Arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe, lithograph published c. 1844" }, { "year": "1822", "location": "St. Louis, Missouri", "date": "March 6", "description": "William Henry Ashley and Andrew Henry place an advertisement in the Missouri Republican for one hundred 'enterprising young men' to join a trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River. The respondents comprise 'Ashley's Hundred' many of whom, including Jedediah Smith, Jim Bridger, Hugh Glass, and Jim Beckwourth, earn reputations as famous explorers and mountain men.", - "media": require("../images/1822-James_Beckwourth.jpg") + "media": require("../images/1822-James_Beckwourth.jpg"), + "alt": "Jim Beckwourth" }, { "year": "1824", "location": "Washinton, DC and Moscow, Russia", "date": "April 17", - "description": "The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 is signed, formally transferring Russian claims in the Pacific Northwest south of 54°40′ N latitude to the United States." + "description": "The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 is signed, formally transferring Russian claims in the Pacific Northwest south of 54°40′ N latitude (what Americans had known as the Oregon Country, encompassing present day Washington and Oregon) to the United States.", + "media": require("../images/1824-Russo_American_Treaty.png"), + "alt": "The Oregon Country/Columbia District stretched from 42°N to 54°40′N" }, { "year": "1824", "location": "Oklahoma", "date": "April 21", - "description": "Fort Gibson is established near the confluence of the Grand River and the Arkansas River in present-day Oklahoma." + "description": "Fort Gibson is established near the confluence of the Grand River and the Arkansas River in present-day Oklahoma.", + "media": require("../images/1824-Fort_Gibson.jpg"), + "alt": "Fort Gibson, c. 1875" }, { "year": "1824", "location": "Coahuila y Tejas, Mexican Texas", "date": "July 7", - "description": "The first of 297 pioneer families and partnerships known as the 'Old Three Hundred' are granted land titles in American empresario Stephen F. Austin's colony in Coahuila y Tejas. They are the first American settlers of Mexican Texas under a recently reformed Mexican law." + "description": "The first of 297 pioneer families and partnerships known as the 'Old Three Hundred' are granted land titles in American empresario Stephen F. Austin's colony in Coahuila y Tejas. They are the first American settlers of Mexican Texas under a recently reformed Mexican law.", + "media": require("../images/1824-Stephen_Austin.jpg"), + "alt": "Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin (1903) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas State Capitol" }, { "year": "1827", @@ -355,19 +393,25 @@ const data= [ "year": "1827", "location": "Fort Leavenworth, Kansas", "date": "May 8", - "description": "Colonel Henry Leavenworth founds a U.S. Army cantonment later known as Fort Leavenworth above the confluence of the Little Platte and the Missouri River in present-day Kansas." + "description": "Colonel Henry Leavenworth founds a U.S. Army cantonment later known as Fort Leavenworth above the confluence of the Little Platte and the Missouri River in present-day Kansas.", + "media": require("../images/1827-Henry_Leavenworth.jpg"), + "alt": "Portrait illustration of Henry Leavenworth" }, { "year": "1828", "location": "Oregon Country", "date": "July 14", - "description": "Trapper, explorer, and mountain man Jedediah Smith and his party are attacked by Umpqua Indians in Oregon Country. Smith and three others are the only survivors." + "description": "Trapper, explorer, and mountain man Jedediah Smith and his party are attacked by Umpqua Indians in Oregon Country. Smith and three others are the only survivors.", + "media": require("../images/1828-Jeddediah_Smith.jpg"), + "alt": "Jedediah Smith's party crossing the burning Mojave Desert during the 1826 trek to California by Frederic Remington" }, { "year": "1829", "location": "Old Spanish Trail", "date": "November 7", - "description": "A merchant caravan led by Antonio Armijo embarks from Abiquiú, New Mexico and successfully reaches San Gabriel, California 86 days later, becoming the first to travel the length of the Old Spanish Trail." + "description": "A merchant caravan led by Antonio Armijo embarks from Abiquiú, New Mexico and successfully reaches San Gabriel, California 86 days later, becoming the first to travel the length of the Old Spanish Trail.", + "media": require("../images/1829-Old_Spanish_Trail.png"), + "alt": "Timeline: Early exploration of the Old Spanish Trail, from the National Park Service (Armijo Route is the grey 'dot-dash-dot' line originating in Abiquiu, New Mexico)" }, { "year": "1830", @@ -379,7 +423,9 @@ const data= [ "year": "1830", "location": "Oklahoma", "date": "May 28", - "description": "The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, authorizing the U.S. government to negotiate the removal of Native American tribes of the southeastern United States to federal territory in what is now Oklahoma." + "description": "The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, authorizing the U.S. government to negotiate the removal of Native American tribes of the southeastern United States to federal territory in what is now Oklahoma.", + "media": require("../images/1830-Andrew_Jackson.jpg"), + "alt": "President Andrew Jackson called for an American Indian Removal Act in his first (1829) State of the Union address" }, { "year": "1831", @@ -392,7 +438,8 @@ const data= [ "location": "California Trail", "date": "May 1", "description": "The Bonneville Expedition departs Missouri with 110 men. Over the next two years, the party explores several major river systems in present-day Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, and establishes an overland route to California that will later become the California Trail.", - "media": require("../images/1832-Benjamin_Louis_Eulalie_de_Bonneville.jpg") + "media": require("../images/1832-Benjamin_Louis_Eulalie_de_Bonneville.jpg"), + "alt": "Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville" }, { "year": "1832", @@ -404,169 +451,225 @@ const data= [ "year": "1832", "location": "Pierre's Hole, Idaho", "date": "July17", - "description": "Attendees of the annual fur trapper's rendezvous, the largest yet of its kind, clash with local Indians at the Battle of Pierre's Hole." + "description": "Attendees of the annual fur trapper's rendezvous, the largest yet of its kind, clash with local Indians at the Battle of Pierre's Hole.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1833", "location": "Arkansas River, Colorado", "date": "May 1", - "description": "Frontier trader William Bent establishes Bent's Fort on the north bank of the Arkansas River, along the Santa Fe Trail." + "description": "Frontier trader William Bent establishes Bent's Fort on the north bank of the Arkansas River, along the Santa Fe Trail.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1834", "location": "Laramie, Wyoming", "date": "", - "description": "Fort Laramie is founded by William Sublette in what is now eastern Wyoming as a private fur-trading post named Fort William." + "description": "Fort Laramie is founded by William Sublette in what is now eastern Wyoming as a private fur-trading post named Fort William.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1834", "location": "Snake River, Idaho", "date": "July 31", - "description": "Fort Hall is established on the Snake River in present-day Idaho." + "description": "Fort Hall is established on the Snake River in present-day Idaho.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1835", "location": "Fort Vasquez, Denver, Colorado", "date": "May 1", - "description": "Frontier traders Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette establish Fort Vasquez on the South Platte River, 35 miles northeast of present-day Denver, Colorado." + "description": "Frontier traders Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette establish Fort Vasquez on the South Platte River, 35 miles northeast of present-day Denver, Colorado.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1835", "location": "Gonzales, Texas", "date": "October 2", - "description": "The Texas Revolution begins when a Texian militia successfully defends against the confiscation of a cannon by Mexican soldiers at the Battle of Gonzales." + "description": "The Texas Revolution begins when a Texian militia successfully defends against the confiscation of a cannon by Mexican soldiers at the Battle of Gonzales.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1835", "location": "Mexico D.F., Mexico", "date": "October 23", - "description": "The Mexican Constitution of 1824 is repealed, abolishing the former federalist system of government and replacing it with a provisional centralist system under President-General Antonio López de Santa Anna. The move further alienates Anglo-American settlers in Mexican Texas." + "description": "The Mexican Constitution of 1824 is repealed, abolishing the former federalist system of government and replacing it with a provisional centralist system under President-General Antonio López de Santa Anna. The move further alienates Anglo-American settlers in Mexican Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1835", "location": "San Antonio, Texas", "date": "December 10", - "description": "The two-month Siege of Béxar culminates in the surrender of the last remaining Mexican garrison in Texas, under Martín Perfecto de Cos, to the Texian Army under Edward Burleson. Santa Anna immediately prepares to march overland to recapture San Antonio." + "description": "The two-month Siege of Béxar culminates in the surrender of the last remaining Mexican garrison in Texas, under Martín Perfecto de Cos, to the Texian Army under Edward Burleson. Santa Anna immediately prepares to march overland to recapture San Antonio.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1836", "location": "Washington, D.C.", "date": "February 25", - "description": "Samuel Colt is granted a patent for his invention of a 'revolving gun'. Colt firearms eventually become widely used in the West." + "description": "Samuel Colt is granted a patent for his invention of a 'revolving gun'. Colt firearms eventually become widely used in the West.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1836", "location": "The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas", "date": "March 6", - "description": "Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under Santa Anna storm the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, killing all but a handful of its more than 200 Texian defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett." + "description": "Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under Santa Anna storm the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, killing all but a handful of its more than 200 Texian defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1836", "location": "Goliad, Texas", "date": "March 27", - "description": "More than 450 captured Texian soldiers are executed by the Mexican army at the Goliad massacre." + "description": "More than 450 captured Texian soldiers are executed by the Mexican army at the Goliad massacre.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1836", "location": "Pasadena, Texas", "date": "April 21", - "description": "Texians under General Sam Houston surprise and defeat the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto, ending the Texas Revolution." + "description": "Texians under General Sam Houston surprise and defeat the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto, ending the Texas Revolution.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1836", "location": "Velasco, Texas", "date": "May 2", - "description": "Texians declare the independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico. On May 14, they force captured General Antonio López de Santa Anna to sign the Treaties of Velasco, though Mexico never ratifies these treaties." + "description": "Texians declare the independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico. On May 14, they force captured General Antonio López de Santa Anna to sign the Treaties of Velasco, though Mexico never ratifies these treaties.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1836", "location": "Little Rock, Arkansas", "date": "June 15", - "description": "Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U.S. state." + "description": "Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1837", "location": "Fort Leavenworth, Kansas", "date": "February 15", - "description": "The Platte Purchase is approved, adding more than 3,000 square miles of former Indian lands to the northwest corner of the state of Missouri in direct violation of the Missouri Compromise." + "description": "The Platte Purchase is approved, adding more than 3,000 square miles of former Indian lands to the northwest corner of the state of Missouri in direct violation of the Missouri Compromise.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1838", "location": "Kansas City, Missouri", "date": "September 15", - "description": "Rural landowners clash with immigrant Mormons near Kansas City, Missouri in a series of violent episodes later called the Mormon War, eventually forcing their complete expulsion from the state." + "description": "Rural landowners clash with immigrant Mormons near Kansas City, Missouri in a series of violent episodes later called the Mormon War, eventually forcing their complete expulsion from the state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1839", "location": "Tyler, Texas", "date": "July 15", - "description": "Militia forces of the Republic of Texas win a decisive victory over Cherokee and Delaware Indians at the Battle of the Neches, the main engagement of the Cherokee War of 1838–1839." + "description": "Militia forces of the Republic of Texas win a decisive victory over Cherokee and Delaware Indians at the Battle of the Neches, the main engagement of the Cherokee War of 1838–1839.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1840", "location": "San Antonio, Texas", "date": "March 19", - "description": "In the Council House Fight, a delegation of 33 Comanche chiefs and warriors is slaughtered by Texan militiamen while attempting to negotiate the return of captive white settlers at a peace conference in San Antonio." + "description": "In the Council House Fight, a delegation of 33 Comanche chiefs and warriors is slaughtered by Texan militiamen while attempting to negotiate the return of captive white settlers at a peace conference in San Antonio.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1840", "location": "Belleview, Iowa", "date": "April 1", - "description": "Political rivalries in the river town of Bellevue, Iowa Territory culminate in a shootout in front of the town hotel that leaves seven people dead." + "description": "Political rivalries in the river town of Bellevue, Iowa Territory culminate in a shootout in front of the town hotel that leaves seven people dead.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1841", "location": "Sacramento, California", "date": "June 18", - "description": "Swiss pioneer John Sutter receives title to nearly 50,000 acres of land surrounding the confluence of the Sacramento and American rivers in the Mexican province of Alta California, upon which he founds a colony he names 'New Helvetia'. In December, Sutter purchases the Russian settlement at Fort Ross and uses its building materials to construct a fort on the site of present-day Sacramento." + "description": "Swiss pioneer John Sutter receives title to nearly 50,000 acres of land surrounding the confluence of the Sacramento and American rivers in the Mexican province of Alta California, upon which he founds a colony he names 'New Helvetia'. In December, Sutter purchases the Russian settlement at Fort Ross and uses its building materials to construct a fort on the site of present-day Sacramento.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1842", "location": "San Antonio, Texas", "date": "March 5", - "description": "Mexican troops led by Ráfael Vásquez invade Texas and occupy San Antonio, but are chased back across the Rio Grande two days later." + "description": "Mexican troops led by Ráfael Vásquez invade Texas and occupy San Antonio, but are chased back across the Rio Grande two days later.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1842", "location": "San Antonio, Texas", "date": "September 18", - "description": "Texas Rangers under Matthew Caldwell repulse the final Mexican invasion of the Republic of Texas, under Adrián Woll, in the Battle of Salado Creek. Simultaneously, a separate Texian company approaching Woll's army from the rear is overwhelmed and massacred." + "description": "Texas Rangers under Matthew Caldwell repulse the final Mexican invasion of the Republic of Texas, under Adrián Woll, in the Battle of Salado Creek. Simultaneously, a separate Texian company approaching Woll's army from the rear is overwhelmed and massacred.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1842", "location": "Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas, Mexico", "date": "December 25", - "description": "The Battle of Mier results when a Texan militia invades the Mexican border town of Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas. The heavily outnumbered Texans are forced to surrender and more than 200 men are taken prisoner." + "description": "The Battle of Mier results when a Texan militia invades the Mexican border town of Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas. The heavily outnumbered Texans are forced to surrender and more than 200 men are taken prisoner.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1843", "location": "Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas, Mexico", "date": "March 25", - "description": "Seventeen Texan prisoners of war are executed by the Mexican army after drawing beans in a random lottery, as punishment for their participation in a raid on the town of Ciudad Mier several months earlier." + "description": "Seventeen Texan prisoners of war are executed by the Mexican army after drawing beans in a random lottery, as punishment for their participation in a raid on the town of Ciudad Mier several months earlier.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1843", "location": "Champoeg, Oregon", "date": "May 2", - "description": "The Champoeg Meetings culminate with a motion to organize what will become the Provisional Government of Oregon, the first locally administered European-American body of government in the Oregon Country." + "description": "The Champoeg Meetings culminate with a motion to organize what will become the Provisional Government of Oregon, the first locally administered European-American body of government in the Oregon Country.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1843", "location": "Oregon City, Oregon", "date": "September 15", - "description": "Missionary Marcus Whitman accompanies the first major wagon train west along the final leg of the Oregon Trail, establishing the viability of the route for later immigrants." + "description": "Missionary Marcus Whitman accompanies the first major wagon train west along the final leg of the Oregon Trail, establishing the viability of the route for later immigrants.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1844", "location": "Oregon City, Oregon", "date": "", - "description": "Oregon City, the western terminus of the Oregon Trail, becomes the first incorporated U.S. city west of the Rocky Mountains." + "description": "Oregon City, the western terminus of the Oregon Trail, becomes the first incorporated U.S. city west of the Rocky Mountains.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1844", "location": "Lake Tahoe, California", "date": "November 25", - "description": "The Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party pioneers the first wagon route across the Sierra Nevada on the California Trail." + "description": "The Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party pioneers the first wagon route across the Sierra Nevada on the California Trail.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1845", @@ -579,55 +682,73 @@ const data= [ "year": "1845", "location": "Austin, Texas", "date": "June 23", - "description": "The Republic of Texas accepts a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress to annex Texas to the United States. Mexico does not recognize the annexation." + "description": "The Republic of Texas accepts a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress to annex Texas to the United States. Mexico does not recognize the annexation.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1845", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "July 1", - "description": "The phrase 'manifest destiny' first appears in the Democratic Review in an essay by John L. O'Sullivan urging the annexation of Texas. The concept does not become widely popular until O'Sullivan later uses the same phrase while addressing the subject of the Oregon Country." + "description": "The phrase 'manifest destiny' first appears in the Democratic Review in an essay by John L. O'Sullivan urging the annexation of Texas. The concept does not become widely popular until O'Sullivan later uses the same phrase while addressing the subject of the Oregon Country.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1845", "location": "Oregon City, Oregon", "date": "December 19", - "description": "The 'Lash Law' bans blacks from living in the Oregon Territory." + "description": "The 'Lash Law' bans blacks from living in the Oregon Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1845", "location": "Austin, Texas", "date": "December 29", - "description": "The United States admits the Republic of Texas to the Union as the slave State of Texas. The boundaries of the state remain undefined." + "description": "The United States admits the Republic of Texas to the Union as the slave State of Texas. The boundaries of the state remain undefined.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Oregon City, Oregon", "date": "February 5", - "description": "The Oregon Spectator becomes the first American newspaper published west of the Rocky Mountains." + "description": "The Oregon Spectator becomes the first American newspaper published west of the Rocky Mountains.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Brownsville, Texas", "date": "April 25", - "description": "The first skirmish of the Mexican–American War takes place on the Rio Grande near present-day Brownsville, Texas." + "description": "The first skirmish of the Mexican–American War takes place on the Rio Grande near present-day Brownsville, Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "May 13", - "description": "The United States under President James K. Polk declares war on Mexico, formally commencing the Mexican–American War." + "description": "The United States under President James K. Polk declares war on Mexico, formally commencing the Mexican–American War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Sonoma, California", "date": "June 14", - "description": "In the Bear Flag Revolt, American insurgents led by William B. Ide seize the Sonoma Barracks from Mexican officers and declare their intention to found an independent republic in northern Alta California. The so-called 'Bear Flag Republic' lasts just 25 days, after which it is subsumed into American military efforts to control California." + "description": "In the Bear Flag Revolt, American insurgents led by William B. Ide seize the Sonoma Barracks from Mexican officers and declare their intention to found an independent republic in northern Alta California. The so-called 'Bear Flag Republic' lasts just 25 days, after which it is subsumed into American military efforts to control California.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "June 15", - "description": "The Oregon Treaty resolves a decades-long dispute over possession of the Oregon Country by extending the original boundary between the United States and British North America further west to the Pacific Ocean, with Vancouver Island being retained in its entirety by the British." + "description": "The Oregon Treaty resolves a decades-long dispute over possession of the Oregon Country by extending the original boundary between the United States and British North America further west to the Pacific Ocean, with Vancouver Island being retained in its entirety by the British.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", @@ -640,43 +761,57 @@ const data= [ "year": "1846", "location": "San Diego, California", "date": "December 6", - "description": "Kearny's Army of the West engages Mexican lancers east of San Diego at the Battle of San Pasqual." + "description": "Kearny's Army of the West engages Mexican lancers east of San Diego at the Battle of San Pasqual.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Las Cruces, New Mexico", "date": "December 25", - "description": "American forces under Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan defeat Mexican regulars at the Battle of El Brazito." + "description": "American forces under Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan defeat Mexican regulars at the Battle of El Brazito.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1846", "location": "Iowa City, Iowa", "date": "December 28", - "description": "Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state." + "description": "Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1847", "location": "Taos, New Mexico", "date": "January 19", - "description": "Governor Charles Bent of the New Mexico Territory is assassinated and scalped during the Taos Revolt." + "description": "Governor Charles Bent of the New Mexico Territory is assassinated and scalped during the Taos Revolt.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1847", "location": "Donner Pass, California", "date": "February 31", - "description": "The first of three relief missions arrives to rescue survivors of the Donner Party, who have been snowbound in California's Sierra Nevada mountains for more than three months." + "description": "The first of three relief missions arrives to rescue survivors of the Donner Party, who have been snowbound in California's Sierra Nevada mountains for more than three months.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1847", "location": "Salt Lake City, Utah", "date": "July 24", - "description": "Brigham Young and his vanguard company of Mormons first arrive in the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah." + "description": "Brigham Young and his vanguard company of Mormons first arrive in the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1847", "location": "Walla Walla, Washington", "date": "November 29", - "description": "Fifteen Oregon missionaries, including mission founders Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, are murdered and 54 others taken hostage by a party of Cayuse Indians who accuse Whitman of deliberately poisoning Indians in his medical care during an outbreak of measles. The massacre sparks the Cayuse War." + "description": "Fifteen Oregon missionaries, including mission founders Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, are murdered and 54 others taken hostage by a party of Cayuse Indians who accuse Whitman of deliberately poisoning Indians in his medical care during an outbreak of measles. The massacre sparks the Cayuse War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1848", @@ -689,73 +824,97 @@ const data= [ "year": "1848", "location": "Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico", "date": "February 2", - "description": "The United States and Mexico sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican–American War. The agreement results in the cession of nearly all of the present-day Southwest, including California, to the U.S., as well as the designation of the Rio Grande as the boundary between Texas and Mexico." + "description": "The United States and Mexico sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican–American War. The agreement results in the cession of nearly all of the present-day Southwest, including California, to the U.S., as well as the designation of the Rio Grande as the boundary between Texas and Mexico.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1849", "location": "San Francisco, California", "date": "February 28", - "description": "Regular steamboat service between the east and west coasts of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco." + "description": "Regular steamboat service between the east and west coasts of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "January 29", - "description": "Responding to questions of how to accommodate slavery in the western territories, Henry Clay proposes a series of measures to preserve the Union that come to be called the Compromise of 1850." + "description": "Responding to questions of how to accommodate slavery in the western territories, Henry Clay proposes a series of measures to preserve the Union that come to be called the Compromise of 1850.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Chicago, Illinois", "date": "February 1", - "description": "The Pinkerton National Detective Agency is founded." + "description": "The Pinkerton National Detective Agency is founded.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Provo, Utah", "date": "February 8", - "description": "The Nauvoo Legion, under orders from Brigham Young, attacks Timpanogos Indians over land disputes near Fort Utah." + "description": "The Nauvoo Legion, under orders from Brigham Young, attacks Timpanogos Indians over land disputes near Fort Utah.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Los Angeles, California", "date": "April 4", - "description": "The city of Los Angeles, California is incorporated." + "description": "The city of Los Angeles, California is incorporated.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "San Francisco, California", "date": "April 15", - "description": "The city of San Francisco, California is incorporated." + "description": "The city of San Francisco, California is incorporated.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Western Arizona", "date": "April 16", - "description": "The California territorial government sends a military expedition to attack hostile Yuma Indians along the Colorado River in retaliation for the Glanton Massacre earlier in the year, sparking the Yuma War." + "description": "The California territorial government sends a military expedition to attack hostile Yuma Indians along the Colorado River in retaliation for the Glanton Massacre earlier in the year, sparking the Yuma War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Oregon City, Oregon", "date": "June 3", - "description": "Five Cayuse tribesmen are hanged in Oregon City for their participation in the Whitman massacre." + "description": "Five Cayuse tribesmen are hanged in Oregon City for their participation in the Whitman massacre.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "San Jose, California", "date": "September 9", - "description": "California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state." + "description": "California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Washington, DC, New Mexico and Utah", "date": "September 9", - "description": "The New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory are organized by order of Congress." + "description": "The New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory are organized by order of Congress.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", "location": "Washington, DC and Oregon", "date": "September 27", - "description": "The Donation Land Claim Act takes effect to promote homestead settlement in the Oregon Territory." + "description": "The Donation Land Claim Act takes effect to promote homestead settlement in the Oregon Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1850", @@ -768,19 +927,25 @@ const data= [ "year": "1851", "location": "Terre Haute, Indiana", "date": "", - "description": "The phrase 'Go West, young man' first appears in an editorial by Indiana newspaper writer John B.L. Soule in the Terre Haute Express. The saying is later popularized by Horace Greeley, editor of the New-York Tribune." + "description": "The phrase 'Go West, young man' first appears in an editorial by Indiana newspaper writer John B.L. Soule in the Terre Haute Express. The saying is later popularized by Horace Greeley, editor of the New-York Tribune.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1851", "location": "Rochester, New York", "date": "", - "description": "Western Union is founded as The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company." + "description": "Western Union is founded as The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1851", "location": "Portland, Oregon", "date": "January 23", - "description": "The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning." + "description": "The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1851", @@ -793,19 +958,25 @@ const data= [ "year": "1851", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "February 27", - "description": "Congress passes the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs, which allocates funds to move western Native American tribes on to permanent reservations enclosed and protected by the federal government. The act sets the precedent for modern reservations in the United States." + "description": "Congress passes the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs, which allocates funds to move western Native American tribes on to permanent reservations enclosed and protected by the federal government. The act sets the precedent for modern reservations in the United States.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1851", "location": "Yosemite Valley, California", "date": "March 27", - "description": "Mariposa Battalion, led by James D. Savage, are the first reported non-natives to enter California's Yosemite Valley." + "description": "Mariposa Battalion, led by James D. Savage, are the first reported non-natives to enter California's Yosemite Valley.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1851", "location": "Watrous, New Mexico", "date": "July 26", - "description": "Fort Union is established in the New Mexico Territory." + "description": "Fort Union is established in the New Mexico Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1851", @@ -818,235 +989,313 @@ const data= [ "year": "1851", "location": "Seattle, Washington", "date": "November 13", - "description": "The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington." + "description": "The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1852", "location": "New York, New York", "date": "March 18", - "description": "The Wells Fargo company is founded to provide express and banking services to California." + "description": "The Wells Fargo company is founded to provide express and banking services to California.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1853", "location": "San Francisco, California", "date": "March 1", - "description": "Levi Strauss arrives in San Francisco and opens a store supplying goods and clothing to Gold Rush miners." + "description": "Levi Strauss arrives in San Francisco and opens a store supplying goods and clothing to Gold Rush miners.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1853", "location": "Washington, DC and Olympia, Washington", "date": "March 2", - "description": "The Washington Territory is organized from a portion of the Oregon Territory." + "description": "The Washington Territory is organized from a portion of the Oregon Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1853", "location": "Junction City, Kansas", "date": "June 27", - "description": "Fort Riley is established in what is now Kansas." + "description": "Fort Riley is established in what is now Kansas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1853", "location": "Dallas, Oregon", "date": "July 13", - "description": "In the case of Holmes v. Ford, a decision of the Oregon Territorial Supreme Court reaffirms that slavery is illegal in the Oregon Territory, concluding the last challenge of abolitionist law by pro-slavery elements living in Oregon." + "description": "In the case of Holmes v. Ford, a decision of the Oregon Territorial Supreme Court reaffirms that slavery is illegal in the Oregon Territory, concluding the last challenge of abolitionist law by pro-slavery elements living in Oregon.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1853", "location": "Sevier Lake, Utah", "date": "October 26", - "description": "Paiute Indians attack U.S. Army Captain John W. Gunnison and his party of 37 soldiers and railroad surveyors near Sevier Lake, Utah." + "description": "Paiute Indians attack U.S. Army Captain John W. Gunnison and his party of 37 soldiers and railroad surveyors near Sevier Lake, Utah.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1853", "location": "Southern Arizona and New Mexico", "date": "December 30", - "description": "The United States and Mexico agree to the Gadsden Purchase, transferring portions of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S." + "description": "The United States and Mexico agree to the Gadsden Purchase, transferring portions of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1854", "location": "Baja California and Sonora, Mexico", "date": "February 13", - "description": "The Mexican army forces would-be conqueror William Walker and his mercenary troops to retreat to Sonora." + "description": "The Mexican army forces would-be conqueror William Walker and his mercenary troops to retreat to Sonora.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1854", "location": "Marshall, TX and New Orleans, LA", "date": "February 14", - "description": "Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the country when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed." + "description": "Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the country when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1854", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "May 30", - "description": "The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law, creating the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory. A provision that settlers will vote on the legality of slavery in the new territories effectively rescinds the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and touches off an epidemic of violence and electoral fraud beginning the next year." + "description": "The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law, creating the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory. A provision that settlers will vote on the legality of slavery in the new territories effectively rescinds the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and touches off an epidemic of violence and electoral fraud beginning the next year.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1854", "location": "Omaha, Nebraska", "date": "July 4", - "description": "Omaha City is founded in the Nebraska Territory." + "description": "Omaha City is founded in the Nebraska Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1854", "location": "Lingle, Wyoming", "date": "August 19", - "description": "An argument over a stray cow precipitates the Grattan massacre, in which 30 U.S. Army soldiers and an interpreter are killed in retaliation for the shooting of Chief Conquering Bear of the Lakota Sioux." + "description": "An argument over a stray cow precipitates the Grattan massacre, in which 30 U.S. Army soldiers and an interpreter are killed in retaliation for the shooting of Chief Conquering Bear of the Lakota Sioux.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1854", "location": "Sacramento, California", "date": "December 19", - "description": "Jonathan R. Davis, a veteran of the Mexican–American War and a gold rush prospector, single-handedly kills eleven armed immigrant outlaws near Sacramento, California using two revolvers and a Bowie knife." + "description": "Jonathan R. Davis, a veteran of the Mexican–American War and a gold rush prospector, single-handedly kills eleven armed immigrant outlaws near Sacramento, California using two revolvers and a Bowie knife.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1855", "location": "Minneapolis, Minnesota", "date": "January 23", - "description": "The first permanent bridge across the Mississippi River opens for traffic in Minneapolis, Minnesota." + "description": "The first permanent bridge across the Mississippi River opens for traffic in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1855", "location": "Garden County, Nebraska", "date": "September 1", - "description": "U.S. Army detachments under Brigadier General William S. Harney defeat a band of Brulé Lakota led by Little Thunder at the Battle of Ash Hollow in present-day Garden County, Nebraska, a punitive expedition for the Grattan massacre." + "description": "U.S. Army detachments under Brigadier General William S. Harney defeat a band of Brulé Lakota led by Little Thunder at the Battle of Ash Hollow in present-day Garden County, Nebraska, a punitive expedition for the Grattan massacre.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1856", "location": "Seattle, Washington", "date": "January 26", - "description": "In the Puget Sound War, the Battle of Seattle is fought when an alliance of local Indians attacks pioneer settlements in the Washington Territory." + "description": "In the Puget Sound War, the Battle of Seattle is fought when an alliance of local Indians attacks pioneer settlements in the Washington Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1856", "location": "Dallas, Texas", "date": "February 2", - "description": "The city of Dallas is incorporated in Texas." + "description": "The city of Dallas is incorporated in Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1856", "location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "date": "May 21", - "description": "The predominantly abolitionist town of Lawrence, Kansas is ransacked and looted by a pro-slavery militia." + "description": "The predominantly abolitionist town of Lawrence, Kansas is ransacked and looted by a pro-slavery militia.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1856", "location": "Kansas", "date": "May 24", - "description": "Outraged at the sacking of Lawrence, abolitionist John Brown and a party of Free-Staters murder five pro-slavery activists in rural Kansas Territory in the Pottawatomie massacre. In the three months of retaliatory raids and murders that follow, more than two dozen people are killed, marking the bloodiest episode of the Bleeding Kansas era." + "description": "Outraged at the sacking of Lawrence, abolitionist John Brown and a party of Free-Staters murder five pro-slavery activists in rural Kansas Territory in the Pottawatomie massacre. In the three months of retaliatory raids and murders that follow, more than two dozen people are killed, marking the bloodiest episode of the Bleeding Kansas era.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1857", "location": "Sonora, Mexico", "date": "April 1", - "description": "In the midst of Mexico's Reform War, former California Senator Henry A. Crabb leads a filibustering expedition into Sonora to aid Mexican rebels fighting government forces. The rebels turn on the Americans after they cross the border and Crabb's entire army is executed." + "description": "In the midst of Mexico's Reform War, former California Senator Henry A. Crabb leads a filibustering expedition into Sonora to aid Mexican rebels fighting government forces. The rebels turn on the Americans after they cross the border and Crabb's entire army is executed.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1857", "location": "Pima, Arizona", "date": "September 1", - "description": "The Battle of Pima Butte, in what is now Arizona, is the last major battle fought solely between indigenous peoples in North America." + "description": "The Battle of Pima Butte, in what is now Arizona, is the last major battle fought solely between indigenous peoples in North America.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1857", "location": "Utah", "date": "September 11", - "description": "Nearly 120 emigrants passing through the Utah Territory are massacred by a combined force of Mormon militiamen and Paiute Indians during the hysteria of the Utah War." + "description": "Nearly 120 emigrants passing through the Utah Territory are massacred by a combined force of Mormon militiamen and Paiute Indians during the hysteria of the Utah War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1858", "location": "Seattle, Washington", "date": "February 19", - "description": "Chief Leschi, a leader of the Nisqually people, is hanged by the territorial government of Washington after being wrongfully convicted of killing a colonel during the Puget Sound War." + "description": "Chief Leschi, a leader of the Nisqually people, is hanged by the territorial government of Washington after being wrongfully convicted of killing a colonel during the Puget Sound War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1858", "location": "South Dakota", "date": "April 19", - "description": "The Yankton Treaty, signed by the Yankton Sioux, cedes most of what is now eastern South Dakota to the United States." + "description": "The Yankton Treaty, signed by the Yankton Sioux, cedes most of what is now eastern South Dakota to the United States.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1858", "location": "St. Paul, Minnesota", "date": "May 11", - "description": "Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state." + "description": "Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1858", "location": "Texas Panhandle", "date": "May 12", - "description": "An army of Texas Rangers and Indian allies under the command of John Salmon Ford engages Comanche warriors in a series of battles after attacking villages in the Canadian River valley, the final actions of the Antelope Hills expedition." + "description": "An army of Texas Rangers and Indian allies under the command of John Salmon Ford engages Comanche warriors in a series of battles after attacking villages in the Canadian River valley, the final actions of the Antelope Hills expedition.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1858", "location": "Colorado", "date": "July 1", - "description": "Gold is discovered in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The resulting gold rush draws nearly 100,000 people to the Pike's Peak Country of present-day Colorado over the next three years." + "description": "Gold is discovered in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The resulting gold rush draws nearly 100,000 people to the Pike's Peak Country of present-day Colorado over the next three years.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1859", "location": "Nevada", "date": "May 1", - "description": "The Comstock Lode, the first major discovery of silver ore in the country, provokes a silver rush in present-day Nevada that funds boomtowns including Virginia City and Gold Hill. Over the next 30 years, hundreds of mines extract more than $320 million in gold and silver from the region, making millionaires of investors such as George Hearst and the Bonanza Kings." + "description": "The Comstock Lode, the first major discovery of silver ore in the country, provokes a silver rush in present-day Nevada that funds boomtowns including Virginia City and Gold Hill. Over the next 30 years, hundreds of mines extract more than $320 million in gold and silver from the region, making millionaires of investors such as George Hearst and the Bonanza Kings.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1859", "location": "Salem, Oregon", "date": "February 14", - "description": "Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state." + "description": "Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1859", "location": "Brownsville, Texas", "date": "September 28", - "description": "Mexican folk hero Juan Cortina and a large posse seize control of Brownsville, Texas in one of the major actions of the First Cortina War. His motivation is the legal abuses perpetrated by Texan authorities against ethnic Mexicans. The occupation only lasts two days, but the Cortina Troubles continue for another two years." + "description": "Mexican folk hero Juan Cortina and a large posse seize control of Brownsville, Texas in one of the major actions of the First Cortina War. His motivation is the legal abuses perpetrated by Texan authorities against ethnic Mexicans. The occupation only lasts two days, but the Cortina Troubles continue for another two years.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1860", "location": "Humboldt County, California", "date": "February 26", - "description": "Hundreds of Wiyot people are massacred by white settlers along the coast of what is now Humboldt County, California." + "description": "Hundreds of Wiyot people are massacred by white settlers along the coast of what is now Humboldt County, California.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1860", "location": "The Pony Express Route", "date": "April 14", - "description": "The Pony Express completes its first westbound and eastbound deliveries between St. Joseph, Missouri and San Francisco, California." + "description": "The Pony Express completes its first westbound and eastbound deliveries between St. Joseph, Missouri and San Francisco, California.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1860", "location": "Pease River, Texas", "date": "December 18", - "description": "Texas Rangers under Lawrence Sullivan 'Sul' Ross attack a Comanche camp at the Battle of Pease River, where they discover Cynthia Ann Parker 24 years after her kidnapping." + "description": "Texas Rangers under Lawrence Sullivan 'Sul' Ross attack a Comanche camp at the Battle of Pease River, where they discover Cynthia Ann Parker 24 years after her kidnapping.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Topeka, Kansas", "date": "January 29", - "description": "Kansas is admitted to the Union as the 34th U.S. state, and a free state." + "description": "Kansas is admitted to the Union as the 34th U.S. state, and a free state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Arizona and New Mexico", "date": "February 1", - "description": "A series of hostilities involving U.S. Army Lt. George Nicholas Bascom and Chiricahua Apache chief Cochise triggers the Chiricahua Wars, which remain a central conflict in Arizona and New Mexico for the next 25 years." + "description": "A series of hostilities involving U.S. Army Lt. George Nicholas Bascom and Chiricahua Apache chief Cochise triggers the Chiricahua Wars, which remain a central conflict in Arizona and New Mexico for the next 25 years.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Austin, Texas", "date": "February 1", - "description": "A convention of the Texas legislature votes to secede from the Union." + "description": "A convention of the Texas legislature votes to secede from the Union.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Colorado City, Colorado", "date": "February 28", - "description": "Colorado is organized as a U.S. territory." + "description": "Colorado is organized as a U.S. territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Carson City, NV and Yankton, SD", "date": "March 2", - "description": "The Nevada Territory and Dakota Territory are organized." + "description": "The Nevada Territory and Dakota Territory are organized.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", @@ -1059,31 +1308,41 @@ const data= [ "year": "1861", "location": "Mesilla, New Mexico", "date": "March 28", - "description": "The southern half of the New Mexico Territory nominally joins the Confederacy as the Provisional Confederate Territory of Arizona." + "description": "The southern half of the New Mexico Territory nominally joins the Confederacy as the Provisional Confederate Territory of Arizona.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Mesilla, New Mexico", "date": "July 25", - "description": "250 Confederate troops led by John R. Baylor engage Union forces under Isaac Lynde at Mesilla, New Mexico, resulting in Lynde's troops retreating into the Organ Mountains, toward Fort Stanton. Lynde is relieved of duty after abandoning his post." + "description": "250 Confederate troops led by John R. Baylor engage Union forces under Isaac Lynde at Mesilla, New Mexico, resulting in Lynde's troops retreating into the Organ Mountains, toward Fort Stanton. Lynde is relieved of duty after abandoning his post.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "New Mexico", "date": "September 2", - "description": "A small Confederate patrol from Fort Stanton is ambushed by Mescalero Apache warriors in New Mexico's Gallinas Mountains." + "description": "A small Confederate patrol from Fort Stanton is ambushed by Mescalero Apache warriors in New Mexico's Gallinas Mountains.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1861", "location": "Fort Bridger, Wyoming", "date": "October 24", - "description": "The first transcontinental telegraph line is completed near Fort Bridger in present-day Wyoming, the result of an effort by Hiram Sibley and Western Union to connect California to the telegraph networks of the east. The ability to instantaneously send messages from coast to coast immediately makes the Pony Express obsolete." + "description": "The first transcontinental telegraph line is completed near Fort Bridger in present-day Wyoming, the result of an effort by Hiram Sibley and Western Union to connect California to the telegraph networks of the east. The ability to instantaneously send messages from coast to coast immediately makes the Pony Express obsolete.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Southern California", "date": "January 1", - "description": "Months of record precipitation in the far west culminate in the Great Flood of 1862, which turns California's Central Valley into an inland sea and causes millions of dollars in property damage." + "description": "Months of record precipitation in the far west culminate in the Great Flood of 1862, which turns California's Central Valley into an inland sea and causes millions of dollars in property damage.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", @@ -1096,109 +1355,145 @@ const data= [ "year": "1862", "location": "Socorra County, New Mexico", "date": "February 20", - "description": "The Battle of Valverde is fought at a ford of Valverde Creek in present-day New Mexico, resulting in a Confederate victory." + "description": "The Battle of Valverde is fought at a ford of Valverde Creek in present-day New Mexico, resulting in a Confederate victory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "San Miguel County, New Mexico", "date": "March 26", - "description": "The Battle of Glorieta Pass is fought in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains between Confederate cavalry forces and Union volunteers from Colorado and New Mexico. It marks a turning point in the New Mexico Campaign in favor of the Union." + "description": "The Battle of Glorieta Pass is fought in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains between Confederate cavalry forces and Union volunteers from Colorado and New Mexico. It marks a turning point in the New Mexico Campaign in favor of the Union.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Yuma County, Arizona", "date": "March 30", - "description": "The Battle of Stanwix Station is fought at a Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach stop 80 miles east of Yuma, Arizona between Capt. William P. Calloway of the California Column and Confederate 2nd Lt. Jack Swilling." + "description": "The Battle of Stanwix Station is fought at a Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach stop 80 miles east of Yuma, Arizona between Capt. William P. Calloway of the California Column and Confederate 2nd Lt. Jack Swilling.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Pinal County, Arizona", "date": "April 15", - "description": "The Battle of Picacho Pass is fought between the 1st California Cavalry under Union Lt. James Barrett and a detachment of Arizona Confederates led by Sgt. Henry Holmes. It is often cited as the westernmost battle of the American Civil War, occurring 50 miles northwest of Tucson." + "description": "The Battle of Picacho Pass is fought between the 1st California Cavalry under Union Lt. James Barrett and a detachment of Arizona Confederates led by Sgt. Henry Holmes. It is often cited as the westernmost battle of the American Civil War, occurring 50 miles northwest of Tucson.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Benson, Arizona", "date": "May 5", - "description": "Confederate Sgt. Sam Ford and his men are ambushed by Apache warriors led by Cochise in the Dragoon Mountains, near present-day Benson, Arizona, at the First Battle of Dragoon Springs." + "description": "Confederate Sgt. Sam Ford and his men are ambushed by Apache warriors led by Cochise in the Dragoon Mountains, near present-day Benson, Arizona, at the First Battle of Dragoon Springs.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Cochise County, Arizona", "date": "May 9", - "description": "The Second Battle of Dragoon Springs is fought in retaliation for the deaths of the four Confederates killed at the Apache ambush four days earlier. Rebels under Capt. Sherod Hunter take back the cattle stolen by Cochise and his warriors and kill five Apaches." + "description": "The Second Battle of Dragoon Springs is fought in retaliation for the deaths of the four Confederates killed at the Apache ambush four days earlier. Rebels under Capt. Sherod Hunter take back the cattle stolen by Cochise and his warriors and kill five Apaches.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "May 20", - "description": "The Homestead Act of 1862 is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. It aims to encourage settlement in the West by simplifying the process of land acquisition: homesteaders need only claim, occupy for five years, and improve a minimum of 160 acres of unappropriated land to be granted full ownership. Alternatively, settlers have the option of purchasing the land outright after six months of residency." + "description": "The Homestead Act of 1862 is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. It aims to encourage settlement in the West by simplifying the process of land acquisition: homesteaders need only claim, occupy for five years, and improve a minimum of 160 acres of unappropriated land to be granted full ownership. Alternatively, settlers have the option of purchasing the land outright after six months of residency.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Bowie, Arizona", "date": "July 15", - "description": "140 Union troops from the California Column are ambushed by 500 Apaches under Mangas Coloradas and Cochise at the Battle of Apache Pass in Arizona's Chiricahua Mountains. It is one of the first battles in which the United States Army is able to effectively use artillery against Indians. Fort Bowie is built near the site following the battle." + "description": "140 Union troops from the California Column are ambushed by 500 Apaches under Mangas Coloradas and Cochise at the Battle of Apache Pass in Arizona's Chiricahua Mountains. It is one of the first battles in which the United States Army is able to effectively use artillery against Indians. Fort Bowie is built near the site following the battle.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Neuces River, Texas", "date": "August 10", - "description": "More than 30 people are killed when a group of Unionist German Texan settlers fleeing the Texas Hill Country for Mexico is attacked by a Confederate detachment along the Nueces River." + "description": "More than 30 people are killed when a group of Unionist German Texan settlers fleeing the Texas Hill Country for Mexico is attacked by a Confederate detachment along the Nueces River.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Minnesota", "date": "August 17", - "description": "The Dakota War of 1862 begins when a Sioux hunting party slaughters five white settlers and the tribal council decides to attack white settlements throughout the Minnesota River valley." + "description": "The Dakota War of 1862 begins when a Sioux hunting party slaughters five white settlers and the tribal council decides to attack white settlements throughout the Minnesota River valley.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1862", "location": "Minnesota", "date": "November 5", - "description": "More than 300 Santee Sioux in Minnesota are sentenced to hang for the rape and murder of white settlers." + "description": "More than 300 Santee Sioux in Minnesota are sentenced to hang for the rape and murder of white settlers.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "Beatrice, Nebraska", "date": "January 1", - "description": "Daniel Freeman submits the first claim under the Homestead Act of 1862 for land near Beatrice, Nebraska." + "description": "Daniel Freeman submits the first claim under the Homestead Act of 1862 for land near Beatrice, Nebraska.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "New Mexico", "date": "January 18", - "description": "Chiricahua Apache leader Mangas Coloradas is captured, tortured, and killed by U.S. Army sentries after meeting with Brigadier General Joseph Rodman West to call for peace." + "description": "Chiricahua Apache leader Mangas Coloradas is captured, tortured, and killed by U.S. Army sentries after meeting with Brigadier General Joseph Rodman West to call for peace.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "Preston, Idaho", "date": "January 29", - "description": "Colonel Patrick Edward Connor leads his troops to fight Shoshone Indians in present-day Idaho, resulting in the Bear River Massacre." + "description": "Colonel Patrick Edward Connor leads his troops to fight Shoshone Indians in present-day Idaho, resulting in the Bear River Massacre.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "Fort Whipple, Arizona", "date": "February 24", - "description": "The Arizona Territory is organized from a portion of the New Mexico Territory." + "description": "The Arizona Territory is organized from a portion of the New Mexico Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "Lewiston, Idaho", "date": "March 4", - "description": "Idaho is organized as a U.S. territory." + "description": "Idaho is organized as a U.S. territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "date": "August 21", - "description": "Confederate guerrillas led by William Quantrill set fire to the pro-Union town of Lawrence, Kansas and kill nearly 200 civilians in the Lawrence massacre. Quantrill claims his motive was revenge for the Sacking of Osceola several years earlier." + "description": "Confederate guerrillas led by William Quantrill set fire to the pro-Union town of Lawrence, Kansas and kill nearly 200 civilians in the Lawrence massacre. Quantrill claims his motive was revenge for the Sacking of Osceola several years earlier.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1863", "location": "Lawrence County, Missouri", "date": "August 25", - "description": "In the aftermath of the Lawrence massacre, Union General Thomas Ewing Jr. issues General Order No. 11, which forces the expulsion of all residents who cannot prove their allegiance to the Union from four counties in rural western Missouri." + "description": "In the aftermath of the Lawrence massacre, Union General Thomas Ewing Jr. issues General Order No. 11, which forces the expulsion of all residents who cannot prove their allegiance to the Union from four counties in rural western Missouri.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", @@ -1211,19 +1506,25 @@ const data= [ "year": "1864", "location": "Canyon De Chelly, Arizona", "date": "January 1", - "description": "Colonel Kit Carson accepts the surrender of most of the Navajo nation after the final two years of the bloody Navajo Wars." + "description": "Colonel Kit Carson accepts the surrender of most of the Navajo nation after the final two years of the bloody Navajo Wars.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", "location": "Bannack, Montana", "date": "May 26", - "description": "Montana is organized as a U.S. territory." + "description": "Montana is organized as a U.S. territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", "location": "South Park, Colorado", "date": "July 1", - "description": "Outlaw Jim Reynolds and his gang plunder and rob settlements in the South Park Basin of the Colorado Territory in an attempt to loot the gold mines of the region to support the fledgling Confederacy." + "description": "Outlaw Jim Reynolds and his gang plunder and rob settlements in the South Park Basin of the Colorado Territory in an attempt to loot the gold mines of the region to support the fledgling Confederacy.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", @@ -1236,43 +1537,57 @@ const data= [ "year": "1864", "location": "Kansas City, Missouri", "date": "October 23", - "description": "Union General Samuel R. Curtis' Army of the Border decisively defeats Confederate General Sterling Price's Army of Missouri at the Battle of Westport, near Kansas City. The battle ends the last major Confederate offensive west of the Mississippi River. The largest engagement in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, with over 30,000 men involved, it is sometimes called the 'Gettysburg of the West'." + "description": "Union General Samuel R. Curtis' Army of the Border decisively defeats Confederate General Sterling Price's Army of Missouri at the Battle of Westport, near Kansas City. The battle ends the last major Confederate offensive west of the Mississippi River. The largest engagement in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, with over 30,000 men involved, it is sometimes called the 'Gettysburg of the West'.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", "location": "Kansas and Missouri", "date": "October 25", - "description": "In consecutive engagements only hours apart, Union cavalry under Alfred Pleasonton pursue and defeat Confederate forces under Sterling Price at Marais des Cygnes, Mine Creek, and Marmiton River as they retreat through Kansas and Missouri." + "description": "In consecutive engagements only hours apart, Union cavalry under Alfred Pleasonton pursue and defeat Confederate forces under Sterling Price at Marais des Cygnes, Mine Creek, and Marmiton River as they retreat through Kansas and Missouri.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", "location": "Carson City, Nevada", "date": "October 31", - "description": "Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state." + "description": "Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1864", "location": "Sand Creek, Colorado", "date": "November 29", - "description": "Colonel John Chivington and his volunteer militia massacre a peaceful Cheyenne village near Sand Creek in the Colorado Territory, in what is later called the Sand Creek massacre." + "description": "Colonel John Chivington and his volunteer militia massacre a peaceful Cheyenne village near Sand Creek in the Colorado Territory, in what is later called the Sand Creek massacre.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1865", "location": "Sonoita, Arizona", "date": "February 17", - "description": "Fort Buchanan is overrun and destroyed by Chiricahua warriors in the Arizona Territory." + "description": "Fort Buchanan is overrun and destroyed by Chiricahua warriors in the Arizona Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1865", "location": "Brownsville, Texas", "date": "May 12", - "description": "The Battle of Palmito Ranch is fought near Brownsville, Texas. It is the final armed engagement of the American Civil War." + "description": "The Battle of Palmito Ranch is fought near Brownsville, Texas. It is the final armed engagement of the American Civil War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1865", "location": "Doaksville, Choctaw Nation, Oklahoma", "date": "June 23", - "description": "Stand Watie, a Cherokee cavalry commander in the Confederate Army, becomes the last Confederate general to surrender to Union forces, at Doaksville in the Indian Territory." + "description": "Stand Watie, a Cherokee cavalry commander in the Confederate Army, becomes the last Confederate general to surrender to Union forces, at Doaksville in the Indian Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1865", @@ -1292,31 +1607,41 @@ const data= [ "year": "1866", "location": "Western US", "date": "May 1", - "description": "The period of the great cattle drives begins when Texas ranchers drive more than 260,000 head of cattle to assorted markets. Some travel east to Louisiana, where the animals are shipped to Cairo, Illinois and St. Louis; others travel west to Fort Sumner, New Mexico and Denver, inaugurating the Goodnight-Loving Trail. But the vast majority follow the Shawnee Trail north to Kansas City or Sedalia, Missouri." + "description": "The period of the great cattle drives begins when Texas ranchers drive more than 260,000 head of cattle to assorted markets. Some travel east to Louisiana, where the animals are shipped to Cairo, Illinois and St. Louis; others travel west to Fort Sumner, New Mexico and Denver, inaugurating the Goodnight-Loving Trail. But the vast majority follow the Shawnee Trail north to Kansas City or Sedalia, Missouri.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1866", "location": "Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming", "date": "December 21", - "description": "Captain William J. Fetterman and 80 soldiers of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry and 18th Infantry regiments are ambushed and wiped out by Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming. A fort built the next year, Fort Fetterman, is named in his honor." + "description": "Captain William J. Fetterman and 80 soldiers of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry and 18th Infantry regiments are ambushed and wiped out by Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming. A fort built the next year, Fort Fetterman, is named in his honor.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1867", "location": "Lincoln, Nebraska", "date": "March 1", - "description": "Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state." + "description": "Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1867", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "March 30", - "description": "The United States purchases Alaska from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million." + "description": "The United States purchases Alaska from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1867", "location": "Kent, Ohio", "date": "June 25", - "description": "Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio is issued the first patent for barbed wire fencing, an invention which revolutionizes cattle ranching on the open prairies of the West." + "description": "Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio is issued the first patent for barbed wire fencing, an invention which revolutionizes cattle ranching on the open prairies of the West.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1867", @@ -1329,37 +1654,49 @@ const data= [ "year": "1867", "location": "Sitka, Alaska", "date": "October 18", - "description": "At a ceremony in Sitka, Alaska, Russian soldiers officially transfer Alaska to the U.S. Army on Castle Hill. It is organized on the same day into the Department of Alaska, to be administered by the Army." + "description": "At a ceremony in Sitka, Alaska, Russian soldiers officially transfer Alaska to the U.S. Army on Castle Hill. It is organized on the same day into the Department of Alaska, to be administered by the Army.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1867", "location": "Medicine Lodge, Kansas", "date": "October 28", - "description": "The Medicine Lodge Treaty is signed between the U.S. government and several southern Plains Indian tribes, requiring that the tribes relocate to the Indian Territory." + "description": "The Medicine Lodge Treaty is signed between the U.S. government and several southern Plains Indian tribes, requiring that the tribes relocate to the Indian Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1868", "location": "Laramie, Wyoming", "date": "April 29", - "description": "The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) is signed between the United States and several bands of Lakota, Dakota, and Arapaho Indians. It results in the abandonment of U.S. military outposts along the Bozeman Trail, the indefinite closure of the Powder River Country and western South Dakota to white settlement, and the end of Red Cloud's War." + "description": "The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) is signed between the United States and several bands of Lakota, Dakota, and Arapaho Indians. It results in the abandonment of U.S. military outposts along the Bozeman Trail, the indefinite closure of the Powder River Country and western South Dakota to white settlement, and the end of Red Cloud's War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1868", "location": "Cheyenne, Wyoming", "date": "July 25", - "description": "Wyoming is organized as a U.S. territory." + "description": "Wyoming is organized as a U.S. territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1868", "location": "Oklahoma", "date": "November 27", - "description": "The Battle of Washita River is fought when Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry Regiment attacks a winter encampment of Southern Cheyenne Indians on the Washita River in what is now western Oklahoma. Chief Black Kettle, leader of the Cheyenne, is killed." + "description": "The Battle of Washita River is fought when Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry Regiment attacks a winter encampment of Southern Cheyenne Indians on the Washita River in what is now western Oklahoma. Chief Black Kettle, leader of the Cheyenne, is killed.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1869", "location": "Lawton, Oklahoma", "date": "January 8", - "description": "Fort Sill is established by General Philip H. Sheridan in the Indian Territory, near present-day Lawton, Oklahoma." + "description": "Fort Sill is established by General Philip H. Sheridan in the Indian Territory, near present-day Lawton, Oklahoma.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1869", @@ -1379,145 +1716,193 @@ const data= [ "year": "1869", "location": "Deer Trail, Colorado", "date": "July 4", - "description": "The world's first documented competitive rodeo is held in the town of Deer Trail in the Colorado Territory." + "description": "The world's first documented competitive rodeo is held in the town of Deer Trail in the Colorado Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1869", "location": "Cheyenne, Wyoming", "date": "December 10", - "description": "Wyoming becomes the first U.S. territory to grant women the right to vote." + "description": "Wyoming becomes the first U.S. territory to grant women the right to vote.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "San Francisco, California", "date": "", - "description": "Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches, a collection of stories based on his years as a San Francisco journalist, is published." + "description": "Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches, a collection of stories based on his years as a San Francisco journalist, is published.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Abilene, Kansas", "date": "", - "description": "William 'Hurricane Bill' Martin, a notorious outlaw in Kansas, begins rustling cattle southeast of Abilene before he and his gang are driven off by a posse from Marion." + "description": "William 'Hurricane Bill' Martin, a notorious outlaw in Kansas, begins rustling cattle southeast of Abilene before he and his gang are driven off by a posse from Marion.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Colfax County, New Mexico", "date": "", - "description": "Settling in the New Mexico Territory, gunfighter Robert Clay Allison purchases a ranch in Colfax County. According to local newspapers, Allison is reported to have killed as many as fifteen men in gunfights during this time." + "description": "Settling in the New Mexico Territory, gunfighter Robert Clay Allison purchases a ranch in Colfax County. According to local newspapers, Allison is reported to have killed as many as fifteen men in gunfights during this time.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Western Plains, USA", "date": "", - "description": "With the growing railroad industry and cattle boom, buffalo hunters begin moving onto the Great Plains. In less than ten years, the buffalo population is dramatically reduced, and the animal remains an endangered species for much of the next century." + "description": "With the growing railroad industry and cattle boom, buffalo hunters begin moving onto the Great Plains. In less than ten years, the buffalo population is dramatically reduced, and the animal remains an endangered species for much of the next century.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Salt Lake City", "date": "", - "description": "The Utah Territorial Assembly, supported by Brigham Young, grants women the right to vote. Over the next several decades, this provides Mormons with an added margin of political power." + "description": "The Utah Territorial Assembly, supported by Brigham Young, grants women the right to vote. Over the next several decades, this provides Mormons with an added margin of political power.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Missouri", "date": "January 1", - "description": "Shortly after leaving the post of sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas, 'Wild Bill' Hickok travels to Missouri and eventually resumes his duties as a U.S. Marshal." + "description": "Shortly after leaving the post of sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas, 'Wild Bill' Hickok travels to Missouri and eventually resumes his duties as a U.S. Marshal.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Marias River, Montana", "date": "January 23", - "description": "More than 200 men, women, and children belonging to a friendly band of Piegan Blackfeet Indians are mistakenly attacked and massacred by a U.S. Army command on the Marias River in the Montana Territory." + "description": "More than 200 men, women, and children belonging to a friendly band of Piegan Blackfeet Indians are mistakenly attacked and massacred by a U.S. Army command on the Marias River in the Montana Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Austin, Texas", "date": "March 30", - "description": "Texas is readmitted to the Union following the Civil War." + "description": "Texas is readmitted to the Union following the Civil War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Abilene, Kansas", "date": "May 1", - "description": "With the emergence of Abilene, Kansas as a major stopover for cattle ranchers, the town trustees attempt to curb the violence brought by the beginning of the cattle season by banning guns within town limits. This proves extremely unpopular and unenforceable, as Texas cowboys make a habit of shooting up ordinance posters and tear down the city's first jailhouse; violence continues in the city until the appointment of Tom 'Bear River' Smith as city marshal on June 4." + "description": "With the emergence of Abilene, Kansas as a major stopover for cattle ranchers, the town trustees attempt to curb the violence brought by the beginning of the cattle season by banning guns within town limits. This proves extremely unpopular and unenforceable, as Texas cowboys make a habit of shooting up ordinance posters and tear down the city's first jailhouse; violence continues in the city until the appointment of Tom 'Bear River' Smith as city marshal on June 4.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Hays, Kansas", "date": "July 17", - "description": "'Wild Bill' Hickok is involved in a shootout with several members of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment in Hays City after killing one trooper and wounding another." + "description": "'Wild Bill' Hickok is involved in a shootout with several members of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment in Hays City after killing one trooper and wounding another.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1870", "location": "Abilene, Kansas", "date": "November 2", - "description": "Abilene City Marshal Tom 'Bear River' Smith is killed while serving an arrest warrant near the town." + "description": "Abilene City Marshal Tom 'Bear River' Smith is killed while serving an arrest warrant near the town.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Dimmit County, Texas", "date": "", - "description": "John K. 'King' Fisher is hired by settlers of the Pendencia River country in Dimmit County, Texas to protect their livestock and other property. It is during this time that Fisher becomes known as a skilled gunfighter." + "description": "John K. 'King' Fisher is hired by settlers of the Pendencia River country in Dimmit County, Texas to protect their livestock and other property. It is during this time that Fisher becomes known as a skilled gunfighter.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Marina, California", "date": "January 1", - "description": "After a long illness, U.S. Army Captain John Barry is forced into retirement. While stationed at Fort Ord, Barry attempts to improve relations between the United States and the Apaches, as well as encourages the enlistment of scouts to combat renegade Apaches." + "description": "After a long illness, U.S. Army Captain John Barry is forced into retirement. While stationed at Fort Ord, Barry attempts to improve relations between the United States and the Apaches, as well as encourages the enlistment of scouts to combat renegade Apaches.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Dallas, Texas", "date": "February 16", - "description": "John Younger kills Captain S.W. Nichols in a gunfight in Dallas, Texas." + "description": "John Younger kills Captain S.W. Nichols in a gunfight in Dallas, Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Clifton, Arizona", "date": "February 23", - "description": "While heading an Apache-hunting force near present-day Clifton, Arizona, John M. Bullard is shot and killed when he approaches a wounded Apache warrior." + "description": "While heading an Apache-hunting force near present-day Clifton, Arizona, John M. Bullard is shot and killed when he approaches a wounded Apache warrior.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Kansas", "date": "February 28", - "description": "'Handsome Jack' John Ledford, an outlaw-turned-hotel-owner involved in counterfeiting and horse theft in Kansas and the Indian Territory, is killed in a shootout with a group of U.S. Army soldiers led by scout Lee Stewart and U.S. Marshal Jack Bridges, who claimed to have a warrant for his arrest." + "description": "'Handsome Jack' John Ledford, an outlaw-turned-hotel-owner involved in counterfeiting and horse theft in Kansas and the Indian Territory, is killed in a shootout with a group of U.S. Army soldiers led by scout Lee Stewart and U.S. Marshal Jack Bridges, who claimed to have a warrant for his arrest.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Cañon de Chelly, Arizona", "date": "March 16", - "description": "Death of Navajo chieftain Barboncito (Hastin Daagii)." + "description": "Death of Navajo chieftain Barboncito (Hastin Daagii).", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Abilene, Kansas", "date": "April 15", - "description": "'Wild Bill' Hickok succeeds Tom 'Bear River' Smith as city marshal of Abilene, Kansas and remains in the position until December 13." + "description": "'Wild Bill' Hickok succeeds Tom 'Bear River' Smith as city marshal of Abilene, Kansas and remains in the position until December 13.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Camp Grant, Arizona", "date": "April 28", - "description": "In what becomes known as the Camp Grant Massacre, over 100 Apache women and children are killed by a mob of Mexicans and Papago Indians led by several Tucson businessmen, including D.A. Bennett and Sam Hughes. Bennett and several others are indicted in December, though all are acquitted." + "description": "In what becomes known as the Camp Grant Massacre, over 100 Apache women and children are killed by a mob of Mexicans and Papago Indians led by several Tucson businessmen, including D.A. Bennett and Sam Hughes. Bennett and several others are indicted in December, though all are acquitted.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Abilene, Kansas", "date": "June 14", - "description": "Thomas Carson, reportedly a nephew of Kit Carson, is appointed to the Abilene police force under City Marshal 'Wild Bill' Hickok. After an incident with gunfighter John Wesley Hardin over Hardin's insistence on wearing his gun in public, Carson is hired briefly as deputy in Newton, Kansas before returning to Abilene in November. Carson and Deputy John W. 'Brocky Jack' Norton are fired from the police force on November 27 after assaulting a bartender." + "description": "Thomas Carson, reportedly a nephew of Kit Carson, is appointed to the Abilene police force under City Marshal 'Wild Bill' Hickok. After an incident with gunfighter John Wesley Hardin over Hardin's insistence on wearing his gun in public, Carson is hired briefly as deputy in Newton, Kansas before returning to Abilene in November. Carson and Deputy John W. 'Brocky Jack' Norton are fired from the police force on November 27 after assaulting a bartender.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Corydon, Iowa", "date": "June 30", - "description": "Shortly after robbing a nearby bank, Jesse James addresses a crowd at a political rally in Corydon, Iowa." + "description": "Shortly after robbing a nearby bank, Jesse James addresses a crowd at a political rally in Corydon, Iowa.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1871", "location": "Abilene, Kansas", "date": "October 5", - "description": "Professional gambler Phil Coe is involved in a shootout with Abilene City Marshal 'Wild Bill' Hickok after Hickok attempts to censor a painting of a bull with abnormally large genitals in Coe's saloon. Deputy Mike Williams is killed when Hickok accidentally shoots him, and Coe dies from his wounds four days later." + "description": "Professional gambler Phil Coe is involved in a shootout with Abilene City Marshal 'Wild Bill' Hickok after Hickok attempts to censor a painting of a bull with abnormally large genitals in Coe's saloon. Deputy Mike Williams is killed when Hickok accidentally shoots him, and Coe dies from his wounds four days later.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1872", @@ -1530,61 +1915,81 @@ const data= [ "year": "1872", "location": "Ellsworth, Kansas", "date": "", - "description": "Ellsworth, Kansas succeeds Abilene as the northern stopping point on the Old Texas cattle trail." + "description": "Ellsworth, Kansas succeeds Abilene as the northern stopping point on the Old Texas cattle trail.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1872", "location": "Santa Fe Railroad", "date": "", - "description": "Following the completion of the Santa Fe Railroad across the border of the Colorado Territory, the use of the Santa Fe Trail begins to decline, although Dodge City remains a major cattle town for the next decade. The Santa Fe Railroad also completes a rail line at Wichita, Kansas, causing a major population boom in the town over the next several years." + "description": "Following the completion of the Santa Fe Railroad across the border of the Colorado Territory, the use of the Santa Fe Trail begins to decline, although Dodge City remains a major cattle town for the next decade. The Santa Fe Railroad also completes a rail line at Wichita, Kansas, causing a major population boom in the town over the next several years.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1872", "location": "Yellowstone National Park", "date": "March 1", - "description": "Yellowstone is designated America's first national park by President Ulysses S. Grant." + "description": "Yellowstone is designated America's first national park by President Ulysses S. Grant.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1872", "location": "Klamath County, Oregon", "date": "November 29", - "description": "The Battle of Lost River results when the U.S. 1st Cavalry Regiment tries to force a band of Modoc Indians under Captain Jack to return to the Klamath Reservation in southern Oregon. In the subsequent Modoc War, a party of 53 Modoc warriors entrenched in the Lava Beds of northern California manages to hold off hundreds of U.S. soldiers for more than five months." + "description": "The Battle of Lost River results when the U.S. 1st Cavalry Regiment tries to force a band of Modoc Indians under Captain Jack to return to the Klamath Reservation in southern Oregon. In the subsequent Modoc War, a party of 53 Modoc warriors entrenched in the Lava Beds of northern California manages to hold off hundreds of U.S. soldiers for more than five months.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1872", "location": "Arizona", "date": "December 28", - "description": "U.S. Army cavalry under George Crook begin a campaign into Arizona's Tonto Basin by defeating the occupants of a Yavapai stronghold at the Battle of Salt River Canyon, part of the Yavapai War." + "description": "U.S. Army cavalry under George Crook begin a campaign into Arizona's Tonto Basin by defeating the occupants of a Yavapai stronghold at the Battle of Salt River Canyon, part of the Yavapai War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1873", "location": "Hartford, Connecticut", "date": "", - "description": "The Colt Single Action Army revolver is first manufactured. It later becomes known as 'The Gun That Won the West'." + "description": "The Colt Single Action Army revolver is first manufactured. It later becomes known as 'The Gun That Won the West'.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1873", "location": "Washington, DC", "date": "March 3", - "description": "Designed to encourage the cultivation of timber on the treeless Great Plains, the Timber Culture Act is signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant. A follow-up to the Homestead Act of 1862, it permits homesteaders to claim 160 acres of public land on which they have planted and maintained at least 40 acres of timber for a minimum of 10 years." + "description": "Designed to encourage the cultivation of timber on the treeless Great Plains, the Timber Culture Act is signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant. A follow-up to the Homestead Act of 1862, it permits homesteaders to claim 160 acres of public land on which they have planted and maintained at least 40 acres of timber for a minimum of 10 years.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1873", "location": "Tonto Basin, Arizona", "date": "March 27", - "description": "A combined force of U.S. Army soldiers and Apache Scouts wins another major victory over Yavapai and Tonto Apache warriors at the Battle of Turret Peak in central Arizona." + "description": "A combined force of U.S. Army soldiers and Apache Scouts wins another major victory over Yavapai and Tonto Apache warriors at the Battle of Turret Peak in central Arizona.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1873", "location": "Adair, Iowa", "date": "July 21", - "description": "The James–Younger Gang commits the first train robbery in the history of the West by derailing a locomotive of the Rock Island Line west of Adair, Iowa and stealing $3,000 from the express safe and passengers on board." + "description": "The James–Younger Gang commits the first train robbery in the history of the West by derailing a locomotive of the Rock Island Line west of Adair, Iowa and stealing $3,000 from the express safe and passengers on board.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1873", "location": "Smith County, Kansas", "date": "December 1", - "description": "'My Western Home', a poem by Dr. Brewster M. Higley, is first published in an issue of the Smith County Pioneer. It is set to music by Daniel E. Kelley and evolves into the classic western folk song 'Home on the Range', which is later adopted as the state song of Kansas." + "description": "'My Western Home', a poem by Dr. Brewster M. Higley, is first published in an issue of the Smith County Pioneer. It is set to music by Daniel E. Kelley and evolves into the classic western folk song 'Home on the Range', which is later adopted as the state song of Kansas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1873", @@ -1597,67 +2002,89 @@ const data= [ "year": "1874", "location": "Lincoln County, New Mexico", "date": "", - "description": "Outlaws Ceberiano and Reymundo Aguilar are killed during the Harrold War of Lincoln County, New Mexico." + "description": "Outlaws Ceberiano and Reymundo Aguilar are killed during the Harrold War of Lincoln County, New Mexico.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1874", "location": "St. Clair County, Missouri", "date": "March 17", - "description": "John Younger is killed when he and his brother Jim assault two undercover Pinkerton detectives and a local sheriff in St. Clair County, Missouri." + "description": "John Younger is killed when he and his brother Jim assault two undercover Pinkerton detectives and a local sheriff in St. Clair County, Missouri.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1874", "location": "Adobe Walls, Texas", "date": "June 27", - "description": "While occupying an old trading post in the Texas panhandle, 28 bison hunters including 21-year-old Bat Masterson are besieged by 700 Comanche warriors at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls." + "description": "While occupying an old trading post in the Texas panhandle, 28 bison hunters including 21-year-old Bat Masterson are besieged by 700 Comanche warriors at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1874", "location": "Morton County, South Dakota", "date": "July 1", - "description": "An expedition led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer embarks from Fort Abraham Lincoln to explore the previously uncharted Black Hills of present-day South Dakota. The expedition discovers placer gold, prompting a gold rush which draws thousands of settlers to the region over the next few years and thereby antagonizes the native Sioux inhabitants." + "description": "An expedition led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer embarks from Fort Abraham Lincoln to explore the previously uncharted Black Hills of present-day South Dakota. The expedition discovers placer gold, prompting a gold rush which draws thousands of settlers to the region over the next few years and thereby antagonizes the native Sioux inhabitants.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1874", "location": "Canyon, Texas", "date": "September 28", - "description": "The 4th U.S. Cavalry under Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie routs a large camp of Cheyenne, Comanche, and Kiowa Indians taking refuge in Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas panhandle." + "description": "The 4th U.S. Cavalry under Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie routs a large camp of Cheyenne, Comanche, and Kiowa Indians taking refuge in Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas panhandle.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1874", "location": "DeKalb, Illinois", "date": "November 24", - "description": "Joseph Glidden patents a type of barbed wire he calls 'The Winner', which becomes one of the most popular types in the country. His design is modified from a version patented by Henry B. Rose that was displayed at a county fair in Glidden's hometown of DeKalb, Illinois." + "description": "Joseph Glidden patents a type of barbed wire he calls 'The Winner', which becomes one of the most popular types in the country. His design is modified from a version patented by Henry B. Rose that was displayed at a county fair in Glidden's hometown of DeKalb, Illinois.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1874", "location": "Muncie, Kansas", "date": "December 8", - "description": "The James–Younger Gang robs a train on the Kansas Pacific Railroad near Muncie, Kansas, stealing $30,000." + "description": "The James–Younger Gang robs a train on the Kansas Pacific Railroad near Muncie, Kansas, stealing $30,000.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1875", "location": "Kearney, Missouri", "date": "January 25", - "description": "Pinkerton agents throw an incendiary device into Jesse James' family home in Kearney, Missouri, killing James' 9-year-old half-brother and badly wounding his mother." + "description": "Pinkerton agents throw an incendiary device into Jesse James' family home in Kearney, Missouri, killing James' 9-year-old half-brother and badly wounding his mother.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1875", "location": "New Mexico", "date": "August 8", - "description": "Jermin Aguirre is killed near the San Augin Ranch in the New Mexico Territory." + "description": "Jermin Aguirre is killed near the San Augin Ranch in the New Mexico Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1875", "location": "Tamaulipas, Mexico", "date": "November 19", - "description": "The Las Cuevas War is fought when Texas Rangers commanded by Leander McNelly engage Mexican militia in Tamaulipas in an attempt to return stolen cattle to U.S. territory." + "description": "The Las Cuevas War is fought when Texas Rangers commanded by Leander McNelly engage Mexican militia in Tamaulipas in an attempt to return stolen cattle to U.S. territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1876", "location": "Dodge City, Kansas", "date": "", - "description": "After being wounded in the hip during a gunfight in Sweetwater, Texas, Bat Masterson agrees to become assistant city marshal of Dodge City, Kansas." + "description": "After being wounded in the hip during a gunfight in Sweetwater, Texas, Bat Masterson agrees to become assistant city marshal of Dodge City, Kansas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1876", @@ -1670,7 +2097,9 @@ const data= [ "year": "1876", "location": "Montana", "date": "June 17", - "description": "General George Crook's forces are defeated by Crazy Horse at the Battle of the Rosebud. The defeat convinces Crook to withdraw from his planned offensive and await reinforcements." + "description": "General George Crook's forces are defeated by Crazy Horse at the Battle of the Rosebud. The defeat convinces Crook to withdraw from his planned offensive and await reinforcements.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1876", @@ -1683,97 +2112,129 @@ const data= [ "year": "1876", "location": "Denver, Colorado", "date": "August 1", - "description": "Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state." + "description": "Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1876", "location": "Deadwood, Dakota Territory", "date": "August 2", - "description": "'Wild Bill' Hickok is shot and killed by Jack McCall during a poker game in Deadwood, Dakota Territory." + "description": "'Wild Bill' Hickok is shot and killed by Jack McCall during a poker game in Deadwood, Dakota Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1876", "location": "Northfield, Minnesota", "date": "September 7", - "description": "Several members of the James–Younger Gang, including Cole Younger, are captured after the failed robbery of the First National Bank leads to a gunfight with bank employees and local residents in Northfield, Minnesota." + "description": "Several members of the James–Younger Gang, including Cole Younger, are captured after the failed robbery of the First National Bank leads to a gunfight with bank employees and local residents in Northfield, Minnesota.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1876", "location": "Dakota Territory", "date": "September 9", - "description": "In the first U.S. Army victory since the disaster at the Little Bighorn, a punitive expedition led by George Crook destroys an Oglala Lakota village led by Chief American Horse at the Battle of Slim Buttes in present-day South Dakota." + "description": "In the first U.S. Army victory since the disaster at the Little Bighorn, a punitive expedition led by George Crook destroys an Oglala Lakota village led by Chief American Horse at the Battle of Slim Buttes in present-day South Dakota.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Fort Robinson, Nebraska", "date": "May 5", - "description": "Crazy Horse surrenders to the U.S. Army at the Red Cloud Agency near Fort Robinson, Nebraska." + "description": "Crazy Horse surrenders to the U.S. Army at the Red Cloud Agency near Fort Robinson, Nebraska.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Idaho Territory", "date": "June 17", - "description": "Anticipating retaliation for recent crimes against white settlers and reluctant to move to a reservation, about 600 Nez Perce Indians led by Chief Joseph, Ollokot, and White Bird begin a long retreat from western Idaho with the U.S. Army in pursuit. They defeat their pursuers at the Battle of White Bird Canyon, and the Nez Perce War begins." + "description": "Anticipating retaliation for recent crimes against white settlers and reluctant to move to a reservation, about 600 Nez Perce Indians led by Chief Joseph, Ollokot, and White Bird begin a long retreat from western Idaho with the U.S. Army in pursuit. They defeat their pursuers at the Battle of White Bird Canyon, and the Nez Perce War begins.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Montana", "date": "August 9", - "description": "The Battle of the Big Hole is fought in the Montana Territory between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers under Col. John Gibbon." + "description": "The Battle of the Big Hole is fought in the Montana Territory between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers under Col. John Gibbon.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Fort Grant, Arizona", "date": "August 17", - "description": "At 17 years old, Henry McCarty, later known as 'Billy the Kid', shoots his first man, Frank 'Windy' Cahill, after Cahill wrestles him to the ground at a saloon near Fort Grant, Arizona. Cahill dies the following day." + "description": "At 17 years old, Henry McCarty, later known as 'Billy the Kid', shoots his first man, Frank 'Windy' Cahill, after Cahill wrestles him to the ground at a saloon near Fort Grant, Arizona. Cahill dies the following day.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Fort Robinson, Nebraska", "date": "September 5", - "description": "Four months after his surrender, Oglala war leader Crazy Horse is fatally stabbed with a bayonet by a U.S. Army soldier while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Fort Robinson." + "description": "Four months after his surrender, Oglala war leader Crazy Horse is fatally stabbed with a bayonet by a U.S. Army soldier while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Fort Robinson.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Big Springs, Nebraska", "date": "September 18", - "description": "A gang led by Sam Bass robs a Union Pacific train of more than $60,000 while it is stopped at a remote water station near present-day Big Springs, Nebraska." + "description": "A gang led by Sam Bass robs a Union Pacific train of more than $60,000 while it is stopped at a remote water station near present-day Big Springs, Nebraska.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Arizona", "date": "September 21", - "description": "Prospector Ed Schieffelin files his first mining claim after discovering silver ore on a high plateau between the San Pedro River and the Dragoon Mountains in southeastern Arizona Territory. He names his stake 'Tombstone'." + "description": "Prospector Ed Schieffelin files his first mining claim after discovering silver ore on a high plateau between the San Pedro River and the Dragoon Mountains in southeastern Arizona Territory. He names his stake 'Tombstone'.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "Montana", "date": "October 5", - "description": "Cornered at the Battle of Bear Paw, just 40 miles south of the Canadian border in the Montana Territory, Chief Joseph and his dwindling band of Nez Perce surrender to the U.S. Army under Generals Oliver O. Howard and Nelson A. Miles, ending the Nez Perce War." + "description": "Cornered at the Battle of Bear Paw, just 40 miles south of the Canadian border in the Montana Territory, Chief Joseph and his dwindling band of Nez Perce surrender to the U.S. Army under Generals Oliver O. Howard and Nelson A. Miles, ending the Nez Perce War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1877", "location": "San Elizario, Texas", "date": "December 17", - "description": "In the San Elizario Salt War, years of legal conflict over the application of individual mineral rights to traditionally community-held salt lakes near the Guadalupe Mountains reach a climax when a detachment of Texas Rangers surrenders to a popular army of Tejano citizens following a four-day siege in the town of San Elizario, Texas. More than a dozen people are killed in the exchange." + "description": "In the San Elizario Salt War, years of legal conflict over the application of individual mineral rights to traditionally community-held salt lakes near the Guadalupe Mountains reach a climax when a detachment of Texas Rangers surrenders to a popular army of Tejano citizens following a four-day siege in the town of San Elizario, Texas. More than a dozen people are killed in the exchange.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1878", "location": "Lincoln County, New Mexico", "date": "February 18", - "description": "New Mexico rancher John Tunstall is killed by a posse whose members include gunman Charles Wolz, beginning the Lincoln County War." + "description": "New Mexico rancher John Tunstall is killed by a posse whose members include gunman Charles Wolz, beginning the Lincoln County War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1878", "location": "Leadville, Colorado", "date": "February 18", - "description": "The town of Leadville is incorporated in Colorado." + "description": "The town of Leadville is incorporated in Colorado.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1878", "location": "Cimarron, New Mexico", "date": "June 18", - "description": "Nick Worthington, a well-known outlaw throughout New Mexico and Colorado, is killed by residents of Cimarron, New Mexico after killing several men and stealing horses." + "description": "Nick Worthington, a well-known outlaw throughout New Mexico and Colorado, is killed by residents of Cimarron, New Mexico after killing several men and stealing horses.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1878", @@ -1786,19 +2247,25 @@ const data= [ "year": "1879", "location": "New Mexico and Arizona Territories", "date": "", - "description": "Ike and Billy Clanton enlist William 'Curly Bill' Brocius and Johnny Ringo as they begin cattle rustling in the New Mexico and Arizona Territories." + "description": "Ike and Billy Clanton enlist William 'Curly Bill' Brocius and Johnny Ringo as they begin cattle rustling in the New Mexico and Arizona Territories.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1879", "location": "Chicago, Illinois", "date": "January", - "description": "Captain Marcus Reno, the highest-ranking officer to have survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn, is brought before a general court-martial but is acquitted of cowardice." + "description": "Captain Marcus Reno, the highest-ranking officer to have survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn, is brought before a general court-martial but is acquitted of cowardice.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1879", "location": "Dodge City, Kansas", "date": "April 5", - "description": "Gambler Frank Loving kills Levi Richardson in a gunfight at the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, Kansas." + "description": "Gambler Frank Loving kills Levi Richardson in a gunfight at the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, Kansas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1879", @@ -1811,55 +2278,73 @@ const data= [ "year": "1880", "location": "Fort Worth, Texas", "date": "", - "description": "George Alford is sentenced to five years imprisonment for murdering a sheriff in Fort Worth, Texas." + "description": "George Alford is sentenced to five years imprisonment for murdering a sheriff in Fort Worth, Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1880", "location": "Las Vegas, New Mexico", "date": "March 2", - "description": "James Allen kills James Moorehead after ordering eggs in a tavern in Las Vegas, New Mexico and, after escaping from prison for Moorehead's murder, is killed by a posse." + "description": "James Allen kills James Moorehead after ordering eggs in a tavern in Las Vegas, New Mexico and, after escaping from prison for Moorehead's murder, is killed by a posse.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1880", "location": "Tombstone, Arizona", "date": "May 1", - "description": "The Tombstone Epitaph prints its first issue in Tombstone, Arizona. It remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in the state." + "description": "The Tombstone Epitaph prints its first issue in Tombstone, Arizona. It remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in the state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1880", "location": "Hanford, California", "date": "May 11", - "description": "A dispute over land titles between settlers of California's San Joaquin Valley and the Southern Pacific Railroad leaves seven people dead in what is later called the Mussel Slough Tragedy." + "description": "A dispute over land titles between settlers of California's San Joaquin Valley and the Southern Pacific Railroad leaves seven people dead in what is later called the Mussel Slough Tragedy.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1880", "location": "Fort Sumner, New Mexico", "date": "December 19", - "description": "Tom O'Folliard, best friend of Billy the Kid, is shot and killed by members of Pat Garrett's posse in Fort Sumner, New Mexico." + "description": "Tom O'Folliard, best friend of Billy the Kid, is shot and killed by members of Pat Garrett's posse in Fort Sumner, New Mexico.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1880", "location": "Stinking Springs, New Mexico", "date": "December 23", - "description": "Charlie Bowdre, a member of Billy the Kid's gang, is shot and killed by members of Pat Garrett's posse at Stinking Springs, New Mexico." + "description": "Charlie Bowdre, a member of Billy the Kid's gang, is shot and killed by members of Pat Garrett's posse at Stinking Springs, New Mexico.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1880", "location": "Socorro, New Mexico", "date": "December 24", - "description": "Abran Baca kills A.M. Conklin in Socorro, New Mexico with several other outlaws, though he is acquitted the following year." + "description": "Abran Baca kills A.M. Conklin in Socorro, New Mexico with several other outlaws, though he is acquitted the following year.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1881", "location": "Phoenix, Arizona", "date": "February 5", - "description": "The city of Phoenix is incorporated in the Arizona Territory." + "description": "The city of Phoenix is incorporated in the Arizona Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1881", "location": "El Paso, Texas", "date": "April 14", - "description": "A gunfight involving El Paso, Texas Marshal Dallas Stoudenmire results in what witnesses recall as 'four dead in five seconds'." + "description": "A gunfight involving El Paso, Texas Marshal Dallas Stoudenmire results in what witnesses recall as 'four dead in five seconds'.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1881", @@ -1872,7 +2357,9 @@ const data= [ "year": "1881", "location": "Dakota Territory", "date": "August 5", - "description": "Crow Dog, a Lakota subchief on the Great Sioux Reservation, shoots and kills Chief Spotted Tail. Though the matter is settled by tribal custom, Crow Dog is sentenced to death under the laws of the Dakota Territory, only to be freed by a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court." + "description": "Crow Dog, a Lakota subchief on the Great Sioux Reservation, shoots and kills Chief Spotted Tail. Though the matter is settled by tribal custom, Crow Dog is sentenced to death under the laws of the Dakota Territory, only to be freed by a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1881", @@ -1885,127 +2372,169 @@ const data= [ "year": "1881", "location": "San Jose, California", "date": "December 13", - "description": "San Jose, California becomes the first city west of the Rocky Mountains with civic electric lighting when a 237-foot-tall moonlight tower is illuminated downtown." + "description": "San Jose, California becomes the first city west of the Rocky Mountains with civic electric lighting when a 237-foot-tall moonlight tower is illuminated downtown.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "Tombstone, Arizona", "date": "March 18", - "description": "Morgan Earp is shot and killed while playing billiards in Tombstone, Arizona. His assassination is linked to his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral." + "description": "Morgan Earp is shot and killed while playing billiards in Tombstone, Arizona. His assassination is linked to his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "Iron Springs, Arizona", "date": "March 24", - "description": "Outlaw William 'Curly Bill' Brocius is shot and killed by Wyatt Earp at Iron Springs in southeastern Arizona." + "description": "Outlaw William 'Curly Bill' Brocius is shot and killed by Wyatt Earp at Iron Springs in southeastern Arizona.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "St. Joseph, Missouri", "date": "April 3", - "description": "Jesse James is shot in the back of the head by Robert Ford, a new recruit to his gang, at his home in St. Joseph, Missouri." + "description": "Jesse James is shot in the back of the head by Robert Ford, a new recruit to his gang, at his home in St. Joseph, Missouri.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "Trinidad, Colorado", "date": "April 16", - "description": "John Allen mortally wounds Frank Loving during a shootout in Trinidad, Colorado." + "description": "John Allen mortally wounds Frank Loving during a shootout in Trinidad, Colorado.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "Washington, D.C.", "date": "May 6", - "description": "President Chester A. Arthur signs the Chinese Exclusion Act, which effects a near-complete ban on Chinese immigration and naturalization in the United States. The law is especially significant for the burgeoning railroad and mining industries in the West, which had previously relied largely on low-wage Chinese labor. Though the original act is set to expire in ten years, it is renewed in 1892 and again in 1902." + "description": "President Chester A. Arthur signs the Chinese Exclusion Act, which effects a near-complete ban on Chinese immigration and naturalization in the United States. The law is especially significant for the burgeoning railroad and mining industries in the West, which had previously relied largely on low-wage Chinese labor. Though the original act is set to expire in ten years, it is renewed in 1892 and again in 1902.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "Big Dry Wash, Arizona", "date": "July 17", - "description": "U.S. cavalry under Adna R. Chaffee and Andrew W. Evans pursue and defeat warriors of the White Mountain Apache tribe at the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory." + "description": "U.S. cavalry under Adna R. Chaffee and Andrew W. Evans pursue and defeat warriors of the White Mountain Apache tribe at the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1882", "location": "Tombstone, Arizona", "date": "November 14", - "description": "'Buckskin' Frank Leslie shoots and kills outlaw Billy Claiborne while bartending at the Oriental Saloon in Tombstone, Arizona." + "description": "'Buckskin' Frank Leslie shoots and kills outlaw Billy Claiborne while bartending at the Oriental Saloon in Tombstone, Arizona.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1883", "location": "Independence Creek, Montana", "date": "January 12", - "description": "The Southern section of the second transcontinental railroad line is completed." + "description": "The Southern section of the second transcontinental railroad line is completed.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1883", "location": "Montana", "date": "September 8", - "description": "The Northern Pacific Railroad is completed near Independence Creek in western Montana Territory, connecting St. Paul, Minnesota with the Washington Territory." + "description": "The Northern Pacific Railroad is completed near Independence Creek in western Montana Territory, connecting St. Paul, Minnesota with the Washington Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1883", "location": "Bisbee, Arizona", "date": "December 8", - "description": "In the Bisbee massacre, five outlaws rob a general store in Bisbee, Arizona and kill four people in the process." + "description": "In the Bisbee massacre, five outlaws rob a general store in Bisbee, Arizona and kill four people in the process.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1884", "location": "San Antonio, Texas", "date": "March 11", - "description": "Former lawmen Ben Thompson and John King Fisher are ambushed and killed by enemies of Thompson at the Jack Harris Vaudeville Saloon and Theater in San Antonio, Texas." + "description": "Former lawmen Ben Thompson and John King Fisher are ambushed and killed by enemies of Thompson at the Jack Harris Vaudeville Saloon and Theater in San Antonio, Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1884", "location": "Dodge City, Kansas", "date": "April 10", - "description": "Lawman William 'Bill' Tilghman is appointed city marshal of Dodge City, Kansas." + "description": "Lawman William 'Bill' Tilghman is appointed city marshal of Dodge City, Kansas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1884", "location": "District of Alaska", "date": "May 17", - "description": "The Department of Alaska is organized into the District of Alaska." + "description": "The Department of Alaska is organized into the District of Alaska.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1884", "location": "Reserve, New Mexico", "date": "December 1", - "description": "A 36-hour standoff begins in the town of Reserve, New Mexico when a posse of Texan cowboys confronts lawman Elfego Baca for having arrested an intoxicated cowboy." + "description": "A 36-hour standoff begins in the town of Reserve, New Mexico when a posse of Texan cowboys confronts lawman Elfego Baca for having arrested an intoxicated cowboy.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1885", "location": "Rock Springs, Wyoming", "date": "September 2", - "description": "Years of racial tension, aggravated by labor unrest over the preferential hiring of Chinese immigrants for very low wages, come to a head in the Rock Springs massacre, which leaves at least 28 Chinese coal miners dead at the hands of white miners in the town of Rock Springs, Wyoming. The riot touches off a wave of anti-Chinese violence across the country." + "description": "Years of racial tension, aggravated by labor unrest over the preferential hiring of Chinese immigrants for very low wages, come to a head in the Rock Springs massacre, which leaves at least 28 Chinese coal miners dead at the hands of white miners in the town of Rock Springs, Wyoming. The riot touches off a wave of anti-Chinese violence across the country.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1886", "location": "Coeur d’Alene, Idaho", "date": "", - "description": "Jack Langrishe, a popular western entertainer, is elected justice in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho." + "description": "Jack Langrishe, a popular western entertainer, is elected justice in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1886", "location": "Parral, Mexico", "date": "February 18", - "description": "Dave Rudabaugh, a former member of Billy the Kid's Dodge City Gang, is reportedly captured and decapitated by townspeople after terrorizing the village of Parral, Mexico." + "description": "Dave Rudabaugh, a former member of Billy the Kid's Dodge City Gang, is reportedly captured and decapitated by townspeople after terrorizing the village of Parral, Mexico.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1886", "location": "Tascosa, Texas", "date": "March 21", - "description": "The 'Big Fight' takes place in Tascosa, Texas, when three ex-members of Pat Garrett's 'Home Rangers' are killed by rival ranch hands and gunmen." + "description": "The 'Big Fight' takes place in Tascosa, Texas, when three ex-members of Pat Garrett's 'Home Rangers' are killed by rival ranch hands and gunmen.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1886", "location": "Fort Fred Steele, Wyoming", "date": "August 7", - "description": "Fort Fred Steele, used to protect railroads from local Native American tribes in the Wyoming Territory, is closed." + "description": "Fort Fred Steele, used to protect railroads from local Native American tribes in the Wyoming Territory, is closed.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1886", "location": "Fort Duchesne, Utah", "date": "August 20", - "description": "Fort Duchesne is officially opened by Major Frederick William Benteen in the Utah Territory." + "description": "Fort Duchesne is officially opened by Major Frederick William Benteen in the Utah Territory.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1886", @@ -2018,43 +2547,57 @@ const data= [ "year": "1886", "location": "Bellevue, Texas", "date": "December 1", - "description": "Brothers Jim and Rube Burrow rob their first train in Bellevue, Texas." + "description": "Brothers Jim and Rube Burrow rob their first train in Bellevue, Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1887", "location": "Great Plains", "date": "January 1", - "description": "The extremely harsh winter of 1886–87 devastates the American cattle industry, leading to the end of the open range era. As a result, cattle ranching is completely reorganized and the period of the great cattle drives is over." + "description": "The extremely harsh winter of 1886–87 devastates the American cattle industry, leading to the end of the open range era. As a result, cattle ranching is completely reorganized and the period of the great cattle drives is over.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1887", "location": "Washington, D.C.", "date": "February 8", - "description": "The Dawes Act is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, permitting the federal government to divide communal Native American lands into privately owned allotments and to grant United States citizenship to individual allottees. Intended as a way to modernize the reservation system and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society, the act forces the sale and redistribution of nearly 90 million acres of Indian lands in the West to white settlers and commercial interests over the next five decades." + "description": "The Dawes Act is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, permitting the federal government to divide communal Native American lands into privately owned allotments and to grant United States citizenship to individual allottees. Intended as a way to modernize the reservation system and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society, the act forces the sale and redistribution of nearly 90 million acres of Indian lands in the West to white settlers and commercial interests over the next five decades.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1887", "location": "Fort Worth, Texas", "date": "February 8", - "description": "Luke Short kills former Fort Worth, Texas Marshal Jim Courtright in a gunfight on the streets of Fort Worth. The shooting is ruled self-defense, since Courtright drew his pistol first." + "description": "Luke Short kills former Fort Worth, Texas Marshal Jim Courtright in a gunfight on the streets of Fort Worth. The shooting is ruled self-defense, since Courtright drew his pistol first.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1888", "location": "Dakota Territory, Nebraska, and Kansas", "date": "January 12", - "description": "A severe winter storm known as the Schoolhouse Blizzard kills more than 235 people across a vast area of the Great Plains including the Dakota Territory, Nebraska, and Kansas." + "description": "A severe winter storm known as the Schoolhouse Blizzard kills more than 235 people across a vast area of the Great Plains including the Dakota Territory, Nebraska, and Kansas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1888", "location": "Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde, Colorado", "date": "December 18", - "description": "Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law discover the Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado." + "description": "Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law discover the Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Cimarron, Kansas", "date": "January 12", - "description": "During the Gray County War, a shootout erupts in Cimarron, Kansas when a party led by Bill Tilghman raids the Old Gray County Courthouse in an attempt to bring the county records to the neighboring town of Ingalls." + "description": "During the Gray County War, a shootout erupts in Cimarron, Kansas when a party led by Bill Tilghman raids the Old Gray County Courthouse in an attempt to bring the county records to the neighboring town of Ingalls.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", @@ -2067,85 +2610,113 @@ const data= [ "year": "1889", "location": "Oklahoma", "date": "April 22", - "description": "An estimated 50,000 homesteaders rush to claim nearly two million acres of unoccupied land appropriated for public settlement from ceded Native American territory in what is now central Oklahoma. It is the first of several major land runs in the region." + "description": "An estimated 50,000 homesteaders rush to claim nearly two million acres of unoccupied land appropriated for public settlement from ceded Native American territory in what is now central Oklahoma. It is the first of several major land runs in the region.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Fort Thomas, Arizona", "date": "May 11", - "description": "U.S. Army paymaster Joseph W. Wham and his escort of eleven Buffalo Soldiers are ambushed and robbed of more than $28,000 in gold and silver coins by a posse of bandits on the road to Fort Thomas, Arizona Territory. The bandits are never captured." + "description": "U.S. Army paymaster Joseph W. Wham and his escort of eleven Buffalo Soldiers are ambushed and robbed of more than $28,000 in gold and silver coins by a posse of bandits on the road to Fort Thomas, Arizona Territory. The bandits are never captured.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Seattle, Washington", "date": "June 6", - "description": "The Great Seattle Fire destroys the entire central business district in Seattle, Washington Territory, eventually burning 25 city blocks and costing the city nearly $20 million." + "description": "The Great Seattle Fire destroys the entire central business district in Seattle, Washington Territory, eventually burning 25 city blocks and costing the city nearly $20 million.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Telluride, Colorado", "date": "June 24", - "description": "Outlaw Butch Cassidy robs his first bank in Telluride, Colorado before fleeing to the remote hideout of Robbers Roost." + "description": "Outlaw Butch Cassidy robs his first bank in Telluride, Colorado before fleeing to the remote hideout of Robbers Roost.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "The States of North and South Dakota", "date": "November 2", - "description": "North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states." + "description": "North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Globe, Arizona", "date": "November 2", - "description": "Eight imprisoned Apache renegades, including the Apache Kid, murder two sheriffs and escape into the desert during a prisoner transfer near Globe, Arizona." + "description": "Eight imprisoned Apache renegades, including the Apache Kid, murder two sheriffs and escape into the desert during a prisoner transfer near Globe, Arizona.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Helena, Montana", "date": "November 8", - "description": "Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state." + "description": "Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1889", "location": "Olympia, Washington", "date": "November 11", - "description": "Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state." + "description": "Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1890", "location": "Washington, D.C.", "date": "June 1", - "description": "Data collected for the Eleventh United States Census indicate that the spread of the population into unsettled areas has resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. The U.S. Census Bureau declares that it will no longer monitor westward migration in the country." + "description": "Data collected for the Eleventh United States Census indicate that the spread of the population into unsettled areas has resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. The U.S. Census Bureau declares that it will no longer monitor westward migration in the country.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1890", "location": "Boise, Idaho", "date": "July 3", - "description": "Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state." + "description": "Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1890", "location": "Cheyenna, Wyoming", "date": "July 10", - "description": "Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state." + "description": "Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1890", "location": "Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota", "date": "December 29", - "description": "More than 200 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux are killed at Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota when the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Colonel James W. Forsyth attempts to confiscate their weapons." + "description": "More than 200 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux are killed at Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota when the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Colonel James W. Forsyth attempts to confiscate their weapons.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1892", "location": "Powder River Country, Wyoming", "date": "April 8", - "description": "In the most violent episode of the Johnson County War, wealthy cattle barons of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and hired mercenaries invade the Powder River Country to persecute local ranchers on allegations of cattle rustling. A series of deadly stand-offs ensues before President Benjamin Harrison orders the 6th Cavalry Regiment to intervene. The conflict forces a reorganization of the cattle industry in Wyoming and becomes one of the most well-known range wars in the history of the West." + "description": "In the most violent episode of the Johnson County War, wealthy cattle barons of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and hired mercenaries invade the Powder River Country to persecute local ranchers on allegations of cattle rustling. A series of deadly stand-offs ensues before President Benjamin Harrison orders the 6th Cavalry Regiment to intervene. The conflict forces a reorganization of the cattle industry in Wyoming and becomes one of the most well-known range wars in the history of the West.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1892", "location": "Tempe, Arizona", "date": "August 2", - "description": "Tom Graham, the last male member of the Graham family, is killed by Edwin Tewksbury in Tempe, Arizona, concluding the Pleasant Valley War." + "description": "Tom Graham, the last male member of the Graham family, is killed by Edwin Tewksbury in Tempe, Arizona, concluding the Pleasant Valley War.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1892", @@ -2158,43 +2729,57 @@ const data= [ "year": "1893", "location": "Butte, Montana", "date": "May 15", - "description": "Provoked by the previous year's strike in Coeur d'Alene, coal miners establish the Western Federation of Miners in Butte, Montana." + "description": "Provoked by the previous year's strike in Coeur d'Alene, coal miners establish the Western Federation of Miners in Butte, Montana.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1893", "location": "Visalia, California", "date": "June 11", - "description": "Following a ten-month manhunt, local train robbers John Sontag and Chris Evans are wounded during a shootout with a posse of lawmen on a ranch north of Visalia, California. Both outlaws are eventually captured, and Sontag dies of his wounds three weeks later." + "description": "Following a ten-month manhunt, local train robbers John Sontag and Chris Evans are wounded during a shootout with a posse of lawmen on a ranch north of Visalia, California. Both outlaws are eventually captured, and Sontag dies of his wounds three weeks later.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1893", "location": "Tres Jacales, Mexico", "date": "June 30", - "description": "Captain Frank Jones is killed when he and a party of Texas Rangers searching for a gang of Mexican cattle rustlers are ambushed near the border town of Tres Jacales." + "description": "Captain Frank Jones is killed when he and a party of Texas Rangers searching for a gang of Mexican cattle rustlers are ambushed near the border town of Tres Jacales.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1893", "location": "Ingalls, Oklahoma", "date": "September 1", - "description": "Three deputy U.S. Marshals and two civilians are killed in a shootout with members of the Doolin–Dalton Gang in the town of Ingalls, Oklahoma Territory. All of the outlaws manage to escape." + "description": "Three deputy U.S. Marshals and two civilians are killed in a shootout with members of the Doolin–Dalton Gang in the town of Ingalls, Oklahoma Territory. All of the outlaws manage to escape.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1893", "location": "Denver, Colorado", "date": "November 7", - "description": "Women in Colorado are granted the right to vote." + "description": "Women in Colorado are granted the right to vote.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1894", "location": "New Orleans, LA to Los Angeles, CA", "date": "November 1", - "description": "Sunset Limited service opened on the second transcontinental route by Southern Pacific Railroad." + "description": "Sunset Limited service opened on the second transcontinental route by Southern Pacific Railroad.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1895", "location": "El Paso, Texas", "date": "August 19", - "description": "Outlaw John Wesley Hardin is shot and killed by John Selman at the Acme Saloon in El Paso, Texas." + "description": "Outlaw John Wesley Hardin is shot and killed by John Selman at the Acme Saloon in El Paso, Texas.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1896", @@ -2202,7 +2787,7 @@ const data= [ "date": "January 4", "description": "Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.", "media": require("../images/1896_Utah_State_Seal.png"), - "alt": "The Seal of the State of Utah" + "alt": "The Great Seal of the State of Utah" }, { "year": "1896", @@ -2224,7 +2809,9 @@ const data= [ "year": "1896", "location": "Montpelier, Idaho", "date": "August 13", - "description": "Butch Cassidy, Elzy Lay, Harvey 'Kid Curry' Logan, and Bob Meeks rob a bank in Montpelier, Idaho." + "description": "Butch Cassidy, Elzy Lay, Harvey 'Kid Curry' Logan, and Bob Meeks rob a bank in Montpelier, Idaho.", +"media": "", +"alt": "" }, { "year": "1896", @@ -2344,7 +2931,7 @@ const data= [ "date": "November 16", "description": "Oklahoma is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.", "media": require("../images/1907_Oklahoma_State_Seal.png"), - "alt": "The Seal of the State of Oklahoma" + "alt": "The Great Seal of the State of Oklahoma" }, { "year": "1908", @@ -2368,7 +2955,7 @@ const data= [ "date": "January 6", "description": "New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.", "media": require("../images/1912_New_Mexico_State_Seal.png"), - "alt": "The Seal of the State of New Mexico" + "alt": "The Great Seal of the State of New Mexico" }, { "year": "1912", @@ -2376,7 +2963,7 @@ const data= [ "date": "February 14", "description": "Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state. It is the last state to be admitted to the Union during the Old West era.", "media": require("../images/1912_Arizona_State_Seal.png"), - "alt": "The Seal of the State of Arizona" + "alt": "The Great Seal of the State of Arizona" }, { "year": "1912",