Migration model-Biological model Migration.bib

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@article{Walcott1971,
author = {Walcott, C. and Michener, M.C.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Walcott, Michener{\_}1971{\_}Sun navigation in homing pigeons—attempts to shift sun coordinates.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
pages = {291--316},
title = {{Sun navigation in homing pigeons—attempts to shift sun coordinates}},
url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237552244{\_}SUN{\_}NAVIGATION{\_}IN{\_}HOMING{\_}PIGEONSATTEMPTS{\_}TO{\_}SHIFT{\_}SUN{\_}COORDINATES/file/e0b49525eecd720d42.pdf},
volume = {54},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Jenni2003c,
abstract = {As a response to increasing spring temperature in temperate regions in recent years, populations of many plant and animal species, including migratory birds, have advanced the seasonal start of their reproduction or growth. However, the effects of climate changes on subsequent events of the annual cycle remain poorly understood. We investigated long-term changes in the timing of autumn migration in birds, a key event in the annual cycle limiting the reproductive period. Using data spanning a 42-year period, we analysed long-term changes in the passage of 65 species of migratory birds through Western Europe. The autumn passage of migrants wintering south of the Sahara has advanced in recent years, presumably as a result of selection pressure to cross the Sahel before its seasonal dry period. In contrast, migrants wintering north of the Sahara have delayed autumn passage. In addition, species with a variable rather than a fixed number of broods per year have delayed passage, possibly because they are free to attempt more broods. Recent climate changes seem to have a simple unidirectional effect on the seasonal onset of reproduction, but complex and opposing effects on the timing of subsequent events in the annual cycle, depending on the ecology and life history of a species. This complicates predictions of overall effects of global warming on avian communities.},
author = {Jenni, L. and K{\'{e}}ry, M.},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2003.2394},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Jenni, K{\'{e}}ry{\_}2003{\_}Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migr.pdf:pdf;:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Jenni, K{\'{e}}ry{\_}2003{\_}Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance m(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {Animal,Animals,Birds,Birds: physiology,Chronobiology Phenomena,Climate,Emigration and Immigration,Europe,Greenhouse Effect,Seasons,Sexual Behavior},
month = {jul},
number = {1523},
pages = {1467--1471},
pmid = {12965011},
title = {{Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1691393{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {270},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Visser2010,
abstract = {Phenology refers to the periodic appearance of life-cycle events and currently receives abundant attention as the effects of global change on phenology are so apparent. Phenology as a discipline observes these events and relates their annual variation to variation in climate. But phenology is also studied in other disciplines, each with their own perspective. Evolutionary ecologists study variation in seasonal timing and its fitness consequences, whereas chronobiologists emphasize the periodic nature of life-cycle stages and their underlying timing programmes (e.g. circannual rhythms). The (neuro-) endocrine processes underlying these life-cycle events are studied by physiologists and need to be linked to genes that are explored by molecular geneticists. In order to fully understand variation in phenology, we need to integrate these different perspectives, in particular by combining evolutionary and mechanistic approaches. We use avian research to characterize different perspectives and to highlight integration that has already been achieved. Building on this work, we outline a route towards uniting the different disciplines in a single framework, which may be used to better understand and, more importantly, to forecast climate change impacts on phenology.},
annote = {Intro







- some species show extreme reliability in year-to-year phenology (i.e. birds) while others show great variation between years. 
- temperate zone, temperature usually the best predictor of phenology.
- needed -- ability to predict phenology shifts well outside the current projected range of observed data to address climate change. Hence, we need a unified framework that incorporates an ecological and evolutionary prospective. 
- look up -- cirannual thythms.







Different Perspectives







-Phenologists -- record life-cycle events over long periods of time and relate the inter-annual variations to climatic variables.
- focus on seasonal recurrence in its own right.
- focus on first individuals or population mean rather than variation among individuals of the population.
- Individual approach -- The date that something happens is a phenotype and should be treated accordingly.
- variation in date will be the result of phenotypic plastisity and is this shaped by the interaction between the genotype and the environment.
- Evolutionary ecologist -- refer to it as "seasonal timing." Emphasize variation among individuals within years and between years. 
- "birds have been selected for their ability to have their chicks in the nest at the time of peak food abundance." -- I think the link to evolution is correct, but I don't think it has as much to do with food as it does with temperature. 
- have birds evoloved the ability to CORRECTLY interpret proximate cues (interpreted well before the actual breeding event) to hit a particular optimal date?
- cues should provide the ability to predict the future environment under which the phenotype will be selected. Including: conspecific and multi-trophic interactions. 
- these cues must actually be a suite of cues on a multi-dimensional enivronmental axis. 
- Mainly study organisms in the wild to observe fitness benifits and selection events on timing.
- Physiologists -- how do the changes within annual cycles causally come about? How can environmental cues adjust morphology, physiology, and behaviour over an annual schedule?
- strong emphasis on photoperiod. 
- hypothalamo-pituitary-honadal (HPG) axis is the well studied mechanism for translating photoperiod cues to behavioral action in birds.
- shown that temp, social, moisture, and food availability cues are also important, but the mechanism for translation is not as well known as the HPG axis.
- most of this work is done at the individual behavioral level, in a lab.
- test usually conducted under controlled temp (usually warmer than natural conditions and constant) with a heavy bias toward males rather than females (because females usually don't reach full reproductive maturity in captivity). 
- one useful proxy used in field experiments is gonadal development rather than actual egg laying. 
- Chronobiologist -- focus on internal timing programmes that enable organisms to cope with, and anticipate, geophysical cycles in the enivronment.
- this is the internal clock that persists even without external cues. 
-work on daily or yearly cycles
- seperate period (length of cycle) from phase (time when that cycle occurs). 
- less interested in variation between years or individuals 
- focus on avvual cycle and variation over the year.
- events occur based on the interplay between internal time-structuring and environmental cues. 
- seasonal clock determines how sensitive an animal is to external cues. The individual will respond to cues during some times of the year and not others. 
- for birds -- the circadian clock internally references 24 hours for the bird to compare the photoperiod to, to determine if a day is "long" (larger proportion of 24) or "short" (smaller proportion of 24). 
- If the bird is in the correct phase for photostimulation, a cascade of gene expression starts. 
- includes citations for comparisons of this process between different taxa. 
- Molecular Geneticist -- what are the genes controlling timing and how do those genes vary between individuals.
- have shown that a latitudinal gradient exists in the mean repeat lenght (more repeats at hight lats) exists in the one known candidate gene for timing. 
- females with shorter repeat lengths layed eggs earlier. 
- these studies completely absent in wild birds. 
- OTL studies are monitoring gene expression to try to find the genes controlling these cycles. Looking at both the genes that do the work and the genes that set that work into motion. 







Integration toward a single framework







- evolution is the primary controlling force. phenotype controlled by selection.
-relatively small changes in reproduction date have large fitness consequences. 
-because fitness consequences depend on a species' ecology, and the particular environment, "there is no single mechanism that fits all species."
-- I don't think this is exactly true... I'm trying to define the environment 
within with species or individual 
compete and set their date.
-a crucial step is taking account of variation between species or populations, as well as between individuals with a population. 
- 



















































animals must use cues to predict selection



















































. 
- so, the animal will use a cue that predicts indirect effects. i.e. precip -{\textgreater} grass -{\textgreater} food source.
- quails require a combined reduction in temperature and photoperiod to stop reproduction entirely. 
- the same temperature can have a stronger effect on a species during longer photoperiod than shorter photoperiod. 
- in very long photoperiods, individuals can breed under very low abient temperatures. 
- if things go wrong and you lay out of optimal zone or a severe weather event takes place, then individuals may switch to an emergency life-history stage. 
- phenotypic reaction norm -- a distribution where the breadth determines how broadly selection can act on a trait and the hight determines how strongly selection can act on a trait. 
- selection can not act on the translation and response to cues, not on date itself. probably also works on a suite of traits rather than a specific one.
-- similarities to spatial movement. 
We sense our location based on cues, 
not the location itself.
- the cues do not happen in the same environment as the reproduction. Again, prediction. 
- 














only if the environment of selection is predicted by an environmental variable can it serve as a predictive cue














. 








- Blue tit case study.








- Outlook -- where to go from here.
- climate change is effecting phenology, but how and why?
- If climate change affets the environmental variables that serve as cues differently from the from the environmental variables that form the environment at the time of selection, then the response to climate change will no longer be adaptive. Cues lose their predictive value. 
- for things to survive climate change, their phenotypic plasticity must be greater than the change in the environment.
- does learning play a role over the lifetime of individuals? probably...},
author = {Visser, M.E. and Caro, S.P.},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2010.0111},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Visser, Caro{\_}2010{\_}Phenology, seasonal timing and circannual rhythms towards a unified framework.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1471-2970},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {avian reproduction,circannual rhythms,molecular genetics,phenology,reproductive physiology,seasonal timing},
month = {oct},
number = {1555},
pages = {3113--3127},
pmid = {20819807},
title = {{Phenology, seasonal timing and circannual rhythms: towards a unified framework}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819807 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1555/3113.short},
volume = {365},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Torney2010,
abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that drive specialization and speciation within initially homogeneous populations is a fundamental challenge for evolutionary theory. It is an issue of relevance for significant open questions in biology concerning the generation and maintenance of biodiversity, the origins of reciprocal cooperation, and the efficient division of labor in social or colonial organisms. Several mathematical frameworks have been developed to address this question and models based on evolutionary game theory or the adaptive dynamics of phenotypic mutation have demonstrated the emergence of polymorphic, specialized populations. Here we focus on a ubiquitous biological phenomenon, migration. Individuals in our model may evolve the capacity to detect and follow an environmental cue that indicates a preferred migration route. The strategy space is defined by the level of investment in acquiring personal information about this route or the alternative tendency to follow the direction choice of others. The result is a relation between the migratory process and a game theoretic dynamic that is generally applicable to situations where information may be considered a public good. Through the use of an approximation of social interactions, we demonstrate the emergence of a stable, polymorphic population consisting of an uninformed subpopulation that is dependent upon a specialized group of leaders. The branching process is classified using the techniques of adaptive dynamics.},
author = {Torney, Colin J and Levin, Simon a and Couzin, Iain D},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1014316107},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Torney, Levin, Couzin{\_}2010{\_}Specialization and evolutionary branching within migratory populations.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1091-6490},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
month = {nov},
number = {47},
pages = {20394--20399},
pmid = {21059935},
title = {{Specialization and evolutionary branching within migratory populations.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059935},
volume = {107},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Sachs2009,
author = {Sachs, Gottfried},
doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2008.10.009},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Sachs{\_}2009{\_}Speed stability in birds.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0025-5564},
journal = {Mathematical biosciences},
number = {1},
pages = {1--6},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Speed stability in birds}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2008.10.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025556408001612},
volume = {219},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Buonomano2007,
author = {Buonomano, D.V.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Buonomano{\_}2007{\_}The biology of time across different scales.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Nature Chemical Biology},
number = {10},
pages = {594--597},
title = {{The biology of time across different scales}},
url = {http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/mcb572/pdfs 2007/buomono time.pdf},
volume = {3},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Kronfeld-Schor2003,
author = {Kronfeld-Schor, Noga and Dayan, Tamar},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Kronfeld-Schor, Dayan{\_}2003{\_}Partitioning of time as an ecological resource.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1543-592X},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
keywords = {abstract animal species have,circadian rhythms,co-,competition,evolutionary constraints,evolved different diel activity,of adaptive value,predation,rhythms that are,temporal partitioning,temporal partitioning may facilitate,theory suggests that diel},
number = {1},
pages = {153--181},
title = {{Partitioning of time as an ecological resource}},
url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146{\%}252Fannurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435 http://www.jstor.org/stable/30033773},
volume = {34},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Hedenstrom2002,
abstract = {Animal flight poses intriguing questions about biological adaptation, from how flight could have evolved to the morphological and physiological designs that enable flight to occur. Aerodynamic theory provides ecologists with a useful tool for understanding the basic physics of flight, but analysing flapping flight aerodynamics in birds is difficult, with interesting physiological complications. Recent research, using sophisticated techniques, has generated new and exciting insights about the evolution of flight, the function of tails and the ecological adaptations to a flying lifestyle.},
author = {Hedenstr{\"{o}}m, Anders},
doi = {10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02568-5},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Hedenstr{\_}2002{\_}Aerodynamics , evolution and ecology of avian flight.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0169-5347},
issn = {01695347},
journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
number = {9},
pages = {415--422},
title = {{Aerodynamics, evolution and ecology of avian flight}},
volume = {17},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Quillfeldt2010,
abstract = {Pelagic seabird populations can use several discrete wintering areas, but it is unknown if individuals use the same wintering area year after year. This would have consequences for their population genetic structure and conservation. We here study the faithfulness of individuals to a moulting area within and among years in a small pelagic seabird, the Thin-billed prion, which moult their primary feathers during the early part of the non-breeding period. According to stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) of these feathers, 90{\%} of Thin-billed prions moult in Antarctic and 10{\%} in South American waters. Repeated samples from individuals in 2 or 3 years indicated that several birds changed between Antarctic and South American moulting areas or vice versa. However, individuals moulting in an area in one year were more likely to do so again. Four out of five adults maintained highly conserved delta(13)C over the extended moulting period. One bird, however, had systematic changes in delta(13)C indicating latitudinal movements between the two areas during moult. Thus, the present data show that this seabird species has a highly flexible migratory strategy, not only at the population level, but also at the individual level, enabling these seabirds to exploit a highly unpredictable environment.},
author = {Quillfeldt, Petra and Voigt, Christian C and Masello, Juan F},
doi = {10.1007/s00265-010-0931-2},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Quillfeldt, Voigt, Masello{\_}2010{\_}Plasticity versus repeatability in seabird migratory behaviour.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0340-5443},
journal = {Behavioral ecology and sociobiology},
keywords = {microevolution,migration,pachyptila belcheri,procellariiformes,seabirds,stable isotope analysis},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1157--1164},
pmid = {20585381},
title = {{Plasticity versus repeatability in seabird migratory behaviour.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2885296{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {64},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Shaffer2006,
abstract = {Electronic tracking tags have revolutionized our understanding of broad-scale movements and habitat use of highly mobile marine animals, but a large gap in our knowledge still remains for a wide range of small species. Here, we report the extraordinary transequatorial postbreeding migrations of a small seabird, the sooty shearwater, obtained with miniature archival tags that log data for estimating position, dive depth, and ambient temperature. Tracks (262+/-23 days) reveal that shearwaters fly across the entire Pacific Ocean in a figure-eight pattern while traveling 64,037+/-9,779 km roundtrip, the longest animal migration ever recorded electronically. Each shearwater made a prolonged stopover in one of three discrete regions off Japan, Alaska, or California before returning to New Zealand through a relatively narrow corridor in the central Pacific Ocean. Transit rates as high as 910+/-186 km.day-1 were recorded, and shearwaters accessed prey resources in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere's most productive waters from the surface to 68.2 m depth. Our results indicate that sooty shearwaters integrate oceanic resources throughout the Pacific Basin on a yearly scale. Sooty shearwater populations today are declining, and because they operate on a global scale, they may serve as an important indicator of climate change and ocean health.},
author = {Shaffer, S.A. and Tremblay, Y. and Weimerskirch, H. and Scott, D. and Thompson, D.R. and Sagar, P.M. and Moller, Henrik and Taylor, Graeme a and Foley, David G and Block, Barbara a and Costa, Daniel P},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0603715103},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Shaffer et al.{\_}2006{\_}Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
keywords = {Animal Identification Systems,Animal Migration,Animal Migration: physiology,Animals,Birds,Birds: physiology,Pacific Ocean,Rain,Seasons},
month = {aug},
number = {34},
pages = {12799--12802},
pmid = {16908846},
title = {{Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1568927{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://www.pnas.org/content/103/34/12799.short},
volume = {103},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Webb1987,
author = {Webb, D. R.},
doi = {10.2307/1368537},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop//Webb{\_}1987{\_}Thermal Tolerance of Avian Embryos A Review.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00105422},
journal = {The Condor},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {874},
title = {{Thermal Tolerance of Avian Embryos: A Review}},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-5422{\%}2528198711{\%}252989{\%}253A4{\%}253C874{\%}253ATTOAEA{\%}253E2.0.CO{\%}253B2-Q{\&}origin=crossref},
volume = {89},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Bakken1992,
author = {Bakken, GS},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bakken{\_}1992{\_}Measurement and Application of Operative and Standard Operative Temperatures in Ecology.pdf:pdf},
journal = {American Zoologist},
number = {2},
pages = {194--216},
title = {{Measurement and Application of Operative and Standard Operative Temperatures in Ecology}},
url = {http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/2/194.short},
volume = {32},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Rohwer2009,
abstract = {We used allometric scaling to explain why the regular replacement of the primary flight feathers requires disproportionately more time for large birds. Primary growth rate scales to mass (M) as M(0.171), whereas the summed length of the primaries scales almost twice as fast (M(0.316)). The ratio of length (mm) to rate (mm/day), which would be the time needed to replace all the primaries one by one, increases as the 0.14 power of mass (M(0.316)/M(0.171) = M(0.145)), illustrating why the time required to replace the primaries is so important to life history evolution in large birds. Smaller birds generally replace all their flight feathers annually, but larger birds that fly while renewing their primaries often extend the primary molt over two or more years. Most flying birds exhibit one of three fundamentally different modes of primary replacement, and the size distributions of birds associated with these replacement modes suggest that birds that replace their primaries in a single wave of molt cannot approach the size of the largest flying birds without first transitioning to a more complex mode of primary replacement. Finally, we propose two models that could account for the 1/6 power allometry between feather growth rate and body mass, both based on a length-to-surface relationship that transforms the linear, cylindrical growing region responsible for producing feather tissue into an essentially two-dimensional structure. These allometric relationships offer a general explanation for flight feather replacement requiring disproportionately more time for large birds.},
author = {Rohwer, Sievert and Ricklefs, Robert E and Rohwer, Vanya G and Copple, Michelle M},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000132},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Rohwer et al.{\_}2009{\_}Allometry of the duration of flight feather molt in birds(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {1545-7885},
journal = {PLoS biology},
keywords = {Animals,Birds,Birds: anatomy {\&} histology,Birds: growth {\&} development,Body Size,Feathers,Feathers: anatomy {\&} histology,Feathers: growth {\&} development,Flight, Animal,Molting,Molting: physiology,Organ Size,Time Factors},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {e1000132},
pmid = {19529759},
title = {{Allometry of the duration of flight feather molt in birds.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2690433{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {7},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lowery1966,
author = {Lowery, GH and Newman, RJ},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Lowery, Newman{\_}1966{\_}A Continentwide View of Bird Migration on Four Nights in October.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Auk},
number = {4},
pages = {547--586},
title = {{A Continentwide View of Bird Migration on Four Nights in October}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4083149},
volume = {83},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Bejan2010,
abstract = {Constructal theory is the view that (i) the generation of images of design (pattern, rhythm) in nature is a phenomenon of physics and (ii) this phenomenon is covered by a principle (the constructal law): 'for a finite-size flow system to persist in time (to live) it must evolve such that it provides greater and greater access to the currents that flow through it'. This law is about the necessity of design to occur, and about the time direction of the phenomenon: the tape of the design evolution 'movie' runs such that existing configurations are replaced by globally easier flowing configurations. The constructal law has two useful sides: the prediction of natural phenomena and the strategic engineering of novel architectures, based on the constructal law, i.e. not by mimicking nature. We show that the emergence of scaling laws in inanimate (geophysical) flow systems is the same phenomenon as the emergence of allometric laws in animate (biological) flow systems. Examples are lung design, animal locomotion, vegetation, river basins, turbulent flow structure, self-lubrication and natural multi-scale porous media. This article outlines the place of the constructal law as a self-standing law in physics, which covers all the ad hoc (and contradictory) statements of optimality such as minimum entropy generation, maximum entropy generation, minimum flow resistance, maximum flow resistance, minimum time, minimum weight, uniform maximum stresses and characteristic organ sizes. Nature is configured to flow and move as a conglomerate of 'engine and brake' designs.},
author = {Bejan, Adrian and Lorente, Sylvie},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2009.0302},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bejan, Lorente{\_}2010{\_}The constructal law of design and evolution in nature.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1471-2970},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {Animals,Biological Evolution,Ecosystem,Entropy,Humans,Models,Nature,Physics,Rivers,Systems Theory,Technology,Theoretical,Thermodynamics},
month = {may},
number = {1545},
pages = {1335--47},
pmid = {20368252},
title = {{The constructal law of design and evolution in nature}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871904{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1545/1335.short},
volume = {365},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Bakken2001,
author = {Bakken, GS and Boysen, AF and Korschgen, Carl E. and Kenow, Kevin P. and Lima, Steven L.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bakken et al.{\_}2001{\_}Design and performance of a rugged standard operative temperature thermometer for avian studies.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Thermal {\ldots}},
keywords = {air temperature,instrumentation,microclimate,standard operative temperature,thermal sensor,thermoregulation,wind},
pages = {595--604},
title = {{Design and performance of a rugged standard operative temperature thermometer for avian studies}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456501000067},
volume = {26},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Smith2003a,
author = {Smith, JDH},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Smith{\_}2003{\_}Time in biology and physics.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Nature of Time: Geometry, Physics and Perception},
pages = {1--8},
title = {{Time in biology and physics}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-0155-7{\_}15},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Bakken1980,
author = {Bakken, GS},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bakken{\_}1980{\_}The Use of Standard Operative Temperature in the Study of the Thermal Energetics of Birds.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Physiological Zoology},
number = {1},
pages = {108--119},
title = {{The Use of Standard Operative Temperature in the Study of the Thermal Energetics of Birds}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/30155779},
volume = {53},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Dzialowski2005,
author = {Dzialowski, EM},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2005.01.005},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Dzialowski{\_}2005{\_}Use of operative temperature and standard operative temperature models in thermal biology.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
keywords = {ecology,ectotherm,endotherm,energetics,operative temperature,standard operative temperature,thermoregulation},
pages = {317--334},
title = {{Use of operative temperature and standard operative temperature models in thermal biology}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456505000185},
volume = {30},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Emlen1967a,
author = {Emlen, S.T.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Emlen{\_}1967{\_}MIGRATORY ORIENTATION IN THE INDIGO BUNTING, PASSERINA CYANEA PART I EVIDENCE FOR USE OF CELESTIAL CUES.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Auk},
number = {3},
pages = {309--342},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{MIGRATORY ORIENTATION IN THE INDIGO BUNTING, PASSERINA CYANEA PART I: EVIDENCE FOR USE OF CELESTIAL CUES}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4083084},
volume = {84},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Emlen1967,
author = {Emlen, S.T.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Emlen{\_}1967{\_}MIGRATORY ORIENTATION IN THE INDIGO BUNTING, PASSERINA CYANEA PART II MECHANISM OF CELESTIAL ORIENTATION.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Auk},
number = {4},
pages = {463--489},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{MIGRATORY ORIENTATION IN THE INDIGO BUNTING, PASSERINA CYANEA PART II: MECHANISM OF CELESTIAL ORIENTATION}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4083330},
volume = {84},
year = {1967}
}
@article{OConnor2000,
author = {O'Connor, MP},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/O'Connor{\_}2000{\_}Extracting operative temperatures from temperatures of physical models with thermal inertia.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1215895127},
journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
keywords = {body temperature,cooling,heating,operative temperature,operative temperature models,reptile,thermoregulation},
pages = {329--343},
title = {{Extracting operative temperatures from temperatures of physical models with thermal inertia}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456599001023},
volume = {25},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Field1998,
author = {Field, C. B.},
doi = {10.1126/science.281.5374.237},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Field{\_}1998{\_}Primary Production of the Biosphere Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Science},
month = {jul},
number = {5374},
pages = {237--240},
title = {{Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.281.5374.237},
volume = {281},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Bakken1974,
author = {Bakken, G.S. and Gates, D.M. and Strunk, T.H. and Kleiber, M.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bakken et al.{\_}1974{\_}Linearized heat transfer relations in biology.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Science},
number = {4128},
pages = {976--978},
title = {{Linearized heat transfer relations in biology}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/183/4128/976.short},
volume = {183},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Altizer2011,
author = {Altizer, S. and Bartel, R. and Han, B. a.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1194694},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Altizer, Bartel, Han{\_}2011{\_}Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {jan},
number = {6015},
pages = {296--302},
title = {{Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1194694},
volume = {331},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Aulie1971,
author = {Aulie, A},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Aulie{\_}1971{\_}Body temperatures in pigeons and budgerigars during sustained flight.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: {\ldots}},
pages = {173--176},
title = {{Body temperatures in pigeons and budgerigars during sustained flight}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0300962971900740},
volume = {39},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Black1980,
author = {Black, CP and Tenney, SM},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Black, Tenney{\_}1980{\_}Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia IN HIGH-ALTITUDE AND SEA-LEVEL WATERFOWL.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Respiration physiology},
pages = {217--239},
title = {{Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia IN HIGH-ALTITUDE AND SEA-LEVEL WATERFOWL}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0034568780900468},
volume = {8},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Piersma1995,
abstract = {Knots Calidris canutus live highly seasonal lives, breeding solitarily on high arctic tundra and spending the non-breeding season in large social flocks in temperate to tropical estuaries. Their reproductive activities and physiological preparations for long flights are reflected in pronounced plumage and body mass changes, even in long-term captives of the islandica subspecies (breeding in north Greenland and northeast Canada and wintering in western Europe) studied in outdoor aviaries. The three to four fattening episodes in April-July in connection with the flights to and from the high arctic breeding grounds by free-living birds, are represented by a single period of high body mass, peaking between late May and early July in a sample of ten captive islandica knots studied over four years. There are consistent and synchronized annual variations in basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance in three islandica knots. Basal metabolic rate was highest during the summer body mass peak. Within the examined individuals, basal metabolic rate scales on body mass with an exponent of about 1.4, probably reflecting a general hypertrophy of metabolically expensive muscles and organs. Any potential effect of moult on basal metabolic rate was obscured by the large seasonal mass-associated variations. In breeding plumage, insulation (the inverse of thermal conductance) was a factor of 1.35 lower than in winter plumage. This was paralleled by the dry mass of contour feathers being a factor of 1.17 lower. In this subspecies the breeding season is indeed the period during which the costs of thermoregulation are lowest. In captive knots seasonal changes in basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance likely reflect an anticipatory programme adaptive to the variable demands made by the environment at different times of the year.},
author = {Piersma, T. and Cad{\'{e}}e, N. and Daan, S.},
doi = {10.1007/BF00264684},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Piersma, Cad{\'{e}}e, Daan{\_}1995{\_}Seasonality in basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance in a long-distance migrant shorebird, the knot (C.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0174-1578},
issn = {0174-1578},
journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B},
keywords = {9,abbreviations bm body mass,annual rhythms,basal metabolic rate,bird migration,physiological adaptations 9,thermal conductance},
pages = {37--45},
title = {{Seasonality in basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance in a long-distance migrant shorebird, the knot (Calidris canutus)}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00264684},
volume = {165},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Schmaljohann2008,
author = {Schmaljohann, H. and Bruderer, B. and Liechti, F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.024},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Schmaljohann, Bruderer, Liechti{\_}2008{\_}Sustained bird flights occur at temperatures far beyond expected limits.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Animal Behaviour},
keywords = {bird,deserts or oceans,ecological barriers,extended periods of,fasting,flight,garden warbler,have to prepare for,humidity,migration,migratory birds crossing large,of fat,sahara,such as,sylvia borin,temperature,therefore,they accumulate large amounts,water loss},
pages = {1133--1138},
title = {{Sustained bird flights occur at temperatures far beyond expected limits}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347208002613},
volume = {76},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Spotila1972,
author = {Spotila, JR and Soule, OH and Gates, DM},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Spotila, Soule, Gates{\_}1972{\_}The Biophysical Ecology of the Alligator Heat Energy Budgets and Climate Spaces.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
number = {6},
pages = {1094--1102},
title = {{The Biophysical Ecology of the Alligator : Heat Energy Budgets and Climate Spaces}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1935421},
volume = {53},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Kishkinev2010,
abstract = {Migratory birds are known to be able to navigate — to determine their position on the globe and the direction towards their distant goal even if they cannot perceive any information emanating from the goal. One hypothesis, that of true bi-coordinate navigation, claims that birds should be able to sense and use a grid of two natural parameters as coordinates. Some indirect data support the idea that migratory birds can determine their north-south position, and several recent studies have suggested that at least long-distance migrants, including the Eurasian Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, can determine their east-west position. How they do this remains a mystery. Birds could theoretically detect the magnitude of east-west displacements if they have two clocks, one synchronizing faster to local time than the other. We tested whether this putative “double clock” mechanism may serve as a navigational tool for detecting east-west position. We caught Eurasian Reed Warblers during spring migration and tested their orientation in Emlen funnels under capture site photoperiodic conditions. After these northeasterly oriented control tests, we exposed them to a light-dark regime simulating a 1,000 km eastward displacement to the Moscow region from where we have shown that actually displaced Eurasian Reed Warblers on spring migration compensate for their displacement by orientating northwestwardly. Exposure to the Moscow light-dark regime did not affect the birds' orientation. Our results suggest that light-dark regime effects alone are unlikely to trigger compensation for the longitudinal displacement in long-distance migratory Eurasian Reed Warblers.},
author = {Kishkinev, D. and Chernetsov, N. and Mouritsen, H.},
doi = {10.1525/auk.2010.10032},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Kishkinev, Chernetsov, Mouritsen{\_}2010{\_}A double-clock or jetlag mechanism is unlikely to be involved in detection of east–west displace.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0004-8038},
issn = {00048038},
journal = {The Auk},
keywords = {acrocephalus scirpaceus,aves migratorias pueden navegar,desplazamientos este,determinar su posici{\'{o}}n en,direcci{\'{o}}n con,double-clock hypothesis,el globo y su,es poco probable que,eurasian reed warbler,la detecci{\'{o}}n de,lag est{\'{e}} involucrado en,migrante de larga distancia,migration,navigation,oeste en un ave,reloj o de jet,resumen,se conoce que algunas,un mecanismo de doble},
number = {4},
pages = {773--780},
title = {{A double-clock or jetlag mechanism is unlikely to be involved in detection of east–west displacements in a long-distance avian migrant}},
volume = {127},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Wettstein2002,
author = {Wettstein, J.J. and Mearns, L.O.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Wettstein, Mearns{\_}2002{\_}The Influence of the North Atlantic Arctic Oscillation on Mean , Variance , and Extremes of Temperature in the No.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Climate},
number = {24},
pages = {3586--3600},
title = {{The Influence of the North Atlantic Arctic Oscillation on Mean , Variance , and Extremes of Temperature in the Northeastern United States and Canada}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015{\%}253C3586{\%}253ATIOTNA{\%}253E2.0.CO{\%}253B2},
volume = {15},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Krull1976,
author = {Kr{\"{u}}ll, F},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Kr{\"{u}}ll{\_}1976{\_}The Position of the Sun Is a Possible Zeitgeber for Arctic Animals.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Oecologia},
number = {2},
pages = {141--148},
title = {{The Position of the Sun Is a Possible Zeitgeber for Arctic Animals}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/V2KNG4484N442322.pdf},
volume = {24},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Solovyov2010,
abstract = {The magnetic compass of birds is embedded in the visual system and it has been hypothesized that the primary sensory mechanism is based on a radical pair reaction. Previous models of magnetoreception have assumed that the radical pair-forming molecules are rigidly fixed in space, and this assumption has been a major objection to the suggested hypothesis. In this article, we investigate theoretically how much disorder is permitted for the radical pair-forming, protein-based magnetic compass in the eye to remain functional. Our study shows that only one rotational degree of freedom of the radical pair-forming protein needs to be partially constrained, while the other two rotational degrees of freedom do not impact the magnetoreceptive properties of the protein. The result implies that any membrane-associated protein is sufficiently restricted in its motion to function as a radical pair-based magnetoreceptor. We relate our theoretical findings to the cryptochromes, currently considered the likeliest candidate to furnish radical pair-based magnetoreception.},
author = {Solov'yov, Ilia a and Mouritsen, Henrik and Schulten, Klaus},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2010.03.053},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Solov'yov, Mouritsen, Schulten{\_}2010{\_}Acuity of a cryptochrome and vision-based magnetoreception system in birds.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1542-0086},
journal = {Biophysical journal},
keywords = {Animals,Birds,Birds: metabolism,Birds: physiology,Circadian Rhythm,Cryptochromes,Cryptochromes: chemistry,Cryptochromes: metabolism,Magnetics,Models, Biological,Models, Molecular,Night Vision,Night Vision: physiology,Orientation,Orientation: physiology,Protein Conformation,Retina,Retina: metabolism,Vision, Ocular},
month = {jul},
number = {1},
pages = {40--9},
pmid = {20655831},
publisher = {Biophysical Society},
title = {{Acuity of a cryptochrome and vision-based magnetoreception system in birds.}},
volume = {99},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Long2003,
author = {Long, CA and Zhang, GP and George, TF and Long, CF},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00116-4},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Long et al.{\_}2003{\_}Physical theory, origin of flight, and a synthesis proposed for birds.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of theoretical biology},
keywords = {archaeopteryx,flutter-gliding,origin vertebrate flight,physics,synthesis},
pages = {9--26},
title = {{Physical theory, origin of flight, and a synthesis proposed for birds}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519303001164},
volume = {224},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Ristow2000,
author = {Ristow, D. and Berthold, P. and Hashmi, D.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Ristow, Berthold, Hashmi{\_}2000{\_}Satellite tracking of Cory's shearwater migration.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Condor},
keywords = {calonectris diomedea,cory,eastern tropical atlantic,mediterranean,mi-,s shear-,water},
number = {3},
pages = {696--699},
title = {{Satellite tracking of Cory's shearwater migration}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1369805},
volume = {102},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Castro1992,
author = {Castro, G and Myers, JP and Ricklefs, RE},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Castro, Myers, Ricklefs{\_}1992{\_}Ecology and Energetics of Sandlerlings Migrating to Four Latitudes.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {calidris alba,daily energy expenditure,dee,doubly labeled water,en-,energetic,latitudinal variation in dee,nutritional reserves,sanderlings,time budgets,vironmental constraints},
number = {3},
pages = {833--844},
title = {{Ecology and Energetics of Sandlerlings Migrating to Four Latitudes}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1940161},
volume = {73},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Budzynski2000,
abstract = {The ability of animals to learn to use the sun for orientation has been explored in numerous species. In birds, there is conflicting evidence about the experience needed for sun compass orientation to develop. The prevailing hypothesis is that birds need entire daytime exposure to the arc of the sun to use the sun as an orientation cue. However, there is also some evidence indicating that, even with limited exposure to the arc of the sun, birds, like insects, can use the sun to orient at any time of day. We re-examine this issue in a study of compass orientation in a cue-controlled arena. Two groups of young homing pigeons received different exposure to the sun. The control group experienced the sun throughout the day; the experimental group experienced only the apparent descent of the sun. After 8 weeks of sun exposure, we trained both groups in the afternoon to find food in a specific compass direction in an outdoor arena that provided a view of the sun but not landmarks. We then tested the pigeons in the morning for their ability to use the morning sun as an orientation cue. The control group and the experimental group, which was exposed to the morning sun for the first time, succeeded in orienting in the training direction during test 1. The orientation of the experimental group was no different from that of the control group, although the experimental first trial directional response latencies were greater than the control latencies. Subsequently, we continued training both groups in the afternoon and then tested the pigeons during the morning under complete cloud cover. Both groups displayed random directional responses under cloud cover, indicating that the observed orientation was based on the visibility of the sun. The data indicate that pigeons with limited exposure to the arc of the sun can, like insects, use the sun for orientation at any time of day.},
author = {Budzynski, C.A. and Dyer, F.C. and Bingman, V.P.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Budzynski, Dyer, Bingman{\_}2000{\_}Partial experience with the arc of the sun is sufficient for all-day sun compass orientation in homing pig.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
keywords = {columba livia,homing,orientation,pigeon,sun},
number = {15},
pages = {2341--2348},
pmid = {10887072},
title = {{Partial experience with the arc of the sun is sufficient for all-day sun compass orientation in homing pigeons, Columba livia.}},
volume = {203},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Dodds2001,
abstract = {We examine the scaling law B is proportional to M(alpha)which connects organismal resting metabolic rate B with organismal mass M, where alpha is commonly held to be 3/4. Since simple dimensional analysis suggests alpha = 2/3, we consider this to be a null hypothesis testable by empirical studies. We re-analyse data sets for mammals and birds compiled by Heusner, Bennett and Harvey, Bartels, Hemmingsen, Brody, and Kleiber, and find little evidence for rejecting alpha = 2/3 in favor of alpha = 3/4. For mammals, we find a possible breakdown in scaling for larger masses reflected in a systematic increase in alpha. We also review theoretical justifications of alpha = 3/4 based on dimensional analysis, nutrient-supply networks, and four-dimensional biology. We find that present theories for alpha = 3/4 require assumptions that render them unconvincing for rejecting the null hypothesis that alpha = 2/3.},
author = {Dodds, P S and Rothman, D H and Weitz, J S},
doi = {10.1006/jtbi.2000.2238},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Dodds, Rothman, Weitz{\_}2001{\_}Re-examination of the 34-law of metabolism.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-5193},
journal = {Journal of theoretical biology},
keywords = {Animals,Basal Metabolism,Birds,Birds: metabolism,Mammals,Mammals: metabolism,Models, Biological},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {9--27},
pmid = {11237567},
title = {{Re-examination of the "3/4-law" of metabolism.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237567},
volume = {209},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Hedenstrom1992,
author = {Hedenstr{\"{o}}m, A},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Hedenstr{\"{o}}m{\_}1992{\_}Flight Performance in Relation to Fuel Load in Birds.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
pages = {535--537},
title = {{Flight Performance in Relation to Fuel Load in Birds}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}q=intitle:Flight+Performance+in+Relation+to+Fuel+Load+in+Birds{\#}0},
volume = {158},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Daan1975,
author = {Daan, Serge and Aschoff, J},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Daan, Aschoff{\_}1975{\_}Circadian Rhythms of Locomotor Activity in Captive Birds and Mammals Their Variations with Season and Latitude.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Oecologia},
title = {{Circadian Rhythms of Locomotor Activity in Captive Birds and Mammals : Their Variations with Season and Latitude}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/X68476508233503V.pdf},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Carothers1984,
abstract = {Theoretical and empirical work on time as a niche difference has been hindered by a narrow application of competition theory. While previous work has emphasized exploitation competition, we suggest that interference competition is much more likely to result in temporal partitioning. An advantage of this approach is that time becomes a truly independent niche axis: whereas exploitation competition pressumes partitioning of other niche axes (particularly food and habitat), interference competition allows time to become a dimension over which organisms may reduce the effects of agonistic interactions.},
author = {Carothers, John H and Jaksi{\'{c}}, Fabian M},
doi = {10.2307/3544413},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Carothers, Jaksi{\'{c}}{\_}1984{\_}Time as a niche difference the role of interference competition.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {00301299},
issn = {00301299},
journal = {Oikos},
number = {3},
pages = {403--406},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Time as a Niche Difference: The Role of Interference Competition}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/3544413 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3544413},
volume = {42},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Papi1997,
author = {Papi, F and Luschi, P and Crosio, E},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Papi, Luschi, Crosio{\_}1997{\_}Satellite tracking experiments on the navigational ability and migratory behaviour of the logerhead turtle Car.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Marine Biology},
title = {{Satellite tracking experiments on the navigational ability and migratory behaviour of the logerhead turtle Caretta caretta}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/FQLX3ETK4UXCA7XK.pdf},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Smith2002a,
author = {Smith, Katherine F. and Brown, James H.},
doi = {10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00286.x},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Smith, Brown{\_}2002{\_}Patterns of diversity, depth range and body size among pelagic fishes along a gradient of depth.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1466822X},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
keywords = {depth gradient,diversity,geographical range,macroecology,marine ecology,pacific ocean,pelagic fish,rapoport,s rule,species richness},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {313--322},
title = {{Patterns of diversity, depth range and body size among pelagic fishes along a gradient of depth}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00286.x},
volume = {11},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Edmunds2006,
abstract = {The evolutionary success of animal design is strongly affected by scaling and virtually all metazoans are constrained by allometry. One body plan that appears to relax these constraints is a colonial modular (CM) design, in which modular iteration is hypothesized to support isometry and indeterminate colony size. In this study, growth rates of juvenile scleractinians (less than 40mm diameter) with a CM design were used to test this assertion using colony diameters recorded annually for a decade and scaling exponents (b) for growth calculated from double logarithmic plots of final versus initial diameters. For all juvenile corals, b differed significantly among years, with isometry (b=1) in 4 years, but positive allometry (b{\textgreater}1) in 5 years. The study years were characterized by differences in seawater temperature that were associated significantly with b for growth, with isometry in warm years but positive allometry in cool years. These results illustrate variable growth scaling in a CM taxon and suggest that the switch between scaling modes is mediated by temperature. For the corals studied, growth was not constrained by size, but this outcome was achieved through both isometry and positive allometry. Under cooler conditions, positive allometry may be beneficial as it represents a growth advantage that increases with size.},
author = {Edmunds, Peter J},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3589},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop//Edmunds{\_}2006{\_}Temperature-mediated transitions between isometry and allometry in a colonial, modular invertebrate.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
keywords = {Animals,Anthozoa,Anthozoa: growth {\&} development,Ecosystem,Temperature,Time Factors},
month = {sep},
number = {1599},
pages = {2275--81},
pmid = {16928628},
title = {{Temperature-mediated transitions between isometry and allometry in a colonial, modular invertebrate.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1636087{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {273},
year = {2006}
}
@article{McInerny2012,
author = {McInerny, G.J. and Etienne, R.S.},
doi = {10.1111/jbi.12032},
editor = {Higgins, Steven},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/McInerny, Etienne{\_}2012{\_}Stitch the niche - a practical philosophy and visual schematic for the niche concept.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03050270},
journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
keywords = {concept,correspondence,distribution,environment,fundamental niche,greg j,mcinerny,model,model selection,niche,policy,range,realized niche,species},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {2103--2111},
title = {{Stitch the niche - a practical philosophy and visual schematic for the niche concept}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jbi.12032},
volume = {39},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Taghert2011,
abstract = {Circadian ({\~{}}24 hour) pacemaking mechanisms exist within single cells. Which cellular properties contrive to produce a precise clockworks, and which cell properties are downstream of it? The literature is conflicted as to whether membrane excitability contributes to the mechanism. Now, a new conditional genetic strategy argues excitability is largely dispensable.},
author = {Taghert, P.H.},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.041},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Taghert{\_}2011{\_}Circadian pacemakers how clock properties relate to their cellular properties.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1879-0445},
journal = {Current biology},
keywords = {Animals,Drosophila,Drosophila Proteins,Drosophila Proteins: physiology,Drosophila melanogaster,Drosophila melanogaster: physiology,Drosophila: physiology,Inwardly Rectifying,Inwardly Rectifying: physiolog,Male,Neuropeptides,Neuropeptides: physiology,Period Circadian Proteins,Period Circadian Proteins: physiology,Potassium Channels},
month = {nov},
number = {21},
pages = {R894--R896},
pmid = {22075431},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Circadian pacemakers: how clock properties relate to their cellular properties.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075431 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211010803},
volume = {21},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Foster2013,
author = {Foster, J.C. and Erickson, P.J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.04.001},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Foster, Erickson{\_}2013{\_}Ionospheric superstorms Polarization terminator effects in the Atlantic sector.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13646826},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
keywords = {equatorial ionosphere,ionospheric disturbances,mid-latitude ionosphere},
month = {apr},
pages = {1--10},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Ionospheric superstorms: Polarization terminator effects in the Atlantic sector}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364682613001144},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Ketterson1976,
author = {Ketterson, Ellen D. and Nolan, Van Jr.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Ketterson, Nolan{\_}1976{\_}Geographic Variation and Its Climatic Correlates in the Sex Ratio of Easter-Wintering Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco Hyem.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
number = {4},
pages = {679--693},
title = {{Geographic Variation and Its Climatic Correlates in the Sex Ratio of Easter-Wintering Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco Hyemalis Hyemalis)}},
volume = {57},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Wilczek2010a,
annote = {-under climate change --
- spring phenological events have advanced far further and more consistently than autumn events.
- disrupted trophic interactions as different taxa respond differently to warming.
- there are studies linking phenology shifts to extinction vs. persistence 
- plants develop faster in the spring if they have experience a colder winter. 
-- they have a good figure that looks like mine for day length plus one for temp.
- precipitation my help determine the length of the growing season (my thought, not fact) more than just the date of starting. 
- these guys are hinting at some of my ideas.
- specific genetic pathways (like the axis in birds) well known in Arabidopsis thaliana







- photoperiod pathways among the most ancient genes in plants. 
- look up -{\textgreater} external coincidence model
- though many of the phenology genes are highly conserved, the genes regulating the interpretation and interaction with environmental cues may be species or group specific.
- look up -{\textgreater} orthologous genes
- got to section 4(b) and gave up due to boredum. suggest finishing sometime.},
author = {Wilczek, AM},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2010.0128},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Wilczek{\_}2010{\_}Genetic and physiological bases for phenological responses to current and predicted climates.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8436},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
keywords = {genetic architecture,life-history evolution,local adaptation,phenology,seasonal timing},
month = {sep},
number = {1555},
pages = {3129--3147},
title = {{Genetic and physiological bases for phenological responses to current and predicted climates}},
url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rstb.2010.0128 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1555/3129.short},
volume = {365},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Butler2010,
author = {Butler, Patrick J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.016},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Butler{\_}2010{\_}High fliers The physiology of bar-headed geese.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10956433},
journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular {\&} Integrative Physiology},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {325--329},
title = {{High fliers: The physiology of bar-headed geese}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1095643310000292},
volume = {156},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Liu2009b,
author = {Liu, Huixin and L{\"{u}}hr, Hermann and Watanabe, Shigeto},
doi = {10.1029/2009GL038165},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Liu, L{\"{u}}hr, Watanabe{\_}2009{\_}A solar terminator wave in thermospheric wind and density simultaneously observed by CHAMP(2).pdf:pdf;:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Liu, L{\"{u}}hr, Watanabe{\_}2009{\_}A solar terminator wave in thermospheric wind and density simultaneously observed by CHAMP.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0094-8276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
keywords = {doi:10.102,http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038165},
month = {may},
number = {10},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{A solar terminator wave in thermospheric wind and density simultaneously observed by CHAMP}},
url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2009GL038165.shtml},
volume = {36},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Fuller1998b,
author = {Fuller, M.R. and Seegar, W.S. and Schueck, L.S.},
doi = {10.2307/3677162},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Fuller, Seegar, Schueck{\_}1998{\_}Routes and Travel Rates of Migrating Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus and Swainson's Hawks Buteo swain(2).pdf:pdf;:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Fuller, Seegar, Schueck{\_}1998{\_}Routes and travel rates of migrating Peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus and Swainson's hawks Buteo swainson.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09088857},
journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {433--440},
title = {{Routes and travel rates of migrating Peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus and Swainson's hawks Buteo swainsoni in the western hemisphere}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3677162?origin=crossref},
volume = {29},
year = {1998}
}
@article{West2006,
author = {West, John B. and Watson, Rebecca R. and Fu, Zhenxing},
doi = {10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.009},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/West, Watson, Fu{\_}2006{\_}The honeycomb-like structure of the bird lung allows a uniquely thin blood-gas barrier.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15699048},
journal = {Respiratory Physiology {\&} Neurobiology},
keywords = {1,birds,especially the,extracellular matrix,have,is very thin,lung structure,mammals,of all the vertebrates,only birds and mammals,pulmonary capillaries,stress failure,the avian blood-gas barrier},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {115--118},
title = {{The honeycomb-like structure of the bird lung allows a uniquely thin blood-gas barrier}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1569904805002934},
volume = {152},
year = {2006}
}
@article{OConnor1995,
author = {O'Connor, T. P.},
doi = {10.1007/BF00367313},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/O'Connor{\_}1995{\_}Metabolic characteristics and body composition in house finches effects of seasonal acclimatization.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0174-1578},
journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B},
keywords = {avian fat metabolism 9,carpodacus mexicanus,finch,peak metabolism 9,thermogenic endurance - thermoregulation},
month = {sep},
number = {4},
pages = {298--305},
title = {{Metabolic characteristics and body composition in house finches: effects of seasonal acclimatization}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00367313},
volume = {165},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Porter1969b,
author = {Porter, W.P. and Gates, D.M.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Porter, Gates{\_}1969{\_}Thermodynamic equilibria of animals with environment.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecological Monographs},
number = {3},
pages = {227--244},
title = {{Thermodynamic equilibria of animals with environment}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1948545},
volume = {39},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Hertz1992a,
abstract = {The field thermal biology of sympatric Anolis cooki and A. eristateIlus were evaluated in January and in August in desert scrub forest at Playa de Tamarindo near Guanica, Puerto Rico. Data on randomly posi- tioned copper models of lizards, each equipped with a built-in thermocouple, established null hypotheses about basking frequency and operative temperatures (T{\~{}}) against which the behavior and body temperatures (Tb) of live lizards were evaluated. Both species exhibited non-random hourly basking rates (more marked in cris- tatellus than in cooki), and cristatellus was virtually inac- tive during the warm mid-day hours. The relationship between lizards' T b and randomly sampled T{\~{}} differed between the species: eristatellus's mean Tb was 2 {\~{}} to 3 {\~{}} C lower than randomly sampled mean To in both months, whereas cooki's mean Tb was slightly higher than mean T{\~{}} in January and slightly lower in August. Although cooki's mean T b was higher than that of cristatellus in both months, the Tb'S of the two species overlapped substantially over an annual cycle. Given the similarities in their field active T b and the low thermal heterogeneity among microsites at Playa de Tamarindo, these species appear not to partition the thermal environment there in a coarse-grained way. Instead, the relatively small dif- ferences in their field active T b probably result from small differences in their use of similar microhabitats within their mutually exclusive territories. Thermal resource partitioning by territorial animals is unlikely unless ther- mal heterogeneity is coarse-grained in relation to territo- ry size},
author = {Hertz, P. E.},
file = {::},
issn = {0029-8549},
journal = {Oecologia},
keywords = {anolis thermal biology,partitioning thermal},
pages = {127--136},
title = {{Evaluating thermal resource partitioning}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00317818},
volume = {90},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Nikolov1992,
author = {Nikolov, N.T. and Zeller, K.F.},
doi = {10.1016/0304-3800(92)90015-7},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nikolov, Zeller{\_}1992{\_}A solar radiation algorithm for ecosystem dynamic models.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03043800},
journal = {Ecological Modelling},
month = {jun},
pages = {149--168},
title = {{A solar radiation algorithm for ecosystem dynamic models}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304380092900157},
volume = {61},
year = {1992}
}
@incollection{Jenni2003b,
address = {Heidelberg},
author = {Jenni, L and Schaub, M},
booktitle = {Avian migration. Berlin: Springer},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Jenni, Schaub{\_}2003{\_}Behavioural and physiological reactions to environmental variation in bird migration a review.pdf:pdf},
publisher = {Springer-Varlag},
title = {{Behavioural and physiological reactions to environmental variation in bird migration: a review}},
url = {http://www.cb.iee.unibe.ch/content/e7117/e7118/e8739/e9625/e9631/Jenni{\_}BS2003.pdf},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Canterbury2002,
author = {Canterbury, G},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Canterbury{\_}2002{\_}METABOLIC ADAPTATION AND CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS ON WINTER BIRD DISTRIBUTION.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {allometry,basal metabolic rate,christmas bird count,cold tolerance,independent contrasts,passerine birds,phenotypic acclimatization,range boundaries,temperature,winter climate},
number = {4},
pages = {946--957},
title = {{METABOLIC ADAPTATION AND CLIMATIC CONSTRAINTS ON WINTER BIRD DISTRIBUTION}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083{\%}255B0946:MAACCO{\%}255D2.0.CO;2},
volume = {83},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Wikelski2000,
abstract = {Tropical wet forests are commonly perceived as stable and constant envi- ronments. However, many rain forest organisms reproduce seasonally. To understand the proximate regulation of life history events in tropical organisms, we asked three questions: (1) How predictable are seasonal changes in the tropical rain forest? (2) Can tropical organisms anticipate environmental seasonality, despite the presumed lack of long-term environmental cues in near-equatorial areas? (3) What environmental cues can tropical organisms use? We studied Spotted Antbirds, monogamous understory insectivores, which started breeding in Panama (9 N) in May (wet season) and continued until September/ October. Breeding patterns were consistent between years, indicating that tropical seasons were as predictable for Spotted Antbirds (predictability 70{\%}) as they are for many north temperate birds. Individual Spotted Antbirds shut down reproductive capacity (i.e., de- creased gonad size) from October until February. In March, during the height of the dry season and about six weeks ahead of the wet season, gonads started to grow again. The growth rate of gonads was influenced by the amount of rainfall, which has been shown to correlate with food abundance. Gonad growth was paralleled by changes in luteinizing hormone, but not in testosterone, which remained at very low plasma levels year-round. The latter contrasts with the pattern for most migratory temperate-zone birds. Seasonal changes in reproductive activity correlated strongly with changes in the tropical photoperiod, but weakly with light intensity and rainfall, and not with temperature. Thus, Spotted Ant- birds likely anticipated rain forest seasonality using long-term cues (tropical photoperiod) and fine-tuned their reproductive activities using short-term cues (food/rainfall). The use of long-term environmental information could apply to most vertebrate species that live in the tropics.},
author = {Wikelski, M. and Hau, M. and Wingfield, J.C.},
doi = {10.2307/177467},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Wikelski, Hau, Wingfield{\_}2000{\_}Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00129658},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {Hylophylax n. naevioides,environmental cues,food supply,gonad growth,hormonal changes,hylophylax n,naevioides,photoperiod,predictability of tropical seasons,rain forest,rainfall,seasonal reproduction,spotted antbird,tropics},
number = {9},
pages = {2458--2472},
title = {{Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081{\%}5B2458:SORIAN{\%}5D2.0.CO;2 http://www.jstor.org/stable/177467?origin=crossref},
volume = {81},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Alerstam2006a,
abstract = {Because of conflicting evidence about several fundamental issues, long-distance animal navigation has yet to be satisfactorily explained. Among the unsolved problems are the nature of genetic spatial control of migration and the relationships between celestial and magnetic compass mechanisms and between different map-related cues in orientation and homing, respectively. In addition, navigation is expected to differ between animal groups depending on sensory capabilities and ecological conditions. Evaluations based on modern long-term tracking techniques of the geometry of migration routes and individual migration history, combined with behavioral experiments and exploration of the sensory and genetic mechanisms, will be crucial for understanding the spatial principles that guide animals on their global journeys.},
author = {Alerstam, Thomas},
doi = {10.1126/science.1129048},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Alerstam{\_}2006{\_}Conflicting evidence about long-distance animal navigation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
keywords = {Animal Identification Systems,Animal Migration,Animals,Biological Evolution,Birds,Birds: physiology,Cues,Fishes,Fishes: physiology,Flight, Animal,Geography,Magnetics,Memory,Orientation,Smell,Telemetry,Turtles,Turtles: physiology},
month = {aug},
number = {5788},
pages = {791--4},
pmid = {16902128},
title = {{Conflicting evidence about long-distance animal navigation.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902128},
volume = {313},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Bauer2008,
abstract = {1. How climatic changes affect migratory birds remains difficult to predict because birds use multiple sites in a highly interdependent manner. A better understanding of how conditions along the flyway affect migration and ultimately fitness is of paramount interest. 2. Therefore, we developed a stochastic dynamic model to generate spatially and temporally explicit predictions of stop-over site use. For each site, we varied energy expenditure, onset of spring, intake rate and day-to-day stochasticity independently. We parameterized the model for the migration of pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus from its wintering grounds in Western Europe to its breeding grounds on Arctic Svalbard. 3. Model results suggested that the birds follow a risk-averse strategy by avoiding sites with comparatively high energy expenditure or stochasticity levels in favour of sites with highly predictable food supply and low expenditure. Furthermore, the onset of spring on the stop-over sites had the most pronounced effect on staging times while intake rates had surprisingly little effect. 4. Subsequently, using empirical data, we tested whether observed changes in the onset of spring along the flyway explain the observed changes in migration schedules of pink-footed geese from 1990 to 2004. Model predictions generally agreed well with empirically observed migration patterns, with geese leaving the wintering grounds earlier while considerably extending their staging times in Norway.},
author = {Bauer, Silke and {Van Dinther}, Martijn and H{\o}gda, Kjell-Arild and Klaassen, Marcel and Madsen, Jesper},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01381.x},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bauer et al.{\_}2008{\_}The consequences of climate-driven stop-over sites changes on migration schedules and fitness of Arctic geese.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1365-2656},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
keywords = {Animal Migration,Animal Migration: physiology,Animals,Climate,Energy Metabolism,Energy Metabolism: physiology,Female,Food Supply,Geese,Geese: physiology,Male,Seasons,Stochastic Processes},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {654--60},
pmid = {18397249},
title = {{The consequences of climate-driven stop-over sites changes on migration schedules and fitness of Arctic geese.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18397249},
volume = {77},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Chaui-Berlinck2005,
abstract = {The allometric scaling exponent of the relationship between standard metabolic rate (SMR) and body mass for homeotherms has a long history and has been subject to much debate. Provided the external and internal conditions required to measure SMR are met, it is tacitly assumed that the metabolic rate (B) converges to SMR. If SMR does indeed represent a local minimum, then short-term regulatory control mechanisms should not operate to sustain it. This is a hidden assumption in many published articles aiming to explain the scaling exponent in terms of physical and morphological constraints. This paper discusses the findings of a minimalist body temperature (Tb) control model in which short-term controlling operations, related to the difference between Tb and the set-point temperatures by specific gains and time delays in the control loops, are described by a system of differential equations of Tb, B and thermal conductance. We found that because the gains in the control loops tend to increase as body size decreases (i.e. changes in B and thermal conductance are speeded-up in small homeotherms), the equilibrium point of the system potentially changes from asymptotically stable to a centre, transforming B and Tb in oscillating variables. Under these specific circumstances the very concept of SMR no longer makes sense. A series of empirical reports of metabolic rate in very small homeotherms supports this theoretical prediction, because in these animals B seems not to converge to a SMR value. We conclude that the unrestricted use of allometric equations to relate metabolic rate to body size might be misleading because metabolic control itself experiences size effects that are overlooked in ordinary allometric analysis.},
author = {Chaui-Berlinck, Jos{\'{e}} Guilherme and Navas, Carlos Arturo and Monteiro, Luiz Henrique Alves and Bicudo, Jos{\'{e}} Eduardo Pereira Wilken},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.01421},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chaui-Berlinck et al.{\_}2005{\_}Control of metabolic rate is a hidden variable in the allometric scaling of homeotherms.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
keywords = {Animals,Basal Metabolism,Basal Metabolism: physiology,Body Size,Body Temperature Regulation,Body Temperature Regulation: physiology,Energy Metabolism,Energy Metabolism: physiology,Models, Biological},
month = {may},
number = {Pt 9},
pages = {1709--16},
pmid = {15855402},
title = {{Control of metabolic rate is a hidden variable in the allometric scaling of homeotherms.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855402},
volume = {208},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bruinzeel1998,
author = {Bruinzeel, LW and Piersma, T},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bruinzeel, Piersma{\_}1998{\_}Cost reduction in the cold heat generated by terrestrial locomotion partly substitutes for thermoregulation cost.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Ibis},
title = {{Cost reduction in the cold: heat generated by terrestrial locomotion partly substitutes for thermoregulation costs in Knot Calidris canutus}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04396.x/full},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Martin2005,
abstract = {Biological scaling analyses employing the widely used bivariate allometric model are beset by at least four interacting problems: (1) choice of an appropriate best-fit line with due attention to the influence of outliers; (2) objective recognition of divergent subsets in the data (allometric grades); (3) potential restrictions on statistical independence resulting from phylogenetic inertia; and (4) the need for extreme caution in inferring causation from correlation. A new non-parametric line-fitting technique has been developed that eliminates requirements for normality of distribution, greatly reduces the influence of outliers and permits objective recognition of grade shifts in substantial datasets. This technique is applied in scaling analyses of mammalian gestation periods and of neonatal body mass in primates. These analyses feed into a re-examination, conducted with partial correlation analysis, of the maternal energy hypothesis relating to mammalian brain evolution, which suggests links between body size and brain size in neonates and adults, gestation period and basal metabolic rate. Much has been made of the potential problem of phylogenetic inertia as a confounding factor in scaling analyses. However, this problem may be less severe than suspected earlier because nested analyses of variance conducted on residual variation (rather than on raw values) reveals that there is considerable variance at low taxonomic levels. In fact, limited divergence in body size between closely related species is one of the prime examples of phylogenetic inertia. One common approach to eliminating perceived problems of phylogenetic inertia in allometric analyses has been calculation of 'independent contrast values'. It is demonstrated that the reasoning behind this approach is flawed in several ways. Calculation of contrast values for closely related species of similar body size is, in fact, highly questionable, particularly when there are major deviations from the best-fit line for the scaling relationship under scrutiny.},
author = {Martin, Robert D and Genoud, Michel and Hemelrijk, Charlotte K},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.01566},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Martin, Genoud, Hemelrijk{\_}2005{\_}Problems of allometric scaling analysis examples from mammalian reproductive biology.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance,Animals,Basal Metabolism,Basal Metabolism: physiology,Body Size,Brain,Brain: anatomy {\&} histology,Data Interpretation, Statistical,Mammals,Mammals: physiology,Models, Biological,Phylogeny,Reproduction,Reproduction: physiology,Species Specificity,Statistics, Nonparametric},
month = {may},
number = {Pt 9},
pages = {1731--47},
pmid = {15855404},
title = {{Problems of allometric scaling analysis: examples from mammalian reproductive biology.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855404},
volume = {208},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Magnotti2013,
author = {Magnotti, John F and Goodman, Adam M and Daniel, Thomas A and Elmore, L Caitlin and Wright, Anthony A and Katz, Jeffrey S},
doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.006},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Magnotti et al.{\_}2013{\_}Visual object complexity limits pigeon short-term memory.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0376-6357},
journal = {Behavioural Processes},
keywords = {visual short-term memory,visual target search},
pages = {31--38},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Visual object complexity limits pigeon short-term memory}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.006},
volume = {93},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bejan2005,
abstract = {The constructal law is the statement that for a flow system to persist in time it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier access to its currents. This is the law of configuration generation, or the law of design. The theoretical developments reviewed in this article show that this law accounts for (i) architectures that maximize flow access (e.g. trees), (ii) features that impede flow (e.g. impermeable walls, insulation) and (iii) static organs that support flow structures. The proportionality between body heat loss and body size raised to the power 3/4 is deduced from the discovery that the counterflow of two trees is the optimal configuration for achieving (i) and (ii) simultaneously: maximum fluid-flow access and minimum heat leak. Other allometric examples deduced from the constructal law are the flying speeds of insects, birds and aeroplanes, the porosity and hair strand diameter of the fur coats of animals, and the existence of optimal organ sizes. Body size and configuration are intrinsic parts of the deduced configuration. They are results, not assumptions. The constructal law extends physics (thermodynamics) to cover the configuration, performance, global size and global internal flow volume of flow systems. The time evolution of such configurations can be described as survival by increasing performance, compactness and territory.},
author = {Bejan, Adrian},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.01487},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bejan{\_}2005{\_}The constructal law of organization in nature tree-shaped flows and body size.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-0949},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
keywords = {allometric laws,biology,body heat,body size,constructal law,dendritic,flight,from the,fur,hair,heat leak,organ size,other allometric examples deduced,physics and engineering,the broad view,tree},
month = {may},
number = {Pt 9},
pages = {1677--1686},
pmid = {15855399},
title = {{The constructal law of organization in nature: tree-shaped flows and body size.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855399 http://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/9/1677.short},
volume = {208},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Abourachid2011,
abstract = {Most birds use at least two modes of locomotion: flying and walking (terrestrial locomotion). Whereas the wings and tail are used for flying, the legs are mainly used for walking. The role of other body segments remains, however, poorly understood. In this study, we examine the kinematics of the head, the trunk, and the legs during terrestrial locomotion in the quail (Coturnix coturnix). Despite the trunk representing about 70{\%} of the total body mass, its function in locomotion has received little scientific interest to date. This prompted us to focus on its role in terrestrial locomotion. We used high-speed video fluoroscopic recordings of quails walking at voluntary speeds on a trackway. Dorso-ventral and lateral views of the motion of the skeletal elements were recorded successively and reconstructed in three dimensions using a novel method based on the temporal synchronisation of both views. An analysis of the trajectories of the body parts and their coordination showed that the trunk plays an important role during walking. Moreover, two sub-systems participate in the gait kinematics: (i) the integrated 3D motion of the trunk and thighs allows for the adjustment of the path of the centre of mass; (ii) the motion of distal limbs transforms the alternating forward motion of the feet into a continuous forward motion at the knee and thus assures propulsion. Finally, head bobbing appears qualitatively synchronised to the movements of the trunk. An important role for the thigh muscles in generating the 3D motion of the trunk is suggested by an analysis of the pelvic anatomy.},
author = {Abourachid, Anick and Hackert, Remi and Herbin, Marc},
doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2011.07.002},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Abourachid, Hackert, Herbin{\_}2011{\_}Bird terrestrial locomotion as revealed by 3D kinematics.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1873-2720},
journal = {Zoology},
keywords = {Animals,Biomechanics,Coturnix,Coturnix: physiology,Gait,Head,Head: physiology,Imaging,Joints,Joints: physiology,Three-Dimensional,Walking},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {360--8},
pmid = {21982408},
title = {{Bird terrestrial locomotion as revealed by 3D kinematics}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982408 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944200611000778},
volume = {114},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Rapoport2010,
author = {Rapoport, Benjamin I.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000960},
editor = {Bourne, Philip E.},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop//Rapoport{\_}2010{\_}Metabolic Factors Limiting Performance in Marathon Runners.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1553-7358},
journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {e1000960},
title = {{Metabolic Factors Limiting Performance in Marathon Runners}},
url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000960},
volume = {6},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Brock1981,
abstract = {Several approaches are presented which permit calculation by computer or hand calculator of solar radiation for any place on Earth. Some of the approaches require input of certain measured data for the location of interest, but others permit an approximation even without actual data. Calculation of solar radiation is especially useful in aquatic ecology studies on primary production, and may also be useful in ecological modeling work when solar radiation is being used as an independent variable.},
author = {Brock, T.D.},
doi = {10.1016/0304-3800(81)90011-9},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Brock{\_}1981{\_}Calculating solar radiation for ecological studies.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0304-3800},
issn = {03043800},
journal = {Ecological Modelling},
pages = {1--19},
pmid = {1507},
title = {{Calculating solar radiation for ecological studies}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304380081900119},
volume = {14},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Weimerskirch2012,
abstract = {Westerly winds in the Southern Ocean have increased in intensity and moved poleward. Using long-term demographic and foraging records, we show that foraging range in wandering albatrosses has shifted poleward in conjunction with these changes in wind pattern, while their rates of travel and flight speeds have increased. Consequently, the duration of foraging trips has decreased, breeding success has improved, and birds have increased in mass by more than 1 kilogram. These positive consequences of climate change may be temporary if patterns of wind in the southern westerlies follow predicted climate change scenarios. This study stresses the importance of foraging performance as the key link between environmental changes and population processes.},
author = {Weimerskirch, H. and Louzao, M. and {De Grissac}, S. and Delord, K.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1210270},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Weimerskirch et al.{\_}2012{\_}Changes in wind pattern alter albatross distribution and life-history traits.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {2009635108},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science},
keywords = {Animal,Animals,Birds,Birds: anatomy {\&} histology,Birds: physiology,Body Size,Body Weight,Climate Change,Environment,Feeding Behavior,Female,Flight,Geography,Male,Oceans and Seas,Population Dynamics,Reproduction,Time Factors,Wind},
number = {6065},
pages = {211--214},
pmid = {22246774},
title = {{Changes in wind pattern alter albatross distribution and life-history traits.}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6065/211.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246774},
volume = {335},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Dawson1983,
author = {Dawson, WR},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Dawson{\_}1983{\_}Metabolic adjustments of small passerine birds for migration and cold.pdf:pdf},
journal = {American Journal of {\ldots}},
title = {{Metabolic adjustments of small passerine birds for migration and cold}},
url = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/245/6/R755.short},
volume = {245},
year = {1983}
}
@article{West2005a,
abstract = {Life is the most complex physical phenomenon in the Universe, manifesting an extraordinary diversity of form and function over an enormous scale from the largest animals and plants to the smallest microbes and subcellular units. Despite this many of its most fundamental and complex phenomena scale with size in a surprisingly simple fashion. For example, metabolic rate scales as the 3/4-power of mass over 27 orders of magnitude, from molecular and intracellular levels up to the largest organisms. Similarly, time-scales (such as lifespans and growth rates) and sizes (such as bacterial genome lengths, tree heights and mitochondrial densities) scale with exponents that are typically simple powers of 1/4. The universality and simplicity of these relationships suggest that fundamental universal principles underly much of the coarse-grained generic structure and organisation of living systems. We have proposed a set of principles based on the observation that almost all life is sustained by hierarchical branching networks, which we assume have invariant terminal units, are space-filling and are optimised by the process of natural selection. We show how these general constraints explain quarter power scaling and lead to a quantitative, predictive theory that captures many of the essential features of diverse biological systems. Examples considered include animal circulatory systems, plant vascular systems, growth, mitochondrial densities, and the concept of a universal molecular clock. Temperature considerations, dimensionality and the role of invariants are discussed. Criticisms and controversies associated with this approach are also addressed.},
author = {West, Geoffrey B and Brown, James H},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.01589},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/West, Brown{\_}2005{\_}The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems towards a quantitative unifying theory of b.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-0949},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
keywords = {Body Size,Cardiovascular System,Cardiovascular System: anatomy {\&} histology,Computational Biology,Computational Biology: methods,Ecosystem,Energy Metabolism,Energy Metabolism: physiology,Evolution, Molecular,Genome,Growth and Development,Growth and Development: physiology,Models, Biological,Selection, Genetic},
month = {may},
number = {Pt 9},
pages = {1575--92},
pmid = {15855389},
title = {{The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855389},
volume = {208},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Both2001,
abstract = {Spring temperatures in temperate regions have increased over the past 20 years, and many organisms have responded to this increase by advancing the date of their growth and reproduction. Here we show that adaptation to climate change in a long-distance migrant is constrained by the timing of its migratory journey. For long-distance migrants climate change may advance the phenology of their breeding areas, but the timing of some species' spring migration relies on endogenous rhythms that are not affected by climate change. Thus, the spring migration of these species will not advance even though they need to arrive earlier on their breeding grounds to breed at the appropriate time. We show that the migratory pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca has advanced its laying date over the past 20 years. This temporal shift has been insufficient, however, as indicated by increased selection for earlier breeding over the same period. The shift is hampered by its spring arrival date, which has not advanced. Some of the numerous long-distance migrants will suffer from climate change, because either their migration strategy is unaffected by climate change, or the climate in breeding and wintering areas are changing at different speeds, preventing adequate adaptation.},
author = {Both, C and Visser, M E},
doi = {10.1038/35077063},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Both, Visser{\_}2001{\_}Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological,Africa,Animals,Biological Clocks,Biological Clocks: physiology,Birds,Birds: physiology,Female,Flight, Animal,Greenhouse Effect,Homing Behavior,Homing Behavior: physiology,Male,Netherlands,Reproduction,Reproduction: physiology,Seasons,Temperature,Time Factors},
month = {may},
number = {6835},
pages = {296--8},
pmid = {11357129},
title = {{Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11357129},
volume = {411},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Bhagavatula2011,
author = {Bhagavatula, Partha S. and Claudianos, Charles and Ibbotson, Michael R. and Srinivasan, Mandyam V.},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.009},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Bhagavatula et al.{\_}2011{\_}Optic Flow Cues Guide Flight in Birds.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09609822},
journal = {Current Biology},
month = {nov},
number = {21},
pages = {1794--1799},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Optic Flow Cues Guide Flight in Birds}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982211010104},
volume = {21},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Tucker1972,
author = {Tucker, VA},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Tucker{\_}1972{\_}Respiration during flight in birds.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Respiration physiology},
number = {August 1971},
pages = {75--82},
title = {{Respiration during flight in birds}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0034568772900187},
volume = {14},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Vardanis2011,
abstract = {The exploration of animal migration has entered a new era with individual-based tracking during multiple years. Here, we investigated repeated migratory journeys of a long-distance migrating bird, the marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus, in order to analyse the variation within and between individuals with respect to routes and timing. We found that there was a stronger individual repeatability in time than in space. Thus, the annual timing of migration varied much less between repeated journeys of the same individual than between different individuals, while there was considerable variation in the routes of the same individual on repeated journeys. The overall contrast in repeatability between time and space was unexpected and may be owing to strong endogenous control of timing, while short-term variation in environmental conditions (weather and habitat) might promote route flexibility. The individual variation in migration routes indicates that the birds navigate mainly by other means than detailed route recapitulation based on landmark recognition.},
author = {Vardanis, Y.},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.1180},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Vardanis{\_}2011{\_}Individuality in bird migration routes and timing.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1744-957X},
journal = {Biology letters},
month = {feb},
pages = {502--505},
pmid = {21307045},
title = {{Individuality in bird migration: routes and timing}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307045 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/02/04/rsbl.2010.1180.short},
volume = {7},
year = {2011}
}