From 6c988521bcb2220e71cf3fca7dca9fef7acb125f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 2024 14:29:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 01/89] Debug entry comb

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index ef59434f64..16ea8628c6 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import UnliftIO (IORef)
 import UnliftIO qualified
 import UnliftIO.Concurrent qualified as UnliftIO
+import qualified Unison.Debug as Debug
 
 -- | A ref storing every currently active thread.
 -- This is helpful for cleaning up orphaned threads when the main process
@@ -239,6 +240,7 @@ apply0 !callback !env !threadTracker !i = do
   let entryCix = (CIx r i 0)
   case unRComb $ rCombSection cmbs entryCix of
     Comb entryComb -> do
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Entry Comb" entryComb
       apply env denv threadTracker stk (kf k0) True ZArgs $
         PAp entryCix entryComb nullSeg
     -- if it's cached, we can just finish

From 7abbed65c2f8fb46137b03ea4c97029d9edfdfc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 2024 14:29:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 02/89] Don't unbox binops

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs     |  2 ++
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 16 +++++-----------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 61bd4ab662..229893f466 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -1904,6 +1904,8 @@ anfBlock (Boolean' b) =
   pure (mempty, pure $ TCon Ty.booleanRef (if b then 1 else 0) [])
 anfBlock (Lit' l@(T _)) =
   pure (mempty, pure $ TLit l)
+anfBlock (Lit' l@(N _)) =
+  pure (mempty, pure $ TLit l)
 anfBlock (Lit' l) =
   pure (mempty, pure $ TBLit l)
 anfBlock (Ref' r) = pure (mempty, (Indirect (), TCom r []))
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 0a31bdce41..0a4a86b67d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -331,11 +331,9 @@ unop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 unop pop rf = unop' pop rf rf
 
 unop' :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-unop' pop rfi rfo =
-  unop0 2 $ \[x0, x, r] ->
-    unbox x0 rfi x
-      . TLetD r UN (TPrm pop [x])
-      $ TCon rfo 0 [r]
+unop' pop _rfi _rfo =
+  unop0 0 $ \[x] ->
+      (TPrm pop [x])
 
 binop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 binop pop rf = binop' pop rf rf rf
@@ -347,12 +345,8 @@ binop' ::
   Reference ->
   Reference ->
   SuperNormal v
-binop' pop rfx rfy rfr =
-  binop0 3 $ \[x0, y0, x, y, r] ->
-    unbox x0 rfx x
-      . unbox y0 rfy y
-      . TLetD r UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
-      $ TCon rfr 0 [r]
+binop' pop _rfx _rfy _rfr =
+  binop0 0 $ \[ x, y] -> TPrm pop [x, y]
 
 cmpop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 cmpop pop rf =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 16ea8628c6..853ddc09b7 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import GHC.Conc as STM (unsafeIOToSTM)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls (exceptionRef, ioFailureRef)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls qualified as Rf
 import Unison.ConstructorReference qualified as CR
+import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 import Unison.Prelude hiding (Text)
 import Unison.Reference
   ( Reference,
@@ -64,7 +65,6 @@ import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import UnliftIO (IORef)
 import UnliftIO qualified
 import UnliftIO.Concurrent qualified as UnliftIO
-import qualified Unison.Debug as Debug
 
 -- | A ref storing every currently active thread.
 -- This is helpful for cleaning up orphaned threads when the main process
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ apply0 !callback !env !threadTracker !i = do
   case unRComb $ rCombSection cmbs entryCix of
     Comb entryComb -> do
       Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Entry Comb" entryComb
+      -- Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "All Combs" cmbs
       apply env denv threadTracker stk (kf k0) True ZArgs $
         PAp entryCix entryComb nullSeg
     -- if it's cached, we can just finish

From 792027131400e84dd689b7a36e4a053aad0e5fd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Oct 2024 15:37:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 03/89] Add stack debugging

---
 .../src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs            |  4 +++-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs b/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs
index b9c92aec5e..4732457e28 100644
--- a/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs
+++ b/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import Unison.ABT qualified as ABT
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls (tupleTerm, pattern TupleTerm')
 import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup qualified as CL
 import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup.Util qualified as CL
+import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 import Unison.Hashing.V2.Convert qualified as Hashing
 import Unison.Parser.Ann (Ann)
 import Unison.Prelude
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ data CompileOpts = COpts
   }
 
 defaultCompileOpts :: CompileOpts
-defaultCompileOpts = COpts { profile = False }
+defaultCompileOpts = COpts {profile = False}
 
 data Runtime v = Runtime
   { terminate :: IO (),
@@ -114,6 +115,7 @@ evaluateWatches code ppe evaluationCache rt tuf = do
   -- 4. evaluate it and get all the results out of the tuple, then
   -- create the result Map
   out <- evaluate rt cl ppe bigOl'LetRec
+  Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "evaluateWatches: out" out
   case out of
     Right (errs, out) -> do
       let (bindings, results) = case out of
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 853ddc09b7..2cd45dd8d4 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import Data.Text qualified as DTx
 import Data.Text.IO qualified as Tx
 import Data.Traversable
 import GHC.Conc as STM (unsafeIOToSTM)
+import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls (exceptionRef, ioFailureRef)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls qualified as Rf
 import Unison.ConstructorReference qualified as CR
@@ -297,6 +298,20 @@ buildLit _ _ (MM r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
 buildLit _ _ (MY r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
 buildLit _ _ (MD _) = error "buildLit: double"
 
+debugger :: (Show a) => Stack -> String -> a -> Bool
+debugger stk msg a = unsafePerformIO $ do
+  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp (msg ++ ": " ++ show a)
+  dumpStack stk
+  pure False
+
+dumpStack :: Stack -> IO ()
+dumpStack stk@(Stack _ap fp sp _ustk _bstk)
+  | sp - fp <= 0 = Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp "Stack Empty"
+  | otherwise = do
+      stkResults <- for [0 .. ((sp - fp) - 1)] $ \i -> do
+        peekOff stk i
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack" stkResults
+
 -- | Execute an instruction
 exec ::
   CCache ->
@@ -307,6 +322,8 @@ exec ::
   Reference ->
   MInstr ->
   IO (DEnv, Stack, K)
+exec !_ !_ !_ !stk !_ !_ instr
+  | debugger stk "exec" instr = undefined
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Info tx) = do
   info tx stk
   info tx k
@@ -643,6 +660,8 @@ eval ::
   Reference ->
   MSection ->
   IO ()
+eval !_ !_ !_ !stk !_ !_ section
+  | debugger stk "eval" section = undefined
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (Match i (TestT df cs)) = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectTextBranch t df cs

From 49cd2de7055dc9dbc7ec84b78e43c90dbf24f016 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 09:55:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 04/89] Add newtype for type tags

Merge Me
---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs      | 18 ++++++----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs  |  4 +--
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    |  8 ++---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs           | 36 +++++++++----------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    |  9 ++---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs     | 15 +++++---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 15 ++++----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 23 ++++++------
 8 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 229893f466..664465164d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.ANF
     ANormal,
     RTag,
     CTag,
+    PackedTag (..),
     Tag (..),
     GroupRef (..),
     Code (..),
@@ -717,24 +718,29 @@ newtype CTag = CTag Word16
   deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
   deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
 
+-- | A combined tag, which is a packed representation of an RTag and a CTag
+newtype PackedTag = PackedTag Word64
+  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
+  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
+
 class Tag t where rawTag :: t -> Word64
 
 instance Tag RTag where rawTag (RTag w) = w
 
 instance Tag CTag where rawTag (CTag w) = fromIntegral w
 
-packTags :: RTag -> CTag -> Word64
-packTags (RTag rt) (CTag ct) = ri .|. ci
+packTags :: RTag -> CTag -> PackedTag
+packTags (RTag rt) (CTag ct) = PackedTag (ri .|. ci)
   where
     ri = rt `shiftL` 16
     ci = fromIntegral ct
 
-unpackTags :: Word64 -> (RTag, CTag)
-unpackTags w = (RTag $ w `shiftR` 16, CTag . fromIntegral $ w .&. 0xFFFF)
+unpackTags :: PackedTag -> (RTag, CTag)
+unpackTags (PackedTag w) = (RTag $ w `shiftR` 16, CTag . fromIntegral $ w .&. 0xFFFF)
 
 -- Masks a packed tag to extract just the constructor tag portion
-maskTags :: Word64 -> Word64
-maskTags w = w .&. 0xFFFF
+maskTags :: PackedTag -> Word64
+maskTags (PackedTag w) = (w .&. 0xFFFF)
 
 ensureRTag :: (Ord n, Show n, Num n) => String -> n -> r -> r
 ensureRTag s n x
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 0a4a86b67d..8a120bb0cc 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -2295,10 +2295,10 @@ mkForeignIOF f = mkForeign $ \a -> tryIOE (f a)
     handleIOE (Right a) = Right a
 
 unitValue :: Closure
-unitValue = Closure.Enum Ty.unitRef 0
+unitValue = Closure.Enum Ty.unitRef (PackedTag 0)
 
 natValue :: Word64 -> Closure
-natValue w =  Closure.DataU1 Ty.natRef 0 (fromIntegral w)
+natValue w =  Closure.DataU1 Ty.natRef (PackedTag 0) (fromIntegral w)
 
 mkForeignTls ::
   forall a r.
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index a36a6f8b60..786a1ab50f 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import Network.UDP (UDPSocket)
 import System.IO (BufferMode (..), Handle, IOMode, SeekMode)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Reference (Reference)
-import Unison.Runtime.ANF (Code, Value, internalBug)
+import Unison.Runtime.ANF (Code, PackedTag (..), Value, internalBug)
 import Unison.Runtime.Exception
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
@@ -503,10 +503,10 @@ toUnisonPair ::
 toUnisonPair (x, y) =
   DataC
     Ty.pairRef
-    0
-    [Right $ wr x, Right $ DataC Ty.pairRef 0 [Right $ wr y, Right $ un]]
+    (PackedTag 0)
+    [Right $ wr x, Right $ DataC Ty.pairRef (PackedTag 0) [Right $ wr y, Right $ un]]
   where
-    un = DataC Ty.unitRef 0 []
+    un = DataC Ty.unitRef (PackedTag 0) []
     wr z = Foreign $ wrapBuiltin z
 
 unwrapForeignClosure :: Closure -> a
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
index 95e8fc3c53..137d8b4c1b 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
@@ -473,25 +473,25 @@ checkCacheability cl ctx (r, sg) =
   getTermType codebaseRef >>= \case
     -- A term's result is cacheable iff it has no arrows in its type,
     -- this is sufficient since top-level definitions can't have effects without a delay.
-    Just typ | not (Rec.cata hasArrows typ) ->
-      pure (r, CodeRep sg Cacheable)
+    Just typ
+      | not (Rec.cata hasArrows typ) ->
+          pure (r, CodeRep sg Cacheable)
     _ -> pure (r, CodeRep sg Uncacheable)
   where
-  codebaseRef = backmapRef ctx r
-  getTermType :: CodebaseReference -> IO (Maybe (Type Symbol))
-  getTermType = \case
-    (RF.DerivedId i) ->
-      getTypeOfTerm cl i >>= \case
-        Just t -> pure $ Just t
-        Nothing -> pure Nothing
-    RF.Builtin {} -> pure $ Nothing
-  hasArrows :: Type.TypeF v a Bool -> Bool
-  hasArrows abt = case ABT.out' abt of
-    (ABT.Tm f) -> case f of
-      Type.Arrow _ _ -> True
-      other -> or other
-    t -> or t
-
+    codebaseRef = backmapRef ctx r
+    getTermType :: CodebaseReference -> IO (Maybe (Type Symbol))
+    getTermType = \case
+      (RF.DerivedId i) ->
+        getTypeOfTerm cl i >>= \case
+          Just t -> pure $ Just t
+          Nothing -> pure Nothing
+      RF.Builtin {} -> pure $ Nothing
+    hasArrows :: Type.TypeF v a Bool -> Bool
+    hasArrows abt = case ABT.out' abt of
+      (ABT.Tm f) -> case f of
+        Type.Arrow _ _ -> True
+        other -> or other
+      t -> or t
 
 compileValue :: Reference -> [(Reference, Code)] -> Value
 compileValue base =
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ executeMainComb ::
   CCache ->
   IO (Either (Pretty ColorText) ())
 executeMainComb init cc = do
-  rSection <- resolveSection cc $ Ins (Pack RF.unitRef 0 ZArgs) $ Call True init init (VArg1 0)
+  rSection <- resolveSection cc $ Ins (Pack RF.unitRef (PackedTag 0) ZArgs) $ Call True init init (VArg1 0)
   result <-
     UnliftIO.try . eval0 cc Nothing $ rSection
   case result of
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index 265efd163d..e9ee6ef695 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF
     Direction (..),
     Func (..),
     Mem (..),
+    PackedTag (..),
     SuperGroup (..),
     SuperNormal (..),
     internalBug,
@@ -481,12 +482,12 @@ data GInstr comb
     -- on the stack.
     Pack
       !Reference -- data type reference
-      !Word64 -- tag
+      !PackedTag -- tag
       !Args -- arguments to pack
   | -- Push a particular value onto the appropriate stack
     Lit !MLit -- value to push onto the stack
   | -- Push a particular value directly onto the boxed stack
-    BLit !Reference !Word64 {- packed type tag for the ref -} !MLit
+    BLit !Reference !PackedTag !MLit
   | -- Print a value on the unboxed stack
     Print !Int -- index of the primitive value to print
   | -- Put a delimiter on the continuation
@@ -1468,7 +1469,7 @@ emitBLit l = case l of
   _ -> BLit lRef builtinTypeTag (litToMLit l)
   where
     lRef = ANF.litRef l
-    builtinTypeTag :: Word64
+    builtinTypeTag :: PackedTag
     builtinTypeTag =
       case M.lookup (ANF.litRef l) builtinTypeNumbering of
         Nothing -> error "emitBLit: unknown builtin type reference"
@@ -1558,7 +1559,7 @@ sectionTypes (RMatch _ pu br) =
 sectionTypes _ = []
 
 instrTypes :: GInstr comb -> [Word64]
-instrTypes (Pack _ w _) = [w `shiftR` 16]
+instrTypes (Pack _ (PackedTag w) _) = [w `shiftR` 16]
 instrTypes (Reset ws) = setToList ws
 instrTypes (Capture w) = [w]
 instrTypes (SetDyn w _) = [w]
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
index 89930aefc3..9d614190aa 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import Data.Primitive.PrimArray
 import Data.Void (Void)
 import Data.Word (Word64)
 import GHC.Exts (IsList (..))
+import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode hiding (MatchT)
 import Unison.Runtime.Serialize
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
@@ -32,6 +33,12 @@ instance Tag CombT where
   word2tag 1 = pure CachedClosureT
   word2tag n = unknownTag "CombT" n
 
+putPackedTag :: (MonadPut m) => PackedTag -> m ()
+putPackedTag (PackedTag w) = pWord w
+
+getPackedTag :: (MonadGet m) => m PackedTag
+getPackedTag = PackedTag <$> gWord
+
 putComb :: (MonadPut m) => (clos -> m ()) -> GComb clos comb -> m ()
 putComb pClos = \case
   (Lam a f body) ->
@@ -205,9 +212,9 @@ putInstr = \case
   (Capture w) -> putTag CaptureT *> pWord w
   (Name r a) -> putTag NameT *> putRef r *> putArgs a
   (Info s) -> putTag InfoT *> serialize s
-  (Pack r w a) -> putTag PackT *> putReference r *> pWord w *> putArgs a
+  (Pack r w a) -> putTag PackT *> putReference r *> putPackedTag w *> putArgs a
   (Lit l) -> putTag LitT *> putLit l
-  (BLit r tt l) -> putTag BLitT *> putReference r *> putNat tt *> putLit l
+  (BLit r tt l) -> putTag BLitT *> putReference r *> putPackedTag tt *> putLit l
   (Print i) -> putTag PrintT *> pInt i
   (Reset s) -> putTag ResetT *> putEnumSet pWord s
   (Fork i) -> putTag ForkT *> pInt i
@@ -227,9 +234,9 @@ getInstr =
     CaptureT -> Capture <$> gWord
     NameT -> Name <$> getRef <*> getArgs
     InfoT -> Info <$> deserialize
-    PackT -> Pack <$> getReference <*> gWord <*> getArgs
+    PackT -> Pack <$> getReference <*> getPackedTag <*> getArgs
     LitT -> Lit <$> getLit
-    BLitT -> BLit <$> getReference <*> getNat <*> getLit
+    BLitT -> BLit <$> getReference <*> getPackedTag <*> getLit
     PrintT -> Print <$> gInt
     ResetT -> Reset <$> getEnumSet gWord
     ForkT -> Fork <$> gInt
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 2cd45dd8d4..cd7a3e5d8e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF as ANF
   ( Cacheability (..),
     Code (..),
     CompileExn (..),
+    PackedTag,
     SuperGroup,
     codeGroup,
     foldGroup,
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ unitValue = Enum Rf.unitRef unitTag
 lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Closure
 lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe BlackHole $ EC.lookup p denv
 
-buildLit :: Reference -> Word64 -> MLit -> Closure
+buildLit :: Reference -> PackedTag -> MLit -> Closure
 buildLit rf tt (MI i) = DataU1 rf tt i
 buildLit _ _ (MT t) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
 buildLit _ _ (MM r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
@@ -2408,42 +2409,42 @@ compareAsNat i j = compare ni nj
     ni = fromIntegral i
     nj = fromIntegral j
 
-floatTag :: Word64
+floatTag :: PackedTag
 floatTag
   | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.floatRef builtinTypeNumbering,
     rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
       packTags rt 0
   | otherwise = error "internal error: floatTag"
 
-natTag :: Word64
+natTag :: PackedTag
 natTag
   | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.natRef builtinTypeNumbering,
     rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
       packTags rt 0
   | otherwise = error "internal error: natTag"
 
-intTag :: Word64
+intTag :: PackedTag
 intTag
   | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.intRef builtinTypeNumbering,
     rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
       packTags rt 0
   | otherwise = error "internal error: intTag"
 
-charTag :: Word64
+charTag :: PackedTag
 charTag
   | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.charRef builtinTypeNumbering,
     rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
       packTags rt 0
   | otherwise = error "internal error: charTag"
 
-unitTag :: Word64
+unitTag :: PackedTag
 unitTag
   | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.unitRef builtinTypeNumbering,
     rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
       packTags rt 0
   | otherwise = error "internal error: unitTag"
 
-leftTag, rightTag :: Word64
+leftTag, rightTag :: PackedTag
 (leftTag, rightTag)
   | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.eitherRef builtinTypeNumbering,
     et <- toEnum (fromIntegral n),
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 0c8c3392b7..7c7deac4a0 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ import Data.Word
 import GHC.Exts as L (IsList (..))
 import Unison.Prelude
 import Unison.Reference (Reference)
+import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag)
 import Unison.Runtime.Array
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
@@ -166,14 +167,14 @@ data GClosure comb
       !CombIx
       {-# UNPACK #-} !(GCombInfo comb)
       {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg -- args
-  | GEnum !Reference !Word64
-  | GDataU1 !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} !Int
-  | GDataU2 !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} !Int !Int
-  | GDataB1 !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataB2 !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} !(GClosure comb) !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataUB !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} !Int !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataBU !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} !(GClosure comb) !Int
-  | GDataG !Reference !Word64 {- <- packed type tag -} {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
+  | GEnum !Reference !PackedTag
+  | GDataU1 !Reference !PackedTag !Int
+  | GDataU2 !Reference !PackedTag !Int !Int
+  | GDataB1 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb)
+  | GDataB2 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !(GClosure comb)
+  | GDataUB !Reference !PackedTag !Int !(GClosure comb)
+  | GDataBU !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !Int
+  | GDataG !Reference !PackedTag {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | -- code cont, arg size, u/b data stacks
     GCaptured !K !Int {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | GForeign !Foreign
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
       | otherwise = p : dedup (r, 1) k
     dedup p _ = [p]
 
-splitData :: Closure -> Maybe (Reference, Word64, SegList)
+splitData :: Closure -> Maybe (Reference, PackedTag, SegList)
 splitData = \case
   (Enum r t) -> Just (r, t, [])
   (DataU1 r t i) -> Just (r, t, [Left i])
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ bsegToList = reverse . L.toList
 bseg :: [Closure] -> BSeg
 bseg = L.fromList . reverse
 
-formData :: Reference -> Word64 -> SegList -> Closure
+formData :: Reference -> PackedTag -> SegList -> Closure
 formData r t [] = Enum r t
 formData r t [Left i] = DataU1 r t i
 formData r t [Left i, Left j] = DataU2 r t i j
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ frameDataSize = go 0
     go sz (Push f a _ _ _ k) =
       go (sz + f + a) k
 
-pattern DataC :: Reference -> Word64 -> SegList -> Closure
+pattern DataC :: Reference -> PackedTag -> SegList -> Closure
 pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
   (splitData -> Just (rf, ct, segs))
   where

From ef778cf13467e590ff167534a1f4c38d5e928199 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 09:55:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 05/89] Pack type tags into boxed unboxed vals

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs      |  78 +--------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    |   4 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 117 +++++--------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 110 +++++++++----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs | 155 ++++++++++++++++++
 unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal           |   1 +
 6 files changed, 273 insertions(+), 192 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 664465164d..638a639842 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ import Control.Monad.Reader (ReaderT (..), ask, local)
 import Control.Monad.State (MonadState (..), State, gets, modify, runState)
 import Data.Bifoldable (Bifoldable (..))
 import Data.Bitraversable (Bitraversable (..))
-import Data.Bits (shiftL, shiftR, (.&.), (.|.))
 import Data.Functor.Compose (Compose (..))
 import Data.List hiding (and, or)
 import Data.Map qualified as Map
@@ -113,6 +112,7 @@ import Unison.Pattern qualified as P
 import Unison.Prelude
 import Unison.Reference (Id, Reference, Reference' (Builtin, DerivedId))
 import Unison.Referent (Referent, pattern Con, pattern Ref)
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags (CTag (..), PackedTag (..), RTag (..), Tag (..), maskTags, packTags, unpackTags)
 import Unison.Symbol (Symbol)
 import Unison.Term hiding (List, Ref, Text, float, fresh, resolve)
 import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import Unison.Var (Var, typed)
 import Unison.Var qualified as Var
 import Prelude hiding (abs, and, or, seq)
-import Prelude qualified
 
 -- For internal errors
 data CompileExn = CE CallStack (Pretty.Pretty Pretty.ColorText)
@@ -707,77 +706,6 @@ data ANormalF v e
   | AVar v
   deriving (Show, Eq)
 
--- Types representing components that will go into the runtime tag of
--- a data type value. RTags correspond to references, while CTags
--- correspond to constructors.
-newtype RTag = RTag Word64
-  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
-  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
-
-newtype CTag = CTag Word16
-  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
-  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
-
--- | A combined tag, which is a packed representation of an RTag and a CTag
-newtype PackedTag = PackedTag Word64
-  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
-  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
-
-class Tag t where rawTag :: t -> Word64
-
-instance Tag RTag where rawTag (RTag w) = w
-
-instance Tag CTag where rawTag (CTag w) = fromIntegral w
-
-packTags :: RTag -> CTag -> PackedTag
-packTags (RTag rt) (CTag ct) = PackedTag (ri .|. ci)
-  where
-    ri = rt `shiftL` 16
-    ci = fromIntegral ct
-
-unpackTags :: PackedTag -> (RTag, CTag)
-unpackTags (PackedTag w) = (RTag $ w `shiftR` 16, CTag . fromIntegral $ w .&. 0xFFFF)
-
--- Masks a packed tag to extract just the constructor tag portion
-maskTags :: PackedTag -> Word64
-maskTags (PackedTag w) = (w .&. 0xFFFF)
-
-ensureRTag :: (Ord n, Show n, Num n) => String -> n -> r -> r
-ensureRTag s n x
-  | n > 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF =
-      internalBug $ s ++ "@RTag: too large: " ++ show n
-  | otherwise = x
-
-ensureCTag :: (Ord n, Show n, Num n) => String -> n -> r -> r
-ensureCTag s n x
-  | n > 0xFFFF =
-      internalBug $ s ++ "@CTag: too large: " ++ show n
-  | otherwise = x
-
-instance Enum RTag where
-  toEnum i = ensureRTag "toEnum" i . RTag $ toEnum i
-  fromEnum (RTag w) = fromEnum w
-
-instance Enum CTag where
-  toEnum i = ensureCTag "toEnum" i . CTag $ toEnum i
-  fromEnum (CTag w) = fromEnum w
-
-instance Num RTag where
-  fromInteger i = ensureRTag "fromInteger" i . RTag $ fromInteger i
-  (+) = internalBug "RTag: +"
-  (*) = internalBug "RTag: *"
-  abs = internalBug "RTag: abs"
-  signum = internalBug "RTag: signum"
-  negate = internalBug "RTag: negate"
-
-instance Num CTag where
-  fromInteger i = ensureCTag "fromInteger" i . CTag $ fromInteger i
-  (+) = internalBug "CTag: +"
-  (*) = internalBug "CTag: *"
-  abs = internalBug "CTag: abs"
-  signum = internalBug "CTag: signum"
-  negate = internalBug "CTag: negate"
-
 instance Functor (ANormalF v) where
   fmap _ (AVar v) = AVar v
   fmap _ (ALit l) = ALit l
@@ -1296,8 +1224,8 @@ data Lit
   | F Double
   | T Util.Text.Text
   | C Char
-  | LM Referent
-  | LY Reference
+  | LM Referent -- Term Link
+  | LY Reference -- Type Link
   deriving (Show, Eq)
 
 litRef :: Lit -> Reference
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index e9ee6ef695..a4c9272ef3 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -429,8 +429,8 @@ data MLit
   = MI !Int
   | MD !Double
   | MT !Text
-  | MM !Referent
-  | MY !Reference
+  | MM !Referent -- Term Link
+  | MY !Reference -- Type Link
   deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
 type Instr = GInstr CombIx
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index cd7a3e5d8e..7bd271dc14 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign.Function
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.ShortHash qualified as SH
 import Unison.Symbol (Symbol)
 import Unison.Type qualified as Rf
@@ -281,19 +282,19 @@ jump0 !callback !env !activeThreads !clo = do
   (denv, kf) <-
     topDEnv cmbs <$> readTVarIO (refTy env) <*> readTVarIO (refTm env)
   stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk (Enum Rf.unitRef unitTag)
+  bpoke stk (Enum Rf.unitRef TT.unitTag)
   jump env denv activeThreads stk (kf k0) (VArg1 0) clo
   where
     k0 = CB (Hook callback)
 
 unitValue :: Closure
-unitValue = Enum Rf.unitRef unitTag
+unitValue = Enum Rf.unitRef TT.unitTag
 
 lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Closure
 lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe BlackHole $ EC.lookup p denv
 
 buildLit :: Reference -> PackedTag -> MLit -> Closure
-buildLit rf tt (MI i) = DataU1 rf tt i
+buildLit rf tt (MI i) = DataU1 rf tt (TypedUnboxed i tt)
 buildLit _ _ (MT t) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
 buildLit _ _ (MM r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
 buildLit _ _ (MY r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
@@ -502,7 +503,7 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 CMPU i j) = do
   x <- bpeekOff stk i
   y <- bpeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk . fromEnum $ universalCompare compare x y
+  pokeI stk . fromEnum $ universalCompare compare x y
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !_ !_activeThreads !stk !k r (BPrim2 THRO i j) = do
   name <- peekOffBi @Util.Text.Text stk i
@@ -942,29 +943,29 @@ closureArgs !_ _ =
 -- The former puts more work before the branch, which _may_ be better for cpu pipelining,
 -- but the latter avoids an unnecessary fetch from the unboxed stack in cases where all args are boxed.
 buildData ::
-  Stack -> Reference -> Tag -> Args -> IO Closure
+  Stack -> Reference -> PackedTag -> Args -> IO Closure
 buildData !_ !r !t ZArgs = pure $ Enum r t
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArg1 i) = do
   bv <- bpeekOff stk i
   case bv of
-    BlackHole -> do
+    UnboxedTypeTag t -> do
       uv <- upeekOff stk i
-      pure $ DataU1 r t uv
+      pure $ DataU1 r t (TypedUnboxed uv t)
     _ -> pure $ DataB1 r t bv
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArg2 i j) = do
   b1 <- bpeekOff stk i
   b2 <- bpeekOff stk j
   case (b1, b2) of
-    (BlackHole, BlackHole) -> do
+    (UnboxedTypeTag t1, UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> do
       u1 <- upeekOff stk i
       u2 <- upeekOff stk j
-      pure $ DataU2 r t u1 u2
-    (BlackHole, _) -> do
+      pure $ DataU2 r t (TypedUnboxed u1 t1) (TypedUnboxed u2 t2)
+    (UnboxedTypeTag t1, _) -> do
       u1 <- upeekOff stk i
-      pure $ DataUB r t u1 b2
-    (_, BlackHole) -> do
+      pure $ DataUB r t (TypedUnboxed u1 t1) b2
+    (_, UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> do
       u2 <- upeekOff stk j
-      pure $ DataUB r t u2 b1
+      pure $ DataBU r t b1 (TypedUnboxed u2 t2)
     _ -> pure $ DataB2 r t b1 b2
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArgR i l) = do
   seg <- augSeg I stk nullSeg (Just $ ArgR i l)
@@ -988,7 +989,7 @@ dumpDataNoTag ::
   Maybe Reference ->
   Stack ->
   Closure ->
-  IO (Word64, Stack)
+  IO (PackedTag, Stack)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (Enum _ t) = pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataU1 _ t x) = do
   stk <- bump stk
@@ -1508,14 +1509,14 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKT i = do
   pokeBi stk . Util.Text.pack . toList $ clo2char <$> s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2char (DataU1 _ t i) | t == charTag = toEnum i
+    clo2char (DataU1 _ t i) | t == TT.charTag = toEnum i
     clo2char c = error $ "pack text: non-character closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeS stk
     . Sq.fromList
-    . fmap (DataU1 Rf.charRef charTag . fromEnum)
+    . fmap (DataU1 Rf.charRef TT.charTag . fromEnum)
     . Util.Text.unpack
     $ t
   pure stk
@@ -1525,12 +1526,12 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKB i = do
   pokeBi stk . By.fromWord8s . fmap clo2w8 $ toList s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2w8 (DataU1 _ t n) | t == natTag = toEnum n
+    clo2w8 (DataU1 _ t n) | t == TT.natTag = toEnum n
     clo2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (DataU1 Rf.natRef natTag . fromEnum) $
+  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (DataU1 Rf.natRef TT.natTag . fromEnum) $
     By.toWord8s b
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk SIZB i = do
@@ -1931,10 +1932,10 @@ encodeSandboxResult (Right rfs) =
   encodeRight . Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef $ encodeSandboxListResult rfs
 
 encodeLeft :: Closure -> Closure
-encodeLeft = DataB1 Rf.eitherRef leftTag
+encodeLeft = DataB1 Rf.eitherRef TT.leftTag
 
 encodeRight :: Closure -> Closure
-encodeRight = DataB1 Rf.eitherRef rightTag
+encodeRight = DataB1 Rf.eitherRef TT.rightTag
 
 addRefs ::
   TVar Word64 ->
@@ -2198,13 +2199,13 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
           ANF.Arr <$> traverse goV a
       | otherwise = die $ err $ "foreign value: " <> (show f)
 
-    reflectUData :: Word64 -> Int -> IO ANF.BLit
+    reflectUData :: PackedTag -> Int -> IO ANF.BLit
     reflectUData t v
-      | t == natTag = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
-      | t == charTag = pure $ ANF.Char (toEnum v)
-      | t == intTag, v >= 0 = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
-      | t == intTag, v < 0 = pure $ ANF.Neg (fromIntegral (-v))
-      | t == floatTag = pure $ ANF.Float (intToDouble v)
+      | t == TT.natTag = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
+      | t == TT.charTag = pure $ ANF.Char (toEnum v)
+      | t == TT.intTag, v >= 0 = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
+      | t == TT.intTag, v < 0 = pure $ ANF.Neg (fromIntegral (-v))
+      | t == TT.floatTag = pure $ ANF.Float (intToDouble v)
       | otherwise = die . err $ "unboxed data: " <> show (t, v)
 
 reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Closure)
@@ -2294,13 +2295,13 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
     goL (ANF.Quote v) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.valueRef v
     goL (ANF.Code g) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.codeRef g
     goL (ANF.BArr a) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.ibytearrayRef a
-    goL (ANF.Char c) = pure $ DataU1 Rf.charRef charTag (fromEnum c)
+    goL (ANF.Char c) = pure $ DataU1 Rf.charRef TT.charTag (fromEnum c)
     goL (ANF.Pos w) =
-      pure $ DataU1 Rf.natRef natTag (fromIntegral w)
+      pure $ DataU1 Rf.natRef TT.natTag (fromIntegral w)
     goL (ANF.Neg w) =
-      pure $ DataU1 Rf.intRef intTag (-fromIntegral w)
+      pure $ DataU1 Rf.intRef TT.intTag (-fromIntegral w)
     goL (ANF.Float d) =
-      pure $ DataU1 Rf.floatRef floatTag (doubleToInt d)
+      pure $ DataU1 Rf.floatRef TT.floatTag (doubleToInt d)
     goL (ANF.Arr a) = Foreign . Wrap Rf.iarrayRef <$> traverse goV a
 
 doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
@@ -2359,8 +2360,8 @@ universalEq frn = eqc
     -- more accepting for those.
     matchTags ct1 ct2 =
       ct1 == ct2
-        || (ct1 == intTag && ct2 == natTag)
-        || (ct1 == natTag && ct2 == intTag)
+        || (ct1 == TT.intTag && ct2 == TT.natTag)
+        || (ct1 == TT.natTag && ct2 == TT.intTag)
 
 arrayEq :: (Closure -> Closure -> Bool) -> PA.Array Closure -> PA.Array Closure -> Bool
 arrayEq eqc l r
@@ -2409,50 +2410,6 @@ compareAsNat i j = compare ni nj
     ni = fromIntegral i
     nj = fromIntegral j
 
-floatTag :: PackedTag
-floatTag
-  | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.floatRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: floatTag"
-
-natTag :: PackedTag
-natTag
-  | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.natRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: natTag"
-
-intTag :: PackedTag
-intTag
-  | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.intRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: intTag"
-
-charTag :: PackedTag
-charTag
-  | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.charRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: charTag"
-
-unitTag :: PackedTag
-unitTag
-  | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.unitRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: unitTag"
-
-leftTag, rightTag :: PackedTag
-(leftTag, rightTag)
-  | Just n <- M.lookup Rf.eitherRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    et <- toEnum (fromIntegral n),
-    lt <- toEnum (fromIntegral Rf.eitherLeftId),
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral Rf.eitherRightId) =
-      (packTags et lt, packTags et rt)
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: either tags"
-
 universalCompare ::
   (Foreign -> Foreign -> Ordering) ->
   Closure ->
@@ -2463,10 +2420,10 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpc False
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)
     cmpc _ (DataC _ ct1 [Left i]) (DataC _ ct2 [Left j])
-      | ct1 == floatTag, ct2 == floatTag = compareAsFloat i j
-      | ct1 == natTag, ct2 == natTag = compareAsNat i j
-      | ct1 == intTag, ct2 == natTag = compare i j
-      | ct1 == natTag, ct2 == intTag = compare i j
+      | ct1 == TT.floatTag, ct2 == TT.floatTag = compareAsFloat i j
+      | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.natTag = compareAsNat i j
+      | ct1 == TT.intTag, ct2 == TT.natTag = compare i j
+      | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.intTag = compare i j
     cmpc tyEq (DataC rf1 ct1 vs1) (DataC rf2 ct2 vs2) =
       (if tyEq && ct1 /= ct2 then compare rf1 rf2 else EQ)
         <> compare (maskTags ct1) (maskTags ct2)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 7c7deac4a0..66449a4564 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         DataG,
         Captured,
         Foreign,
-        BlackHole
+        BlackHole,
+        UnboxedTypeTag
       ),
     IxClosure,
     Callback (..),
@@ -38,6 +39,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     Seg,
     USeg,
     BSeg,
+    SegList,
+    TypedUnboxed (..),
     traceK,
     frameDataSize,
     marshalToForeign,
@@ -52,6 +55,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     peekOffN,
     pokeN,
     pokeOffN,
+    pokeI,
+    pokeOffI,
     peekBi,
     peekOffBi,
     pokeBi,
@@ -75,6 +80,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     bpokeOff,
     upoke,
     upokeOff,
+    pokeTU,
+    pokeOffTU,
     bump,
     bumpn,
     grab,
@@ -104,6 +111,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag)
 import Unison.Runtime.Array
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
 import Prelude hiding (words)
@@ -168,16 +176,18 @@ data GClosure comb
       {-# UNPACK #-} !(GCombInfo comb)
       {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg -- args
   | GEnum !Reference !PackedTag
-  | GDataU1 !Reference !PackedTag !Int
-  | GDataU2 !Reference !PackedTag !Int !Int
+  | GDataU1 !Reference !PackedTag !TypedUnboxed
+  | GDataU2 !Reference !PackedTag !TypedUnboxed !TypedUnboxed
   | GDataB1 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb)
   | GDataB2 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataUB !Reference !PackedTag !Int !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataBU !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !Int
+  | GDataUB !Reference !PackedTag !TypedUnboxed !(GClosure comb)
+  | GDataBU !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !TypedUnboxed
   | GDataG !Reference !PackedTag {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | -- code cont, arg size, u/b data stacks
     GCaptured !K !Int {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | GForeign !Foreign
+  | -- The type tag for the value in the corresponding unboxed stack slot.
+    GUnboxedTypeTag !PackedTag
   | GBlackHole
   deriving stock (Show, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
 
@@ -220,6 +230,8 @@ pattern Foreign x = Closure (GForeign x)
 
 pattern BlackHole = Closure GBlackHole
 
+pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
+
 traceK :: Reference -> K -> [(Reference, Int)]
 traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
   where
@@ -241,14 +253,6 @@ splitData = \case
   (DataG r t seg) -> Just (r, t, segToList seg)
   _ -> Nothing
 
--- | Converts an unboxed segment to a list of integers for a more interchangeable
--- representation. The segments are stored in backwards order, so this reverses
--- the contents.
-ints :: ByteArray -> [Int]
-ints ba = fmap (indexByteArray ba) [n - 1, n - 2 .. 0]
-  where
-    n = sizeofByteArray ba `div` 8
-
 -- | Converts a list of integers representing an unboxed segment back into the
 -- appropriate segment. Segments are stored backwards in the runtime, so this
 -- reverses the list.
@@ -291,7 +295,14 @@ pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
   where
     DataC rf ct segs = formData rf ct segs
 
-type SegList = [Either Int Closure]
+-- | An unboxed value with an accompanying tag indicating its type.
+data TypedUnboxed = TypedUnboxed !Int !PackedTag
+  deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
+
+splitTaggedUnboxed :: TypedUnboxed -> (Int, Closure)
+splitTaggedUnboxed (TypedUnboxed i t) = (i, UnboxedTypeTag t)
+
+type SegList = [Either TypedUnboxed Closure]
 
 pattern PApV :: CombIx -> RCombInfo Closure -> SegList -> Closure
 pattern PApV cix rcomb segs <-
@@ -311,22 +322,28 @@ segToList (u, b) =
   zipWith combine (ints u) (bsegToList b)
   where
     combine i c = case c of
-      BlackHole -> Left i
+      UnboxedTypeTag t -> Left $ TypedUnboxed i t
       _ -> Right c
 
+-- | Converts an unboxed segment to a list of integers for a more interchangeable
+-- representation. The segments are stored in backwards order, so this reverses
+-- the contents.
+ints :: ByteArray -> [Int]
+ints ba = fmap (indexByteArray ba) [n - 1, n - 2 .. 0]
+  where
+    n = sizeofByteArray ba `div` 8
+
 -- | Converts from the list representation of a segment to the efficient stack form. Segments are stored backwards,
 -- so this reverses the contents.
 segFromList :: SegList -> Seg
-segFromList xs = (useg u, bseg b)
-  where
-    u =
-      xs <&> \case
-        Left i -> i
-        Right _ -> 0
-    b =
-      xs <&> \case
-        Left _ -> BlackHole
-        Right c -> c
+segFromList xs =
+  xs
+    <&> ( \case
+            Left tu -> splitTaggedUnboxed tu
+            Right c -> (0, c)
+        )
+    & unzip
+    & \(us, bs) -> (useg us, bseg bs)
 
 {-# COMPLETE DataC, PAp, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole #-}
 
@@ -477,6 +494,8 @@ instance Show Stack where
 
 type UElem = Int
 
+type TypedUElem = (Int, Closure {- This closure should always be a UnboxedTypeTag -})
+
 type USeg = ByteArray
 
 type BElem = Closure
@@ -526,12 +545,16 @@ upeekOff (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 
 -- | Store an unboxed value and null out the boxed stack at that location, both so we know there's no value there,
 -- and so garbage collection can clean up any value that was referenced there.
-upoke :: Stack -> UElem -> IO ()
-upoke stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) u = do
-  bpoke stk BlackHole
+upoke :: Stack -> TypedUElem -> IO ()
+upoke !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !(u, t) = do
+  bpoke stk t
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upoke #-}
 
+pokeTU :: Stack -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
+pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = upoke stk (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
+{-# INLINE pokeTU #-}
+
 -- | Store a boxed value.
 -- We don't bother nulling out the unboxed stack,
 -- it's extra work and there's nothing to garbage collect.
@@ -539,12 +562,16 @@ bpoke :: Stack -> BElem -> IO ()
 bpoke (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) b = writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE bpoke #-}
 
-upokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> UElem -> IO ()
-upokeOff stk i u = do
-  bpokeOff stk i BlackHole
+upokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUElem -> IO ()
+upokeOff stk i (u, t) = do
+  bpokeOff stk i t
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOff #-}
 
+pokeOffTU :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
+pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = upokeOff stk i (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
+{-# INLINE pokeOffTU #-}
+
 bpokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> BElem -> IO ()
 bpokeOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i b = writeArray bstk (sp - i) b
 {-# INLINE bpokeOff #-}
@@ -748,28 +775,41 @@ peekOffD (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 
 pokeN :: Stack -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) n = do
-  bpoke stk BlackHole
+  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)
   writeByteArray ustk sp n
 {-# INLINE pokeN #-}
 
 pokeD :: Stack -> Double -> IO ()
 pokeD stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) d = do
-  bpoke stk BlackHole
+  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag)
   writeByteArray ustk sp d
 {-# INLINE pokeD #-}
 
+-- | Note: This is for poking an unboxed value that has the UNISON type 'int', not just any unboxed data.
+pokeI :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
+pokeI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag)
+  writeByteArray ustk sp i
+{-# INLINE pokeI #-}
+
 pokeOffN :: Stack -> Int -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeOffN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
-  bpokeOff stk i BlackHole
+  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)
   writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) n
 {-# INLINE pokeOffN #-}
 
 pokeOffD :: Stack -> Int -> Double -> IO ()
 pokeOffD stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i d = do
-  bpokeOff stk i BlackHole
+  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag)
   writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) d
 {-# INLINE pokeOffD #-}
 
+pokeOffI :: Stack -> Int -> Int -> IO ()
+pokeOffI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
+  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag)
+  writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) n
+{-# INLINE pokeOffI #-}
+
 pokeBi :: (BuiltinForeign b) => Stack -> b -> IO ()
 pokeBi stk x = bpoke stk (Foreign $ wrapBuiltin x)
 {-# INLINE pokeBi #-}
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbdd839b70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+module Unison.Runtime.TypeTags
+  ( Tag (..),
+    RTag (..),
+    CTag (..),
+    PackedTag (..),
+    packTags,
+    unpackTags,
+    maskTags,
+    floatTag,
+    natTag,
+    intTag,
+    charTag,
+    unitTag,
+    leftTag,
+    rightTag,
+  )
+where
+
+import Control.Exception (throw)
+import Data.Bits (shiftL, shiftR, (.&.), (.|.))
+import Data.List hiding (and, or)
+import Data.Map qualified as Map
+import GHC.Stack (CallStack, callStack)
+import Unison.Builtin.Decls qualified as Ty
+import Unison.Prelude
+import Unison.Runtime.Builtin.Types (builtinTypeNumbering)
+import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
+import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
+import Unison.Util.Pretty qualified as Pretty
+import Prelude hiding (abs, and, or, seq)
+import Prelude qualified
+
+-- For internal errors
+data CompileExn = CE CallStack (Pretty.Pretty Pretty.ColorText)
+  deriving (Show)
+
+instance Exception CompileExn
+
+internalBug :: (HasCallStack) => String -> a
+internalBug = throw . CE callStack . Pretty.lit . fromString
+
+-- Types representing components that will go into the runtime tag of
+-- a data type value. RTags correspond to references, while CTags
+-- correspond to constructors.
+newtype RTag = RTag Word64
+  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
+  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
+
+newtype CTag = CTag Word16
+  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
+  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
+
+-- | A combined tag, which is a packed representation of an RTag and a CTag
+newtype PackedTag = PackedTag Word64
+  deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
+  deriving newtype (EC.EnumKey)
+
+class Tag t where rawTag :: t -> Word64
+
+instance Tag RTag where rawTag (RTag w) = w
+
+instance Tag CTag where rawTag (CTag w) = fromIntegral w
+
+packTags :: RTag -> CTag -> PackedTag
+packTags (RTag rt) (CTag ct) = PackedTag (ri .|. ci)
+  where
+    ri = rt `shiftL` 16
+    ci = fromIntegral ct
+
+unpackTags :: PackedTag -> (RTag, CTag)
+unpackTags (PackedTag w) = (RTag $ w `shiftR` 16, CTag . fromIntegral $ w .&. 0xFFFF)
+
+-- Masks a packed tag to extract just the constructor tag portion
+maskTags :: PackedTag -> Word64
+maskTags (PackedTag w) = (w .&. 0xFFFF)
+
+ensureRTag :: (Ord n, Show n, Num n) => String -> n -> r -> r
+ensureRTag s n x
+  | n > 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF =
+      internalBug $ s ++ "@RTag: too large: " ++ show n
+  | otherwise = x
+
+ensureCTag :: (Ord n, Show n, Num n) => String -> n -> r -> r
+ensureCTag s n x
+  | n > 0xFFFF =
+      internalBug $ s ++ "@CTag: too large: " ++ show n
+  | otherwise = x
+
+instance Enum RTag where
+  toEnum i = ensureRTag "toEnum" i . RTag $ toEnum i
+  fromEnum (RTag w) = fromEnum w
+
+instance Enum CTag where
+  toEnum i = ensureCTag "toEnum" i . CTag $ toEnum i
+  fromEnum (CTag w) = fromEnum w
+
+instance Num RTag where
+  fromInteger i = ensureRTag "fromInteger" i . RTag $ fromInteger i
+  (+) = internalBug "RTag: +"
+  (*) = internalBug "RTag: *"
+  abs = internalBug "RTag: abs"
+  signum = internalBug "RTag: signum"
+  negate = internalBug "RTag: negate"
+
+instance Num CTag where
+  fromInteger i = ensureCTag "fromInteger" i . CTag $ fromInteger i
+  (+) = internalBug "CTag: +"
+  (*) = internalBug "CTag: *"
+  abs = internalBug "CTag: abs"
+  signum = internalBug "CTag: signum"
+  negate = internalBug "CTag: negate"
+
+floatTag :: PackedTag
+floatTag
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.floatRef builtinTypeNumbering,
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
+      packTags rt 0
+  | otherwise = error "internal error: floatTag"
+
+natTag :: PackedTag
+natTag
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.natRef builtinTypeNumbering,
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
+      packTags rt 0
+  | otherwise = error "internal error: natTag"
+
+intTag :: PackedTag
+intTag
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.intRef builtinTypeNumbering,
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
+      packTags rt 0
+  | otherwise = error "internal error: intTag"
+
+charTag :: PackedTag
+charTag
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.charRef builtinTypeNumbering,
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
+      packTags rt 0
+  | otherwise = error "internal error: charTag"
+
+unitTag :: PackedTag
+unitTag
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.unitRef builtinTypeNumbering,
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
+      packTags rt 0
+  | otherwise = error "internal error: unitTag"
+
+leftTag, rightTag :: PackedTag
+(leftTag, rightTag)
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.eitherRef builtinTypeNumbering,
+    et <- toEnum (fromIntegral n),
+    lt <- toEnum (fromIntegral Ty.eitherLeftId),
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral Ty.eitherRightId) =
+      (packTags et lt, packTags et rt)
+  | otherwise = error "internal error: either tags"
diff --git a/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal b/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal
index 33650d1944..ba9a8b095e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal
+++ b/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ library
       Unison.Runtime.Serialize
       Unison.Runtime.SparseVector
       Unison.Runtime.Stack
+      Unison.Runtime.TypeTags
       Unison.Runtime.Vector
   hs-source-dirs:
       src

From 4b764078a0f9ab8f8ee6559e86bc06e344efe21e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 12:16:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 06/89] Add a bunch more typed poke/peek primitives

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    | 62 ++++++++++---------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 52 ++++++++++++++++
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs | 43 ++++++-------
 3 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 786a1ab50f..14a654781a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import Data.Primitive.Array as PA
 import Data.Primitive.ByteArray as PA
 import Data.Sequence qualified as Sq
 import Data.Time.Clock.POSIX (POSIXTime)
-import Data.Word (Word16, Word32, Word64, Word8)
 import GHC.IO.Exception (IOErrorType (..), IOException (..))
 import Network.Socket (Socket)
 import Network.UDP (UDPSocket)
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Exception
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Type
   ( iarrayRef,
     ibytearrayRef,
@@ -88,38 +88,44 @@ mkForeign ev = FF readArgs writeForeign ev
           internalBug
             "mkForeign: too many arguments for foreign function"
 
+-- newtype UnisonInt = UnisonInt Int
+
+-- newtype UnisonNat = UnisonNat Word64
+
+-- newtype UnisonDouble = UnisonDouble Double
+
 instance ForeignConvention Int where
   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> upeekOff stk i
   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Int"
   writeForeign stk i = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ upoke stk i
+    stk <$ pokeI stk i
 
-instance ForeignConvention Word64 where
-  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOffN stk i
-  readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Word64"
-  writeForeign stk n = do
-    stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeN stk n
+-- instance ForeignConvention Word64 where
+--   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOffN stk i
+--   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Word64"
+--   writeForeign stk n = do
+--     stk <- bump stk
+--     stk <$ pokeN stk n
 
-instance ForeignConvention Word8 where
-  readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word8)
-  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word8 -> Word64)
+-- instance ForeignConvention Word8 where
+--   readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word8)
+--   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word8 -> Word64)
 
-instance ForeignConvention Word16 where
-  readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word16)
-  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word16 -> Word64)
+-- instance ForeignConvention Word16 where
+--   readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word16)
+--   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word16 -> Word64)
 
-instance ForeignConvention Word32 where
-  readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word32)
-  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word32 -> Word64)
+-- instance ForeignConvention Word32 where
+--   readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word32)
+--   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word32 -> Word64)
 
 instance ForeignConvention Char where
   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) . Char.chr <$> upeekOff stk i
   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Char"
   writeForeign stk ch = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ upoke stk (Char.ord ch)
+    stk <$ pokeC stk ch
 
 -- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
@@ -168,18 +174,18 @@ instance (ForeignConvention a) => ForeignConvention (Maybe a) where
 
   writeForeign stk Nothing = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ upoke stk 0
+    stk <$ pokeTag stk 0
   writeForeign stk (Just x) = do
     stk <- writeForeign stk x
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ upoke stk 1
+    stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
 
 instance
   (ForeignConvention a, ForeignConvention b) =>
   ForeignConvention (Either a b)
   where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
-    upeekOff stk i >>= \case
+    peekTagOff stk i >>= \case
       0 -> readForeignAs Left args stk
       1 -> readForeignAs Right args stk
       _ -> foreignCCError "Either"
@@ -188,11 +194,11 @@ instance
   writeForeign stk (Left a) = do
     stk <- writeForeign stk a
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ upoke stk 0
+    stk <$ pokeTag stk 0
   writeForeign stk (Right b) = do
     stk <- writeForeign stk b
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ upoke stk 1
+    stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
 
 ioeDecode :: Int -> IOErrorType
 ioeDecode 0 = AlreadyExists
@@ -419,13 +425,13 @@ instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
   writeForeign stk bm =
     bump stk >>= \stk ->
       case bm of
-        NoBuffering -> stk <$ upoke stk no'buf
-        LineBuffering -> stk <$ upoke stk line'buf
-        BlockBuffering Nothing -> stk <$ upoke stk block'buf
+        NoBuffering -> stk <$ upokeT stk no'buf TT.bufferModeTag
+        LineBuffering -> stk <$ upokeT stk line'buf TT.bufferModeTag
+        BlockBuffering Nothing -> stk <$ upokeT stk block'buf TT.bufferModeTag
         BlockBuffering (Just n) -> do
-          upoke stk n
+          pokeI stk n
           stk <- bump stk
-          stk <$ upoke stk sblock'buf
+          stk <$ upokeT stk sblock'buf TT.bufferModeTag
 
 -- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 66449a4564..8751274270 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     peekOffD,
     pokeD,
     pokeOffD,
+    pokeC,
+    pokeTag,
+    peekTag,
+    peekTagOff,
+    peekI,
+    peekOffI,
     peekN,
     peekOffN,
     pokeN,
@@ -80,6 +86,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     bpokeOff,
     upoke,
     upokeOff,
+    upokeT,
+    upokeTOff,
     pokeTU,
     pokeOffTU,
     bump,
@@ -103,6 +111,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
 where
 
 import Control.Monad.Primitive
+import Data.Char qualified as Char
 import Data.Word
 import GHC.Exts as L (IsList (..))
 import Unison.Prelude
@@ -520,6 +529,14 @@ peek stk = do
   pure (u, b)
 {-# INLINE peek #-}
 
+peekI :: Stack -> IO Int
+peekI (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
+{-# INLINE peekI #-}
+
+peekOffI :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
+peekOffI (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+{-# INLINE peekOffI #-}
+
 bpeek :: Stack -> IO BElem
 bpeek (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) = readArray bstk sp
 {-# INLINE bpeek #-}
@@ -551,10 +568,33 @@ upoke !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !(u, t) = do
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upoke #-}
 
+upokeT :: Stack -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
+  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+  writeByteArray ustk sp u
+{-# INLINE upokeT #-}
+
 pokeTU :: Stack -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
 pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = upoke stk (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
 {-# INLINE pokeTU #-}
 
+-- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
+-- Often used to indicate the constructor of a data type that's been unpacked onto the stack,
+-- or some tag we're about to branch on.
+pokeTag :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
+pokeTag =
+  -- For now we just use ints, but maybe should have a separate type for tags so we can detect if we're leaking them.
+  pokeI
+{-# INLINE pokeTag #-}
+
+peekTag :: Stack -> IO Int
+peekTag = peekI
+{-# INLINE peekTag #-}
+
+peekTagOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
+peekTagOff = peekOffI
+{-# INLINE peekTagOff #-}
+
 -- | Store a boxed value.
 -- We don't bother nulling out the unboxed stack,
 -- it's extra work and there's nothing to garbage collect.
@@ -568,6 +608,12 @@ upokeOff stk i (u, t) = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOff #-}
 
+upokeTOff :: Stack -> Off -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeTOff stk i u t = do
+  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+  writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
+{-# INLINE upokeTOff #-}
+
 pokeOffTU :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
 pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = upokeOff stk i (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
 {-# INLINE pokeOffTU #-}
@@ -785,6 +831,12 @@ pokeD stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) d = do
   writeByteArray ustk sp d
 {-# INLINE pokeD #-}
 
+pokeC :: Stack -> Char -> IO ()
+pokeC stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) c = do
+  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.charTag)
+  writeByteArray ustk sp (Char.ord c)
+{-# INLINE pokeC #-}
+
 -- | Note: This is for poking an unboxed value that has the UNISON type 'int', not just any unboxed data.
 pokeI :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
 pokeI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
index bbdd839b70..3e8929d944 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.TypeTags
     intTag,
     charTag,
     unitTag,
+    bufferModeTag,
     leftTag,
     rightTag,
   )
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ import Data.Bits (shiftL, shiftR, (.&.), (.|.))
 import Data.List hiding (and, or)
 import Data.Map qualified as Map
 import GHC.Stack (CallStack, callStack)
+import U.Codebase.Reference (Reference)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Prelude
 import Unison.Runtime.Builtin.Types (builtinTypeNumbering)
@@ -111,39 +113,22 @@ instance Num CTag where
   negate = internalBug "CTag: negate"
 
 floatTag :: PackedTag
-floatTag
-  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.floatRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: floatTag"
+floatTag = mkSimpleTag "floatTag" Ty.floatRef
 
 natTag :: PackedTag
-natTag
-  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.natRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: natTag"
+natTag = mkSimpleTag "natTag" Ty.natRef
 
 intTag :: PackedTag
-intTag
-  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.intRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: intTag"
+intTag = mkSimpleTag "intTag" Ty.intRef
 
 charTag :: PackedTag
-charTag
-  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.charRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: charTag"
+charTag = mkSimpleTag "charTag" Ty.charRef
 
 unitTag :: PackedTag
-unitTag
-  | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.unitRef builtinTypeNumbering,
-    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
-      packTags rt 0
-  | otherwise = error "internal error: unitTag"
+unitTag = mkSimpleTag "unitTag" Ty.unitRef
+
+bufferModeTag :: PackedTag
+bufferModeTag = mkSimpleTag "bufferModeTag" Ty.bufferModeRef
 
 leftTag, rightTag :: PackedTag
 (leftTag, rightTag)
@@ -153,3 +138,11 @@ leftTag, rightTag :: PackedTag
     rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral Ty.eitherRightId) =
       (packTags et lt, packTags et rt)
   | otherwise = error "internal error: either tags"
+
+-- | Construct a tag for a single-constructor builtin type
+mkSimpleTag :: String -> Reference -> PackedTag
+mkSimpleTag msg r
+  | Just n <- Map.lookup r builtinTypeNumbering,
+    rt <- toEnum (fromIntegral n) =
+      packTags rt 0
+  | otherwise = internalBug $ "internal error: " <> msg

From 34a113d25a0da5c4aac1790ff89631b1d68098d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 17:44:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 07/89] Patterns for unboxed type closures

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 126 +++++++++----------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   |  65 +++++++++-
 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 7bd271dc14..76beae06e7 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import Data.Bitraversable (Bitraversable (..))
 import Data.Bits
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
 import Data.Ord (comparing)
-import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Sequence qualified as Sq
 import Data.Set qualified as S
 import Data.Set qualified as Set
@@ -1065,22 +1064,22 @@ uprim1 :: Stack -> UPrim1 -> Int -> IO Stack
 uprim1 !stk DECI !i = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m - 1)
+  pokeI stk (m - 1)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk INCI !i = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m + 1)
+  pokeI stk (m + 1)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk NEGI !i = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (-m)
+  pokeI stk (-m)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk SGNI !i = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (signum m)
+  pokeI stk (signum m)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk ABSF !i = do
   d <- peekOffD stk i
@@ -1195,17 +1194,17 @@ uprim1 !stk NTOF !i = do
 uprim1 !stk LZRO !i = do
   n <- peekOffN stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (countLeadingZeros n)
+  unsafePokeIasN stk (countLeadingZeros n)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk TZRO !i = do
   n <- peekOffN stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (countTrailingZeros n)
+  unsafePokeIasN stk (countTrailingZeros n)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk POPC !i = do
   n <- peekOffN stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (popCount n)
+  unsafePokeIasN stk (popCount n)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk COMN !i = do
   n <- peekOffN stk i
@@ -1219,43 +1218,43 @@ uprim2 !stk ADDI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m + n)
+  pokeI stk (m + n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SUBI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m - n)
+  pokeI stk (m - n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk MULI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m * n)
+  pokeI stk (m * n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk DIVI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m `div` n)
+  pokeI stk (m `div` n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk MODI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m `mod` n)
+  pokeI stk (m `mod` n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SHLI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m `shiftL` n)
+  pokeI stk (m `shiftL` n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SHRI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m `shiftR` n)
+  pokeI stk (m `shiftR` n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SHRN !i !j = do
   m <- peekOffN stk i
@@ -1267,7 +1266,7 @@ uprim2 !stk POWI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- peekOffN stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (m ^ n)
+  pokeI stk (m ^ n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk EQLI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1393,12 +1392,12 @@ bprim1 ::
 bprim1 !stk SIZT i = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ Util.Text.size t
+  unsafePokeIasN stk $ Util.Text.size t
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk SIZS i = do
   s <- peekOffS stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ Sq.length s
+  unsafePokeIasN stk $ Sq.length s
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk ITOT i = do
   n <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1423,7 +1422,7 @@ bprim1 !stk USNC i =
       pure stk
     Just (t, c) -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
-      upokeOff stk 2 $ fromEnum c -- char value
+      pokeOffC stk 2 $ c -- char value
       pokeOffBi stk 1 t -- remaining text
       upoke stk 1 -- 'Just' tag
       pure stk
@@ -1436,7 +1435,7 @@ bprim1 !stk UCNS i =
     Just (c, t) -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
       pokeOffBi stk 2 t -- remaining text
-      upokeOff stk 1 $ fromEnum c -- char value
+      pokeOffC stk 1 $ c -- char value
       upoke stk 1 -- 'Just' tag
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk TTOI i =
@@ -1509,14 +1508,15 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKT i = do
   pokeBi stk . Util.Text.pack . toList $ clo2char <$> s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2char (DataU1 _ t i) | t == TT.charTag = toEnum i
+    clo2char :: Closure -> Char
+    clo2char (CharClosure c) = c
     clo2char c = error $ "pack text: non-character closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeS stk
     . Sq.fromList
-    . fmap (DataU1 Rf.charRef TT.charTag . fromEnum)
+    . fmap CharClosure
     . Util.Text.unpack
     $ t
   pure stk
@@ -1526,18 +1526,20 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKB i = do
   pokeBi stk . By.fromWord8s . fmap clo2w8 $ toList s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2w8 (DataU1 _ t n) | t == TT.natTag = toEnum n
+    -- TODO: Should we have a tag for bytes specifically?
+    clo2w8 :: Closure -> Word8
+    clo2w8 (NatClosure n) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
     clo2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (DataU1 Rf.natRef TT.natTag . fromEnum) $
+  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (NatClosure . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
     By.toWord8s b
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk SIZB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ By.size b
+  unsafePokeIasN stk $ By.size b
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk FLTB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
@@ -2295,21 +2297,12 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
     goL (ANF.Quote v) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.valueRef v
     goL (ANF.Code g) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.codeRef g
     goL (ANF.BArr a) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.ibytearrayRef a
-    goL (ANF.Char c) = pure $ DataU1 Rf.charRef TT.charTag (fromEnum c)
-    goL (ANF.Pos w) =
-      pure $ DataU1 Rf.natRef TT.natTag (fromIntegral w)
-    goL (ANF.Neg w) =
-      pure $ DataU1 Rf.intRef TT.intTag (-fromIntegral w)
-    goL (ANF.Float d) =
-      pure $ DataU1 Rf.floatRef TT.floatTag (doubleToInt d)
+    goL (ANF.Char c) = pure $ CharClosure c
+    goL (ANF.Pos w) = pure $ NatClosure w
+    goL (ANF.Neg w) = pure $ IntClosure (negate (fromIntegral w :: Int))
+    goL (ANF.Float d) = pure $ DoubleClosure d
     goL (ANF.Arr a) = Foreign . Wrap Rf.iarrayRef <$> traverse goV a
 
-doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
-doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
-
-intToDouble :: Int -> Double
-intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
-
 -- Universal comparison functions
 
 closureNum :: Closure -> Int
@@ -2419,34 +2412,35 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpc False
   where
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)
-    cmpc _ (DataC _ ct1 [Left i]) (DataC _ ct2 [Left j])
-      | ct1 == TT.floatTag, ct2 == TT.floatTag = compareAsFloat i j
-      | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.natTag = compareAsNat i j
-      | ct1 == TT.intTag, ct2 == TT.natTag = compare i j
-      | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.intTag = compare i j
-    cmpc tyEq (DataC rf1 ct1 vs1) (DataC rf2 ct2 vs2) =
-      (if tyEq && ct1 /= ct2 then compare rf1 rf2 else EQ)
-        <> compare (maskTags ct1) (maskTags ct2)
-        -- when comparing corresponding `Any` values, which have
-        -- existentials inside check that type references match
-        <> cmpValList (tyEq || rf1 == Rf.anyRef) vs1 vs2
-    cmpc tyEq (PApV cix1 _ segs1) (PApV cix2 _ segs2) =
-      compare cix1 cix2
-        <> cmpValList tyEq segs1 segs2
-    cmpc _ (CapV k1 a1 vs1) (CapV k2 a2 vs2) =
-      compare k1 k2
-        <> compare a1 a2
-        <> cmpValList True vs1 vs2
-    cmpc tyEq (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
-      | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fl,
-        Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fr =
-          fold (Sq.zipWith (cmpc tyEq) sl sr)
-            <> compare (length sl) (length sr)
-      | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fl,
-        Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fr =
-          arrayCmp (cmpc tyEq) al ar
-      | otherwise = frn fl fr
-    cmpc _ c d = comparing closureNum c d
+    cmpc tyEq = \cases
+      (DataC _ ct1 [Left (TypedUnboxed i _)]) (DataC _ ct2 [Left (TypedUnboxed j _)])
+        | ct1 == TT.floatTag, ct2 == TT.floatTag -> compareAsFloat i j
+        | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.natTag -> compareAsNat i j
+        | ct1 == TT.intTag, ct2 == TT.natTag -> compare i j
+        | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.intTag -> compare i j
+      (DataC rf1 ct1 vs1) (DataC rf2 ct2 vs2) ->
+        (if tyEq && ct1 /= ct2 then compare rf1 rf2 else EQ)
+          <> compare (maskTags ct1) (maskTags ct2)
+          -- when comparing corresponding `Any` values, which have
+          -- existentials inside check that type references match
+          <> cmpValList (tyEq || rf1 == Rf.anyRef) vs1 vs2
+      (PApV cix1 _ segs1) (PApV cix2 _ segs2) ->
+        compare cix1 cix2
+          <> cmpValList tyEq segs1 segs2
+      (CapV k1 a1 vs1) (CapV k2 a2 vs2) ->
+        compare k1 k2
+          <> compare a1 a2
+          <> cmpValList True vs1 vs2
+      (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
+        | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fl,
+          Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fr ->
+            fold (Sq.zipWith (cmpc tyEq) sl sr)
+              <> compare (length sl) (length sr)
+        | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fl,
+          Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fr ->
+            arrayCmp (cmpc tyEq) al ar
+        | otherwise -> frn fl fr
+      c d -> comparing closureNum c d
     -- Written this way to maintain back-compat with the
     -- old val lists which were separated by unboxed/boxed.
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 8751274270..e752cda9fc 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         Captured,
         Foreign,
         BlackHole,
-        UnboxedTypeTag
+        UnboxedTypeTag,
+        CharClosure,
+        NatClosure,
+        DoubleClosure,
+        IntClosure
       ),
     IxClosure,
     Callback (..),
@@ -52,6 +56,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     pokeD,
     pokeOffD,
     pokeC,
+    pokeOffC,
     pokeTag,
     peekTag,
     peekTagOff,
@@ -87,7 +92,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     upoke,
     upokeOff,
     upokeT,
-    upokeTOff,
+    upokeOffT,
+    unsafePokeIasN,
     pokeTU,
     pokeOffTU,
     bump,
@@ -112,6 +118,7 @@ where
 
 import Control.Monad.Primitive
 import Data.Char qualified as Char
+import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Word
 import GHC.Exts as L (IsList (..))
 import Unison.Prelude
@@ -305,9 +312,42 @@ pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
     DataC rf ct segs = formData rf ct segs
 
 -- | An unboxed value with an accompanying tag indicating its type.
-data TypedUnboxed = TypedUnboxed !Int !PackedTag
+data TypedUnboxed = TypedUnboxed {getTUInt :: !Int, getTUTag :: !PackedTag}
   deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
+pattern CharClosure :: Char -> Closure
+pattern CharClosure c <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr -> c))
+  where
+    CharClosure c = DataU1 Ty.charRef TT.charTag (TypedUnboxed (Char.ord c) TT.charTag)
+
+pattern NatClosure :: Word64 -> Closure
+pattern NatClosure n <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum -> n))
+  where
+    NatClosure n = DataU1 Ty.natRef TT.natTag (TypedUnboxed (fromEnum n) TT.natTag)
+
+pattern DoubleClosure :: Double -> Closure
+pattern DoubleClosure d <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble -> d))
+  where
+    DoubleClosure d = DataU1 Ty.floatRef TT.floatTag (TypedUnboxed (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag)
+
+pattern IntClosure :: Int -> Closure
+pattern IntClosure i <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.intTag -> Just i)
+  where
+    IntClosure i = DataU1 Ty.intRef TT.intTag (TypedUnboxed i TT.intTag)
+
+doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
+doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
+
+intToDouble :: Int -> Double
+intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
+
+unpackUnboxedClosure :: PackedTag -> Closure -> Maybe Int
+unpackUnboxedClosure expectedTag = \case
+  DataU1 _ref tag (TypedUnboxed i _)
+    | tag == expectedTag -> Just i
+  _ -> Nothing
+{-# INLINE unpackUnboxedClosure #-}
+
 splitTaggedUnboxed :: TypedUnboxed -> (Int, Closure)
 splitTaggedUnboxed (TypedUnboxed i t) = (i, UnboxedTypeTag t)
 
@@ -574,6 +614,14 @@ upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upokeT #-}
 
+-- | Sometimes we get back an int from a foreign call which we want to use as a Nat.
+-- If we know it's positive and smaller than 2^63 then we can safely store the Int directly as a Nat without
+-- checks.
+unsafePokeIasN :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
+unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
+  upokeT stk n TT.natTag
+{-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
+
 pokeTU :: Stack -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
 pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = upoke stk (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
 {-# INLINE pokeTU #-}
@@ -608,11 +656,11 @@ upokeOff stk i (u, t) = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOff #-}
 
-upokeTOff :: Stack -> Off -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
-upokeTOff stk i u t = do
+upokeOffT :: Stack -> Off -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeOffT stk i u t = do
   bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
-{-# INLINE upokeTOff #-}
+{-# INLINE upokeOffT #-}
 
 pokeOffTU :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
 pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = upokeOff stk i (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
@@ -862,6 +910,11 @@ pokeOffI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
   writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) n
 {-# INLINE pokeOffI #-}
 
+pokeOffC :: Stack -> Int -> Char -> IO ()
+pokeOffC stk i c = do
+  upokeOffT stk i (Char.ord c) TT.charTag
+{-# INLINE pokeOffC #-}
+
 pokeBi :: (BuiltinForeign b) => Stack -> b -> IO ()
 pokeBi stk x = bpoke stk (Foreign $ wrapBuiltin x)
 {-# INLINE pokeBi #-}

From eae00c5d2f0c892fef0f79bd8590bca783526a95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 18:03:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 08/89] Fix a bunch of poke types

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs   |  8 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 86 +++++++++++---------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 12 +++
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index a4c9272ef3..28e3c1b718 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -427,6 +427,8 @@ data BPrim2
 
 data MLit
   = MI !Int
+  | MN !Word64
+  | MC !Char
   | MD !Double
   | MT !Text
   | MM !Referent -- Term Link
@@ -1449,9 +1451,9 @@ emitSumCase rns grpr grpn rec ctx v (ccs, TAbss vs bo) =
   emitSection rns grpr grpn rec (sumCtx ctx v $ zip vs ccs) bo
 
 litToMLit :: ANF.Lit -> MLit
-litToMLit (ANF.I i) = MI $ fromIntegral i
-litToMLit (ANF.N n) = MI $ fromIntegral n
-litToMLit (ANF.C c) = MI $ fromEnum c
+litToMLit (ANF.I i) = MI (fromIntegral i)
+litToMLit (ANF.N n) = MN n
+litToMLit (ANF.C c) = MC c
 litToMLit (ANF.F d) = MD d
 litToMLit (ANF.T t) = MT t
 litToMLit (ANF.LM r) = MM r
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 76beae06e7..261d1bef60 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import Data.Bitraversable (Bitraversable (..))
 import Data.Bits
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
 import Data.Ord (comparing)
+import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Sequence qualified as Sq
 import Data.Set qualified as S
 import Data.Set qualified as Set
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF as ANF
   ( Cacheability (..),
     Code (..),
     CompileExn (..),
-    PackedTag,
+    PackedTag (..),
     SuperGroup,
     codeGroup,
     foldGroup,
@@ -541,7 +542,15 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Print i) = do
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MI n)) = do
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk n
+  pokeI stk n
+  pure (denv, stk, k)
+exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MC c)) = do
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeC stk c
+  pure (denv, stk, k)
+exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MN n)) = do
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk n
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MD d)) = do
   stk <- bump stk
@@ -611,14 +620,14 @@ encodeExn stk exc = do
   case exc of
     Right () -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      stk <$ upoke stk 1
+      stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
     Left exn -> do
       -- If we hit an exception, we have one unused slot on the stack
       -- from where the result _would_ have been placed.
       -- So here we bump one less than it looks like we should, and re-use
       -- that slot.
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       bpokeOff stk 1 $ Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef link)
       pokeOffBi stk 2 msg
       stk <$ bpokeOff stk 3 extra
@@ -644,7 +653,7 @@ encodeExn stk exc = do
           | otherwise = (Rf.miscFailureRef, disp exn, unitValue)
 
 numValue :: Maybe Reference -> Closure -> IO Word64
-numValue _ (DataU1 _ _ i) = pure (fromIntegral i)
+numValue _ (DataU1 _ _ i) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt i)
 numValue mr clo =
   die $
     "numValue: bad closure: "
@@ -678,7 +687,7 @@ eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (NMatch mr i br) = do
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectBranch n br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (RMatch i pu br) = do
   (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag Nothing stk =<< bpeekOff stk i
-  if t == 0
+  if t == PackedTag 0
     then eval env denv activeThreads stk k r pu
     else case ANF.unpackTags t of
       (ANF.rawTag -> e, ANF.rawTag -> t)
@@ -992,12 +1001,12 @@ dumpDataNoTag ::
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (Enum _ t) = pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataU1 _ t x) = do
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk x
+  pokeTU stk x
   pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataU2 _ t x y) = do
   stk <- bumpn stk 2
-  upokeOff stk 1 y
-  upoke stk x
+  pokeOffTU stk 1 y
+  pokeTU stk x
   pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataB1 _ t x) = do
   stk <- bump stk
@@ -1010,13 +1019,13 @@ dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataB2 _ t x y) = do
   pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataUB _ t x y) = do
   stk <- bumpn stk 2
-  upoke stk x
+  pokeTU stk x
   bpokeOff stk 1 y
   pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataBU _ t x y) = do
   stk <- bumpn stk 2
   bpoke stk x
-  upokeOff stk 1 y
+  pokeOffTU stk 1 y
   pure (t, stk)
 dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataG _ t seg) = do
   stk <- dumpSeg stk seg S
@@ -1089,22 +1098,22 @@ uprim1 !stk ABSF !i = do
 uprim1 !stk CEIL !i = do
   d <- peekOffD stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (ceiling d)
+  pokeI stk (ceiling d)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk FLOR !i = do
   d <- peekOffD stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (floor d)
+  pokeI stk (floor d)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk TRNF !i = do
   d <- peekOffD stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (truncate d)
+  pokeI stk (truncate d)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk RNDF !i = do
   d <- peekOffD stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (round d)
+  pokeI stk (round d)
   pure stk
 uprim1 !stk EXPF !i = do
   d <- peekOffD stk i
@@ -1272,19 +1281,19 @@ uprim2 !stk EQLI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if m == n then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ m == n
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk LEQI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if m <= n then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ m <= n
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk LEQN !i !j = do
   m <- peekOffN stk i
   n <- peekOffN stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if m <= n then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ m <= n
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk DIVN !i !j = do
   m <- peekOffN stk i
@@ -1350,13 +1359,13 @@ uprim2 !stk EQLF !i !j = do
   x <- peekOffD stk i
   y <- peekOffD stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (if x == y then 1 else 0)
+  pokeBool stk $ x == y
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk LEQF !i !j = do
   x <- peekOffD stk i
   y <- peekOffD stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk (if x <= y then 1 else 0)
+  pokeBool stk $ x <= y
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk ATN2 !i !j = do
   x <- peekOffD stk i
@@ -1418,25 +1427,25 @@ bprim1 !stk USNC i =
   peekOffBi stk i >>= \t -> case Util.Text.unsnoc t of
     Nothing -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     Just (t, c) -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
       pokeOffC stk 2 $ c -- char value
       pokeOffBi stk 1 t -- remaining text
-      upoke stk 1 -- 'Just' tag
+      pokeTag stk 1 -- 'Just' tag
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk UCNS i =
   peekOffBi stk i >>= \t -> case Util.Text.uncons t of
     Nothing -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     Just (c, t) -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
       pokeOffBi stk 2 t -- remaining text
       pokeOffC stk 1 $ c -- char value
-      upoke stk 1 -- 'Just' tag
+      pokeTag stk 1 -- 'Just' tag
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk TTOI i =
   peekOffBi stk i >>= \t -> case readm $ Util.Text.unpack t of
@@ -1444,12 +1453,12 @@ bprim1 !stk TTOI i =
       | fromIntegral (minBound :: Int) <= n,
         n <= fromIntegral (maxBound :: Int) -> do
           stk <- bumpn stk 2
-          upoke stk 1
-          upokeOff stk 1 (fromInteger n)
+          pokeTag stk 1
+          pokeOffI stk 1 (fromInteger n)
           pure stk
     _ -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
   where
     readm ('+' : s) = readMaybe s
@@ -1460,47 +1469,47 @@ bprim1 !stk TTON i =
       | 0 <= n,
         n <= fromIntegral (maxBound :: Word) -> do
           stk <- bumpn stk 2
-          upoke stk 1
+          pokeTag stk 1
           pokeOffN stk 1 (fromInteger n)
           pure stk
     _ -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk TTOF i =
   peekOffBi stk i >>= \t -> case readMaybe $ Util.Text.unpack t of
     Nothing -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     Just f -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      upoke stk 1
+      pokeTag stk 1
       pokeOffD stk 1 f
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk VWLS i =
   peekOffS stk i >>= \case
     Sq.Empty -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0 -- 'Empty' tag
+      pokeTag stk 0 -- 'Empty' tag
       pure stk
     x Sq.:<| xs -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
       pokeOffS stk 2 xs -- remaining seq
       bpokeOff stk 1 x -- head
-      upoke stk 1 -- ':<|' tag
+      pokeTag stk 1 -- ':<|' tag
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk VWRS i =
   peekOffS stk i >>= \case
     Sq.Empty -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0 -- 'Empty' tag
+      pokeTag stk 0 -- 'Empty' tag
       pure stk
     xs Sq.:|> x -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
       bpokeOff stk 2 x -- last
       pokeOffS stk 1 xs -- remaining seq
-      upoke stk 1 -- ':|>' tag
+      pokeTag stk 1 -- ':|>' tag
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk PAKT i = do
   s <- peekOffS stk i
@@ -2201,8 +2210,8 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
           ANF.Arr <$> traverse goV a
       | otherwise = die $ err $ "foreign value: " <> (show f)
 
-    reflectUData :: PackedTag -> Int -> IO ANF.BLit
-    reflectUData t v
+    reflectUData :: PackedTag -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ANF.BLit
+    reflectUData t (TypedUnboxed v _t)
       | t == TT.natTag = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
       | t == TT.charTag = pure $ ANF.Char (toEnum v)
       | t == TT.intTag, v >= 0 = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
@@ -2210,6 +2219,9 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
       | t == TT.floatTag = pure $ ANF.Float (intToDouble v)
       | otherwise = die . err $ "unboxed data: " <> show (t, v)
 
+    intToDouble :: Int -> Double
+    intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
+
 reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Closure)
 reifyValue cc val = do
   erc <-
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index e752cda9fc..8d0effaee2 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     pokeOffD,
     pokeC,
     pokeOffC,
+    pokeBool,
     pokeTag,
     peekTag,
     peekTagOff,
@@ -248,6 +249,10 @@ pattern BlackHole = Closure GBlackHole
 
 pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
 
+{-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, DataU1, DataU2, DataB1, DataB2, DataUB, DataBU, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
+
+{-# COMPLETE DataC, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
+
 traceK :: Reference -> K -> [(Reference, Int)]
 traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
   where
@@ -643,6 +648,13 @@ peekTagOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
 peekTagOff = peekOffI
 {-# INLINE peekTagOff #-}
 
+pokeBool :: Stack -> Bool -> IO ()
+pokeBool stk b =
+  -- Currently this is implemented as a tag, which is branched on to put a packed bool constructor on the stack, but
+  -- we'll want to change it to have its own unboxed type tag eventually.
+  pokeTag stk $ if b then 1 else 0
+{-# INLINE pokeBool #-}
+
 -- | Store a boxed value.
 -- We don't bother nulling out the unboxed stack,
 -- it's extra work and there's nothing to garbage collect.

From b6f67fa3ebb435113d2ec059b27cef50cea9b3d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 18:23:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 09/89] Finish re-writing upokes in Machine

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs     |  7 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs   |  2 +
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 84 +++++++++++---------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   |  7 ++
 4 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 638a639842..2c2cb73c18 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.ANF
     GroupRef (..),
     Code (..),
     UBValue,
+    UnboxedValue(..),
     ValList,
     Value (..),
     Cont (..),
@@ -1470,7 +1471,11 @@ data GroupRef = GR Reference Word64
   deriving (Show)
 
 -- | A value which is either unboxed or boxed.
-type UBValue = Either Word64 Value
+type UBValue = Either UnboxedValue Value
+
+-- | An unboxed value and its packed tag
+data UnboxedValue = UnboxedValue {uvValue :: Word64, uvTag :: PackedTag}
+  deriving (Show)
 
 -- | A list of either unboxed or boxed values.
 -- Each slot is one of unboxed or boxed but not both.
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index 28e3c1b718..27438d6ed6 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -489,6 +489,8 @@ data GInstr comb
   | -- Push a particular value onto the appropriate stack
     Lit !MLit -- value to push onto the stack
   | -- Push a particular value directly onto the boxed stack
+    -- TODO: We don't actually need the ref/packed tag here,
+    -- we can always infer them from the constructor of MLit.
     BLit !Reference !PackedTag !MLit
   | -- Print a value on the unboxed stack
     Print !Int -- index of the primitive value to print
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 261d1bef60..05ffcd562b 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -294,7 +294,9 @@ lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Closure
 lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe BlackHole $ EC.lookup p denv
 
 buildLit :: Reference -> PackedTag -> MLit -> Closure
-buildLit rf tt (MI i) = DataU1 rf tt (TypedUnboxed i tt)
+buildLit _ _ (MI i) = IntClosure i
+buildLit _ _ (MN n) = NatClosure n
+buildLit _ _ (MC c) = CharClosure c
 buildLit _ _ (MT t) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
 buildLit _ _ (MM r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
 buildLit _ _ (MY r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 MISS i)
             _ -> error "exec:BPrim1:MISS: Expected Ref"
       m <- readTVarIO (intermed env)
       stk <- bump stk
-      if (link `M.member` m) then upoke stk 1 else upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk $ if (link `M.member` m) then 1 else 0
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CACH i)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: cache"
@@ -377,7 +379,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CVLD i)
       codeValidate (second codeGroup <$> news) env >>= \case
         Nothing -> do
           stk <- bump stk
-          upoke stk 0
+          pokeTag stk 0
           pure (denv, stk, k)
         Just (Failure ref msg clo) -> do
           stk <- bumpn stk 3
@@ -385,7 +387,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CVLD i)
           pokeOffBi stk 1 msg
           bpokeOff stk 2 clo
           stk <- bump stk
-          upoke stk 1
+          pokeTag stk 1
           pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LKUP i)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: lookup"
@@ -404,8 +406,8 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LKUP i)
             Just sn <- EC.lookup w numberedTermLookup -> do
               pokeBi stk (CodeRep (ANF.Rec [] sn) Uncacheable)
               stk <- bump stk
-              stk <$ upoke stk 1
-          | otherwise -> stk <$ upoke stk 0
+              stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
+          | otherwise -> stk <$ pokeTag stk 0
         Just sg -> do
           let ch
                 | Just n <- M.lookup link rfn,
@@ -414,7 +416,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LKUP i)
                 | otherwise = Uncacheable
           pokeBi stk (CodeRep sg ch)
           stk <- bump stk
-          stk <$ upoke stk 1
+          stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 TLTT i) = do
   clink <- bpeekOff stk i
@@ -435,10 +437,10 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LOAD i)
           pokeOffS stk 1 $
             Sq.fromList $
               Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
-          upoke stk 0
+          pokeTag stk 0
         Right x -> do
           bpokeOff stk 1 x
-          upoke stk 1
+          pokeTag stk 1
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 VALU i) = do
   m <- readTVarIO (tagRefs env)
@@ -453,15 +455,15 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 DBTX i)
       clo <- bpeekOff stk i
       stk <- bump stk
       stk <- case tracer env False clo of
-        NoTrace -> stk <$ upoke stk 0
+        NoTrace -> stk <$ pokeTag stk 0
         MsgTrace _ _ tx -> do
           pokeBi stk (Util.Text.pack tx)
           stk <- bump stk
-          stk <$ upoke stk 1
+          stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
         SimpleTrace tx -> do
           pokeBi stk (Util.Text.pack tx)
           stk <- bump stk
-          stk <$ upoke stk 2
+          stk <$ pokeTag stk 2
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 SDBL i)
   | sandboxed env =
@@ -480,7 +482,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 SDBX i j) = do
   l <- decodeSandboxArgument s
   b <- checkSandboxing env l c
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if b then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ b
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 SDBV i j)
   | sandboxed env =
@@ -497,7 +499,7 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 EQLU i j) = do
   x <- bpeekOff stk i
   y <- bpeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if universalEq (==) x y then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ universalEq (==) x y
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 CMPU i j) = do
   x <- bpeekOff stk i
@@ -1577,7 +1579,7 @@ bprim2 !stk EQLU i j = do
   x <- bpeekOff stk i
   y <- bpeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if universalEq (==) x y then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ universalEq (==) x y
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk IXOT i j = do
   x <- peekOffBi stk i
@@ -1585,11 +1587,11 @@ bprim2 !stk IXOT i j = do
   case Util.Text.indexOf x y of
     Nothing -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     Just i -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      upoke stk 1
+      pokeTag stk 1
       pokeOffN stk 1 i
       pure stk
 bprim2 !stk IXOB i j = do
@@ -1598,11 +1600,11 @@ bprim2 !stk IXOB i j = do
   case By.indexOf x y of
     Nothing -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     Just i -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      upoke stk 1
+      pokeTag stk 1
       pokeOffN stk 1 i
       pure stk
 bprim2 !stk DRPT i j = do
@@ -1634,19 +1636,19 @@ bprim2 !stk EQLT i j = do
   x <- peekOffBi @Util.Text.Text stk i
   y <- peekOffBi stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if x == y then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ x == y
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk LEQT i j = do
   x <- peekOffBi @Util.Text.Text stk i
   y <- peekOffBi stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if x <= y then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ x <= y
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk LEST i j = do
   x <- peekOffBi @Util.Text.Text stk i
   y <- peekOffBi stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upoke stk $ if x < y then 1 else 0
+  pokeBool stk $ x < y
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk DRPS i j = do
   n <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1692,13 +1694,13 @@ bprim2 !stk IDXS i j = do
   case Sq.lookup n s of
     Nothing -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     Just x -> do
       stk <- bump stk
       bpoke stk x
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 1
+      pokeTag stk 1
       pure stk
 bprim2 !stk SPLL i j = do
   n <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1706,7 +1708,7 @@ bprim2 !stk SPLL i j = do
   if Sq.length s < n
     then do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     else do
       stk <- bumpn stk 2
@@ -1714,7 +1716,7 @@ bprim2 !stk SPLL i j = do
       pokeOffS stk 1 r
       pokeS stk l
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 1
+      pokeTag stk 1
       pure stk
 bprim2 !stk SPLR i j = do
   n <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1722,7 +1724,7 @@ bprim2 !stk SPLR i j = do
   if Sq.length s < n
     then do
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 0
+      pokeTag stk 0
       pure stk
     else do
       stk <- bumpn stk 2
@@ -1730,7 +1732,7 @@ bprim2 !stk SPLR i j = do
       pokeOffS stk 1 r
       pokeS stk l
       stk <- bump stk
-      upoke stk 1
+      pokeTag stk 1
       pure stk
 bprim2 !stk TAKB i j = do
   n <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1753,11 +1755,11 @@ bprim2 !stk IDXB i j = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   stk <- case By.at n b of
-    Nothing -> stk <$ upoke stk 0
+    Nothing -> stk <$ pokeTag stk 0
     Just x -> do
-      upoke stk $ fromIntegral x
+      pokeByte stk x
       stk <- bump stk
-      stk <$ upoke stk 1
+      stk <$ pokeTag stk 1
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk CATB i j = do
   l <- peekOffBi stk i
@@ -1784,7 +1786,7 @@ yield !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k = leap denv k
     leap !denv0 (Mark a ps cs k) = do
       let denv = cs <> EC.withoutKeys denv0 ps
           clo = denv0 EC.! EC.findMin ps
-      bpoke stk . DataB1 Rf.effectRef 0 =<< bpeek stk
+      bpoke stk . DataB1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) =<< bpeek stk
       stk <- adjustArgs stk a
       apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) clo
     leap !denv (Push fsz asz (CIx ref _ _) f nx k) = do
@@ -2167,12 +2169,12 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
 
     goV :: Closure -> IO ANF.Value
     goV (PApV cix _rComb args) =
-      ANF.Partial (goIx cix) <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . fromIntegral) goV) args
+      ANF.Partial (goIx cix) <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue) goV) args
     goV (DataC _ t [Left w]) = ANF.BLit <$> reflectUData t w
     goV (DataC r t segs) =
-      ANF.Data r (maskTags t) <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . fromIntegral) goV) segs
+      ANF.Data r (maskTags t) <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue) goV) segs
     goV (CapV k _ segs) =
-      ANF.Cont <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . fromIntegral) goV) segs <*> goK k
+      ANF.Cont <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue) goV) segs <*> goK k
     goV (Foreign f) = ANF.BLit <$> goF f
     goV BlackHole = die $ err "black hole"
 
@@ -2222,6 +2224,9 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
     intToDouble :: Int -> Double
     intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
 
+    typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue :: TypedUnboxed -> ANF.UnboxedValue
+    typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue (TypedUnboxed v t) = ANF.UnboxedValue (fromIntegral v) t
+
 reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Closure)
 reifyValue cc val = do
   erc <-
@@ -2260,7 +2265,7 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
 
     goV (ANF.Partial gr vs) =
       goIx gr >>= \case
-        (cix, RComb (Comb rcomb)) -> PApV cix rcomb <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . fromIntegral) goV) vs
+        (cix, RComb (Comb rcomb)) -> PApV cix rcomb <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed) goV) vs
         (_, RComb (CachedClosure _ clo))
           | [] <- vs -> pure clo
           | otherwise -> die . err $ msg
@@ -2268,8 +2273,8 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
             msg = "reifyValue0: non-trivial partial application to cached value"
     goV (ANF.Data r t0 vs) = do
       t <- flip packTags (fromIntegral t0) . fromIntegral <$> refTy r
-      DataC r t <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . fromIntegral) goV) vs
-    goV (ANF.Cont vs k) = cv <$> goK k <*> traverse (bitraverse (pure . fromIntegral) goV) vs
+      DataC r t <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed) goV) vs
+    goV (ANF.Cont vs k) = cv <$> goK k <*> traverse (bitraverse (pure . unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed) goV) vs
       where
         cv k s = CapV k a s
           where
@@ -2315,6 +2320,9 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
     goL (ANF.Float d) = pure $ DoubleClosure d
     goL (ANF.Arr a) = Foreign . Wrap Rf.iarrayRef <$> traverse goV a
 
+    unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed :: ANF.UnboxedValue -> TypedUnboxed
+    unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed (ANF.UnboxedValue v t) = (TypedUnboxed (fromIntegral v) t)
+
 -- Universal comparison functions
 
 closureNum :: Closure -> Int
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 8d0effaee2..35ded45840 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     pokeOffN,
     pokeI,
     pokeOffI,
+    pokeByte,
     peekBi,
     peekOffBi,
     pokeBi,
@@ -904,6 +905,12 @@ pokeI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
   writeByteArray ustk sp i
 {-# INLINE pokeI #-}
 
+pokeByte :: Stack -> Word8 -> IO ()
+pokeByte stk b = do
+  -- NOTE: currently we just store bytes as ints, but we should have a separate type runtime type tag for them.
+  pokeI stk (fromIntegral b)
+{-# INLINE pokeByte #-}
+
 pokeOffN :: Stack -> Int -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeOffN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
   bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)

From 1897ec00ab1cf7aedfafc1531e6eed498de9a015 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 09:51:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 10/89] Finish propagating runtime type tags

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs  |  8 ++--
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs           | 24 ++++--------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    | 39 +++++++++----------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs     | 27 ++++++++-----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 33 ++++++++++++----
 5 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 8a120bb0cc..64aa2b913e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -2298,7 +2298,7 @@ unitValue :: Closure
 unitValue = Closure.Enum Ty.unitRef (PackedTag 0)
 
 natValue :: Word64 -> Closure
-natValue w =  Closure.DataU1 Ty.natRef (PackedTag 0) (fromIntegral w)
+natValue w =  Closure.NatClosure w
 
 mkForeignTls ::
   forall a r.
@@ -3212,12 +3212,12 @@ declareForeigns = do
     \(beg, end) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char . TPat.Not $ TPat.CharRange beg end
   declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.charIn" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
-      Closure.DataU1 _ _ i -> pure (toEnum i)
+      Closure.CharClosure c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.charIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char $ TPat.CharSet cs
   declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.notCharIn" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
-      Closure.DataU1 _ _ i -> pure (toEnum i)
+      Closure.CharClosure c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.notCharIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char . TPat.Not $ TPat.CharSet cs
   declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.many" boxDirect . mkForeign $
@@ -3250,7 +3250,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.range" (wordWordDirect charRef charRef) . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.CharRange a b
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.anyOf" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
-      Closure.DataU1 _ _ i -> pure (toEnum i)
+      Closure.CharClosure c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.charIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate $ TPat.CharSet cs
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.alphanumeric" direct . mkForeign $ \() -> pure (TPat.CharClass TPat.AlphaNum)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index 564c08e16b..f85f08df1c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.IOSource (iarrayFromListRef, ibarrayFromBytesRef)
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode (CombIx (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( Closure (..),
+    getTUInt,
     pattern DataC,
     pattern PApV,
   )
@@ -62,13 +63,9 @@ import Unison.Term qualified as Term
 import Unison.Type
   ( anyRef,
     booleanRef,
-    charRef,
-    floatRef,
     iarrayRef,
     ibytearrayRef,
-    intRef,
     listRef,
-    natRef,
     termLinkRef,
     typeLinkRef,
   )
@@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as By
 import Unison.Util.Pretty (indentN, lines, lit, syntaxToColor, wrap)
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Text
 import Unison.Var (Var)
-import Unsafe.Coerce -- for Int -> Double
+-- for Int -> Double
 import Prelude hiding (lines)
 
 con :: (Var v) => Reference -> Word64 -> Term v ()
@@ -153,10 +150,14 @@ decompile ::
   Closure ->
   DecompResult v
 decompile backref topTerms = \case
+  CharClosure c -> pure (char () c)
+  NatClosure n -> pure (nat () n)
+  IntClosure i -> pure (int () (fromIntegral i))
+  DoubleClosure f -> pure (float () f)
   DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) []
     | rf == booleanRef -> tag2bool ct
-  DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) [Left i] ->
-    decompileUnboxed rf ct i
+  DataC rf _ [Left i] ->
+    err (BadUnboxed rf) . nat () $ fromIntegral $ getTUInt i
   (DataC rf _ [Right b])
     | rf == anyRef ->
         app () (builtin () "Any.Any") <$> decompile backref topTerms b
@@ -197,15 +198,6 @@ substitute = align []
     -- this should not happen
     align vts tm ts = apps' (substs vts tm) ts
 
-decompileUnboxed ::
-  (Var v) => Reference -> Word64 -> Int -> DecompResult v
-decompileUnboxed r _ i
-  | r == natRef = pure . nat () $ fromIntegral i
-  | r == intRef = pure . int () $ fromIntegral i
-  | r == floatRef = pure . float () $ unsafeCoerce i
-  | r == charRef = pure . char () $ toEnum i
-  | otherwise = err (BadUnboxed r) . nat () $ fromIntegral i
-
 decompileForeign ::
   (Var v) =>
   (Reference -> Maybe Reference) ->
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 14a654781a..86dd05618a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import Data.Primitive.Array as PA
 import Data.Primitive.ByteArray as PA
 import Data.Sequence qualified as Sq
 import Data.Time.Clock.POSIX (POSIXTime)
+import Data.Word (Word16, Word32, Word64, Word8)
 import GHC.IO.Exception (IOErrorType (..), IOException (..))
 import Network.Socket (Socket)
 import Network.UDP (UDPSocket)
@@ -88,12 +89,6 @@ mkForeign ev = FF readArgs writeForeign ev
           internalBug
             "mkForeign: too many arguments for foreign function"
 
--- newtype UnisonInt = UnisonInt Int
-
--- newtype UnisonNat = UnisonNat Word64
-
--- newtype UnisonDouble = UnisonDouble Double
-
 instance ForeignConvention Int where
   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> upeekOff stk i
   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Int"
@@ -101,24 +96,26 @@ instance ForeignConvention Int where
     stk <- bump stk
     stk <$ pokeI stk i
 
--- instance ForeignConvention Word64 where
---   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOffN stk i
---   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Word64"
---   writeForeign stk n = do
---     stk <- bump stk
---     stk <$ pokeN stk n
+instance ForeignConvention Word64 where
+  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOffN stk i
+  readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Word64"
+  writeForeign stk n = do
+    stk <- bump stk
+    stk <$ pokeN stk n
+
+-- We don't have a clear mapping from these types to Unison types, most are just mapped to Nats.
 
--- instance ForeignConvention Word8 where
---   readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word8)
---   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word8 -> Word64)
+instance ForeignConvention Word8 where
+  readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word8)
+  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word8 -> Word64)
 
--- instance ForeignConvention Word16 where
---   readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word16)
---   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word16 -> Word64)
+instance ForeignConvention Word16 where
+  readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word16)
+  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word16 -> Word64)
 
--- instance ForeignConvention Word32 where
---   readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word32)
---   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word32 -> Word64)
+instance ForeignConvention Word32 where
+  readForeign = readForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word64 -> Word32)
+  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word32 -> Word64)
 
 instance ForeignConvention Char where
   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) . Char.chr <$> upeekOff stk i
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
index 9d614190aa..749ca48a5b 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode hiding (MatchT)
 import Unison.Runtime.Serialize
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
+import Prelude hiding (getChar, putChar)
 
 data CombT = LamT | CachedClosureT
 
@@ -318,24 +319,30 @@ putCombIx (CIx r n i) = putReference r *> pWord n *> pWord i
 getCombIx :: (MonadGet m) => m CombIx
 getCombIx = CIx <$> getReference <*> gWord <*> gWord
 
-data MLitT = MIT | MDT | MTT | MMT | MYT
+data MLitT = MIT | MNT | MCT | MDT | MTT | MMT | MYT
 
 instance Tag MLitT where
   tag2word MIT = 0
-  tag2word MDT = 1
-  tag2word MTT = 2
-  tag2word MMT = 3
-  tag2word MYT = 4
+  tag2word MNT = 1
+  tag2word MCT = 2
+  tag2word MDT = 3
+  tag2word MTT = 4
+  tag2word MMT = 5
+  tag2word MYT = 6
 
   word2tag 0 = pure MIT
-  word2tag 1 = pure MDT
-  word2tag 2 = pure MTT
-  word2tag 3 = pure MMT
-  word2tag 4 = pure MYT
+  word2tag 1 = pure MNT
+  word2tag 2 = pure MCT
+  word2tag 3 = pure MDT
+  word2tag 4 = pure MTT
+  word2tag 5 = pure MMT
+  word2tag 6 = pure MYT
   word2tag n = unknownTag "MLitT" n
 
 putLit :: (MonadPut m) => MLit -> m ()
 putLit (MI i) = putTag MIT *> pInt i
+putLit (MN n) = putTag MNT *> pWord n
+putLit (MC c) = putTag MCT *> putChar c
 putLit (MD d) = putTag MDT *> putFloat d
 putLit (MT t) = putTag MTT *> putText (Util.Text.toText t)
 putLit (MM r) = putTag MMT *> putReferent r
@@ -345,6 +352,8 @@ getLit :: (MonadGet m) => m MLit
 getLit =
   getTag >>= \case
     MIT -> MI <$> gInt
+    MNT -> MN <$> gWord
+    MCT -> MC <$> getChar
     MDT -> MD <$> getFloat
     MTT -> MT . Util.Text.fromText <$> getText
     MMT -> MM <$> getReferent
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 35ded45840..3894c0753c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -205,6 +205,8 @@ data GClosure comb
     GCaptured !K !Int {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | GForeign !Foreign
   | -- The type tag for the value in the corresponding unboxed stack slot.
+    -- We should consider adding separate constructors for common builtin type tags.
+    --  GHC will optimize nullary constructors into singletons.
     GUnboxedTypeTag !PackedTag
   | GBlackHole
   deriving stock (Show, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
@@ -250,6 +252,23 @@ pattern BlackHole = Closure GBlackHole
 
 pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
 
+-- We can avoid allocating a closure for common type tags on each poke by having shared top-level closures for them.
+natTypeTag :: Closure
+natTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag
+{-# NOINLINE natTypeTag #-}
+
+intTypeTag :: Closure
+intTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag
+{-# NOINLINE intTypeTag #-}
+
+charTypeTag :: Closure
+charTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.charTag
+{-# NOINLINE charTypeTag #-}
+
+floatTypeTag :: Closure
+floatTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag
+{-# NOINLINE floatTypeTag #-}
+
 {-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, DataU1, DataU2, DataB1, DataB2, DataUB, DataBU, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
 
 {-# COMPLETE DataC, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
@@ -882,26 +901,26 @@ peekOffD (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 
 pokeN :: Stack -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) n = do
-  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)
+  bpoke stk natTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk sp n
 {-# INLINE pokeN #-}
 
 pokeD :: Stack -> Double -> IO ()
 pokeD stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) d = do
-  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag)
+  bpoke stk floatTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk sp d
 {-# INLINE pokeD #-}
 
 pokeC :: Stack -> Char -> IO ()
 pokeC stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) c = do
-  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.charTag)
+  bpoke stk charTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk sp (Char.ord c)
 {-# INLINE pokeC #-}
 
 -- | Note: This is for poking an unboxed value that has the UNISON type 'int', not just any unboxed data.
 pokeI :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
 pokeI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
-  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag)
+  bpoke stk intTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk sp i
 {-# INLINE pokeI #-}
 
@@ -913,19 +932,19 @@ pokeByte stk b = do
 
 pokeOffN :: Stack -> Int -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeOffN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
-  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)
+  bpokeOff stk i natTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) n
 {-# INLINE pokeOffN #-}
 
 pokeOffD :: Stack -> Int -> Double -> IO ()
 pokeOffD stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i d = do
-  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag)
+  bpokeOff stk i floatTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) d
 {-# INLINE pokeOffD #-}
 
 pokeOffI :: Stack -> Int -> Int -> IO ()
 pokeOffI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
-  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag)
+  bpokeOff stk i intTypeTag
   writeByteArray ustk (sp - i) n
 {-# INLINE pokeOffI #-}
 

From fbc5cc2b8d68e2d1933d324336ba686d8b847b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 09:55:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 11/89] Pass type of unboxed values to decompilation

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs           | 28 +++++++++++------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  |  4 +--
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 30 ++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index f85f08df1c..c3e46591e1 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -35,10 +35,13 @@ import Unison.Runtime.IOSource (iarrayFromListRef, ibarrayFromBytesRef)
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode (CombIx (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( Closure (..),
+    TypedUnboxed (..),
     getTUInt,
     pattern DataC,
     pattern PApV,
   )
+-- for Int -> Double
+
 import Unison.Syntax.NamePrinter (prettyReference)
 import Unison.Term
   ( Term,
@@ -73,7 +76,6 @@ import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as By
 import Unison.Util.Pretty (indentN, lines, lit, syntaxToColor, wrap)
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Text
 import Unison.Var (Var)
--- for Int -> Double
 import Prelude hiding (lines)
 
 con :: (Var v) => Reference -> Word64 -> Term v ()
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ renderDecompError Cont = "A continuation value was encountered"
 renderDecompError Exn = "An exception value was encountered"
 
 decompile ::
+  forall v.
   (Var v) =>
   (Reference -> Maybe Reference) ->
   (Word64 -> Word64 -> Maybe (Term v ())) ->
@@ -161,29 +164,36 @@ decompile backref topTerms = \case
   (DataC rf _ [Right b])
     | rf == anyRef ->
         app () (builtin () "Any.Any") <$> decompile backref topTerms b
-  (DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) vs)
-    -- Only match lists of boxed args.
-    | ([], bs) <- partitionEithers vs ->
-        apps' (con rf ct) <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) bs
-  (PApV (CIx rf rt k) _ (partitionEithers -> ([], bs)))
+  (DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) vs) ->
+    apps' (con rf ct) <$> traverse decompUB vs
+  (PApV (CIx rf rt k) _ vs)
     | rf == Builtin "jumpCont" ->
         err Cont $ bug "<Continuation>"
     | Builtin nm <- rf ->
-        apps' (builtin () nm) <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) bs
+        apps' (builtin () nm) <$> traverse decompUB vs
     | Just t <- topTerms rt k ->
         Term.etaReduceEtaVars . substitute t
-          <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) bs
+          <$> traverse decompUB vs
     | k > 0,
       Just _ <- topTerms rt 0 ->
         err (UnkLocal rf k) $ bug "<Unknown>"
     | otherwise -> err (UnkComb rf) $ ref () rf
   (PAp (CIx rf _ _) _ _) ->
     err (BadPAp rf) $ bug "<Unknown>"
-  (DataC rf _ _) -> err (BadData rf) $ bug "<Data>"
   BlackHole -> err Exn $ bug "<Exception>"
   (Captured {}) -> err Cont $ bug "<Continuation>"
   (Foreign f) ->
     decompileForeign backref topTerms f
+  where
+    decompileTypedUnboxed = \case
+      UnboxedNat i -> pure (nat () $ fromIntegral i)
+      UnboxedInt i -> pure (int () $ fromIntegral i)
+      UnboxedDouble i -> pure (float () i)
+      UnboxedChar i -> pure (char () i)
+      TypedUnboxed i _ -> err (BadUnboxed anyRef) $ nat () $ fromIntegral i
+
+    decompUB :: (Either TypedUnboxed Closure) -> DecompResult v
+    decompUB = either decompileTypedUnboxed (decompile backref topTerms)
 
 tag2bool :: (Var v) => Word64 -> DecompResult v
 tag2bool 0 = pure (boolean () False)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 05ffcd562b..c81bf5a1ec 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1226,10 +1226,10 @@ uprim1 !stk COMN !i = do
 
 uprim2 :: Stack -> UPrim2 -> Int -> Int -> IO Stack
 uprim2 !stk ADDI !i !j = do
-  m <- upeekOff stk i
+  (m, t) <- peekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeI stk (m + n)
+  upokeT stk (m + n) t
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SUBI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 3894c0753c..9ae8e4b6e4 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -44,7 +44,15 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     USeg,
     BSeg,
     SegList,
-    TypedUnboxed (..),
+    TypedUnboxed
+      ( TypedUnboxed,
+        getTUInt,
+        getTUTag,
+        UnboxedChar,
+        UnboxedNat,
+        UnboxedInt,
+        UnboxedDouble
+      ),
     traceK,
     frameDataSize,
     marshalToForeign,
@@ -373,6 +381,26 @@ unpackUnboxedClosure expectedTag = \case
   _ -> Nothing
 {-# INLINE unpackUnboxedClosure #-}
 
+pattern UnboxedChar :: Char -> TypedUnboxed
+pattern UnboxedChar c <- TypedUnboxed (Char.chr -> c) ((== TT.charTag) -> True)
+  where
+    UnboxedChar c = TypedUnboxed (Char.ord c) TT.charTag
+
+pattern UnboxedNat :: Word64 -> TypedUnboxed
+pattern UnboxedNat n <- TypedUnboxed (toEnum -> n) ((== TT.natTag) -> True)
+  where
+    UnboxedNat n = TypedUnboxed (fromEnum n) TT.natTag
+
+pattern UnboxedInt :: Int -> TypedUnboxed
+pattern UnboxedInt i <- TypedUnboxed i ((== TT.intTag) -> True)
+  where
+    UnboxedInt i = TypedUnboxed i TT.intTag
+
+pattern UnboxedDouble :: Double -> TypedUnboxed
+pattern UnboxedDouble d <- TypedUnboxed (intToDouble -> d) ((== TT.floatTag) -> True)
+  where
+    UnboxedDouble d = TypedUnboxed (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag
+
 splitTaggedUnboxed :: TypedUnboxed -> (Int, Closure)
 splitTaggedUnboxed (TypedUnboxed i t) = (i, UnboxedTypeTag t)
 

From e11b12c4a7a23254b8da87b06e74ede54e9f4c91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 10:28:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 12/89] Add new Nat instrs to fix runtime types for Nat
 arithmetic

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    | 216 ++++++++--------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  |  54 +++-
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs           | 240 ++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 290 insertions(+), 220 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index 27438d6ed6..8808a4bac4 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -290,101 +290,109 @@ countArgs (VArgV {}) = internalBug "countArgs: DArgV"
 
 data UPrim1
   = -- integral
-    DECI
-  | INCI
-  | NEGI
-  | SGNI -- decrement,increment,negate,signum
-  | LZRO
-  | TZRO
-  | COMN
-  | POPC -- leading/trailingZeroes,complement
+    DECI -- decrement
+  | DECN
+  | INCI -- increment
+  | INCN
+  | NEGI -- negate
+  | SGNI -- signum
+  | LZRO -- leadingZeroes
+  | TZRO -- trailingZeroes
+  | COMN -- complement
+  | POPC -- popCount
   -- floating
-  | ABSF
-  | EXPF
-  | LOGF
-  | SQRT -- abs,exp,log,sqrt
-  | COSF
-  | ACOS
-  | COSH
-  | ACSH -- cos,acos,cosh,acosh
-  | SINF
-  | ASIN
-  | SINH
-  | ASNH -- sin,asin,sinh,asinh
-  | TANF
-  | ATAN
-  | TANH
-  | ATNH -- tan,atan,tanh,atanh
-  | ITOF
-  | NTOF
-  | CEIL
-  | FLOR -- intToFloat,natToFloat,ceiling,floor
-  | TRNF
-  | RNDF -- truncate,round
+  | ABSF -- abs
+  | EXPF -- exp
+  | LOGF -- log
+  | SQRT -- sqrt
+  | COSF -- cos
+  | ACOS -- acos
+  | COSH -- cosh
+  | ACSH -- acosh
+  | SINF -- sin
+  | ASIN -- asin
+  | SINH -- sinh
+  | ASNH -- asinh
+  | TANF -- tan
+  | ATAN -- atan
+  | TANH -- tanh
+  | ATNH -- atanh
+  | ITOF -- intToFloat
+  | NTOF -- natToFloat
+  | CEIL -- ceiling
+  | FLOR -- floor
+  | TRNF -- truncate
+  | RNDF -- round
   deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
 data UPrim2
   = -- integral
-    ADDI
-  | SUBI
+    ADDI -- +
+  | ADDN
+  | SUBI -- -
+  | SUBN
   | MULI
-  | DIVI
-  | MODI -- +,-,*,/,mod
+  | MULN
+  | DIVI -- /
   | DIVN
+  | MODI -- mod
   | MODN
-  | SHLI
-  | SHRI
+  | SHLI -- shiftl
+  | SHLN
+  | SHRI -- shiftr
   | SHRN
-  | POWI -- shiftl,shiftr,shiftr,pow
-  | EQLI
-  | LEQI
-  | LEQN -- ==,<=,<=
-  | ANDN
-  | IORN
-  | XORN -- and,or,xor
+  | POWI -- pow
+  | POWN
+  | EQLI -- ==
+  | EQLN
+  | LEQI -- <=
+  | LEQN
+  | ANDN -- and
+  | IORN -- or
+  | XORN -- xor
   -- floating
-  | EQLF
-  | LEQF -- ==,<=
-  | ADDF
-  | SUBF
+  | EQLF -- ==
+  | LEQF -- <=
+  | ADDF -- +
+  | SUBF -- -
   | MULF
-  | DIVF
-  | ATN2 -- +,-,*,/,atan2
-  | POWF
-  | LOGB
-  | MAXF
-  | MINF -- pow,low,max,min
+  | DIVF -- /
+  | ATN2 -- atan2
+  | POWF -- pow
+  | LOGB -- logBase
+  | MAXF -- max
+  | MINF -- min
   deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
 data BPrim1
   = -- text
-    SIZT
-  | USNC
-  | UCNS -- size,unsnoc,uncons
-  | ITOT
-  | NTOT
-  | FTOT -- intToText,natToText,floatToText
-  | TTOI
-  | TTON
-  | TTOF -- textToInt,textToNat,textToFloat
-  | PAKT
-  | UPKT -- pack,unpack
+    SIZT -- size
+  | USNC -- unsnoc
+  | UCNS -- uncons
+  | ITOT -- intToText
+  | NTOT -- natToText
+  | FTOT -- floatToText
+  | TTOI -- textToInt
+  | TTON -- textToNat
+  | TTOF -- textToFloat
+  | PAKT -- pack
+  | UPKT -- unpack
   -- sequence
-  | VWLS
-  | VWRS
-  | SIZS -- viewl,viewr,size
-  | PAKB
-  | UPKB
-  | SIZB -- pack,unpack,size
+  | VWLS -- viewl
+  | VWRS -- viewr
+  | SIZS -- size
+  | PAKB -- pack
+  | UPKB -- unpack
+  | SIZB -- size
   | FLTB -- flatten
   -- code
-  | MISS
-  | CACH
-  | LKUP
-  | LOAD -- isMissing,cache_,lookup,load
+  | MISS -- isMissing
+  | CACH -- cache
+  | LKUP -- lookup
+  | LOAD -- load
   | CVLD -- validate
-  | VALU
-  | TLTT -- value, Term.Link.toText
+  | VALU -- value
+  | TLTT --  Term.Link.toText
   -- debug
   | DBTX -- debug text
   | SDBL -- sandbox link list
@@ -392,30 +400,30 @@ data BPrim1
 
 data BPrim2
   = -- universal
-    EQLU
-  | CMPU -- ==,compare
+    EQLU -- ==
+  | CMPU -- compare
   -- text
-  | DRPT
-  | CATT
-  | TAKT -- drop,append,take
+  | DRPT -- drop
+  | CATT -- append
+  | TAKT -- take
   | IXOT -- indexof
-  | EQLT
-  | LEQT
-  | LEST -- ==,<=,<
+  | EQLT -- ==
+  | LEQT -- <=
+  | LEST -- <
   -- sequence
-  | DRPS
-  | CATS
-  | TAKS -- drop,append,take
-  | CONS
-  | SNOC
-  | IDXS -- cons,snoc,index
-  | SPLL
-  | SPLR -- splitLeft,splitRight
+  | DRPS -- drop
+  | CATS -- append
+  | TAKS -- take
+  | CONS -- cons
+  | SNOC -- snoc
+  | IDXS -- index
+  | SPLL -- splitLeft
+  | SPLR -- splitRight
   -- bytes
-  | TAKB
-  | DRPB
-  | IDXB
-  | CATB -- take,drop,index,append
+  | TAKB -- take
+  | DRPB -- drop
+  | IDXB -- index
+  | CATB -- append
   | IXOB -- indexof
   -- general
   | THRO -- throw
@@ -1165,31 +1173,31 @@ emitLet rns grpr grpn rec d vcs ctx bnd
 emitPOp :: ANF.POp -> Args -> Instr
 -- Integral
 emitPOp ANF.ADDI = emitP2 ADDI
-emitPOp ANF.ADDN = emitP2 ADDI
+emitPOp ANF.ADDN = emitP2 ADDN
 emitPOp ANF.SUBI = emitP2 SUBI
-emitPOp ANF.SUBN = emitP2 SUBI
+emitPOp ANF.SUBN = emitP2 SUBN
 emitPOp ANF.MULI = emitP2 MULI
-emitPOp ANF.MULN = emitP2 MULI
+emitPOp ANF.MULN = emitP2 MULN
 emitPOp ANF.DIVI = emitP2 DIVI
 emitPOp ANF.DIVN = emitP2 DIVN
 emitPOp ANF.MODI = emitP2 MODI -- TODO: think about how these behave
 emitPOp ANF.MODN = emitP2 MODN -- TODO: think about how these behave
 emitPOp ANF.POWI = emitP2 POWI
-emitPOp ANF.POWN = emitP2 POWI
+emitPOp ANF.POWN = emitP2 POWN
 emitPOp ANF.SHLI = emitP2 SHLI
-emitPOp ANF.SHLN = emitP2 SHLI -- Note: left shift behaves uniformly
+emitPOp ANF.SHLN = emitP2 SHLN -- Note: left shift behaves uniformly
 emitPOp ANF.SHRI = emitP2 SHRI
 emitPOp ANF.SHRN = emitP2 SHRN
 emitPOp ANF.LEQI = emitP2 LEQI
 emitPOp ANF.LEQN = emitP2 LEQN
 emitPOp ANF.EQLI = emitP2 EQLI
-emitPOp ANF.EQLN = emitP2 EQLI
+emitPOp ANF.EQLN = emitP2 EQLN
 emitPOp ANF.SGNI = emitP1 SGNI
 emitPOp ANF.NEGI = emitP1 NEGI
 emitPOp ANF.INCI = emitP1 INCI
-emitPOp ANF.INCN = emitP1 INCI
+emitPOp ANF.INCN = emitP1 INCN
 emitPOp ANF.DECI = emitP1 DECI
-emitPOp ANF.DECN = emitP1 DECI
+emitPOp ANF.DECN = emitP1 DECN
 emitPOp ANF.TZRO = emitP1 TZRO
 emitPOp ANF.LZRO = emitP1 LZRO
 emitPOp ANF.POPC = emitP1 POPC
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index c81bf5a1ec..7972383b0c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1073,15 +1073,25 @@ peekForeign stk i =
 
 uprim1 :: Stack -> UPrim1 -> Int -> IO Stack
 uprim1 !stk DECI !i = do
-  m <- upeekOff stk i
+  m <- peekOffI stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk (m - 1)
   pure stk
+uprim1 !stk DECN !i = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m - 1)
+  pure stk
 uprim1 !stk INCI !i = do
-  m <- upeekOff stk i
+  m <- peekOffI stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk (m + 1)
   pure stk
+uprim1 !stk INCN !i = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m + 1)
+  pure stk
 uprim1 !stk NEGI !i = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   stk <- bump stk
@@ -1226,10 +1236,16 @@ uprim1 !stk COMN !i = do
 
 uprim2 :: Stack -> UPrim2 -> Int -> Int -> IO Stack
 uprim2 !stk ADDI !i !j = do
-  (m, t) <- peekOff stk i
+  m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  upokeT stk (m + n) t
+  pokeI stk (m + n)
+  pure stk
+uprim2 !stk ADDN !i !j = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  n <- peekOffN stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m + n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SUBI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
@@ -1237,12 +1253,24 @@ uprim2 !stk SUBI !i !j = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk (m - n)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk SUBN !i !j = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  n <- peekOffN stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m - n)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk MULI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk (m * n)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk MULN !i !j = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  n <- peekOffN stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m * n)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk DIVI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
@@ -1261,6 +1289,12 @@ uprim2 !stk SHLI !i !j = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk (m `shiftL` n)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk SHLN !i !j = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  n <- upeekOff stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m `shiftL` n)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SHRI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
@@ -1279,12 +1313,24 @@ uprim2 !stk POWI !i !j = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk (m ^ n)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk POWN !i !j = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  n <- peekOffN stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeN stk (m ^ n)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk EQLI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeBool stk $ m == n
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk EQLN !i !j = do
+  m <- peekOffN stk i
+  n <- peekOffN stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeBool stk $ m == n
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk LEQI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
index 394b846a0b..b93dfd3fef 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
@@ -296,126 +296,142 @@ getConstructorReference =
 
 instance Tag UPrim1 where
   tag2word DECI = 0
-  tag2word INCI = 1
-  tag2word NEGI = 2
-  tag2word SGNI = 3
-  tag2word LZRO = 4
-  tag2word TZRO = 5
-  tag2word COMN = 6
-  tag2word POPC = 7
-  tag2word ABSF = 8
-  tag2word EXPF = 9
-  tag2word LOGF = 10
-  tag2word SQRT = 11
-  tag2word COSF = 12
-  tag2word ACOS = 13
-  tag2word COSH = 14
-  tag2word ACSH = 15
-  tag2word SINF = 16
-  tag2word ASIN = 17
-  tag2word SINH = 18
-  tag2word ASNH = 19
-  tag2word TANF = 20
-  tag2word ATAN = 21
-  tag2word TANH = 22
-  tag2word ATNH = 23
-  tag2word ITOF = 24
-  tag2word NTOF = 25
-  tag2word CEIL = 26
-  tag2word FLOR = 27
-  tag2word TRNF = 28
-  tag2word RNDF = 29
+  tag2word DECN = 1
+  tag2word INCI = 2
+  tag2word INCN = 3
+  tag2word NEGI = 4
+  tag2word SGNI = 5
+  tag2word LZRO = 6
+  tag2word TZRO = 7
+  tag2word COMN = 8
+  tag2word POPC = 9
+  tag2word ABSF = 10
+  tag2word EXPF = 11
+  tag2word LOGF = 12
+  tag2word SQRT = 13
+  tag2word COSF = 14
+  tag2word ACOS = 15
+  tag2word COSH = 16
+  tag2word ACSH = 17
+  tag2word SINF = 18
+  tag2word ASIN = 19
+  tag2word SINH = 20
+  tag2word ASNH = 21
+  tag2word TANF = 22
+  tag2word ATAN = 23
+  tag2word TANH = 24
+  tag2word ATNH = 25
+  tag2word ITOF = 26
+  tag2word NTOF = 27
+  tag2word CEIL = 28
+  tag2word FLOR = 29
+  tag2word TRNF = 30
+  tag2word RNDF = 31
 
   word2tag 0 = pure DECI
-  word2tag 1 = pure INCI
-  word2tag 2 = pure NEGI
-  word2tag 3 = pure SGNI
-  word2tag 4 = pure LZRO
-  word2tag 5 = pure TZRO
-  word2tag 6 = pure COMN
-  word2tag 7 = pure POPC
-  word2tag 8 = pure ABSF
-  word2tag 9 = pure EXPF
-  word2tag 10 = pure LOGF
-  word2tag 11 = pure SQRT
-  word2tag 12 = pure COSF
-  word2tag 13 = pure ACOS
-  word2tag 14 = pure COSH
-  word2tag 15 = pure ACSH
-  word2tag 16 = pure SINF
-  word2tag 17 = pure ASIN
-  word2tag 18 = pure SINH
-  word2tag 19 = pure ASNH
-  word2tag 20 = pure TANF
-  word2tag 21 = pure ATAN
-  word2tag 22 = pure TANH
-  word2tag 23 = pure ATNH
-  word2tag 24 = pure ITOF
-  word2tag 25 = pure NTOF
-  word2tag 26 = pure CEIL
-  word2tag 27 = pure FLOR
-  word2tag 28 = pure TRNF
-  word2tag 29 = pure RNDF
+  word2tag 1 = pure DECN
+  word2tag 2 = pure INCI
+  word2tag 3 = pure INCN
+  word2tag 4 = pure NEGI
+  word2tag 5 = pure SGNI
+  word2tag 6 = pure LZRO
+  word2tag 7 = pure TZRO
+  word2tag 8 = pure COMN
+  word2tag 9 = pure POPC
+  word2tag 10 = pure ABSF
+  word2tag 11 = pure EXPF
+  word2tag 12 = pure LOGF
+  word2tag 13 = pure SQRT
+  word2tag 14 = pure COSF
+  word2tag 15 = pure ACOS
+  word2tag 16 = pure COSH
+  word2tag 17 = pure ACSH
+  word2tag 18 = pure SINF
+  word2tag 19 = pure ASIN
+  word2tag 20 = pure SINH
+  word2tag 21 = pure ASNH
+  word2tag 22 = pure TANF
+  word2tag 23 = pure ATAN
+  word2tag 24 = pure TANH
+  word2tag 25 = pure ATNH
+  word2tag 26 = pure ITOF
+  word2tag 27 = pure NTOF
+  word2tag 28 = pure CEIL
+  word2tag 29 = pure FLOR
+  word2tag 30 = pure TRNF
+  word2tag 31 = pure RNDF
   word2tag n = unknownTag "UPrim1" n
 
 instance Tag UPrim2 where
   tag2word ADDI = 0
-  tag2word SUBI = 1
-  tag2word MULI = 2
-  tag2word DIVI = 3
-  tag2word MODI = 4
-  tag2word DIVN = 5
-  tag2word MODN = 6
-  tag2word SHLI = 7
-  tag2word SHRI = 8
-  tag2word SHRN = 9
-  tag2word POWI = 10
-  tag2word EQLI = 11
-  tag2word LEQI = 12
-  tag2word LEQN = 13
-  tag2word ANDN = 14
-  tag2word IORN = 15
-  tag2word XORN = 16
-  tag2word EQLF = 17
-  tag2word LEQF = 18
-  tag2word ADDF = 19
-  tag2word SUBF = 20
-  tag2word MULF = 21
-  tag2word DIVF = 22
-  tag2word ATN2 = 23
-  tag2word POWF = 24
-  tag2word LOGB = 25
-  tag2word MAXF = 26
-  tag2word MINF = 27
+  tag2word ADDN = 1
+  tag2word SUBI = 2
+  tag2word SUBN = 3
+  tag2word MULI = 4
+  tag2word MULN = 5
+  tag2word DIVI = 6
+  tag2word MODI = 7
+  tag2word DIVN = 8
+  tag2word MODN = 9
+  tag2word SHLI = 10
+  tag2word SHLN = 11
+  tag2word SHRI = 12
+  tag2word SHRN = 13
+  tag2word POWI = 14
+  tag2word POWN = 15
+  tag2word EQLI = 16
+  tag2word EQLN = 17
+  tag2word LEQI = 18
+  tag2word LEQN = 19
+  tag2word ANDN = 20
+  tag2word IORN = 21
+  tag2word XORN = 22
+  tag2word EQLF = 23
+  tag2word LEQF = 24
+  tag2word ADDF = 25
+  tag2word SUBF = 26
+  tag2word MULF = 27
+  tag2word DIVF = 28
+  tag2word ATN2 = 29
+  tag2word POWF = 30
+  tag2word LOGB = 31
+  tag2word MAXF = 32
+  tag2word MINF = 33
 
   word2tag 0 = pure ADDI
-  word2tag 1 = pure SUBI
-  word2tag 2 = pure MULI
-  word2tag 3 = pure DIVI
-  word2tag 4 = pure MODI
-  word2tag 5 = pure DIVN
-  word2tag 6 = pure MODN
-  word2tag 7 = pure SHLI
-  word2tag 8 = pure SHRI
-  word2tag 9 = pure SHRN
-  word2tag 10 = pure POWI
-  word2tag 11 = pure EQLI
-  word2tag 12 = pure LEQI
-  word2tag 13 = pure LEQN
-  word2tag 14 = pure ANDN
-  word2tag 15 = pure IORN
-  word2tag 16 = pure XORN
-  word2tag 17 = pure EQLF
-  word2tag 18 = pure LEQF
-  word2tag 19 = pure ADDF
-  word2tag 20 = pure SUBF
-  word2tag 21 = pure MULF
-  word2tag 22 = pure DIVF
-  word2tag 23 = pure ATN2
-  word2tag 24 = pure POWF
-  word2tag 25 = pure LOGB
-  word2tag 26 = pure MAXF
-  word2tag 27 = pure MINF
+  word2tag 1 = pure ADDN
+  word2tag 2 = pure SUBI
+  word2tag 3 = pure SUBN
+  word2tag 4 = pure MULI
+  word2tag 5 = pure MULN
+  word2tag 6 = pure DIVI
+  word2tag 7 = pure MODI
+  word2tag 8 = pure DIVN
+  word2tag 9 = pure MODN
+  word2tag 10 = pure SHLI
+  word2tag 11 = pure SHLN
+  word2tag 12 = pure SHRI
+  word2tag 13 = pure SHRN
+  word2tag 14 = pure POWI
+  word2tag 15 = pure POWN
+  word2tag 16 = pure EQLI
+  word2tag 17 = pure EQLN
+  word2tag 18 = pure LEQI
+  word2tag 19 = pure LEQN
+  word2tag 20 = pure ANDN
+  word2tag 21 = pure IORN
+  word2tag 22 = pure XORN
+  word2tag 23 = pure EQLF
+  word2tag 24 = pure LEQF
+  word2tag 25 = pure ADDF
+  word2tag 26 = pure SUBF
+  word2tag 27 = pure MULF
+  word2tag 28 = pure DIVF
+  word2tag 29 = pure ATN2
+  word2tag 30 = pure POWF
+  word2tag 31 = pure LOGB
+  word2tag 32 = pure MAXF
+  word2tag 33 = pure MINF
   word2tag n = unknownTag "UPrim2" n
 
 instance Tag BPrim1 where

From 5dbe3dfe855625d3582ae6e0af1487afa5be6db1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 11:10:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 13/89] Fix SubN

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 7972383b0c..c21d3ba44a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1254,10 +1254,10 @@ uprim2 !stk SUBI !i !j = do
   pokeI stk (m - n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk SUBN !i !j = do
-  m <- peekOffN stk i
-  n <- peekOffN stk j
+  m <- peekOffI stk i
+  n <- peekOffI stk j
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeN stk (m - n)
+  pokeI stk (m - n)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk MULI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i

From 5770fd4b3ae5f526ea809ae27f27da0c729ad46c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 13:33:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 14/89] Add instruction comments

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs | 228 +++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 114 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 2c2cb73c18..6293837f03 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.ANF
     GroupRef (..),
     Code (..),
     UBValue,
-    UnboxedValue(..),
+    UnboxedValue (..),
     ValList,
     Value (..),
     Cont (..),
@@ -1244,139 +1244,139 @@ litRef (LY _) = Ty.typeLinkRef
 -- formats that we want to control and version.
 data POp
   = -- Int
-    ADDI
-  | SUBI
+    ADDI -- +
+  | SUBI -- -
   | MULI
-  | DIVI -- +,-,*,/
-  | SGNI
-  | NEGI
-  | MODI -- sgn,neg,mod
-  | POWI
-  | SHLI
-  | SHRI -- pow,shiftl,shiftr
-  | INCI
-  | DECI
-  | LEQI
-  | EQLI -- inc,dec,<=,==
+  | DIVI -- /
+  | SGNI -- sgn
+  | NEGI -- neg
+  | MODI -- mod
+  | POWI -- pow
+  | SHLI -- shiftl
+  | SHRI -- shiftr
+  | INCI -- inc
+  | DECI -- dec
+  | LEQI -- <=
+  | EQLI -- ==
   -- Nat
-  | ADDN
-  | SUBN
+  | ADDN -- +
+  | SUBN -- -
   | MULN
-  | DIVN -- +,-,*,/
-  | MODN
-  | TZRO
-  | LZRO
-  | POPC -- mod,trailing/leadingZeros,popCount
-  | POWN
-  | SHLN
-  | SHRN -- pow,shiftl,shiftr
-  | ANDN
-  | IORN
-  | XORN
-  | COMN -- and,or,xor,complement
-  | INCN
-  | DECN
-  | LEQN
-  | EQLN -- inc,dec,<=,==
+  | DIVN -- /
+  | MODN -- mod
+  | TZRO -- trailingZeros
+  | LZRO -- leadingZeros
+  | POPC -- popCount
+  | POWN -- pow
+  | SHLN -- shiftl
+  | SHRN -- shiftr
+  | ANDN -- and
+  | IORN -- or
+  | XORN -- xor
+  | COMN -- complement
+  | INCN -- inc
+  | DECN -- dec
+  | LEQN -- <=
+  | EQLN -- ==
   -- Float
-  | ADDF
-  | SUBF
+  | ADDF -- +
+  | SUBF -- -
   | MULF
-  | DIVF -- +,-,*,/
-  | MINF
-  | MAXF
-  | LEQF
-  | EQLF -- min,max,<=,==
-  | POWF
-  | EXPF
-  | SQRT
-  | LOGF -- pow,exp,sqrt,log
+  | DIVF -- /
+  | MINF -- min
+  | MAXF -- max
+  | LEQF -- <=
+  | EQLF -- ==
+  | POWF -- pow
+  | EXPF -- exp
+  | SQRT -- sqrt
+  | LOGF -- log
   | LOGB -- logBase
-  | ABSF
-  | CEIL
-  | FLOR
-  | TRNF -- abs,ceil,floor,truncate
+  | ABSF -- abs
+  | CEIL -- ceil
+  | FLOR -- floor
+  | TRNF -- truncate
   | RNDF -- round
   -- Trig
-  | COSF
-  | ACOS
-  | COSH
-  | ACSH -- cos,acos,cosh,acosh
-  | SINF
-  | ASIN
-  | SINH
-  | ASNH -- sin,asin,sinh,asinh
-  | TANF
-  | ATAN
-  | TANH
-  | ATNH -- tan,atan,tanh,atanh
+  | COSF -- cos
+  | ACOS -- acos
+  | COSH -- cosh
+  | ACSH -- acosh
+  | SINF -- sin
+  | ASIN -- asin
+  | SINH -- sinh
+  | ASNH -- asinh
+  | TANF -- tan
+  | ATAN -- atan
+  | TANH -- tanh
+  | ATNH -- atanh
   | ATN2 -- atan2
   -- Text
-  | CATT
-  | TAKT
-  | DRPT
-  | SIZT -- ++,take,drop,size
+  | CATT -- ++
+  | TAKT -- take
+  | DRPT -- drop
+  | SIZT -- size
   | IXOT -- indexOf
-  | UCNS
-  | USNC
-  | EQLT
-  | LEQT -- uncons,unsnoc,==,<=
-  | PAKT
-  | UPKT -- pack,unpack
+  | UCNS -- uncons
+  | USNC -- unsnoc
+  | EQLT -- ==
+  | LEQT -- <=
+  | PAKT -- pack
+  | UPKT -- unpack
   -- Sequence
-  | CATS
-  | TAKS
-  | DRPS
-  | SIZS -- ++,take,drop,size
-  | CONS
-  | SNOC
-  | IDXS
-  | BLDS -- cons,snoc,at,build
-  | VWLS
-  | VWRS
-  | SPLL
-  | SPLR -- viewl,viewr,splitl,splitr
+  | CATS -- ++
+  | TAKS -- take
+  | DRPS -- drop
+  | SIZS -- size
+  | CONS -- cons
+  | SNOC -- snoc
+  | IDXS -- at
+  | BLDS -- build
+  | VWLS -- viewl
+  | VWRS -- viewr
+  | SPLL -- splitl
+  | SPLR -- splitr
   -- Bytes
-  | PAKB
-  | UPKB
-  | TAKB
-  | DRPB -- pack,unpack,take,drop
+  | PAKB -- pack
+  | UPKB -- unpack
+  | TAKB -- take
+  | DRPB -- drop
   | IXOB -- indexOf
-  | IDXB
-  | SIZB
-  | FLTB
-  | CATB -- index,size,flatten,append
+  | IDXB -- index
+  | SIZB -- size
+  | FLTB -- flatten
+  | CATB -- append
   -- Conversion
-  | ITOF
-  | NTOF
-  | ITOT
-  | NTOT
-  | TTOI
-  | TTON
-  | TTOF
-  | FTOT
+  | ITOF -- intToFloat
+  | NTOF -- natToFloat
+  | ITOT -- intToText
+  | NTOT -- natToText
+  | TTOI -- textToInt
+  | TTON -- textToNat
+  | TTOF -- textToFloat
+  | FTOT -- floatToText
   | -- Concurrency
-    FORK
+    FORK -- fork
   | -- Universal operations
-    EQLU
-  | CMPU
-  | EROR
+    EQLU -- ==
+  | CMPU -- compare
+  | EROR -- error
   | -- Code
-    MISS
-  | CACH
-  | LKUP
-  | LOAD -- isMissing,cache_,lookup,load
-  | CVLD
-  | SDBX -- validate, sandbox
-  | VALU
-  | TLTT -- value, Term.Link.toText
+    MISS -- isMissing
+  | CACH -- cache_
+  | LKUP -- lookup
+  | LOAD -- load
+  | CVLD -- validate
+  | SDBX -- sandbox
+  | VALU -- value
+  | TLTT -- Term.Link.toText
   -- Debug
-  | PRNT
-  | INFO
-  | TRCE
-  | DBTX
+  | PRNT -- print
+  | INFO -- info
+  | TRCE -- trace
+  | DBTX -- debugText
   | -- STM
-    ATOM
+    ATOM -- atomically
   | TFRC -- try force
   | SDBL -- sandbox link list
   | SDBV -- sandbox check for Values

From 8d5934382df7bed5f3c74ab7e8b011a031f3a1a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 13:28:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 15/89] Remove most unboxes

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs  | 255 +++++++-----------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    |   5 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  |   4 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    |  10 +
 4 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 156 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 64aa2b913e..8ce2171e87 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -348,36 +348,32 @@ binop' ::
 binop' pop _rfx _rfy _rfr =
   binop0 0 $ \[ x, y] -> TPrm pop [x, y]
 
+-- | Lift a comparison op.
 cmpop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpop pop rf =
-  binop0 3 $ \[x0, y0, x, y, b] ->
-    unbox x0 rf x
-      . unbox y0 rf y
-      . TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
+cmpop pop _rf =
+  binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
+      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
       $ boolift b
 
+-- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps the arguments.
 cmpopb :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpopb pop rf =
-  binop0 3 $ \[x0, y0, x, y, b] ->
-    unbox x0 rf x
-      . unbox y0 rf y
-      . TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
+cmpopb pop _rf =
+  binop0 1 $ \[ x, y, b] ->
+      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
       $ boolift b
 
+-- | Like `cmpop`, but negates the result.
 cmpopn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpopn pop rf =
-  binop0 3 $ \[x0, y0, x, y, b] ->
-    unbox x0 rf x
-      . unbox y0 rf y
-      . TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
+cmpopn pop _rf =
+  binop0 1 $ \[ x, y, b] ->
+      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
       $ notlift b
 
+-- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps arguments then negates the result.
 cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpopbn pop rf =
-  binop0 3 $ \[x0, y0, x, y, b] ->
-    unbox x0 rf x
-      . unbox y0 rf y
-      . TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
+cmpopbn pop _rf =
+  binop0 3 $ \[x, y, b] ->
+      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
       $ notlift b
 
 addi, subi, muli, divi, modi, shli, shri, powi :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
@@ -507,20 +503,18 @@ i2f = unop' ITOF Ty.intRef Ty.floatRef
 n2f = unop' NTOF Ty.natRef Ty.floatRef
 
 trni :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-trni = unop0 3 $ \[x0, x, z, b] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.intRef x
-    . TLetD z UN (TLit $ I 0)
+trni = unop0 2 $ \[x, z, b] ->
+    TLetD z UN (TLit $ I 0)
     . TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQI [x, z])
     . TMatch b
     $ MatchIntegral
-      (mapSingleton 1 $ TCon Ty.natRef 0 [z])
-      (Just $ TCon Ty.natRef 0 [x])
+      (mapSingleton 1 $ TVar z)
+      (Just $ TVar x)
 
 modular :: (Var v) => POp -> (Bool -> ANormal v) -> SuperNormal v
 modular pop ret =
-  unop0 3 $ \[x0, x, m, t] ->
-    unbox x0 Ty.intRef x
-      . TLetD t UN (TLit $ I 2)
+  unop0 2 $ \[x, m, t] ->
+      TLetD t UN (TLit $ I 2)
       . TLetD m UN (TPrm pop [x, t])
       . TMatch m
       $ MatchIntegral
@@ -534,42 +528,30 @@ evnn = modular MODN (\b -> if b then fls else tru)
 oddn = modular MODN (\b -> if b then tru else fls)
 
 dropn :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-dropn = binop0 4 $ \[x0, y0, x, y, b, r] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.natRef x
-    . unbox y0 Ty.natRef y
-    . TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y])
-    . TLet
-      (Indirect 1)
-      r
-      UN
-      ( TMatch b $
+dropn = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
+    TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y])
+    $ ( TMatch b $
           MatchIntegral
             (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
             (Just $ TPrm SUBN [x, y])
       )
-    $ TCon Ty.natRef 0 [r]
 
 appendt, taket, dropt, indext, indexb, sizet, unconst, unsnoct :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 appendt = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CATT [x, y]
-taket = binop0 1 $ \[x0, y, x] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.natRef x $
+taket = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] ->
     TPrm TAKT [x, y]
-dropt = binop0 1 $ \[x0, y, x] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.natRef x $
+dropt = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] ->
     TPrm DRPT [x, y]
 
-atb = binop0 4 $ \[n0, b, n, t, r0, r] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.natRef n
-    . TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXB [n, b])
+atb = binop0 2 $ \[n, b, t,  r] ->
+    TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXB [n, b])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs r0
-              . TLetD r BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [r0])
-              $ some r
+            TAbs r $ some r
           )
         )
       ]
@@ -655,18 +637,11 @@ coerceType fromType toType = unop0 1 $ \[x, r] ->
     TCon toType 0 [r]
 
 takes, drops, sizes, ats, emptys :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-takes = binop0 1 $ \[x0, y, x] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.natRef x $
-    TPrm TAKS [x, y]
-drops = binop0 1 $ \[x0, y, x] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.natRef x $
-    TPrm DRPS [x, y]
-sizes = unop0 1 $ \[x, r] ->
-  TLetD r UN (TPrm SIZS [x]) $
-    TCon Ty.natRef 0 [r]
-ats = binop0 3 $ \[x0, y, x, t, r] ->
-  unbox x0 Ty.natRef x
-    . TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXS [x, y])
+takes = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm TAKS [x, y]
+drops = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm DRPS [x, y]
+sizes = unop0 0 $ \[x] -> (TPrm SIZS [x])
+ats = binop0 2 $ \[x, y,  t, r] ->
+    TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXS [x, y])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -694,18 +669,16 @@ viewrs = unop0 3 $ \[s, u, i, l] ->
       ]
 
 splitls, splitrs :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-splitls = binop0 4 $ \[n0, s, n, t, l, r] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.natRef n
-    . TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLL [n, s])
+splitls = binop0 3 $ \[n, s, t, l, r] ->
+    TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLL [n, s])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
       [ (0, ([], seqViewEmpty)),
         (1, ([BX, BX], TAbss [l, r] $ seqViewElem l r))
       ]
-splitrs = binop0 4 $ \[n0, s, n, t, l, r] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.natRef n
-    . TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLR [n, s])
+splitrs = binop0 3 $ \[n, s, t, l, r] ->
+    TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLR [n, s])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -749,27 +722,15 @@ emptyb =
 appendb = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CATB [x, y]
 
 takeb, dropb, atb, sizeb, flattenb :: SuperNormal Symbol
-takeb = binop0 1 $ \[n0, b, n] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.natRef n $
-    TPrm TAKB [n, b]
-dropb = binop0 1 $ \[n0, b, n] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.natRef n $
-    TPrm DRPB [n, b]
-sizeb = unop0 1 $ \[b, n] ->
-  TLetD n UN (TPrm SIZB [b]) $
-    TCon Ty.natRef 0 [n]
+takeb = binop0 0 $ \[n, b] -> TPrm TAKB [n, b]
+dropb = binop0 0 $ \[n, b] -> TPrm DRPB [n, b]
+sizeb = unop0 0 $ \[b] -> (TPrm SIZB [b])
 flattenb = unop0 0 $ \[b] -> TPrm FLTB [b]
 
 i2t, n2t, f2t :: SuperNormal Symbol
-i2t = unop0 1 $ \[n0, n] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.intRef n $
-    TPrm ITOT [n]
-n2t = unop0 1 $ \[n0, n] ->
-  unbox n0 Ty.natRef n $
-    TPrm NTOT [n]
-f2t = unop0 1 $ \[f0, f] ->
-  unbox f0 Ty.floatRef f $
-    TPrm FTOT [f]
+i2t = unop0 0 $ \[n] -> TPrm ITOT [n]
+n2t = unop0 0 $ \[n] -> TPrm NTOT [n]
+f2t = unop0 0 $ \[f] -> TPrm FTOT [f]
 
 t2i, t2n, t2f :: SuperNormal Symbol
 t2i = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, n0, n] ->
@@ -1088,11 +1049,10 @@ seek'handle instr =
   ([BX, BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2, arg3]
     . unenum 3 arg2 Ty.seekModeRef seek
-    . unbox arg3 Ty.intRef nat
-    . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, seek, nat])
+    . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, seek, arg3])
     $ outIoFailUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 unit fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, seek, nat, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, arg3, seek,  stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail, result) = fresh
 
 no'buf, line'buf, block'buf, sblock'buf :: (Enum e) => e
 no'buf = toEnum $ fromIntegral Ty.bufferModeNoBufferingId
@@ -1113,8 +1073,7 @@ box b u ty = TLetD b BX (TCon ty 0 [u])
 time'zone :: ForeignOp
 time'zone instr =
   ([BX],)
-    . TAbss [bsecs]
-    . unbox bsecs Ty.intRef secs
+    . TAbss [secs]
     . TLets Direct [offset, summer, name] [UN, UN, BX] (TFOp instr [secs])
     . box bsummer summer Ty.natRef
     . box boffset offset Ty.intRef
@@ -1123,7 +1082,7 @@ time'zone instr =
     . TLetD p1 BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [bsummer, p2])
     $ TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [boffset, p1]
   where
-    (secs, bsecs, offset, boffset, summer, bsummer, name, un, p2, p1) = fresh
+    (secs,  offset, boffset, summer, bsummer, name, un, p2, p1) = fresh
 
 start'process :: ForeignOp
 start'process instr =
@@ -1266,11 +1225,10 @@ inBx arg result cont instr =
     $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg]) cont
 
 -- Nat -> ...
-inNat :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inNat arg nat result cont instr =
+inNat :: forall v. (Var v) =>  v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+inNat nat result cont instr =
   ([BX],)
-    . TAbs arg
-    . unbox arg Ty.natRef nat
+    . TAbs nat
     $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [nat]) cont
 
 -- Maybe a -> b -> ...
@@ -1315,28 +1273,24 @@ set'echo instr =
     (arg1, arg2, bol, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> ...
-inBxNat :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxNat arg1 arg2 nat result cont instr =
+inBxNat :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+inBxNat arg1 arg2 result cont instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
-    . unbox arg2 Ty.natRef nat
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, nat]) cont
+    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2]) cont
 
 inBxNatNat ::
-  (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 nat1 nat2 result cont instr =
+  (Var v) => v -> v -> v ->  v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 result cont instr =
   ([BX, BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2, arg3]
-    . unbox arg2 Ty.natRef nat1
-    . unbox arg3 Ty.natRef nat2
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, nat1, nat2]) cont
+    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2, arg3]) cont
 
-inBxNatBx :: (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxNatBx arg1 arg2 arg3 nat result cont instr =
+inBxNatBx :: (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+inBxNatBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result cont instr =
   ([BX, BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2, arg3]
-    . unbox arg2 Ty.natRef nat
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, nat, arg3]) cont
+    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2, arg3]) cont
 
 -- a -> IOMode -> ...
 inBxIomr :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
@@ -1714,59 +1668,63 @@ boxBoxBoxToBool =
 -- Works for an type that's packed into a word, just
 -- pass `wordDirect Ty.natRef`, `wordDirect Ty.floatRef`
 -- etc
+--
+-- TODO: Do we still need this?
 wordDirect :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-wordDirect wordType instr =
+wordDirect _wordType instr =
   ([BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1]
-    . unbox b1 wordType ub1
+    . TAbss [ub1]
     $ TFOp instr [ub1]
   where
-    (b1, ub1) = fresh
+    ub1 = fresh1
 
 -- Nat -> Bool
+--
+-- TODO: Do we still need this?
 boxWordToBool :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-boxWordToBool wordType instr =
+boxWordToBool _wordType instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, w1]
-    . unbox w1 wordType uw1
+    . TAbss [b1, uw1]
     $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [b1, uw1]) (boolift result)
   where
-    (b1, w1, uw1, result) = fresh
+    (b1, uw1, result) = fresh
 
 -- Nat -> Nat -> c
+--
+-- TODO: Do we still need this?
 wordWordDirect :: Reference -> Reference -> ForeignOp
-wordWordDirect word1 word2 instr =
+wordWordDirect _word1 _word2 instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, b2]
-    . unbox b1 word1 ub1
-    . unbox b2 word2 ub2
+    . TAbss [ub1, ub2]
     $ TFOp instr [ub1, ub2]
   where
-    (b1, b2, ub1, ub2) = fresh
+    (ub1, ub2) = fresh
 
 -- Nat -> a -> c
 -- Works for an type that's packed into a word, just
 -- pass `wordBoxDirect Ty.natRef`, `wordBoxDirect Ty.floatRef`
 -- etc
+--
+-- TODO: Do we still need this?
 wordBoxDirect :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-wordBoxDirect wordType instr =
+wordBoxDirect _wordType instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, b2]
-    . unbox b1 wordType ub1
+    . TAbss [ub1, b2]
     $ TFOp instr [ub1, b2]
   where
-    (b1, b2, ub1) = fresh
+    (b2, ub1) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> c
 -- works for any second argument type that is packed into a word
+--
+-- TODO: Do we still need this?
 boxWordDirect :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-boxWordDirect wordType instr =
+boxWordDirect _wordType instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, b2]
-    . unbox b2 wordType ub2
+    . TAbss [b1, ub2]
     $ TFOp instr [b1, ub2]
   where
-    (b1, b2, ub2) = fresh
+    (b1,  ub2) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> c
 boxBoxDirect :: ForeignOp
@@ -1947,12 +1905,10 @@ natNatToBox = wordWordDirect Ty.natRef Ty.natRef
 natNatBoxToBox :: ForeignOp
 natNatBoxToBox instr =
   ([BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [a1, a2, a3]
-    . unbox a1 Ty.natRef ua1
-    . unbox a2 Ty.natRef ua2
+    . TAbss [ua1, ua2, a3]
     $ TFOp instr [ua1, ua2, a3]
   where
-    (a1, a2, a3, ua1, ua2) = fresh
+    (a3, ua1, ua2) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> c
 -- Nat only
@@ -1962,63 +1918,60 @@ boxNatToBox = boxWordDirect Ty.natRef
 -- a -> Nat -> Either Failure b
 boxNatToEFBox :: ForeignOp
 boxNatToEFBox =
-  inBxNat arg1 arg2 nat result $
+  inBxNat arg1 arg2 result $
     outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, nat, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat ->{Exception} b
 boxNatToExnBox :: ForeignOp
 boxNatToExnBox =
-  inBxNat arg1 arg2 nat result $
+  inBxNat arg1 arg2 result $
     outIoExnBox stack1 stack2 stack3 fail any result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, nat, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2,  stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> b ->{Exception} ()
 boxNatBoxToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
 boxNatBoxToExnUnit =
-  inBxNatBx arg1 arg2 arg3 nat result $
+  inBxNatBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, nat, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, arg3,  stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat ->{Exception} Nat
 boxNatToExnNat :: ForeignOp
 boxNatToExnNat =
-  inBxNat arg1 arg2 nat result $
+  inBxNat arg1 arg2 result $
     outIoExnNat stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, nat, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2,  stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> Nat ->{Exception} ()
 boxNatNatToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
 boxNatNatToExnUnit =
-  inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 nat1 nat2 result $
+  inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, nat1, nat2, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, arg3, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> Nat ->{Exception} b
 boxNatNatToExnBox :: ForeignOp
 boxNatNatToExnBox =
-  inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 nat1 nat2 result $
+  inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoExnBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, nat1, nat2, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, arg3, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> b -> Nat -> Nat ->{Exception} ()
 boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
 boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit instr =
   ([BX, BX, BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [a0, a1, a2, a3, a4]
-    . unbox a1 Ty.natRef ua1
-    . unbox a3 Ty.natRef ua3
-    . unbox a4 Ty.natRef ua4
+    . TAbss [a0, ua1, a2, ua3, ua4]
     . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [a0, ua1, a2, ua3, ua4])
     $ outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, ua1, ua3, ua4, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
+    (a0,  a2, ua1, ua3, ua4, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a ->{Exception} Either b c
 boxToExnEBoxBox :: ForeignOp
@@ -2039,7 +1992,7 @@ boxToExnEBoxBox instr =
 -- Nat -> Either Failure ()
 natToEFUnit :: ForeignOp
 natToEFUnit =
-  inNat arg nat result
+  inNat nat result
     . TMatch result
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -2051,7 +2004,7 @@ natToEFUnit =
         )
       ]
   where
-    (arg, nat, result, fail, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit) = fresh
+    (nat, result, fail, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either b c
 boxToEBoxBox :: ForeignOp
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 86dd05618a..8e592cb123 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import Control.Concurrent.MVar (MVar)
 import Control.Concurrent.STM (TVar)
 import Control.Exception (evaluate)
 import Data.Atomics (Ticket)
-import Data.Char qualified as Char
 import Data.Foldable (toList)
 import Data.IORef (IORef)
 import Data.Primitive.Array as PA
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ mkForeign ev = FF readArgs writeForeign ev
             "mkForeign: too many arguments for foreign function"
 
 instance ForeignConvention Int where
-  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> upeekOff stk i
+  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOffI stk i
   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Int"
   writeForeign stk i = do
     stk <- bump stk
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ instance ForeignConvention Word32 where
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fromIntegral :: Word32 -> Word64)
 
 instance ForeignConvention Char where
-  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) . Char.chr <$> upeekOff stk i
+  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOffC stk i
   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Char"
   writeForeign stk ch = do
     stk <- bump stk
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index c21d3ba44a..280013507a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -958,9 +958,9 @@ buildData !_ !r !t ZArgs = pure $ Enum r t
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArg1 i) = do
   bv <- bpeekOff stk i
   case bv of
-    UnboxedTypeTag t -> do
+    UnboxedTypeTag ut -> do
       uv <- upeekOff stk i
-      pure $ DataU1 r t (TypedUnboxed uv t)
+      pure $ DataU1 r t (TypedUnboxed uv ut)
     _ -> pure $ DataB1 r t bv
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArg2 i j) = do
   b1 <- bpeekOff stk i
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 9ae8e4b6e4..dd8b1ed692 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     nullSeg,
     peekD,
     peekOffD,
+    peekC,
+    peekOffC,
     pokeD,
     pokeOffD,
     pokeC,
@@ -919,6 +921,10 @@ peekD :: Stack -> IO Double
 peekD (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekD #-}
 
+peekC :: Stack -> IO Char
+peekC (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = Char.chr <$> readByteArray ustk sp
+{-# INLINE peekC #-}
+
 peekOffN :: Stack -> Int -> IO Word64
 peekOffN (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffN #-}
@@ -927,6 +933,10 @@ peekOffD :: Stack -> Int -> IO Double
 peekOffD (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffD #-}
 
+peekOffC :: Stack -> Int -> IO Char
+peekOffC (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = Char.chr <$> readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+{-# INLINE peekOffC #-}
+
 pokeN :: Stack -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) n = do
   bpoke stk natTypeTag

From 0ec982a1181728d7b4392d7f7ba2cb89926d65af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 14:28:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 16/89] Undo most natRef boxing

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 58 ++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 8ce2171e87..351faa53f9 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ atb = binop0 2 $ \[n, b, t,  r] ->
         )
       ]
 
-indext = binop0 3 $ \[x, y, t, r0, r] ->
+indext = binop0 2 $ \[x, y, t, r] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm IXOT [x, y])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -564,14 +564,12 @@ indext = binop0 3 $ \[x, y, t, r0, r] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs r0
-              . TLetD r BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [r0])
-              $ some r
+            TAbs r $ some r
           )
         )
       ]
 
-indexb = binop0 3 $ \[x, y, t, i, r] ->
+indexb = binop0 2 $ \[x, y, t, r] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm IXOB [x, y])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -579,16 +577,12 @@ indexb = binop0 3 $ \[x, y, t, i, r] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs i
-              . TLetD r BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [i])
-              $ some r
+            TAbs r $ some r
           )
         )
       ]
 
-sizet = unop0 1 $ \[x, r] ->
-  TLetD r UN (TPrm SIZT [x]) $
-    TCon Ty.natRef 0 [r]
+sizet = unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TPrm SIZT [x]
 
 unconst = unop0 7 $ \[x, t, c0, c, y, p, u, yp] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm UCNS [x])
@@ -747,7 +741,7 @@ t2i = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, n0, n] ->
           )
         )
       ]
-t2n = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, n0, n] ->
+t2n = unop0 2 $ \[x, t, n] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm TTON [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -755,9 +749,7 @@ t2n = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, n0, n] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs n0
-              . TLetD n BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [n0])
-              $ some n
+            TAbs n $ some n
           )
         )
       ]
@@ -1155,8 +1147,7 @@ get'buffering'output eitherResult stack1 stack2 stack3 resultTag anyVar failVar
                 sblock'buf
                   --> [UN]
                   --> TAbs stack1
-                  . TLetD stack2 BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [stack1])
-                  . TLetD successVar BX (TCon Ty.bufferModeRef sblock'buf [stack2])
+                  . TLetD successVar BX (TCon Ty.bufferModeRef sblock'buf [stack1])
                   $ right successVar
               ]
         )
@@ -1183,10 +1174,9 @@ murmur'hash instr =
   ([BX],)
     . TAbss [x]
     . TLetD vl BX (TPrm VALU [x])
-    . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [vl])
-    $ TCon Ty.natRef 0 [result]
+    $ TFOp instr [vl]
   where
-    (x, vl, result) = fresh
+    (x, vl) = fresh
 
 crypto'hmac :: ForeignOp
 crypto'hmac instr =
@@ -1327,15 +1317,13 @@ outMaybeNat tag result n =
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs result
-              . TLetD n BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [n])
-              $ some n
+            TAbs result $ some n
           )
         )
       ]
 
-outMaybeNTup :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outMaybeNTup a b n u bp p result =
+outMaybeNTup :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
+outMaybeNTup a b u bp p result =
   TMatch result . MatchSum $
     mapFromList
       [ (0, ([], none)),
@@ -1344,8 +1332,7 @@ outMaybeNTup a b n u bp p result =
             TAbss [a, b]
               . TLetD u BX (TCon Ty.unitRef 0 [])
               . TLetD bp BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [b, u])
-              . TLetD n BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [a])
-              . TLetD p BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [n, bp])
+              . TLetD p BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [a, bp])
               $ some p
           )
         )
@@ -1385,8 +1372,7 @@ outIoFailNat stack1 stack2 stack3 fail extra result =
         ( 1,
           ([UN],)
             . TAbs stack3
-            . TLetD extra BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [stack3])
-            $ right extra
+            $ right stack3
         )
       ]
 
@@ -1430,9 +1416,10 @@ outIoExnNat stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
     mapFromList
       [ exnCase stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail,
         ( 1,
+            -- TODO: Can I simplify this?
           ([UN],)
             . TAbs stack1
-            $ TCon Ty.natRef 0 [stack1]
+            $ TVar stack1
         )
       ]
 
@@ -1603,7 +1590,7 @@ boxToInt = inBx arg result (TCon Ty.intRef 0 [result])
 
 -- a -> Nat
 boxToNat :: ForeignOp
-boxToNat = inBx arg result (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [result])
+boxToNat = inBx arg result (TVar result)
   where
     (arg, result) = fresh
 
@@ -1635,10 +1622,9 @@ boxBoxToNat :: ForeignOp
 boxBoxToNat instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
-    . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2])
-    $ TCon Ty.natRef 0 [result]
+    $ (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2])
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> Option c
 
@@ -1792,9 +1778,9 @@ boxToMaybeNat = inBx arg tag $ outMaybeNat tag result n
 -- a -> Maybe (Nat, b)
 boxToMaybeNTup :: ForeignOp
 boxToMaybeNTup =
-  inBx arg result $ outMaybeNTup a b c u bp p result
+  inBx arg result $ outMaybeNTup a b u bp p result
   where
-    (arg, a, b, c, u, bp, p, result) = fresh
+    (arg, a, b, u, bp, p, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> Maybe (c, d)
 boxBoxToMaybeTup :: ForeignOp

From 15e8ac2d64a987ce1df70bbd0d1da20688a2135b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 14:33:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 17/89] Remove most int/float/char reboxings

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 37 ++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 351faa53f9..62416dfacb 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ indexb = binop0 2 $ \[x, y, t, r] ->
 
 sizet = unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TPrm SIZT [x]
 
-unconst = unop0 7 $ \[x, t, c0, c, y, p, u, yp] ->
+unconst = unop0 6 $ \[x, t, c, y, p, u, yp] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm UCNS [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -592,17 +592,16 @@ unconst = unop0 7 $ \[x, t, c0, c, y, p, u, yp] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN, BX],
-            TAbss [c0, y]
+            TAbss [c, y]
               . TLetD u BX (TCon Ty.unitRef 0 [])
               . TLetD yp BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [y, u])
-              . TLetD c BX (TCon Ty.charRef 0 [c0])
               . TLetD p BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [c, yp])
               $ some p
           )
         )
       ]
 
-unsnoct = unop0 7 $ \[x, t, c0, c, y, p, u, cp] ->
+unsnoct = unop0 6 $ \[x, t,  c, y, p, u, cp] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm USNC [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -610,9 +609,8 @@ unsnoct = unop0 7 $ \[x, t, c0, c, y, p, u, cp] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [BX, UN],
-            TAbss [y, c0]
+            TAbss [y, c]
               . TLetD u BX (TCon Ty.unitRef 0 [])
-              . TLetD c BX (TCon Ty.charRef 0 [c0])
               . TLetD cp BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [c, u])
               . TLetD p BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [y, cp])
               $ some p
@@ -727,7 +725,7 @@ n2t = unop0 0 $ \[n] -> TPrm NTOT [n]
 f2t = unop0 0 $ \[f] -> TPrm FTOT [f]
 
 t2i, t2n, t2f :: SuperNormal Symbol
-t2i = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, n0, n] ->
+t2i = unop0 2 $ \[x, t,  n] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm TTOI [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -735,9 +733,7 @@ t2i = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, n0, n] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs n0
-              . TLetD n BX (TCon Ty.intRef 0 [n0])
-              $ some n
+            TAbs n $ some n
           )
         )
       ]
@@ -753,7 +749,7 @@ t2n = unop0 2 $ \[x, t, n] ->
           )
         )
       ]
-t2f = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, f0, f] ->
+t2f = unop0 2 $ \[x, t, f] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm TTOF [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -761,9 +757,7 @@ t2f = unop0 3 $ \[x, t, f0, f] ->
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs f0
-              . TLetD f BX (TCon Ty.floatRef 0 [f0])
-              $ some f
+            TAbs f $ some f
           )
         )
       ]
@@ -774,10 +768,9 @@ equ = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     boolift b
 
 cmpu :: SuperNormal Symbol
-cmpu = binop0 2 $ \[x, y, c, i] ->
+cmpu = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, c] ->
   TLetD c UN (TPrm CMPU [x, y])
-    . TLetD i UN (TPrm DECI [c])
-    $ TCon Ty.intRef 0 [i]
+  $ (TPrm DECI [c])
 
 ltu :: SuperNormal Symbol
 ltu = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, c] ->
@@ -1383,8 +1376,7 @@ outIoFailChar stack1 stack2 stack3 fail extra result =
       [ failureCase stack1 stack2 stack3 extra fail,
         ( 1,
           ([UN],)
-            . TAbs stack3
-            . TLetD extra BX (TCon Ty.charRef 0 [stack3])
+            . TAbs extra
             $ right extra
         )
       ]
@@ -1569,8 +1561,7 @@ unitToEFNat =
 -- () -> Int
 unitToInt :: ForeignOp
 unitToInt =
-  inUnit unit result $
-    TCon Ty.intRef 0 [result]
+  inUnit unit result $ TVar result
   where
     (unit, result) = fresh
 
@@ -1583,8 +1574,10 @@ unitToEFBox =
     (unit, stack1, stack2, stack3, fail, any, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Int
+--
+-- TODO: Probably don't need all these boxing type wrapper things now.
 boxToInt :: ForeignOp
-boxToInt = inBx arg result (TCon Ty.intRef 0 [result])
+boxToInt = inBx arg result (TVar result)
   where
     (arg, result) = fresh
 

From 25aeb88ad0c11c7da939616e207a971e3d559ba3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 14:59:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 18/89] Fix bad args

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 62416dfacb..44462549a6 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ cmpopn pop _rf =
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps arguments then negates the result.
 cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 cmpopbn pop _rf =
-  binop0 3 $ \[x, y, b] ->
+  binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
       TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
       $ notlift b
 
@@ -1310,7 +1310,10 @@ outMaybeNat tag result n =
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
-            TAbs result $ some n
+          -- TODO: Fix this?
+            TAbs result
+              . TLetD n BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [n])
+              $ some n
           )
         )
       ]

From fd87e56e4d51a72bd75ba62252ad447a353996dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2024 14:59:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 19/89] Add new Elem type for combined unboxed/boxed types

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs           |  3 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    |  2 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 14 ++---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 52 ++++++++++---------
 4 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index c3e46591e1..45857dc4ca 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.MCode (CombIx (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( Closure (..),
     TypedUnboxed (..),
+    USeq,
     getTUInt,
     pattern DataC,
     pattern PApV,
@@ -252,5 +253,5 @@ decompileBytes =
 decompileHashAlgorithm :: (Var v) => HashAlgorithm -> Term v ()
 decompileHashAlgorithm (HashAlgorithm r _) = ref () r
 
-unwrapSeq :: Foreign -> Maybe (Seq Closure)
+unwrapSeq :: Foreign -> Maybe USeq
 unwrapSeq = maybeUnwrapForeign listRef
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index 8808a4bac4..d86f5a7715 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -1515,7 +1515,7 @@ emitClosures grpr grpn rec ctx args k =
           let cix = (CIx grpr grpn n)
            in Ins (Name (Env cix cix) ZArgs) <$> allocate (Var a BX ctx) as k
       | otherwise =
-          internalBug $ "emitClosures: unknown reference: " ++ show a
+          internalBug $ "emitClosures: unknown reference: " ++ show a ++ show grpr
 
 emitArgs :: (Var v) => Word64 -> Ctx v -> [v] -> Args
 emitArgs grpn ctx args
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 280013507a..e0056806ff 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CACH i)
       stk <- bump stk
       pokeS
         stk
-        (Sq.fromList $ Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> unknown)
+        (Sq.fromList $ RTValue 0 . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> unknown)
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CVLD i)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: validate"
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LOAD i)
         Left miss -> do
           pokeOffS stk 1 $
             Sq.fromList $
-              Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
+              RTValue 0 . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
           pokeTag stk 0
         Right x -> do
           bpokeOff stk 1 x
@@ -1717,14 +1717,14 @@ bprim2 !stk TAKS i j = do
   pokeS stk $ if n < 0 then s else Sq.take n s
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk CONS i j = do
-  x <- bpeekOff stk i
+  x <- peekOff stk i
   s <- peekOffS stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeS stk $ x Sq.<| s
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk SNOC i j = do
   s <- peekOffS stk i
-  x <- bpeekOff stk j
+  x <- peekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeS stk $ s Sq.|> x
   pure stk
@@ -1744,7 +1744,7 @@ bprim2 !stk IDXS i j = do
       pure stk
     Just x -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      bpoke stk x
+      poke stk x
       stk <- bump stk
       pokeTag stk 1
       pure stk
@@ -1965,9 +1965,9 @@ refLookup s m r
       error $ "refLookup:" ++ s ++ ": unknown reference: " ++ show r
 
 decodeCacheArgument ::
-  Sq.Seq Closure -> IO [(Reference, Code)]
+  USeq -> IO [(Reference, Code)]
 decodeCacheArgument s = for (toList s) $ \case
-  DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _) ->
+  (RTValue _i (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _))) ->
     case unwrapForeign x of
       Ref r -> pure (r, unwrapForeign y)
       _ -> die "decodeCacheArgument: Con reference"
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index dd8b1ed692..707553b7eb 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     USeg,
     BSeg,
     SegList,
+    Elem (..),
+    USeq,
     TypedUnboxed
       ( TypedUnboxed,
         getTUInt,
@@ -101,8 +103,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     bpeekOff,
     bpoke,
     bpokeOff,
-    upoke,
-    upokeOff,
+    pokeOff,
     upokeT,
     upokeOffT,
     unsafePokeIasN,
@@ -196,6 +197,9 @@ instance Ord K where
 newtype Closure = Closure {unClosure :: (GClosure (RComb Closure))}
   deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
+-- | Implementation for Unison sequences.
+type USeq = Seq Elem
+
 type IxClosure = GClosure CombIx
 
 data GClosure comb
@@ -598,7 +602,9 @@ instance Show Stack where
 
 type UElem = Int
 
-type TypedUElem = (Int, Closure {- This closure should always be a UnboxedTypeTag -})
+-- | A runtime value, which is either a boxed or unboxed value, but we may not know which.
+data Elem = Elem !UElem !BElem
+  deriving (Show)
 
 type USeg = ByteArray
 
@@ -606,8 +612,6 @@ type BElem = Closure
 
 type BSeg = Array Closure
 
-type Elem = (UElem, BElem)
-
 type Seg = (USeg, BSeg)
 
 alloc :: IO Stack
@@ -621,7 +625,7 @@ peek :: Stack -> IO Elem
 peek stk = do
   u <- upeek stk
   b <- bpeek stk
-  pure (u, b)
+  pure (Elem u b)
 {-# INLINE peek #-}
 
 peekI :: Stack -> IO Int
@@ -644,7 +648,7 @@ peekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Elem
 peekOff stk i = do
   u <- upeekOff stk i
   b <- bpeekOff stk i
-  pure (u, b)
+  pure $ Elem u b
 {-# INLINE peekOff #-}
 
 bpeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO BElem
@@ -655,20 +659,18 @@ upeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO UElem
 upeekOff (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE upeekOff #-}
 
--- | Store an unboxed value and null out the boxed stack at that location, both so we know there's no value there,
--- and so garbage collection can clean up any value that was referenced there.
-upoke :: Stack -> TypedUElem -> IO ()
-upoke !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !(u, t) = do
-  bpoke stk t
-  writeByteArray ustk sp u
-{-# INLINE upoke #-}
-
 upokeT :: Stack -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
 upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
   bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upokeT #-}
 
+poke :: Stack -> Elem -> IO ()
+poke (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Elem u b) = do
+  writeByteArray ustk sp u
+  writeArray bstk sp b
+{-# INLINE poke #-}
+
 -- | Sometimes we get back an int from a foreign call which we want to use as a Nat.
 -- If we know it's positive and smaller than 2^63 then we can safely store the Int directly as a Nat without
 -- checks.
@@ -678,7 +680,7 @@ unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
 {-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
 
 pokeTU :: Stack -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
-pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = upoke stk (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
+pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = poke stk (Elem u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
 {-# INLINE pokeTU #-}
 
 -- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
@@ -712,11 +714,11 @@ bpoke :: Stack -> BElem -> IO ()
 bpoke (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) b = writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE bpoke #-}
 
-upokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUElem -> IO ()
-upokeOff stk i (u, t) = do
+pokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> Elem -> IO ()
+pokeOff stk i (Elem u t) = do
   bpokeOff stk i t
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
-{-# INLINE upokeOff #-}
+{-# INLINE pokeOff #-}
 
 upokeOffT :: Stack -> Off -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
 upokeOffT stk i u t = do
@@ -725,7 +727,7 @@ upokeOffT stk i u t = do
 {-# INLINE upokeOffT #-}
 
 pokeOffTU :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
-pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = upokeOff stk i (u, UnboxedTypeTag t)
+pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = pokeOff stk i (Elem u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
 {-# INLINE pokeOffTU #-}
 
 bpokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> BElem -> IO ()
@@ -1007,16 +1009,16 @@ peekOffBi :: (BuiltinForeign b) => Stack -> Int -> IO b
 peekOffBi stk i = unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign <$> bpeekOff stk i
 {-# INLINE peekOffBi #-}
 
-peekOffS :: Stack -> Int -> IO (Seq Closure)
+peekOffS :: Stack -> Int -> IO USeq
 peekOffS stk i =
   unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign <$> bpeekOff stk i
 {-# INLINE peekOffS #-}
 
-pokeS :: Stack -> Seq Closure -> IO ()
+pokeS :: Stack -> USeq -> IO ()
 pokeS stk s = bpoke stk (Foreign $ Wrap Ty.listRef s)
 {-# INLINE pokeS #-}
 
-pokeOffS :: Stack -> Int -> Seq Closure -> IO ()
+pokeOffS :: Stack -> Int -> USeq -> IO ()
 pokeOffS stk i s = bpokeOff stk i (Foreign $ Wrap Ty.listRef s)
 {-# INLINE pokeOffS #-}
 
@@ -1075,8 +1077,8 @@ closureTermRefs f = \case
   (Captured k _ (_useg, bseg)) ->
     contTermRefs f k <> foldMap (closureTermRefs f) bseg
   (Foreign fo)
-    | Just (cs :: Seq Closure) <- maybeUnwrapForeign Ty.listRef fo ->
-        foldMap (closureTermRefs f) cs
+    | Just (cs :: USeq) <- maybeUnwrapForeign Ty.listRef fo ->
+        foldMap (\(Elem _i clos) -> closureTermRefs f clos) cs
   _ -> mempty
 
 contTermRefs :: (Monoid m) => (Reference -> m) -> K -> m

From 495f937e50ffb76d73de8b27cb80f7b5139ca0b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 11:09:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 20/89] WIP

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    | 12 ++---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs           |  8 ++--
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 47 ++++++++++---------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 19 +++++++-
 4 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 8e592cb123..3c1e2cc193 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -433,11 +433,11 @@ instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
 instance ForeignConvention [Closure] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
-    (args,) . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
+    (args,) . fmap getBoxedElem . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[Closure]"
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList $ fmap boxedElem l)
 
 instance ForeignConvention [Foreign] where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (fmap marshalToForeign)
@@ -517,25 +517,25 @@ unwrapForeignClosure = unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign
 instance {-# OVERLAPPABLE #-} (BuiltinForeign a, BuiltinForeign b) => ForeignConvention [(a, b)] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
     (args,)
-      . fmap fromUnisonPair
+      . fmap (fromUnisonPair . getBoxedElem)
       . toList
       <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[(a,b)]"
 
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (toUnisonPair <$> Sq.fromList l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (Elem 0 . toUnisonPair <$> Sq.fromList l)
 
 instance {-# OVERLAPPABLE #-} (BuiltinForeign b) => ForeignConvention [b] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
     (args,)
-      . fmap unwrapForeignClosure
+      . fmap (unwrapForeignClosure . getBoxedElem)
       . toList
       <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[b]"
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (Foreign . wrapBuiltin <$> Sq.fromList l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (boxedElem . Foreign . wrapBuiltin <$> Sq.fromList l)
 
 foreignCCError :: String -> IO a
 foreignCCError nm =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
index 137d8b4c1b..a83f4fc17a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ compileValue base =
     cpair (r, sg) = pair (rf r) (code sg)
 
 decompileCtx ::
-  EnumMap Word64 Reference -> EvalCtx -> Closure -> DecompResult Symbol
+  EnumMap Word64 Reference -> EvalCtx -> Elem -> DecompResult Symbol
 decompileCtx crs ctx = decompile ib $ backReferenceTm crs fr ir dt
   where
     ib = intermedToBase ctx
@@ -851,8 +851,8 @@ prepareEvaluation ppe tm ctx = do
       Just r -> r
       Nothing -> error "prepareEvaluation: could not remap main ref"
 
-watchHook :: IORef Closure -> Stack -> IO ()
-watchHook r stk = bpeek stk >>= writeIORef r
+watchHook :: IORef Elem -> Stack -> IO ()
+watchHook r stk = peek stk >>= writeIORef r
 
 backReferenceTm ::
   EnumMap Word64 Reference ->
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ evalInContext ::
   Word64 ->
   IO (Either Error ([Error], Term Symbol))
 evalInContext ppe ctx activeThreads w = do
-  r <- newIORef BlackHole
+  r <- newIORef (boxedElem BlackHole)
   crs <- readTVarIO (combRefs $ ccache ctx)
   let hook = watchHook r
       decom = decompileCtx crs ctx
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index e0056806ff..094c23c02f 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import Control.Exception
 import Control.Lens
 import Data.Bitraversable (Bitraversable (..))
 import Data.Bits
+import Data.Char qualified as Char
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
 import Data.Ord (comparing)
 import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
@@ -369,7 +370,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CACH i)
       stk <- bump stk
       pokeS
         stk
-        (Sq.fromList $ RTValue 0 . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> unknown)
+        (Sq.fromList $ boxedElem . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> unknown)
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CVLD i)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: validate"
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LOAD i)
         Left miss -> do
           pokeOffS stk 1 $
             Sq.fromList $
-              RTValue 0 . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
+              boxedElem . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
           pokeTag stk 0
         Right x -> do
           bpokeOff stk 1 x
@@ -927,19 +928,19 @@ moveArgs !stk (VArgV i) = do
     l = fsize stk - i
 {-# INLINE moveArgs #-}
 
-closureArgs :: Stack -> Args -> IO [Closure]
+closureArgs :: Stack -> Args -> IO [Elem]
 closureArgs !_ ZArgs = pure []
 closureArgs !stk (VArg1 i) = do
-  x <- bpeekOff stk i
+  x <- peekOff stk i
   pure [x]
 closureArgs !stk (VArg2 i j) = do
-  x <- bpeekOff stk i
-  y <- bpeekOff stk j
+  x <- peekOff stk i
+  y <- peekOff stk j
   pure [x, y]
 closureArgs !stk (VArgR i l) =
-  for (take l [i ..]) (bpeekOff stk)
+  for (take l [i ..]) (peekOff stk)
 closureArgs !stk (VArgN bs) =
-  for (PA.primArrayToList bs) (bpeekOff stk)
+  for (PA.primArrayToList bs) (peekOff stk)
 closureArgs !_ _ =
   error "closure arguments can only be boxed."
 {-# INLINE closureArgs #-}
@@ -1544,7 +1545,7 @@ bprim1 !stk VWLS i =
     x Sq.:<| xs -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
       pokeOffS stk 2 xs -- remaining seq
-      bpokeOff stk 1 x -- head
+      pokeOff stk 1 x -- head
       pokeTag stk 1 -- ':<|' tag
       pure stk
 bprim1 !stk VWRS i =
@@ -1555,7 +1556,7 @@ bprim1 !stk VWRS i =
       pure stk
     xs Sq.:|> x -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 3
-      bpokeOff stk 2 x -- last
+      pokeOff stk 2 x -- last
       pokeOffS stk 1 xs -- remaining seq
       pokeTag stk 1 -- ':|>' tag
       pure stk
@@ -1565,15 +1566,17 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKT i = do
   pokeBi stk . Util.Text.pack . toList $ clo2char <$> s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2char :: Closure -> Char
-    clo2char (CharClosure c) = c
+    clo2char :: Elem -> Char
+    clo2char (Elem _ (CharClosure c)) = c
+    clo2char (Elem c tt) | tt == charTypeTag = Char.chr $ c
     clo2char c = error $ "pack text: non-character closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeS stk
     . Sq.fromList
-    . fmap CharClosure
+    -- TODO: Should this be unboxed chars?
+    . fmap (boxedElem . CharClosure)
     . Util.Text.unpack
     $ t
   pure stk
@@ -1584,13 +1587,15 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKB i = do
   pure stk
   where
     -- TODO: Should we have a tag for bytes specifically?
-    clo2w8 :: Closure -> Word8
-    clo2w8 (NatClosure n) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
+    clo2w8 :: Elem -> Word8
+    clo2w8 (Elem _ (NatClosure n)) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
+    clo2w8 (Elem n tt) | tt == natTypeTag = toEnum $ n
     clo2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (NatClosure . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
+  -- TODO: Should this be unboxed nats/bytes?
+  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedElem . NatClosure . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
     By.toWord8s b
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk SIZB i = do
@@ -1967,22 +1972,22 @@ refLookup s m r
 decodeCacheArgument ::
   USeq -> IO [(Reference, Code)]
 decodeCacheArgument s = for (toList s) $ \case
-  (RTValue _i (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _))) ->
+  (Elem _unboxed (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _))) ->
     case unwrapForeign x of
       Ref r -> pure (r, unwrapForeign y)
       _ -> die "decodeCacheArgument: Con reference"
   _ -> die "decodeCacheArgument: unrecognized value"
 
-decodeSandboxArgument :: Sq.Seq Closure -> IO [Reference]
+decodeSandboxArgument :: USeq -> IO [Reference]
 decodeSandboxArgument s = fmap join . for (toList s) $ \case
-  Foreign x -> case unwrapForeign x of
+  Elem _ (Foreign x) -> case unwrapForeign x of
     Ref r -> pure [r]
     _ -> pure [] -- constructor
   _ -> die "decodeSandboxArgument: unrecognized value"
 
-encodeSandboxListResult :: [Reference] -> Sq.Seq Closure
+encodeSandboxListResult :: [Reference] -> Sq.Seq Elem
 encodeSandboxListResult =
-  Sq.fromList . fmap (Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref)
+  Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedElem . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref)
 
 encodeSandboxResult :: Either [Reference] [Reference] -> Closure
 encodeSandboxResult (Left rfs) =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 707553b7eb..e3d1527155 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     BSeg,
     SegList,
     Elem (..),
+    boxedElem,
+    unboxedElem,
     USeq,
     TypedUnboxed
       ( TypedUnboxed,
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     peekOffD,
     peekC,
     peekOffC,
+    poke,
     pokeD,
     pokeOffD,
     pokeC,
@@ -126,6 +129,12 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     adjustArgs,
     fsize,
     asize,
+
+    -- * Unboxed type tags
+    natTypeTag,
+    intTypeTag,
+    charTypeTag,
+    floatTypeTag,
   )
 where
 
@@ -603,9 +612,17 @@ instance Show Stack where
 type UElem = Int
 
 -- | A runtime value, which is either a boxed or unboxed value, but we may not know which.
-data Elem = Elem !UElem !BElem
+data Elem = Elem {getUnboxedElem :: !UElem, getBoxedElem :: !BElem}
   deriving (Show)
 
+-- | Lift a boxed elem into an Elem
+boxedElem :: BElem -> Elem
+boxedElem = Elem 0
+
+-- | Lift an unboxed elem into an Elem
+unboxedElem :: UElem -> Elem
+unboxedElem u = Elem u BlackHole
+
 type USeg = ByteArray
 
 type BElem = Closure

From 19662df117e4d9dbcc1246eb5bc326722846d7e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 11:19:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 21/89] Elem -> Val

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    | 12 ++--
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs           |  4 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 30 ++++-----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 64 +++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 3c1e2cc193..afc16be5ad 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -433,11 +433,11 @@ instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
 instance ForeignConvention [Closure] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
-    (args,) . fmap getBoxedElem . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
+    (args,) . fmap getBoxedVal . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[Closure]"
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList $ fmap boxedElem l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList $ fmap boxedVal l)
 
 instance ForeignConvention [Foreign] where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (fmap marshalToForeign)
@@ -517,25 +517,25 @@ unwrapForeignClosure = unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign
 instance {-# OVERLAPPABLE #-} (BuiltinForeign a, BuiltinForeign b) => ForeignConvention [(a, b)] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
     (args,)
-      . fmap (fromUnisonPair . getBoxedElem)
+      . fmap (fromUnisonPair . getBoxedVal)
       . toList
       <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[(a,b)]"
 
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (Elem 0 . toUnisonPair <$> Sq.fromList l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (boxedVal . toUnisonPair <$> Sq.fromList l)
 
 instance {-# OVERLAPPABLE #-} (BuiltinForeign b) => ForeignConvention [b] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
     (args,)
-      . fmap (unwrapForeignClosure . getBoxedElem)
+      . fmap (unwrapForeignClosure . getBoxedVal)
       . toList
       <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[b]"
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (boxedElem . Foreign . wrapBuiltin <$> Sq.fromList l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (boxedVal . Foreign . wrapBuiltin <$> Sq.fromList l)
 
 foreignCCError :: String -> IO a
 foreignCCError nm =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
index a83f4fc17a..27532c38ec 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ compileValue base =
     cpair (r, sg) = pair (rf r) (code sg)
 
 decompileCtx ::
-  EnumMap Word64 Reference -> EvalCtx -> Elem -> DecompResult Symbol
+  EnumMap Word64 Reference -> EvalCtx -> Val -> DecompResult Symbol
 decompileCtx crs ctx = decompile ib $ backReferenceTm crs fr ir dt
   where
     ib = intermedToBase ctx
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ prepareEvaluation ppe tm ctx = do
       Just r -> r
       Nothing -> error "prepareEvaluation: could not remap main ref"
 
-watchHook :: IORef Elem -> Stack -> IO ()
+watchHook :: IORef Val -> Stack -> IO ()
 watchHook r stk = peek stk >>= writeIORef r
 
 backReferenceTm ::
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 094c23c02f..6c0e961b8d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CACH i)
       stk <- bump stk
       pokeS
         stk
-        (Sq.fromList $ boxedElem . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> unknown)
+        (Sq.fromList $ boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> unknown)
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 CVLD i)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: validate"
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LOAD i)
         Left miss -> do
           pokeOffS stk 1 $
             Sq.fromList $
-              boxedElem . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
+              boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
           pokeTag stk 0
         Right x -> do
           bpokeOff stk 1 x
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ moveArgs !stk (VArgV i) = do
     l = fsize stk - i
 {-# INLINE moveArgs #-}
 
-closureArgs :: Stack -> Args -> IO [Elem]
+closureArgs :: Stack -> Args -> IO [Val]
 closureArgs !_ ZArgs = pure []
 closureArgs !stk (VArg1 i) = do
   x <- peekOff stk i
@@ -1566,9 +1566,9 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKT i = do
   pokeBi stk . Util.Text.pack . toList $ clo2char <$> s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2char :: Elem -> Char
-    clo2char (Elem _ (CharClosure c)) = c
-    clo2char (Elem c tt) | tt == charTypeTag = Char.chr $ c
+    clo2char :: Val -> Char
+    clo2char (Val _ (CharClosure c)) = c
+    clo2char (Val c tt) | tt == charTypeTag = Char.chr $ c
     clo2char c = error $ "pack text: non-character closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
@@ -1576,7 +1576,7 @@ bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   pokeS stk
     . Sq.fromList
     -- TODO: Should this be unboxed chars?
-    . fmap (boxedElem . CharClosure)
+    . fmap (boxedVal . CharClosure)
     . Util.Text.unpack
     $ t
   pure stk
@@ -1587,15 +1587,15 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKB i = do
   pure stk
   where
     -- TODO: Should we have a tag for bytes specifically?
-    clo2w8 :: Elem -> Word8
-    clo2w8 (Elem _ (NatClosure n)) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
-    clo2w8 (Elem n tt) | tt == natTypeTag = toEnum $ n
+    clo2w8 :: Val -> Word8
+    clo2w8 (Val _ (NatClosure n)) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
+    clo2w8 (Val n tt) | tt == natTypeTag = toEnum $ n
     clo2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   -- TODO: Should this be unboxed nats/bytes?
-  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedElem . NatClosure . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
+  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedVal . NatClosure . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
     By.toWord8s b
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk SIZB i = do
@@ -1972,7 +1972,7 @@ refLookup s m r
 decodeCacheArgument ::
   USeq -> IO [(Reference, Code)]
 decodeCacheArgument s = for (toList s) $ \case
-  (Elem _unboxed (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _))) ->
+  (Val _unboxed (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _))) ->
     case unwrapForeign x of
       Ref r -> pure (r, unwrapForeign y)
       _ -> die "decodeCacheArgument: Con reference"
@@ -1980,14 +1980,14 @@ decodeCacheArgument s = for (toList s) $ \case
 
 decodeSandboxArgument :: USeq -> IO [Reference]
 decodeSandboxArgument s = fmap join . for (toList s) $ \case
-  Elem _ (Foreign x) -> case unwrapForeign x of
+  Val _ (Foreign x) -> case unwrapForeign x of
     Ref r -> pure [r]
     _ -> pure [] -- constructor
   _ -> die "decodeSandboxArgument: unrecognized value"
 
-encodeSandboxListResult :: [Reference] -> Sq.Seq Elem
+encodeSandboxListResult :: [Reference] -> Sq.Seq Val
 encodeSandboxListResult =
-  Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedElem . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref)
+  Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref)
 
 encodeSandboxResult :: Either [Reference] [Reference] -> Closure
 encodeSandboxResult (Left rfs) =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index e3d1527155..056585fd03 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     USeg,
     BSeg,
     SegList,
-    Elem (..),
-    boxedElem,
-    unboxedElem,
+    Val (..),
+    boxedVal,
+    unboxedVal,
     USeq,
     TypedUnboxed
       ( TypedUnboxed,
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ newtype Closure = Closure {unClosure :: (GClosure (RComb Closure))}
   deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
 -- | Implementation for Unison sequences.
-type USeq = Seq Elem
+type USeq = Seq Val
 
 type IxClosure = GClosure CombIx
 
@@ -609,23 +609,23 @@ instance Show Stack where
   show (Stack ap fp sp _ _) =
     "Stack " ++ show ap ++ " " ++ show fp ++ " " ++ show sp
 
-type UElem = Int
+type UVal = Int
 
 -- | A runtime value, which is either a boxed or unboxed value, but we may not know which.
-data Elem = Elem {getUnboxedElem :: !UElem, getBoxedElem :: !BElem}
+data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
   deriving (Show)
 
--- | Lift a boxed elem into an Elem
-boxedElem :: BElem -> Elem
-boxedElem = Elem 0
+-- | Lift a boxed val into an Val
+boxedVal :: BVal -> Val
+boxedVal = Val 0
 
--- | Lift an unboxed elem into an Elem
-unboxedElem :: UElem -> Elem
-unboxedElem u = Elem u BlackHole
+-- | Lift an unboxed val into an Val
+unboxedVal :: UVal -> Val
+unboxedVal u = Val u BlackHole
 
 type USeg = ByteArray
 
-type BElem = Closure
+type BVal = Closure
 
 type BSeg = Array Closure
 
@@ -638,11 +638,11 @@ alloc = do
   pure $ Stack {ap = -1, fp = -1, sp = -1, ustk, bstk}
 {-# INLINE alloc #-}
 
-peek :: Stack -> IO Elem
+peek :: Stack -> IO Val
 peek stk = do
   u <- upeek stk
   b <- bpeek stk
-  pure (Elem u b)
+  pure (Val u b)
 {-# INLINE peek #-}
 
 peekI :: Stack -> IO Int
@@ -653,37 +653,37 @@ peekOffI :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
 peekOffI (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffI #-}
 
-bpeek :: Stack -> IO BElem
+bpeek :: Stack -> IO BVal
 bpeek (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) = readArray bstk sp
 {-# INLINE bpeek #-}
 
-upeek :: Stack -> IO UElem
+upeek :: Stack -> IO UVal
 upeek (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE upeek #-}
 
-peekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Elem
+peekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Val
 peekOff stk i = do
   u <- upeekOff stk i
   b <- bpeekOff stk i
-  pure $ Elem u b
+  pure $ Val u b
 {-# INLINE peekOff #-}
 
-bpeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO BElem
+bpeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO BVal
 bpeekOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i = readArray bstk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE bpeekOff #-}
 
-upeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO UElem
+upeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO UVal
 upeekOff (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE upeekOff #-}
 
-upokeT :: Stack -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeT :: Stack -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
 upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
   bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upokeT #-}
 
-poke :: Stack -> Elem -> IO ()
-poke (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Elem u b) = do
+poke :: Stack -> Val -> IO ()
+poke (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
   writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE poke #-}
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
 {-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
 
 pokeTU :: Stack -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
-pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = poke stk (Elem u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
+pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = poke stk (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
 {-# INLINE pokeTU #-}
 
 -- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
@@ -727,27 +727,27 @@ pokeBool stk b =
 -- | Store a boxed value.
 -- We don't bother nulling out the unboxed stack,
 -- it's extra work and there's nothing to garbage collect.
-bpoke :: Stack -> BElem -> IO ()
+bpoke :: Stack -> BVal -> IO ()
 bpoke (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) b = writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE bpoke #-}
 
-pokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> Elem -> IO ()
-pokeOff stk i (Elem u t) = do
+pokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> Val -> IO ()
+pokeOff stk i (Val u t) = do
   bpokeOff stk i t
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE pokeOff #-}
 
-upokeOffT :: Stack -> Off -> UElem -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeOffT :: Stack -> Off -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
 upokeOffT stk i u t = do
   bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOffT #-}
 
 pokeOffTU :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
-pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = pokeOff stk i (Elem u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
+pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = pokeOff stk i (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
 {-# INLINE pokeOffTU #-}
 
-bpokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> BElem -> IO ()
+bpokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> BVal -> IO ()
 bpokeOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i b = writeArray bstk (sp - i) b
 {-# INLINE bpokeOff #-}
 
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ closureTermRefs f = \case
     contTermRefs f k <> foldMap (closureTermRefs f) bseg
   (Foreign fo)
     | Just (cs :: USeq) <- maybeUnwrapForeign Ty.listRef fo ->
-        foldMap (\(Elem _i clos) -> closureTermRefs f clos) cs
+        foldMap (\(Val _i clos) -> closureTermRefs f clos) cs
   _ -> mempty
 
 contTermRefs :: (Monoid m) => (Reference -> m) -> K -> m

From dd183b9999cfb5996e05e6b61c5254f80b556e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 11:49:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 22/89] Add pattern matching for unboxed Val types

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 056585fd03..228569517f 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -44,7 +44,13 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     USeg,
     BSeg,
     SegList,
-    Val (..),
+    Val
+      ( ..,
+        CharVal,
+        NatVal,
+        DoubleVal,
+        IntVal
+      ),
     boxedVal,
     unboxedVal,
     USeq,
@@ -383,6 +389,50 @@ pattern IntClosure i <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.intTag -> Just i)
   where
     IntClosure i = DataU1 Ty.intRef TT.intTag (TypedUnboxed i TT.intTag)
 
+matchCharVal :: Val -> Maybe Char
+matchCharVal = \case
+  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr u)
+  (Val _ (CharClosure c)) -> Just c
+  _ -> Nothing
+
+pattern CharVal :: Char -> Val
+pattern CharVal c <- (matchCharVal -> Just c)
+  where
+    CharVal c = Val (Char.ord c) (UnboxedTypeTag TT.charTag)
+
+matchNatVal :: Val -> Maybe Word64
+matchNatVal = \case
+  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum u)
+  (Val _ (NatClosure n)) -> Just n
+  _ -> Nothing
+
+pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val
+pattern NatVal n <- (matchNatVal -> Just n)
+  where
+    NatVal n = Val (fromEnum n) (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)
+
+matchDoubleVal :: Val -> Maybe Double
+matchDoubleVal = \case
+  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble u)
+  (Val _ (DoubleClosure d)) -> Just d
+  _ -> Nothing
+
+pattern DoubleVal :: Double -> Val
+pattern DoubleVal d <- (matchDoubleVal -> Just d)
+  where
+    DoubleVal d = Val (doubleToInt d) (UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag)
+
+matchIntVal :: Val -> Maybe Int
+matchIntVal = \case
+  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.intTag -> Just u
+  (Val _ (IntClosure i)) -> Just i
+  _ -> Nothing
+
+pattern IntVal :: Int -> Val
+pattern IntVal i <- (matchIntVal -> Just i)
+  where
+    IntVal i = Val i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag)
+
 doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
 doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
 
@@ -419,7 +469,7 @@ pattern UnboxedDouble d <- TypedUnboxed (intToDouble -> d) ((== TT.floatTag) ->
 splitTaggedUnboxed :: TypedUnboxed -> (Int, Closure)
 splitTaggedUnboxed (TypedUnboxed i t) = (i, UnboxedTypeTag t)
 
-type SegList = [Either TypedUnboxed Closure]
+type SegList = [Val]
 
 pattern PApV :: CombIx -> RCombInfo Closure -> SegList -> Closure
 pattern PApV cix rcomb segs <-
@@ -615,6 +665,14 @@ type UVal = Int
 data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
   deriving (Show)
 
+-- | The Eq instance for Val is a little strange because it takes into account the fact that if a Val is boxed, the
+-- unboxed side is garbage and should not be compared.
+instance Eq Val where
+  (Val u (ut@UnboxedTypeTag {})) == (Val v (vt@UnboxedTypeTag {})) = u == v && ut == vt
+  (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) == (Val _ _) = False
+  (Val _ _) == (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = False
+  (Val _ x) == (Val _ y) = x == y
+
 -- | Lift a boxed val into an Val
 boxedVal :: BVal -> Val
 boxedVal = Val 0

From 782ccfeae317ef63b933a74fee402588bee4250c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 11:49:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 23/89] Propagate Val to ANF reification/reflection

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs           | 79 +++++++++----------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    |  6 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  |  8 +-
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index 45857dc4ca..ff441877c1 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -37,12 +37,14 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( Closure (..),
     TypedUnboxed (..),
     USeq,
+    Val (..),
     getTUInt,
     pattern DataC,
     pattern PApV,
   )
 -- for Int -> Double
 
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Syntax.NamePrinter (prettyReference)
 import Unison.Term
   ( Term,
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ err err x = (singleton err, x)
 
 data DecompError
   = BadBool !Word64
-  | BadUnboxed !Reference
+  | BadUnboxed !TT.PackedTag
   | BadForeign !Reference
   | BadData !Reference
   | BadPAp !Reference
@@ -151,50 +153,41 @@ decompile ::
   (Var v) =>
   (Reference -> Maybe Reference) ->
   (Word64 -> Word64 -> Maybe (Term v ())) ->
-  Closure ->
+  Val ->
   DecompResult v
 decompile backref topTerms = \case
-  CharClosure c -> pure (char () c)
-  NatClosure n -> pure (nat () n)
-  IntClosure i -> pure (int () (fromIntegral i))
-  DoubleClosure f -> pure (float () f)
-  DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) []
-    | rf == booleanRef -> tag2bool ct
-  DataC rf _ [Left i] ->
-    err (BadUnboxed rf) . nat () $ fromIntegral $ getTUInt i
-  (DataC rf _ [Right b])
-    | rf == anyRef ->
-        app () (builtin () "Any.Any") <$> decompile backref topTerms b
-  (DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) vs) ->
-    apps' (con rf ct) <$> traverse decompUB vs
-  (PApV (CIx rf rt k) _ vs)
-    | rf == Builtin "jumpCont" ->
-        err Cont $ bug "<Continuation>"
-    | Builtin nm <- rf ->
-        apps' (builtin () nm) <$> traverse decompUB vs
-    | Just t <- topTerms rt k ->
-        Term.etaReduceEtaVars . substitute t
-          <$> traverse decompUB vs
-    | k > 0,
-      Just _ <- topTerms rt 0 ->
-        err (UnkLocal rf k) $ bug "<Unknown>"
-    | otherwise -> err (UnkComb rf) $ ref () rf
-  (PAp (CIx rf _ _) _ _) ->
-    err (BadPAp rf) $ bug "<Unknown>"
-  BlackHole -> err Exn $ bug "<Exception>"
-  (Captured {}) -> err Cont $ bug "<Continuation>"
-  (Foreign f) ->
-    decompileForeign backref topTerms f
-  where
-    decompileTypedUnboxed = \case
-      UnboxedNat i -> pure (nat () $ fromIntegral i)
-      UnboxedInt i -> pure (int () $ fromIntegral i)
-      UnboxedDouble i -> pure (float () i)
-      UnboxedChar i -> pure (char () i)
-      TypedUnboxed i _ -> err (BadUnboxed anyRef) $ nat () $ fromIntegral i
-
-    decompUB :: (Either TypedUnboxed Closure) -> DecompResult v
-    decompUB = either decompileTypedUnboxed (decompile backref topTerms)
+  CharVal c -> pure (char () c)
+  NatVal n -> pure (nat () n)
+  IntVal i -> pure (int () (fromIntegral i))
+  DoubleVal f -> pure (float () f)
+  Val i (UnboxedTypeTag tt) ->
+    err (BadUnboxed tt) . nat () $ fromIntegral $ i
+  Val _u clos -> case clos of
+    DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) []
+      | rf == booleanRef -> tag2bool ct
+    (DataC rf _ [b])
+      | rf == anyRef ->
+          app () (builtin () "Any.Any") <$> decompile backref topTerms b
+    (DataC rf (maskTags -> ct) vs) ->
+      apps' (con rf ct) <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) vs
+    (PApV (CIx rf rt k) _ vs)
+      | rf == Builtin "jumpCont" ->
+          err Cont $ bug "<Continuation>"
+      | Builtin nm <- rf ->
+          apps' (builtin () nm) <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) vs
+      | Just t <- topTerms rt k ->
+          Term.etaReduceEtaVars . substitute t
+            <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) vs
+      | k > 0,
+        Just _ <- topTerms rt 0 ->
+          err (UnkLocal rf k) $ bug "<Unknown>"
+      | otherwise -> err (UnkComb rf) $ ref () rf
+    (PAp (CIx rf _ _) _ _) ->
+      err (BadPAp rf) $ bug "<Unknown>"
+    BlackHole -> err Exn $ bug "<Exception>"
+    (Captured {}) -> err Cont $ bug "<Continuation>"
+    (Foreign f) ->
+      decompileForeign backref topTerms f
 
 tag2bool :: (Var v) => Word64 -> DecompResult v
 tag2bool 0 = pure (boolean () False)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index afc16be5ad..e5274689c1 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -483,9 +483,9 @@ instance ForeignConvention (PA.MutableByteArray s) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap mbytearrayRef)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (PA.Array Closure) where
-  readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
-  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap iarrayRef)
+-- instance ForeignConvention (PA.Array Closure) where
+--   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
+--   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap iarrayRef)
 
 instance ForeignConvention PA.ByteArray where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 6c0e961b8d..781dd60b84 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LOAD i)
               boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.termLinkRef . Ref <$> miss
           pokeTag stk 0
         Right x -> do
-          bpokeOff stk 1 x
+          pokeOff stk 1 x
           pokeTag stk 1
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 VALU i) = do
@@ -2207,7 +2207,7 @@ cacheAdd l cc = do
     then [] <$ cacheAdd0 tys l'' (expandSandbox sand l') cc
     else pure $ S.toList missing
 
-reflectValue :: EnumMap Word64 Reference -> Closure -> IO ANF.Value
+reflectValue :: EnumMap Word64 Reference -> Val -> IO ANF.Value
 reflectValue rty = goV
   where
     err s = "reflectValue: cannot prepare value for serialization: " ++ s
@@ -2278,7 +2278,7 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
     typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue :: TypedUnboxed -> ANF.UnboxedValue
     typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue (TypedUnboxed v t) = ANF.UnboxedValue (fromIntegral v) t
 
-reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Closure)
+reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Val)
 reifyValue cc val = do
   erc <-
     atomically $ do
@@ -2298,7 +2298,7 @@ reifyValue cc val = do
 reifyValue0 ::
   (EnumMap Word64 MCombs, M.Map Reference Word64, M.Map Reference Word64) ->
   ANF.Value ->
-  IO Closure
+  IO Val
 reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
   where
     err s = "reifyValue: cannot restore value: " ++ s

From 9210a88d2bec22948a76da16f61f13a4dad8d3aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 12:05:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 24/89] WIP: Fix reify/reflect to work with Vals

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs      | 24 ++----
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs       | 25 +++---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 81 ++++++++++---------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 75 ++++++++++-------
 4 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 100 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 6293837f03..db76277817 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -56,8 +56,6 @@ module Unison.Runtime.ANF
     Tag (..),
     GroupRef (..),
     Code (..),
-    UBValue,
-    UnboxedValue (..),
     ValList,
     Value (..),
     Cont (..),
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.ANF
 where
 
 import Control.Exception (throw)
-import Control.Lens (foldMapOf, folded, snoc, unsnoc, _Right)
+import Control.Lens (snoc, unsnoc)
 import Control.Monad.Reader (ReaderT (..), ask, local)
 import Control.Monad.State (MonadState (..), State, gets, modify, runState)
 import Data.Bifoldable (Bifoldable (..))
@@ -1470,16 +1468,9 @@ type ANFD v = Compose (ANFM v) (Directed ())
 data GroupRef = GR Reference Word64
   deriving (Show)
 
--- | A value which is either unboxed or boxed.
-type UBValue = Either UnboxedValue Value
-
--- | An unboxed value and its packed tag
-data UnboxedValue = UnboxedValue {uvValue :: Word64, uvTag :: PackedTag}
-  deriving (Show)
-
 -- | A list of either unboxed or boxed values.
 -- Each slot is one of unboxed or boxed but not both.
-type ValList = [UBValue]
+type ValList = [Value]
 
 data Value
   = Partial GroupRef ValList
@@ -1537,11 +1528,12 @@ data BLit
   | Quote Value
   | Code Code
   | BArr PA.ByteArray
-  | Pos Word64
+  | Arr (PA.Array Value)
+  | -- Despite the following being in the Boxed Literal type, they all represent unboxed values
+    Pos Word64
   | Neg Word64
   | Char Char
   | Float Double
-  | Arr (PA.Array Value)
   deriving (Show)
 
 groupVars :: ANFM v (Set v)
@@ -1960,11 +1952,11 @@ valueTermLinks = Set.toList . valueLinks f
 
 valueLinks :: (Monoid a) => (Bool -> Reference -> a) -> Value -> a
 valueLinks f (Partial (GR cr _) vs) =
-  f False cr <> foldMapOf (folded . _Right) (valueLinks f) vs
+  f False cr <> foldMap (valueLinks f) vs
 valueLinks f (Data dr _ vs) =
-  f True dr <> foldMapOf (folded . _Right) (valueLinks f) vs
+  f True dr <> foldMap (valueLinks f) vs
 valueLinks f (Cont vs k) =
-  foldMapOf (folded . _Right) (valueLinks f) vs <> contLinks f k
+  foldMap (valueLinks f) vs <> contLinks f k
 valueLinks f (BLit l) = blitLinks f l
 
 contLinks :: (Monoid a) => (Bool -> Reference -> a) -> Cont -> a
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
index c46b612b73..fb1c53b9e4 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
@@ -853,23 +853,19 @@ putValue :: (MonadPut m) => Version -> Value -> m ()
 putValue v (Partial gr vs) =
   putTag PartialT
     *> putGroupRef gr
-    *> putFoldable (putUBValue v) vs
+    *> putFoldable (putValue v) vs
 putValue v (Data r t vs) =
   putTag DataT
     *> putReference r
     *> putWord64be t
-    *> putFoldable (putUBValue v) vs
+    *> putFoldable (putValue v) vs
 putValue v (Cont bs k) =
   putTag ContT
-    *> putFoldable (putUBValue v) bs
+    *> putFoldable (putValue v) bs
     *> putCont v k
 putValue v (BLit l) =
   putTag BLitT *> putBLit v l
 
-putUBValue :: (MonadPut m) => Version -> UBValue -> m ()
-putUBValue _v Left {} = exn "putUBValue: Unboxed values no longer supported"
-putUBValue v (Right a) = putValue v a
-
 getValue :: (MonadGet m) => Version -> m Value
 getValue v =
   getTag >>= \case
@@ -878,11 +874,11 @@ getValue v =
         vn < 4 -> do
           gr <- getGroupRef
           getList getWord64be >>= assertEmptyUnboxed
-          bs <- getList getUBValue
+          bs <- getList (getValue v)
           pure $ Partial gr bs
       | otherwise -> do
           gr <- getGroupRef
-          vs <- getList getUBValue
+          vs <- getList (getValue v)
           pure $ Partial gr vs
     DataT
       | Transfer vn <- v,
@@ -890,29 +886,26 @@ getValue v =
           r <- getReference
           w <- getWord64be
           getList getWord64be >>= assertEmptyUnboxed
-          vs <- getList getUBValue
+          vs <- getList (getValue v)
           pure $ Data r w vs
       | otherwise -> do
           r <- getReference
           w <- getWord64be
-          vs <- getList getUBValue
+          vs <- getList (getValue v)
           pure $ Data r w vs
     ContT
       | Transfer vn <- v,
         vn < 4 -> do
           getList getWord64be >>= assertEmptyUnboxed
-          bs <- getList getUBValue
+          bs <- getList (getValue v)
           k <- getCont v
           pure $ Cont bs k
       | otherwise -> do
-          bs <- getList getUBValue
+          bs <- getList (getValue v)
           k <- getCont v
           pure $ Cont bs k
     BLitT -> BLit <$> getBLit v
   where
-    -- Only Boxed values are supported.
-    getUBValue :: (MonadGet m) => m UBValue
-    getUBValue = Right <$> getValue v
     assertEmptyUnboxed :: (MonadGet m) => [a] -> m ()
     assertEmptyUnboxed [] = pure ()
     assertEmptyUnboxed _ = exn "getValue: unboxed values no longer supported"
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 781dd60b84..ba57972750 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 LOAD i)
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 VALU i) = do
   m <- readTVarIO (tagRefs env)
-  c <- bpeekOff stk i
+  c <- peekOff stk i
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeBi stk =<< reflectValue m c
   pure (denv, stk, k)
@@ -2218,22 +2218,27 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
 
     goIx (CIx r _ i) = ANF.GR r i
 
-    goV :: Closure -> IO ANF.Value
-    goV (PApV cix _rComb args) =
-      ANF.Partial (goIx cix) <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue) goV) args
-    goV (DataC _ t [Left w]) = ANF.BLit <$> reflectUData t w
-    goV (DataC r t segs) =
-      ANF.Data r (maskTags t) <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue) goV) segs
-    goV (CapV k _ segs) =
-      ANF.Cont <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue) goV) segs <*> goK k
-    goV (Foreign f) = ANF.BLit <$> goF f
-    goV BlackHole = die $ err "black hole"
+    goV :: Val -> IO ANF.Value
+    goV = \case
+      -- For back-compatibility we reflect all Unboxed values into boxed literals, we could change this in the future,
+      -- but there's not much of a big reason to.
+      UnboxedVal tu -> ANF.BLit <$> reflectUData tu
+      BoxedVal clos ->
+        case clos of
+          (PApV cix _rComb args) ->
+            ANF.Partial (goIx cix) <$> traverse goV args
+          (DataC r t segs) ->
+            ANF.Data r (maskTags t) <$> traverse goV segs
+          (CapV k _ segs) ->
+            ANF.Cont <$> traverse goV segs <*> goK k
+          (Foreign f) -> ANF.BLit <$> goF f
+          BlackHole -> die $ err "black hole"
 
     goK (CB _) = die $ err "callback continuation"
     goK KE = pure ANF.KE
     goK (Mark a ps de k) = do
       ps <- traverse refTy (EC.setToList ps)
-      de <- traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> goV v) (mapToList de)
+      de <- traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> goV (boxedVal v {- TODO: Double check this -})) (mapToList de)
       ANF.Mark (fromIntegral a) ps (M.fromList de) <$> goK k
     goK (Push f a cix _ _rsect k) =
       ANF.Push
@@ -2263,8 +2268,9 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
           ANF.Arr <$> traverse goV a
       | otherwise = die $ err $ "foreign value: " <> (show f)
 
-    reflectUData :: PackedTag -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ANF.BLit
-    reflectUData t (TypedUnboxed v _t)
+    -- For back-compatibility reasons all unboxed values are uplifted to boxed when serializing to ANF.
+    reflectUData :: TypedUnboxed -> IO ANF.BLit
+    reflectUData (TypedUnboxed v t)
       | t == TT.natTag = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
       | t == TT.charTag = pure $ ANF.Char (toEnum v)
       | t == TT.intTag, v >= 0 = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
@@ -2275,9 +2281,6 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
     intToDouble :: Int -> Double
     intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
 
-    typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue :: TypedUnboxed -> ANF.UnboxedValue
-    typedUnboxedToUnboxedValue (TypedUnboxed v t) = ANF.UnboxedValue (fromIntegral v) t
-
 reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Val)
 reifyValue cc val = do
   erc <-
@@ -2314,18 +2317,22 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
         let cix = (CIx r n i)
          in (cix, rCombSection combs cix)
 
+    goV :: ANF.Value -> IO Val
     goV (ANF.Partial gr vs) =
       goIx gr >>= \case
-        (cix, RComb (Comb rcomb)) -> PApV cix rcomb <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed) goV) vs
+        (cix, RComb (Comb rcomb)) -> boxedVal . PApV cix rcomb <$> traverse goV vs
         (_, RComb (CachedClosure _ clo))
-          | [] <- vs -> pure clo
+          | [] <- vs -> pure $ boxedVal clo
           | otherwise -> die . err $ msg
           where
             msg = "reifyValue0: non-trivial partial application to cached value"
     goV (ANF.Data r t0 vs) = do
       t <- flip packTags (fromIntegral t0) . fromIntegral <$> refTy r
-      DataC r t <$> traverse (bitraverse (pure . unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed) goV) vs
-    goV (ANF.Cont vs k) = cv <$> goK k <*> traverse (bitraverse (pure . unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed) goV) vs
+      boxedVal . DataC r t <$> traverse goV vs
+    goV (ANF.Cont vs k) = do
+      k' <- goK k
+      vs' <- traverse goV vs
+      pure . boxedVal $ cv k' vs'
       where
         cv k s = CapV k a s
           where
@@ -2357,22 +2364,22 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
             "tried to reify a continuation with a cached value resumption"
               ++ show r
 
-    goL (ANF.Text t) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.textRef t
-    goL (ANF.List l) = Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef <$> traverse goV l
-    goL (ANF.TmLink r) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r
-    goL (ANF.TyLink r) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r
-    goL (ANF.Bytes b) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.bytesRef b
-    goL (ANF.Quote v) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.valueRef v
-    goL (ANF.Code g) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.codeRef g
-    goL (ANF.BArr a) = pure . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.ibytearrayRef a
-    goL (ANF.Char c) = pure $ CharClosure c
-    goL (ANF.Pos w) = pure $ NatClosure w
-    goL (ANF.Neg w) = pure $ IntClosure (negate (fromIntegral w :: Int))
-    goL (ANF.Float d) = pure $ DoubleClosure d
-    goL (ANF.Arr a) = Foreign . Wrap Rf.iarrayRef <$> traverse goV a
-
-    unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed :: ANF.UnboxedValue -> TypedUnboxed
-    unboxedValueToTypedUnboxed (ANF.UnboxedValue v t) = (TypedUnboxed (fromIntegral v) t)
+    goL :: ANF.BLit -> IO Val
+    goL (ANF.Text t) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.textRef t
+    goL (ANF.List l) = boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef <$> traverse goV l
+    goL (ANF.TmLink r) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r
+    goL (ANF.TyLink r) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r
+    goL (ANF.Bytes b) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.bytesRef b
+    goL (ANF.Quote v) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.valueRef v
+    goL (ANF.Code g) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.codeRef g
+    goL (ANF.BArr a) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.ibytearrayRef a
+    goL (ANF.Char c) = pure $ CharVal c
+    goL (ANF.Pos w) =
+      -- TODO: Should this be a Nat or an Int?
+      pure $ NatVal w
+    goL (ANF.Neg w) = pure $ IntVal (negate (fromIntegral w :: Int))
+    goL (ANF.Float d) = pure $ DoubleVal d
+    goL (ANF.Arr a) = boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.iarrayRef <$> traverse goV a
 
 -- Universal comparison functions
 
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 228569517f..2422fa1477 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -49,10 +49,11 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         CharVal,
         NatVal,
         DoubleVal,
-        IntVal
+        IntVal,
+        UnboxedVal,
+        BoxedVal
       ),
     boxedVal,
-    unboxedVal,
     USeq,
     TypedUnboxed
       ( TypedUnboxed,
@@ -314,15 +315,18 @@ traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
 splitData :: Closure -> Maybe (Reference, PackedTag, SegList)
 splitData = \case
   (Enum r t) -> Just (r, t, [])
-  (DataU1 r t i) -> Just (r, t, [Left i])
-  (DataU2 r t i j) -> Just (r, t, [Left i, Left j])
-  (DataB1 r t x) -> Just (r, t, [Right x])
-  (DataB2 r t x y) -> Just (r, t, [Right x, Right y])
-  (DataUB r t u b) -> Just (r, t, [Left u, Right b])
-  (DataBU r t b u) -> Just (r, t, [Right b, Left u])
+  (DataU1 r t u) -> Just (r, t, [typedUnboxedToVal u])
+  (DataU2 r t i j) -> Just (r, t, [typedUnboxedToVal i, typedUnboxedToVal j])
+  (DataB1 r t x) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal x])
+  (DataB2 r t x y) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal x, boxedVal y])
+  (DataUB r t u b) -> Just (r, t, [typedUnboxedToVal u, boxedVal b])
+  (DataBU r t b u) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal b, typedUnboxedToVal u])
   (DataG r t seg) -> Just (r, t, segToList seg)
   _ -> Nothing
 
+typedUnboxedToVal :: TypedUnboxed -> Val
+typedUnboxedToVal (TypedUnboxed i t) = Val i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+
 -- | Converts a list of integers representing an unboxed segment back into the
 -- appropriate segment. Segments are stored backwards in the runtime, so this
 -- reverses the list.
@@ -342,12 +346,12 @@ bseg = L.fromList . reverse
 
 formData :: Reference -> PackedTag -> SegList -> Closure
 formData r t [] = Enum r t
-formData r t [Left i] = DataU1 r t i
-formData r t [Left i, Left j] = DataU2 r t i j
-formData r t [Right x] = DataB1 r t x
-formData r t [Right x, Right y] = DataB2 r t x y
-formData r t [Left u, Right b] = DataUB r t u b
-formData r t [Right b, Left u] = DataBU r t b u
+formData r t [UnboxedVal tu] = DataU1 r t tu
+formData r t [UnboxedVal i, UnboxedVal j] = DataU2 r t i j
+formData r t [UnboxedVal u, Val _ b] = DataUB r t u b
+formData r t [Val _ b, UnboxedVal u] = DataBU r t b u
+formData r t [Val _ x] = DataB1 r t x
+formData r t [Val _ x, Val _ y] = DataB2 r t x y
 formData r t segList = DataG r t (segFromList segList)
 
 frameDataSize :: K -> Int
@@ -466,9 +470,6 @@ pattern UnboxedDouble d <- TypedUnboxed (intToDouble -> d) ((== TT.floatTag) ->
   where
     UnboxedDouble d = TypedUnboxed (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag
 
-splitTaggedUnboxed :: TypedUnboxed -> (Int, Closure)
-splitTaggedUnboxed (TypedUnboxed i t) = (i, UnboxedTypeTag t)
-
 type SegList = [Val]
 
 pattern PApV :: CombIx -> RCombInfo Closure -> SegList -> Closure
@@ -486,11 +487,7 @@ pattern CapV k a segs <- Captured k a (segToList -> segs)
 -- so this reverses the contents
 segToList :: Seg -> SegList
 segToList (u, b) =
-  zipWith combine (ints u) (bsegToList b)
-  where
-    combine i c = case c of
-      UnboxedTypeTag t -> Left $ TypedUnboxed i t
-      _ -> Right c
+  zipWith Val (ints u) (bsegToList b)
 
 -- | Converts an unboxed segment to a list of integers for a more interchangeable
 -- representation. The segments are stored in backwards order, so this reverses
@@ -505,11 +502,9 @@ ints ba = fmap (indexByteArray ba) [n - 1, n - 2 .. 0]
 segFromList :: SegList -> Seg
 segFromList xs =
   xs
-    <&> ( \case
-            Left tu -> splitTaggedUnboxed tu
-            Right c -> (0, c)
-        )
-    & unzip
+    & foldMap
+      ( \(Val unboxed boxed) -> ([unboxed], [boxed])
+      )
     & \(us, bs) -> (useg us, bseg bs)
 
 {-# COMPLETE DataC, PAp, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole #-}
@@ -665,6 +660,28 @@ type UVal = Int
 data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
   deriving (Show)
 
+valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe TypedUnboxed
+valToTypedUnboxed (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t)) = Just $ TypedUnboxed u t
+valToTypedUnboxed _ = Nothing
+
+-- | TODO: We need to either adjust this to catch `DataU1` closures as well, or stop creating DataU1 closures for
+-- unboxed values in the first place.
+pattern UnboxedVal :: TypedUnboxed -> Val
+pattern UnboxedVal t <- (valToTypedUnboxed -> Just t)
+  where
+    UnboxedVal (TypedUnboxed i t) = Val i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+
+valToBoxed :: Val -> Maybe Closure
+valToBoxed UnboxedVal {} = Nothing
+valToBoxed (Val _ b) = Just b
+
+pattern BoxedVal :: Closure -> Val
+pattern BoxedVal b <- (valToBoxed -> Just b)
+  where
+    BoxedVal b = Val 0 b
+
+{-# COMPLETE UnboxedVal, BoxedVal #-}
+
 -- | The Eq instance for Val is a little strange because it takes into account the fact that if a Val is boxed, the
 -- unboxed side is garbage and should not be compared.
 instance Eq Val where
@@ -677,10 +694,6 @@ instance Eq Val where
 boxedVal :: BVal -> Val
 boxedVal = Val 0
 
--- | Lift an unboxed val into an Val
-unboxedVal :: UVal -> Val
-unboxedVal u = Val u BlackHole
-
 type USeg = ByteArray
 
 type BVal = Closure

From 5e2d9990b690d24519eab40de30c4c0ce023dcfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 16:41:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 25/89] Runtime Val WIP

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs           | 11 +--
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Exception.hs           |  2 +-
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs           |  8 +--
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 68 ++++++++++---------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 17 +++--
 5 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index ff441877c1..582433ac11 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -35,10 +35,8 @@ import Unison.Runtime.IOSource (iarrayFromListRef, ibarrayFromBytesRef)
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode (CombIx (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( Closure (..),
-    TypedUnboxed (..),
     USeq,
     Val (..),
-    getTUInt,
     pattern DataC,
     pattern PApV,
   )
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ import Unison.Type
     typeLinkRef,
   )
 import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as By
-import Unison.Util.Pretty (indentN, lines, lit, syntaxToColor, wrap)
+import Unison.Util.Pretty (indentN, lines, lit, shown, syntaxToColor, wrap)
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Text
 import Unison.Var (Var)
 import Prelude hiding (lines)
@@ -107,6 +105,9 @@ type DecompResult v = (Set DecompError, Term v ())
 prf :: Reference -> Error
 prf = syntaxToColor . prettyReference 10
 
+printPackedTag :: TT.PackedTag -> Error
+printPackedTag t = shown $ TT.unpackTags t
+
 renderDecompError :: DecompError -> Error
 renderDecompError (BadBool n) =
   lines
@@ -115,8 +116,8 @@ renderDecompError (BadBool n) =
     ]
 renderDecompError (BadUnboxed rf) =
   lines
-    [ wrap "An apparent numeric type had an unrecognized reference:",
-      indentN 2 $ prf rf
+    [ wrap "An apparent numeric type had an unrecognized packed tag:",
+      indentN 2 $ printPackedTag rf
     ]
 renderDecompError (BadForeign rf) =
   lines
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Exception.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Exception.hs
index 16a149d953..7d0d7bd5ea 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Exception.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Exception.hs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import Unison.Util.Pretty as P
 
 data RuntimeExn
   = PE CallStack (P.Pretty P.ColorText)
-  | BU [(Reference, Int)] Text Closure
+  | BU [(Reference, Int)] Text Val
   deriving (Show)
 
 instance Exception RuntimeExn
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
index 27532c38ec..3352ba98dc 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ compileValue base =
   flip pair (rf base) . ANF.BLit . List . Seq.fromList . fmap cpair
   where
     rf = ANF.BLit . TmLink . RF.Ref
-    cons x y = Data RF.pairRef 0 [Right x, Right y]
+    cons x y = Data RF.pairRef 0 [x, y]
     tt = Data RF.unitRef 0 []
     code sg = ANF.BLit (Code sg)
     pair x y = cons x (cons y tt)
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ evalInContext ::
   Word64 ->
   IO (Either Error ([Error], Term Symbol))
 evalInContext ppe ctx activeThreads w = do
-  r <- newIORef (boxedElem BlackHole)
+  r <- newIORef (boxedVal BlackHole)
   crs <- readTVarIO (combRefs $ ccache ctx)
   let hook = watchHook r
       decom = decompileCtx crs ctx
@@ -1034,14 +1034,14 @@ evalInContext ppe ctx activeThreads w = do
         where
           tr = first (backmapRef ctx) <$> tr0
 
-      debugText fancy c = case decom c of
+      debugText fancy val = case decom val of
         (errs, dv)
           | null errs ->
               SimpleTrace . debugTextFormat fancy $ pretty ppe dv
           | otherwise ->
               MsgTrace
                 (debugTextFormat fancy $ tabulateErrors errs)
-                (show c)
+                (show val)
                 (debugTextFormat fancy $ pretty ppe dv)
 
   result <-
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index ba57972750..7d0f4c6a0c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import Control.Concurrent (ThreadId)
 import Control.Concurrent.STM as STM
 import Control.Exception
 import Control.Lens
-import Data.Bitraversable (Bitraversable (..))
 import Data.Bits
 import Data.Char qualified as Char
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ data Tracer
 data CCache = CCache
   { foreignFuncs :: EnumMap Word64 ForeignFunc,
     sandboxed :: Bool,
-    tracer :: Bool -> Closure -> Tracer,
+    tracer :: Bool -> Val -> Tracer,
     -- Combinators in their original form, where they're easier to serialize into SCache
     srcCombs :: TVar (EnumMap Word64 Combs),
     combs :: TVar (EnumMap Word64 MCombs),
@@ -453,9 +452,9 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim1 DBTX i)
   | sandboxed env =
       die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: Debug.toText"
   | otherwise = do
-      clo <- bpeekOff stk i
+      val <- peekOff stk i
       stk <- bump stk
-      stk <- case tracer env False clo of
+      stk <- case tracer env False val of
         NoTrace -> stk <$ pokeTag stk 0
         MsgTrace _ _ tx -> do
           pokeBi stk (Util.Text.pack tx)
@@ -510,13 +509,13 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 CMPU i j) = do
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !_ !_activeThreads !stk !k r (BPrim2 THRO i j) = do
   name <- peekOffBi @Util.Text.Text stk i
-  x <- bpeekOff stk j
+  x <- peekOff stk j
   throwIO (BU (traceK r k) (Util.Text.toText name) x)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 TRCE i j)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: trace"
   | otherwise = do
       tx <- peekOffBi stk i
-      clo <- bpeekOff stk j
+      clo <- peekOff stk j
       case tracer env True clo of
         NoTrace -> pure ()
         SimpleTrace str -> do
@@ -633,27 +632,27 @@ encodeExn stk exc = do
       pokeTag stk 0
       bpokeOff stk 1 $ Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef link)
       pokeOffBi stk 2 msg
-      stk <$ bpokeOff stk 3 extra
+      stk <$ pokeOff stk 3 extra
       where
         disp e = Util.Text.pack $ show e
         (link, msg, extra)
           | Just (ioe :: IOException) <- fromException exn =
-              (Rf.ioFailureRef, disp ioe, unitValue)
+              (Rf.ioFailureRef, disp ioe, boxedVal unitValue)
           | Just re <- fromException exn = case re of
               PE _stk msg ->
-                (Rf.runtimeFailureRef, Util.Text.pack $ toPlainUnbroken msg, unitValue)
-              BU _ tx cl -> (Rf.runtimeFailureRef, Util.Text.fromText tx, cl)
+                (Rf.runtimeFailureRef, Util.Text.pack $ toPlainUnbroken msg, boxedVal unitValue)
+              BU _ tx val -> (Rf.runtimeFailureRef, Util.Text.fromText tx, val)
           | Just (ae :: ArithException) <- fromException exn =
-              (Rf.arithmeticFailureRef, disp ae, unitValue)
+              (Rf.arithmeticFailureRef, disp ae, boxedVal unitValue)
           | Just (nae :: NestedAtomically) <- fromException exn =
-              (Rf.stmFailureRef, disp nae, unitValue)
+              (Rf.stmFailureRef, disp nae, boxedVal unitValue)
           | Just (be :: BlockedIndefinitelyOnSTM) <- fromException exn =
-              (Rf.stmFailureRef, disp be, unitValue)
+              (Rf.stmFailureRef, disp be, boxedVal unitValue)
           | Just (be :: BlockedIndefinitelyOnMVar) <- fromException exn =
-              (Rf.ioFailureRef, disp be, unitValue)
+              (Rf.ioFailureRef, disp be, boxedVal unitValue)
           | Just (ie :: AsyncException) <- fromException exn =
-              (Rf.threadKilledFailureRef, disp ie, unitValue)
-          | otherwise = (Rf.miscFailureRef, disp exn, unitValue)
+              (Rf.threadKilledFailureRef, disp ie, boxedVal unitValue)
+          | otherwise = (Rf.miscFailureRef, disp exn, boxedVal unitValue)
 
 numValue :: Maybe Reference -> Closure -> IO Word64
 numValue _ (DataU1 _ _ i) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt i)
@@ -2397,8 +2396,15 @@ universalEq ::
   Bool
 universalEq frn = eqc
   where
+    eql :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> [a] -> [b] -> Bool
     eql cm l r = length l == length r && and (zipWith cm l r)
-    eqc (DataC _ ct1 [Left w1]) (DataC _ ct2 [Left w2]) =
+    eqVal :: Val -> Val -> Bool
+    eqVal (Val u (ut@UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val v (vt@UnboxedTypeTag {})) = u == v && ut == vt
+    eqVal (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val _ _) = False
+    eqVal (Val _ _) (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = False
+    eqVal (Val _ x) (Val _ y) = eqc x y
+    eqc :: Closure -> Closure -> Bool
+    eqc (DataC _ ct1 [w1]) (DataC _ ct2 [w2]) =
       matchTags ct1 ct2 && w1 == w2
     eqc (DataC _ ct1 vs1) (DataC _ ct2 vs2) =
       ct1 == ct2
@@ -2419,13 +2425,8 @@ universalEq frn = eqc
           length sl == length sr && and (Sq.zipWith eqc sl sr)
       | otherwise = frn fl fr
     eqc c d = closureNum c == closureNum d
-    -- Written this way to maintain back-compat with the
-    -- old val lists which were separated by unboxed/boxed.
-    eqValList vs1 vs2 =
-      let (us1, bs1) = partitionEithers vs1
-          (us2, bs2) = partitionEithers vs2
-       in eql (==) us1 us2
-            && eql eqc bs1 bs2
+    eqValList :: [Val] -> [Val] -> Bool
+    eqValList vs1 vs2 = eql eqVal vs1 vs2
 
     -- serialization doesn't necessarily preserve Int tags, so be
     -- more accepting for those.
@@ -2488,14 +2489,11 @@ universalCompare ::
   Ordering
 universalCompare frn = cmpc False
   where
+    cmpl :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)
+    cmpc :: Bool -> Closure -> Closure -> Ordering
     cmpc tyEq = \cases
-      (DataC _ ct1 [Left (TypedUnboxed i _)]) (DataC _ ct2 [Left (TypedUnboxed j _)])
-        | ct1 == TT.floatTag, ct2 == TT.floatTag -> compareAsFloat i j
-        | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.natTag -> compareAsNat i j
-        | ct1 == TT.intTag, ct2 == TT.natTag -> compare i j
-        | ct1 == TT.natTag, ct2 == TT.intTag -> compare i j
       (DataC rf1 ct1 vs1) (DataC rf2 ct2 vs2) ->
         (if tyEq && ct1 /= ct2 then compare rf1 rf2 else EQ)
           <> compare (maskTags ct1) (maskTags ct2)
@@ -2519,11 +2517,15 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpc False
             arrayCmp (cmpc tyEq) al ar
         | otherwise -> frn fl fr
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
-    -- Written this way to maintain back-compat with the
-    -- old val lists which were separated by unboxed/boxed.
+    cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
-      let (us1, bs1) = (partitionEithers vs1)
-          (us2, bs2) = (partitionEithers vs2)
+      -- Written in a strange way way to maintain back-compat with the
+      -- old val lists which had boxed/unboxed separated
+      let partitionVals = foldMap \case
+            UnboxedVal tu -> ([tu], mempty)
+            BoxedVal b -> (mempty, [b])
+          (us1, bs1) = partitionVals vs1
+          (us2, bs2) = partitionVals vs2
        in cmpl compare us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
 
 arrayCmp ::
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 2422fa1477..c0ae916c2e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -371,7 +371,11 @@ pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
 
 -- | An unboxed value with an accompanying tag indicating its type.
 data TypedUnboxed = TypedUnboxed {getTUInt :: !Int, getTUTag :: !PackedTag}
-  deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
+  deriving (Show, Eq)
+
+instance Ord TypedUnboxed where
+  -- Compare type tags first.
+  compare (TypedUnboxed i t) (TypedUnboxed i' t') = compare t t' <> compare i i'
 
 pattern CharClosure :: Char -> Closure
 pattern CharClosure c <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr -> c))
@@ -658,6 +662,9 @@ type UVal = Int
 
 -- | A runtime value, which is either a boxed or unboxed value, but we may not know which.
 data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
+  -- The Eq instance for Val is deliberately omitted because you need to take into account the fact that if a Val is boxed, the
+  -- unboxed side is garbage and should not be compared.
+  -- See universalEq.
   deriving (Show)
 
 valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe TypedUnboxed
@@ -682,14 +689,6 @@ pattern BoxedVal b <- (valToBoxed -> Just b)
 
 {-# COMPLETE UnboxedVal, BoxedVal #-}
 
--- | The Eq instance for Val is a little strange because it takes into account the fact that if a Val is boxed, the
--- unboxed side is garbage and should not be compared.
-instance Eq Val where
-  (Val u (ut@UnboxedTypeTag {})) == (Val v (vt@UnboxedTypeTag {})) = u == v && ut == vt
-  (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) == (Val _ _) = False
-  (Val _ _) == (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = False
-  (Val _ x) == (Val _ y) = x == y
-
 -- | Lift a boxed val into an Val
 boxedVal :: BVal -> Val
 boxedVal = Val 0

From 8a1b0c854b9b05201b5381020fda634edc8f6018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 16:46:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 26/89] Assert that Mark denv in Closure Vals

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 7d0f4c6a0c..0a24e82cb9 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -2343,7 +2343,7 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
     goK (ANF.Mark a ps de k) =
       mrk
         <$> traverse refTy ps
-        <*> traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> goV v) (M.toList de)
+        <*> traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> (expectClosure <$> goV v)) (M.toList de)
         <*> goK k
       where
         mrk ps de k =
@@ -2362,6 +2362,9 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
           die . err $
             "tried to reify a continuation with a cached value resumption"
               ++ show r
+    expectClosure :: Val -> Closure
+    expectClosure v@(UnboxedVal {}) = error $ "expectClosure: Expected a closure val, but got:" <> show v
+    expectClosure (BoxedVal c) = c
 
     goL :: ANF.BLit -> IO Val
     goL (ANF.Text t) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.textRef t
@@ -2405,7 +2408,7 @@ universalEq frn = eqc
     eqVal (Val _ x) (Val _ y) = eqc x y
     eqc :: Closure -> Closure -> Bool
     eqc (DataC _ ct1 [w1]) (DataC _ ct2 [w2]) =
-      matchTags ct1 ct2 && w1 == w2
+      matchTags ct1 ct2 && eqVal w1 w2
     eqc (DataC _ ct1 vs1) (DataC _ ct2 vs2) =
       ct1 == ct2
         && eqValList vs1 vs2

From 47bf0df87e26ac4d8fc894141aaefadee3bd9f23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 09:56:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 27/89] Finish fixing foreigns

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs       |  2 +-
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs           | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index 582433ac11..1e21a760e5 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ decompileForeign backref topTerms f
       pure $ typeLink () l
   | Just (a :: Array Closure) <- maybeUnwrapForeign iarrayRef f =
       app () (ref () iarrayFromListRef) . list ()
-        <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) (toList a)
+        <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms . BoxedVal) (toList a)
   | Just (a :: ByteArray) <- maybeUnwrapForeign ibytearrayRef f =
       pure $
         app
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index e5274689c1..230f350503 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -483,9 +483,9 @@ instance ForeignConvention (PA.MutableByteArray s) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap mbytearrayRef)
 
--- instance ForeignConvention (PA.Array Closure) where
---   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
---   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap iarrayRef)
+instance ForeignConvention (PA.Array Closure) where
+  readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
+  writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap iarrayRef)
 
 instance ForeignConvention PA.ByteArray where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
@@ -495,8 +495,8 @@ instance {-# OVERLAPPABLE #-} (BuiltinForeign b) => ForeignConvention b where
   readForeign = readForeignBuiltin
   writeForeign = writeForeignBuiltin
 
-fromUnisonPair :: Closure -> (a, b)
-fromUnisonPair (DataC _ _ [Right x, Right (DataC _ _ [Right y, Right _])]) =
+fromUnisonPair :: (BuiltinForeign a, BuiltinForeign b) => Closure -> (a, b)
+fromUnisonPair (DataC _ _ [BoxedVal x, BoxedVal (DataC _ _ [BoxedVal y, BoxedVal _unit])]) =
   (unwrapForeignClosure x, unwrapForeignClosure y)
 fromUnisonPair _ = error "fromUnisonPair: invalid closure"
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ toUnisonPair (x, y) =
   DataC
     Ty.pairRef
     (PackedTag 0)
-    [Right $ wr x, Right $ DataC Ty.pairRef (PackedTag 0) [Right $ wr y, Right $ un]]
+    [BoxedVal $ wr x, BoxedVal $ DataC Ty.pairRef (PackedTag 0) [BoxedVal $ wr y, BoxedVal $ un]]
   where
     un = DataC Ty.unitRef (PackedTag 0) []
     wr z = Foreign $ wrapBuiltin z

From 3ba902622b88e962f66e1b646fe382ba10887784 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 10:15:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 28/89] Remove unboxing in casts

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 44462549a6..82a993f397 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -823,10 +823,9 @@ andb = binop0 0 $ \[p, q] ->
 -- no-op on the representation. Ideally this will be inlined and
 -- eliminated so that no instruction is necessary.
 cast :: Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal Symbol
-cast ri ro =
-  unop0 1 $ \[x0, x] ->
-    unbox x0 ri x $
-      TCon ro 0 [x]
+cast _ri _ro =
+  -- TODO: Is there a way to avoid providing anything at all here?
+  unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TVar x
 
 -- This version of unsafeCoerce is the identity function. It works
 -- only if the two types being coerced between are actually the same,

From 6f2e5c57098a5cae45a8326a47f98acd269e56e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 10:15:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 29/89] Support unboxed vals in dumpData

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 88 +++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 0a24e82cb9..1632313abe 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -681,14 +681,14 @@ eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (Match i br) = do
   n <- peekOffN stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectBranch n br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (DMatch mr i br) = do
-  (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag mr stk =<< bpeekOff stk i
+  (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag mr stk =<< peekOff stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $
     selectBranch (maskTags t) br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (NMatch mr i br) = do
   n <- numValue mr =<< bpeekOff stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectBranch n br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (RMatch i pu br) = do
-  (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag Nothing stk =<< bpeekOff stk i
+  (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag Nothing stk =<< peekOff stk i
   if t == PackedTag 0
     then eval env denv activeThreads stk k r pu
     else case ANF.unpackTags t of
@@ -998,45 +998,53 @@ buildData !stk !r !t (VArgV i) = do
 dumpDataNoTag ::
   Maybe Reference ->
   Stack ->
-  Closure ->
+  Val ->
   IO (PackedTag, Stack)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (Enum _ t) = pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataU1 _ t x) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  pokeTU stk x
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataU2 _ t x y) = do
-  stk <- bumpn stk 2
-  pokeOffTU stk 1 y
-  pokeTU stk x
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataB1 _ t x) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk x
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataB2 _ t x y) = do
-  stk <- bumpn stk 2
-  bpokeOff stk 1 y
-  bpoke stk x
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataUB _ t x y) = do
-  stk <- bumpn stk 2
-  pokeTU stk x
-  bpokeOff stk 1 y
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataBU _ t x y) = do
-  stk <- bumpn stk 2
-  bpoke stk x
-  pokeOffTU stk 1 y
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !_ !stk (DataG _ t seg) = do
-  stk <- dumpSeg stk seg S
-  pure (t, stk)
-dumpDataNoTag !mr !_ clo =
-  die $
-    "dumpDataNoTag: bad closure: "
-      ++ show clo
-      ++ maybe "" (\r -> "\nexpected type: " ++ show r) mr
+dumpDataNoTag !mr !stk = \case
+  -- Normally we want to avoid dumping unboxed values since it's unnecessary, but sometimes we don't know the type of
+  -- the incoming value and end up dumping unboxed values, so we just push them back to the stack as-is. e.g. in type-casts/coercions
+  val@(UnboxedVal tu) -> do
+    stk <- bump stk
+    poke stk val
+    pure (getTUTag tu, stk)
+  (BoxedVal clos) -> case clos of
+    (Enum _ t) -> pure (t, stk)
+    (DataU1 _ t x) -> do
+      stk <- bump stk
+      pokeTU stk x
+      pure (t, stk)
+    (DataU2 _ t x y) -> do
+      stk <- bumpn stk 2
+      pokeOffTU stk 1 y
+      pokeTU stk x
+      pure (t, stk)
+    (DataB1 _ t x) -> do
+      stk <- bump stk
+      bpoke stk x
+      pure (t, stk)
+    (DataB2 _ t x y) -> do
+      stk <- bumpn stk 2
+      bpokeOff stk 1 y
+      bpoke stk x
+      pure (t, stk)
+    (DataUB _ t x y) -> do
+      stk <- bumpn stk 2
+      pokeTU stk x
+      bpokeOff stk 1 y
+      pure (t, stk)
+    (DataBU _ t x y) -> do
+      stk <- bumpn stk 2
+      bpoke stk x
+      pokeOffTU stk 1 y
+      pure (t, stk)
+    (DataG _ t seg) -> do
+      stk <- dumpSeg stk seg S
+      pure (t, stk)
+    clo ->
+      die $
+        "dumpDataNoTag: bad closure: "
+          ++ show clo
+          ++ maybe "" (\r -> "\nexpected type: " ++ show r) mr
 {-# INLINE dumpDataNoTag #-}
 
 -- Note: although the representation allows it, it is impossible

From 926941b7451b0c5a72d965fd120225b56d7f83fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 10:34:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 30/89] Replace boxed casting with coerceType

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 25 ++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 82a993f397..7ae40acc97 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -299,10 +299,10 @@ notlift :: (Var v) => v -> ANormal v
 notlift v =
   TMatch v $ MatchIntegral (mapFromList [(1, fls), (0, tru)]) Nothing
 
-unbox :: (Var v) => v -> Reference -> v -> ANormal v -> ANormal v
-unbox v0 r v b =
-  TMatch v0 $
-    MatchData r (mapSingleton 0 $ ([UN], TAbs v b)) Nothing
+-- unbox :: (Var v) => v -> Reference -> v -> ANormal v -> ANormal v
+-- unbox v0 r v b =
+--   TMatch v0 $
+--     MatchData r (mapSingleton 0 $ ([UN], TAbs v b)) Nothing
 
 unenum :: (Var v) => Int -> v -> Reference -> v -> ANormal v -> ANormal v
 unenum n v0 r v nx =
@@ -623,11 +623,6 @@ appends = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CATS [x, y]
 conss = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CONS [x, y]
 snocs = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm SNOC [x, y]
 
-coerceType :: (Var v) => Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-coerceType fromType toType = unop0 1 $ \[x, r] ->
-  unbox x fromType r $
-    TCon toType 0 [r]
-
 takes, drops, sizes, ats, emptys :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 takes = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm TAKS [x, y]
 drops = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm DRPS [x, y]
@@ -822,9 +817,9 @@ andb = binop0 0 $ \[p, q] ->
 -- unsafeCoerce, used for numeric types where conversion is a
 -- no-op on the representation. Ideally this will be inlined and
 -- eliminated so that no instruction is necessary.
-cast :: Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal Symbol
-cast _ri _ro =
-  -- TODO: Is there a way to avoid providing anything at all here?
+coerceType :: Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal Symbol
+coerceType _ri _ro =
+  -- TODO: Fix this with a proper type-coercion
   unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TVar x
 
 -- This version of unsafeCoerce is the identity function. It works
@@ -2061,7 +2056,7 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Nat.complement", (Untracked, compln)),
         ("Nat.pow", (Untracked, pown)),
         ("Nat.drop", (Untracked, dropn)),
-        ("Nat.toInt", (Untracked, cast Ty.natRef Ty.intRef)),
+        ("Nat.toInt", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.natRef Ty.intRef)),
         ("Nat.toFloat", (Untracked, n2f)),
         ("Nat.toText", (Untracked, n2t)),
         ("Nat.fromText", (Untracked, t2n)),
@@ -2131,8 +2126,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Debug.trace", (Tracked, gen'trace)),
         ("Debug.toText", (Tracked, debug'text)),
         ("unsafe.coerceAbilities", (Untracked, poly'coerce)),
-        ("Char.toNat", (Untracked, cast Ty.charRef Ty.natRef)),
-        ("Char.fromNat", (Untracked, cast Ty.natRef Ty.charRef)),
+        ("Char.toNat", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.charRef Ty.natRef)),
+        ("Char.fromNat", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.natRef Ty.charRef)),
         ("Bytes.empty", (Untracked, emptyb)),
         ("Bytes.fromList", (Untracked, packb)),
         ("Bytes.toList", (Untracked, unpackb)),

From 2f9a562e3736321a89968c79c82ef471ac16dd23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 10:34:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 31/89] Fix numValue calculation

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 2 ++
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 7 ++++---
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 7ae40acc97..e507576252 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -821,6 +821,8 @@ coerceType :: Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal Symbol
 coerceType _ri _ro =
   -- TODO: Fix this with a proper type-coercion
   unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TVar x
+    -- unbox x0 ri x $
+    --   TCon ro 0 [x]
 
 -- This version of unsafeCoerce is the identity function. It works
 -- only if the two types being coerced between are actually the same,
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 1632313abe..5004bc610a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -654,8 +654,9 @@ encodeExn stk exc = do
               (Rf.threadKilledFailureRef, disp ie, boxedVal unitValue)
           | otherwise = (Rf.miscFailureRef, disp exn, boxedVal unitValue)
 
-numValue :: Maybe Reference -> Closure -> IO Word64
-numValue _ (DataU1 _ _ i) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt i)
+numValue :: Maybe Reference -> Val -> IO Word64
+numValue _ (UnboxedVal tu) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt tu)
+numValue _ (BoxedVal (DataU1 _ _ i)) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt i)
 numValue mr clo =
   die $
     "numValue: bad closure: "
@@ -685,7 +686,7 @@ eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (DMatch mr i br) = do
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $
     selectBranch (maskTags t) br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (NMatch mr i br) = do
-  n <- numValue mr =<< bpeekOff stk i
+  n <- numValue mr =<< peekOff stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectBranch n br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (RMatch i pu br) = do
   (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag Nothing stk =<< peekOff stk i

From 5d90b70835a613592a1d3db41e5aad24100304ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 11:48:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 32/89] Improve stack debugging

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 5004bc610a..62661bd31c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -304,17 +304,17 @@ buildLit _ _ (MD _) = error "buildLit: double"
 
 debugger :: (Show a) => Stack -> String -> a -> Bool
 debugger stk msg a = unsafePerformIO $ do
-  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp (msg ++ ": " ++ show a)
   dumpStack stk
+  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp (msg ++ ": " ++ show a)
   pure False
 
 dumpStack :: Stack -> IO ()
 dumpStack stk@(Stack _ap fp sp _ustk _bstk)
-  | sp - fp <= 0 = Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp "Stack Empty"
+  | sp - fp < 0 = Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp "Stack before 👇: Empty"
   | otherwise = do
       stkResults <- for [0 .. ((sp - fp) - 1)] $ \i -> do
         peekOff stk i
-      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack" stkResults
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack before 👇:" stkResults
 
 -- | Execute an instruction
 exec ::

From 3a993eb75b6115d8bee16f0c60ea5b4cd09df8ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 15:33:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 33/89] Fix buggy outMaybeNat

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 12 +++++-------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index e507576252..d0f2f515d0 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -1299,17 +1299,15 @@ outMaybe maybe result =
         (1, ([BX], TAbs maybe $ some maybe))
       ]
 
-outMaybeNat :: (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outMaybeNat tag result n =
+outMaybeNat :: (Var v) => v -> v ->  ANormal v
+outMaybeNat tag result =
   TMatch tag . MatchSum $
     mapFromList
       [ (0, ([], none)),
         ( 1,
           ( [UN],
           -- TODO: Fix this?
-            TAbs result
-              . TLetD n BX (TCon Ty.natRef 0 [n])
-              $ some n
+            TAbs result $ some result
           )
         )
       ]
@@ -1763,9 +1761,9 @@ boxToMaybeBox =
 
 -- a -> Maybe Nat
 boxToMaybeNat :: ForeignOp
-boxToMaybeNat = inBx arg tag $ outMaybeNat tag result n
+boxToMaybeNat = inBx arg tag $ outMaybeNat tag result
   where
-    (arg, tag, result, n) = fresh
+    (arg, tag, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Maybe (Nat, b)
 boxToMaybeNTup :: ForeignOp

From f844e5705fe8507537a288530ffe71904c3e2a35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 16:37:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 34/89] Switch resolve to handle Vals

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 79 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 62661bd31c..eaa2a8c952 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ apply0 !callback !env !threadTracker !i = do
     Comb entryComb -> do
       Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Entry Comb" entryComb
       -- Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "All Combs" cmbs
-      apply env denv threadTracker stk (kf k0) True ZArgs $
+      apply env denv threadTracker stk (kf k0) True ZArgs . BoxedVal $
         PAp entryCix entryComb nullSeg
     -- if it's cached, we can just finish
     CachedClosure _ clo -> bump stk >>= \stk -> bpoke stk clo
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ apply1 ::
   IO ()
 apply1 callback env threadTracker clo = do
   stk <- alloc
-  apply env mempty threadTracker stk k0 True ZArgs clo
+  apply env mempty threadTracker stk k0 True ZArgs $ BoxedVal clo
   where
     k0 = CB $ Hook callback
 
@@ -333,7 +333,8 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Info tx) = do
   info tx k
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Name r args) = do
-  stk <- name stk args =<< resolve env denv stk r
+  v <- resolve env denv stk r
+  stk <- name stk args v
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (SetDyn p i) = do
   clo <- bpeekOff stk i
@@ -700,7 +701,7 @@ eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (RMatch i pu br) = do
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k _ (Yield args)
   | asize stk > 0,
     VArg1 i <- args =
-      bpeekOff stk i >>= apply env denv activeThreads stk k False ZArgs
+      peekOff stk i >>= apply env denv activeThreads stk k False ZArgs
   | otherwise = do
       stk <- moveArgs stk args
       stk <- frameArgs stk
@@ -793,14 +794,14 @@ enter !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k !ck !args = \case
 {-# INLINE enter #-}
 
 -- fast path by-name delaying
-name :: Stack -> Args -> Closure -> IO Stack
-name !stk !args clo = case clo of
-  PAp cix comb seg -> do
+name :: Stack -> Args -> Val -> IO Stack
+name !stk !args = \case
+  BoxedVal (PAp cix comb seg) -> do
     seg <- closeArgs I stk seg args
     stk <- bump stk
     bpoke stk $ PAp cix comb seg
     pure stk
-  _ -> die $ "naming non-function: " ++ show clo
+  v -> die $ "naming non-function: " ++ show v
 {-# INLINE name #-}
 
 -- slow path application
@@ -812,37 +813,40 @@ apply ::
   K ->
   Bool ->
   Args ->
-  Closure ->
+  Val ->
   IO ()
-apply !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k !ck !args = \case
-  (PAp cix@(CIx combRef _ _) comb seg) ->
-    case comb of
-      LamI a f entry
-        | ck || a <= ac -> do
-            stk <- ensure stk f
-            stk <- moveArgs stk args
-            stk <- dumpSeg stk seg A
-            stk <- acceptArgs stk a
-            eval env denv activeThreads stk k combRef entry
-        | otherwise -> do
-            seg <- closeArgs C stk seg args
-            stk <- discardFrame =<< frameArgs stk
-            stk <- bump stk
-            bpoke stk $ PAp cix comb seg
-            yield env denv activeThreads stk k
-    where
-      ac = asize stk + countArgs args + scount seg
-  clo -> zeroArgClosure clo
+apply !_env !_denv !_activeThreads !stk !_k !_ck !args !val
+  | debugger stk "apply" (args, val) = undefined
+apply !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k !ck !args !val =
+  case val of
+    BoxedVal (PAp cix@(CIx combRef _ _) comb seg) ->
+      case comb of
+        LamI a f entry
+          | ck || a <= ac -> do
+              stk <- ensure stk f
+              stk <- moveArgs stk args
+              stk <- dumpSeg stk seg A
+              stk <- acceptArgs stk a
+              eval env denv activeThreads stk k combRef entry
+          | otherwise -> do
+              seg <- closeArgs C stk seg args
+              stk <- discardFrame =<< frameArgs stk
+              stk <- bump stk
+              bpoke stk $ PAp cix comb seg
+              yield env denv activeThreads stk k
+      where
+        ac = asize stk + countArgs args + scount seg
+    v -> zeroArgClosure v
   where
-    zeroArgClosure :: Closure -> IO ()
-    zeroArgClosure clo
+    zeroArgClosure :: Val -> IO ()
+    zeroArgClosure v
       | ZArgs <- args,
         asize stk == 0 = do
           stk <- discardFrame stk
           stk <- bump stk
-          bpoke stk clo
+          poke stk v
           yield env denv activeThreads stk k
-      | otherwise = die $ "applying non-function: " ++ show clo
+      | otherwise = die $ "applying non-function: " ++ show v
 {-# INLINE apply #-}
 
 jump ::
@@ -898,7 +902,6 @@ repush !env !activeThreads !stk = go
     go !_ (CB _) !_ = die "repush: impossible"
 {-# INLINE repush #-}
 
--- TODO: Double-check this one
 moveArgs ::
   Stack ->
   Args ->
@@ -1847,7 +1850,7 @@ yield !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k = leap denv k
           clo = denv0 EC.! EC.findMin ps
       bpoke stk . DataB1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) =<< bpeek stk
       stk <- adjustArgs stk a
-      apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) clo
+      apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) (BoxedVal clo)
     leap !denv (Push fsz asz (CIx ref _ _) f nx k) = do
       stk <- restoreFrame stk fsz asz
       stk <- ensure stk f
@@ -1931,11 +1934,11 @@ discardCont denv stk k p =
     <&> \(_, denv, stk, k) -> (denv, stk, k)
 {-# INLINE discardCont #-}
 
-resolve :: CCache -> DEnv -> Stack -> MRef -> IO Closure
-resolve _ _ _ (Env cix mcomb) = pure $ mCombClosure cix mcomb
-resolve _ _ stk (Stk i) = bpeekOff stk i
+resolve :: CCache -> DEnv -> Stack -> MRef -> IO Val
+resolve _ _ _ (Env cix mcomb) = pure . boxedVal $ mCombClosure cix mcomb
+resolve _ _ stk (Stk i) = peekOff stk i
 resolve env denv _ (Dyn i) = case EC.lookup i denv of
-  Just clo -> pure clo
+  Just clo -> pure . boxedVal $ clo
   Nothing -> unhandledErr "resolve" env i
 
 unhandledErr :: String -> CCache -> Word64 -> IO a

From c7a510bb3f14f2e39c8fd875655f4c5d846963d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 16:48:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 35/89] Fix universalEq/compare to work on unboxed values too.

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 33 +++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index eaa2a8c952..1a478d9586 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ import Unison.Symbol (Symbol)
 import Unison.Type qualified as Rf
 import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as By
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
+import Unison.Util.Monoid qualified as Monoid
 import Unison.Util.Pretty (toPlainUnbroken)
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import UnliftIO (IORef)
@@ -497,14 +498,14 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 SDBV i j)
       bpoke stk $ encodeSandboxResult res
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 EQLU i j) = do
-  x <- bpeekOff stk i
-  y <- bpeekOff stk j
+  x <- peekOff stk i
+  y <- peekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeBool stk $ universalEq (==) x y
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BPrim2 CMPU i j) = do
-  x <- bpeekOff stk i
-  y <- bpeekOff stk j
+  x <- peekOff stk i
+  y <- peekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeI stk . fromEnum $ universalCompare compare x y
   pure (denv, stk, k)
@@ -1638,8 +1639,8 @@ bprim2 ::
   Int ->
   IO Stack
 bprim2 !stk EQLU i j = do
-  x <- bpeekOff stk i
-  y <- bpeekOff stk j
+  x <- peekOff stk i
+  y <- peekOff stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeBool stk $ universalEq (==) x y
   pure stk
@@ -2406,10 +2407,10 @@ closureNum BlackHole {} = error "BlackHole"
 
 universalEq ::
   (Foreign -> Foreign -> Bool) ->
-  Closure ->
-  Closure ->
+  Val ->
+  Val ->
   Bool
-universalEq frn = eqc
+universalEq frn = eqVal
   where
     eql :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> [a] -> [b] -> Bool
     eql cm l r = length l == length r && and (zipWith cm l r)
@@ -2499,11 +2500,19 @@ compareAsNat i j = compare ni nj
 
 universalCompare ::
   (Foreign -> Foreign -> Ordering) ->
-  Closure ->
-  Closure ->
+  Val ->
+  Val ->
   Ordering
-universalCompare frn = cmpc False
+universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
   where
+    cmpVal :: Bool -> Val -> Val -> Ordering
+    cmpVal tyEq = \cases
+      (UnboxedVal tu1) (UnboxedVal tu2) ->
+        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compare (maskTags $ getTUTag tu1) (maskTags $ getTUTag tu2))
+          <> compare (getTUInt tu1) (getTUInt tu2)
+      (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> cmpc tyEq c1 c2
+      (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
+      (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
     cmpl :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)

From bb942173088531ddf3189b968adf67f6fef89da8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 16:53:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 36/89] Closure -> Val in apps

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 28 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 1a478d9586..e6ee90f55c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@ apply1 ::
   (Stack -> IO ()) ->
   CCache ->
   ActiveThreads ->
-  Closure ->
+  Val ->
   IO ()
 apply1 callback env threadTracker clo = do
   stk <- alloc
-  apply env mempty threadTracker stk k0 True ZArgs $ BoxedVal clo
+  apply env mempty threadTracker stk k0 True ZArgs $ clo
   where
     k0 = CB $ Hook callback
 
@@ -595,23 +595,23 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (ForeignCall _ w args)
 exec !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k _ (Fork i)
   | sandboxed env = die "attempted to use sandboxed operation: fork"
   | otherwise = do
-      tid <- forkEval env activeThreads =<< bpeekOff stk i
+      tid <- forkEval env activeThreads =<< peekOff stk i
       stk <- bump stk
       bpoke stk . Foreign . Wrap Rf.threadIdRef $ tid
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k _ (Atomically i)
   | sandboxed env = die $ "attempted to use sandboxed operation: atomically"
   | otherwise = do
-      c <- bpeekOff stk i
+      v <- peekOff stk i
       stk <- bump stk
-      atomicEval env activeThreads (bpoke stk) c
+      atomicEval env activeThreads (poke stk) v
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k _ (TryForce i)
   | sandboxed env = die $ "attempted to use sandboxed operation: tryForce"
   | otherwise = do
-      c <- bpeekOff stk i
+      v <- peekOff stk i
       stk <- bump stk -- Bump the boxed stack to make a slot for the result, which will be written in the callback if we succeed.
-      ev <- Control.Exception.try $ nestEval env activeThreads (bpoke stk) c
+      ev <- Control.Exception.try $ nestEval env activeThreads (poke stk) v
       stk <- encodeExn stk ev
       pure (denv, stk, k)
 {-# INLINE exec #-}
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ eval !_ !_ !_ !_activeThreads !_ _ Exit = pure ()
 eval !_ !_ !_ !_activeThreads !_ _ (Die s) = die s
 {-# NOINLINE eval #-}
 
-forkEval :: CCache -> ActiveThreads -> Closure -> IO ThreadId
+forkEval :: CCache -> ActiveThreads -> Val -> IO ThreadId
 forkEval env activeThreads clo =
   do
     threadId <-
@@ -757,15 +757,15 @@ forkEval env activeThreads clo =
           UnliftIO.atomicModifyIORef' activeThreads (\ids -> (Set.delete myThreadId ids, ()))
 {-# INLINE forkEval #-}
 
-nestEval :: CCache -> ActiveThreads -> (Closure -> IO ()) -> Closure -> IO ()
-nestEval env activeThreads write clo = apply1 readBack env activeThreads clo
+nestEval :: CCache -> ActiveThreads -> (Val -> IO ()) -> Val -> IO ()
+nestEval env activeThreads write val = apply1 readBack env activeThreads val
   where
-    readBack stk = bpeek stk >>= write
+    readBack stk = peek stk >>= write
 {-# INLINE nestEval #-}
 
-atomicEval :: CCache -> ActiveThreads -> (Closure -> IO ()) -> Closure -> IO ()
-atomicEval env activeThreads write clo =
-  atomically . unsafeIOToSTM $ nestEval env activeThreads write clo
+atomicEval :: CCache -> ActiveThreads -> (Val -> IO ()) -> Val -> IO ()
+atomicEval env activeThreads write val =
+  atomically . unsafeIOToSTM $ nestEval env activeThreads write val
 {-# INLINE atomicEval #-}
 
 -- fast path application

From 5af46ff0ebe694e581b0913434472645e9a1d55c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 17:12:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 37/89] Use Vals instead of Closures almost everywhere

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs           |  2 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    | 44 +++++------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs     |  4 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 73 +++++++++----------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 30 ++++++--
 5 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
index 3352ba98dc..c76fd2d6d1 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Interface.hs
@@ -1358,7 +1358,7 @@ restoreCache (SCache cs crs cacheableCombs trs ftm fty int rtm rty sbs) = do
     srcCombs =
       let builtinCombs = mapWithKey (\k v -> emitComb @Symbol rns (rf k) k mempty (0, v)) numberedTermLookup
        in builtinCombs <> cs
-    combs :: EnumMap Word64 (RCombs Closure)
+    combs :: EnumMap Word64 (RCombs Val)
     combs =
       srcCombs
         & absurdCombs
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index d86f5a7715..d700478329 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ data MLit
 
 type Instr = GInstr CombIx
 
-type RInstr clos = GInstr (RComb clos)
+type RInstr val = GInstr (RComb val)
 
 -- Instructions for manipulating the data stack in the main portion of
 -- a block
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ data GInstr comb
 
 type Section = GSection CombIx
 
-type RSection clos = GSection (RComb clos)
+type RSection val = GSection (RComb val)
 
 data GSection comb
   = -- Apply a function to arguments. This is the 'slow path', and
@@ -618,18 +618,18 @@ data GCombInfo comb
       !(GSection comb) -- Entry
   deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
 
-data GComb clos comb
+data GComb val comb
   = Comb {-# UNPACK #-} !(GCombInfo comb)
   | -- A pre-evaluated comb, typically a pure top-level const
-    CachedClosure !Word64 {- top level comb ix -} !clos
+    CachedVal !Word64 {- top level comb ix -} !val
   deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
 
 pattern Lam ::
-  Int -> Int -> GSection comb -> GComb clos comb
+  Int -> Int -> GSection comb -> GComb val comb
 pattern Lam a f sect = Comb (LamI a f sect)
 
 -- it seems GHC can't figure this out itself
-{-# COMPLETE CachedClosure, Lam #-}
+{-# COMPLETE CachedVal, Lam #-}
 
 instance Bifunctor GComb where
   bimap = bimapDefault
@@ -638,26 +638,26 @@ instance Bifoldable GComb where
   bifoldMap = bifoldMapDefault
 
 instance Bitraversable GComb where
-  bitraverse f _ (CachedClosure cix c) = CachedClosure cix <$> f c
+  bitraverse f _ (CachedVal cix c) = CachedVal cix <$> f c
   bitraverse _ f (Lam a fr s) = Lam a fr <$> traverse f s
 
-type RCombs clos = GCombs clos (RComb clos)
+type RCombs val = GCombs val (RComb val)
 
 -- | The fixed point of a GComb where all references to a Comb are themselves Combs.
-newtype RComb clos = RComb {unRComb :: GComb clos (RComb clos)}
+newtype RComb val = RComb {unRComb :: GComb val (RComb val)}
 
-type RCombInfo clos = GCombInfo (RComb clos)
+type RCombInfo val = GCombInfo (RComb val)
 
-instance Show (RComb clos) where
+instance Show (RComb val) where
   show _ = "<RCOMB>"
 
 -- | Map of combinators, parameterized by comb reference type
-type GCombs clos comb = EnumMap Word64 (GComb clos comb)
+type GCombs val comb = EnumMap Word64 (GComb val comb)
 
 -- | A reference to a combinator, parameterized by comb
 type Ref = GRef CombIx
 
-type RRef clos = GRef (RComb clos)
+type RRef val = GRef (RComb val)
 
 data GRef comb
   = Stk !Int -- stack reference to a closure
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ data GRef comb
 
 type Branch = GBranch CombIx
 
-type RBranch clos = GBranch (RComb clos)
+type RBranch val = GBranch (RComb val)
 
 data GBranch comb
   = -- if tag == n then t else f
@@ -792,10 +792,10 @@ emitCombs rns grpr grpn (Rec grp ent) =
 -- tying the knot recursively when necessary.
 resolveCombs ::
   -- Existing in-scope combs that might be referenced
-  Maybe (EnumMap Word64 (RCombs clos)) ->
+  Maybe (EnumMap Word64 (RCombs val)) ->
   -- Combinators which need their knots tied.
-  EnumMap Word64 (GCombs clos CombIx) ->
-  EnumMap Word64 (RCombs clos)
+  EnumMap Word64 (GCombs val CombIx) ->
+  EnumMap Word64 (RCombs val)
 resolveCombs mayExisting combs =
   -- Fixed point lookup;
   -- We make sure not to force resolved Combs or we'll loop forever.
@@ -1537,13 +1537,13 @@ demuxArgs = \case
   [(i, _), (j, _)] -> VArg2 i j
   args -> VArgN $ PA.primArrayFromList (fst <$> args)
 
-combDeps :: GComb clos comb -> [Word64]
+combDeps :: GComb val comb -> [Word64]
 combDeps (Lam _ _ s) = sectionDeps s
-combDeps (CachedClosure {}) = []
+combDeps (CachedVal {}) = []
 
 combTypes :: GComb any comb -> [Word64]
 combTypes (Lam _ _ s) = sectionTypes s
-combTypes (CachedClosure {}) = []
+combTypes (CachedVal {}) = []
 
 sectionDeps :: GSection comb -> [Word64]
 sectionDeps (App _ (Env (CIx _ w _) _) _) = [w]
@@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@ prettyCombs w es =
     id
     (mapToList es)
 
-prettyComb :: (Show clos, Show comb) => Word64 -> Word64 -> GComb clos comb -> ShowS
+prettyComb :: (Show val, Show comb) => Word64 -> Word64 -> GComb val comb -> ShowS
 prettyComb w i = \case
   (Lam a _ s) ->
     shows w
@@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@ prettyComb w i = \case
       . shows a
       . showString ":\n"
       . prettySection 2 s
-  (CachedClosure a b) ->
+  (CachedVal a b) ->
     shows w
       . showString ":"
       . shows i
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
index 749ca48a5b..f915a4d035 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ putComb :: (MonadPut m) => (clos -> m ()) -> GComb clos comb -> m ()
 putComb pClos = \case
   (Lam a f body) ->
     putTag LamT *> pInt a *> pInt f *> putSection body
-  (CachedClosure w c) ->
-    putTag CachedClosureT *> putNat w *> pClos c
+  (CachedVal w v) ->
+    putTag CachedClosureT *> putNat w *> pClos v
 
 getComb :: (MonadGet m) => m (GComb Void CombIx)
 getComb =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index e6ee90f55c..4798a4433b 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -82,21 +82,21 @@ type ActiveThreads = Maybe (IORef (Set ThreadId))
 type Tag = Word64
 
 -- dynamic environment
-type DEnv = EnumMap Word64 Closure
+type DEnv = EnumMap Word64 Val
 
-type MCombs = RCombs Closure
+type MCombs = RCombs Val
 
 type Combs = GCombs Void CombIx
 
-type MSection = RSection Closure
+type MSection = RSection Val
 
-type MBranch = RBranch Closure
+type MBranch = RBranch Val
 
-type MInstr = RInstr Closure
+type MInstr = RInstr Val
 
-type MComb = RComb Closure
+type MComb = RComb Val
 
-type MRef = RRef Closure
+type MRef = RRef Val
 
 data Tracer
   = NoTrace
@@ -200,10 +200,10 @@ eval0 !env !activeThreads !co = do
     topDEnv cmbs <$> readTVarIO (refTy env) <*> readTVarIO (refTm env)
   eval env denv activeThreads stk (k KE) dummyRef co
 
-mCombClosure :: CombIx -> MComb -> Closure
-mCombClosure cix (RComb (Comb comb)) =
-  PAp cix comb nullSeg
-mCombClosure _ (RComb (CachedClosure _ clo)) = clo
+mCombVal :: CombIx -> MComb -> Val
+mCombVal cix (RComb (Comb comb)) =
+  BoxedVal (PAp cix comb nullSeg)
+mCombVal _ (RComb (CachedVal _ clo)) = clo
 
 topDEnv ::
   EnumMap Word64 MCombs ->
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ topDEnv combs rfTy rfTm
     rcrf <- Builtin (DTx.pack "raise"),
     Just j <- M.lookup rcrf rfTm,
     cix <- CIx rcrf j 0,
-    clo <- mCombClosure cix $ rCombSection combs cix =
+    clo <- mCombVal cix $ rCombSection combs cix =
       ( EC.mapSingleton n clo,
         Mark 0 (EC.setSingleton n) mempty
       )
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ apply0 !callback !env !threadTracker !i = do
       apply env denv threadTracker stk (kf k0) True ZArgs . BoxedVal $
         PAp entryCix entryComb nullSeg
     -- if it's cached, we can just finish
-    CachedClosure _ clo -> bump stk >>= \stk -> bpoke stk clo
+    CachedVal _ val -> bump stk >>= \stk -> poke stk val
   where
     k0 = maybe KE (CB . Hook) callback
 
@@ -291,8 +291,8 @@ jump0 !callback !env !activeThreads !clo = do
 unitValue :: Closure
 unitValue = Enum Rf.unitRef TT.unitTag
 
-lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Closure
-lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe BlackHole $ EC.lookup p denv
+lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Val
+lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe (BoxedVal BlackHole) $ EC.lookup p denv
 
 buildLit :: Reference -> PackedTag -> MLit -> Closure
 buildLit _ _ (MI i) = IntClosure i
@@ -338,12 +338,12 @@ exec !env !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Name r args) = do
   stk <- name stk args v
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (SetDyn p i) = do
-  clo <- bpeekOff stk i
-  pure (EC.mapInsert p clo denv, stk, k)
+  val <- peekOff stk i
+  pure (EC.mapInsert p val denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Capture p) = do
   (cap, denv, stk, k) <- splitCont denv stk k p
   stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk cap
+  poke stk cap
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (UPrim1 op i) = do
   stk <- uprim1 stk op i
@@ -787,10 +787,10 @@ enter !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k !ck !args = \case
     -- TODO: start putting references in `Call` if we ever start
     -- detecting saturated calls.
     eval env denv activeThreads stk k dummyRef entry
-  (RComb (CachedClosure _cix clos)) -> do
+  (RComb (CachedVal _cix val)) -> do
     stk <- discardFrame stk
     stk <- bump stk
-    bpoke stk clos
+    poke stk val
     yield env denv activeThreads stk k
 {-# INLINE enter #-}
 
@@ -1848,10 +1848,10 @@ yield !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k = leap denv k
   where
     leap !denv0 (Mark a ps cs k) = do
       let denv = cs <> EC.withoutKeys denv0 ps
-          clo = denv0 EC.! EC.findMin ps
+          val = denv0 EC.! EC.findMin ps
       bpoke stk . DataB1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) =<< bpeek stk
       stk <- adjustArgs stk a
-      apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) (BoxedVal clo)
+      apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) val
     leap !denv (Push fsz asz (CIx ref _ _) f nx k) = do
       stk <- restoreFrame stk fsz asz
       stk <- ensure stk f
@@ -1894,12 +1894,12 @@ splitCont ::
   Stack ->
   K ->
   Word64 ->
-  IO (Closure, DEnv, Stack, K)
+  IO (Val, DEnv, Stack, K)
 splitCont !denv !stk !k !p =
   walk denv asz KE k
   where
     asz = asize stk
-    walk :: EnumMap Word64 Closure -> SZ -> K -> K -> IO (Closure, EnumMap Word64 Closure, Stack, K)
+    walk :: EnumMap Word64 Val -> SZ -> K -> K -> IO (Val, EnumMap Word64 Val, Stack, K)
     walk !denv !sz !ck KE =
       die "fell off stack" >> finish denv sz 0 ck KE
     walk !denv !sz !ck (CB _) =
@@ -1917,11 +1917,11 @@ splitCont !denv !stk !k !p =
         (Push n a br p brSect ck)
         k
 
-    finish :: EnumMap Word64 Closure -> SZ -> SZ -> K -> K -> (IO (Closure, EnumMap Word64 Closure, Stack, K))
+    finish :: EnumMap Word64 Val -> SZ -> SZ -> K -> K -> (IO (Val, EnumMap Word64 Val, Stack, K))
     finish !denv !sz !a !ck !k = do
       (seg, stk) <- grab stk sz
       stk <- adjustArgs stk a
-      return (Captured ck asz seg, denv, stk, k)
+      return (BoxedVal $ Captured ck asz seg, denv, stk, k)
 {-# INLINE splitCont #-}
 
 discardCont ::
@@ -1936,10 +1936,10 @@ discardCont denv stk k p =
 {-# INLINE discardCont #-}
 
 resolve :: CCache -> DEnv -> Stack -> MRef -> IO Val
-resolve _ _ _ (Env cix mcomb) = pure . boxedVal $ mCombClosure cix mcomb
+resolve _ _ _ (Env cix mcomb) = pure $ mCombVal cix mcomb
 resolve _ _ stk (Stk i) = peekOff stk i
 resolve env denv _ (Dyn i) = case EC.lookup i denv of
-  Just clo -> pure . boxedVal $ clo
+  Just val -> pure val
   Nothing -> unhandledErr "resolve" env i
 
 unhandledErr :: String -> CCache -> Word64 -> IO a
@@ -2161,15 +2161,15 @@ cacheAdd0 ntys0 termSuperGroups sands cc = do
     pure $ int `seq` rtm `seq` newCombRefs `seq` updatedCombs `seq` nsn `seq` ncc `seq` nsc `seq` (unresolvedCacheableCombs, unresolvedNonCacheableCombs)
   preEvalTopLevelConstants unresolvedCacheableCombs unresolvedNonCacheableCombs cc
 
-preEvalTopLevelConstants :: (EnumMap Word64 (GCombs Closure CombIx)) -> (EnumMap Word64 (GCombs Closure CombIx)) -> CCache -> IO ()
+preEvalTopLevelConstants :: (EnumMap Word64 (GCombs Val CombIx)) -> (EnumMap Word64 (GCombs Val CombIx)) -> CCache -> IO ()
 preEvalTopLevelConstants cacheableCombs newCombs cc = do
   activeThreads <- Just <$> UnliftIO.newIORef mempty
   evaluatedCacheableCombsVar <- newTVarIO mempty
   for_ (EC.mapToList cacheableCombs) \(w, _) -> do
     let hook stk = do
-          clos <- bpeek stk
+          val <- peek stk
           atomically $ do
-            modifyTVar evaluatedCacheableCombsVar $ EC.mapInsert w (EC.mapSingleton 0 $ CachedClosure w clos)
+            modifyTVar evaluatedCacheableCombsVar $ EC.mapInsert w (EC.mapSingleton 0 $ CachedVal w val)
     apply0 (Just hook) cc activeThreads w
 
   evaluatedCacheableCombs <- readTVarIO evaluatedCacheableCombsVar
@@ -2250,7 +2250,7 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
     goK KE = pure ANF.KE
     goK (Mark a ps de k) = do
       ps <- traverse refTy (EC.setToList ps)
-      de <- traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> goV (boxedVal v {- TODO: Double check this -})) (mapToList de)
+      de <- traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> goV v) (mapToList de)
       ANF.Mark (fromIntegral a) ps (M.fromList de) <$> goK k
     goK (Push f a cix _ _rsect k) =
       ANF.Push
@@ -2333,8 +2333,8 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
     goV (ANF.Partial gr vs) =
       goIx gr >>= \case
         (cix, RComb (Comb rcomb)) -> boxedVal . PApV cix rcomb <$> traverse goV vs
-        (_, RComb (CachedClosure _ clo))
-          | [] <- vs -> pure $ boxedVal clo
+        (_, RComb (CachedVal _ val))
+          | [] <- vs -> pure val
           | otherwise -> die . err $ msg
           where
             msg = "reifyValue0: non-trivial partial application to cached value"
@@ -2356,7 +2356,7 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
     goK (ANF.Mark a ps de k) =
       mrk
         <$> traverse refTy ps
-        <*> traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> (expectClosure <$> goV v)) (M.toList de)
+        <*> traverse (\(k, v) -> (,) <$> refTy k <*> (goV v)) (M.toList de)
         <*> goK k
       where
         mrk ps de k =
@@ -2375,9 +2375,6 @@ reifyValue0 (combs, rty, rtm) = goV
           die . err $
             "tried to reify a continuation with a cached value resumption"
               ++ show r
-    expectClosure :: Val -> Closure
-    expectClosure v@(UnboxedVal {}) = error $ "expectClosure: Expected a closure val, but got:" <> show v
-    expectClosure (BoxedVal c) = c
 
     goL :: ANF.BLit -> IO Val
     goL (ANF.Text t) = pure . boxedVal . Foreign $ Wrap Rf.textRef t
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index c0ae916c2e..21e0ba925e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ data K
     Mark
       !Int -- pending args
       !(EnumSet Word64)
-      !(EnumMap Word64 Closure)
+      !(EnumMap Word64 Val)
       !K
   | -- save information about a frame for later resumption
     Push
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ data K
       !Int -- pending args
       !CombIx -- resumption section reference
       !Int -- stack guard
-      !(RSection Closure) -- resumption section
+      !(RSection Val) -- resumption section
       !K
 
 instance Eq K where
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ instance Ord K where
   compare (Mark {}) _ = LT
   compare _ (Mark {}) = GT
 
-newtype Closure = Closure {unClosure :: (GClosure (RComb Closure))}
+newtype Closure = Closure {unClosure :: (GClosure (RComb Val))}
   deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
 -- | Implementation for Unison sequences.
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ pattern UnboxedDouble d <- TypedUnboxed (intToDouble -> d) ((== TT.floatTag) ->
 
 type SegList = [Val]
 
-pattern PApV :: CombIx -> RCombInfo Closure -> SegList -> Closure
+pattern PApV :: CombIx -> RCombInfo Val -> SegList -> Closure
 pattern PApV cix rcomb segs <-
   PAp cix rcomb (segToList -> segs)
   where
@@ -667,6 +667,22 @@ data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
   -- See universalEq.
   deriving (Show)
 
+instance Eq Val where
+  (==) = \cases
+    (Val u (ut@UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val v (vt@UnboxedTypeTag {})) -> u == v && ut == vt
+    (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val _ _) -> False
+    (Val _ _) (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) -> False
+    (Val _ x) (Val _ y) -> x == y
+
+instance Ord Val where
+  compare = \cases
+    (UnboxedVal tu1) (UnboxedVal tu2) ->
+      (compare (getTUTag tu1) (getTUTag tu2))
+        <> compare (getTUInt tu1) (getTUInt tu2)
+    (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> compare c1 c2
+    (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
+    (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
+
 valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe TypedUnboxed
 valToTypedUnboxed (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t)) = Just $ TypedUnboxed u t
 valToTypedUnboxed _ = Nothing
@@ -1170,7 +1186,11 @@ closureTermRefs f = \case
 
 contTermRefs :: (Monoid m) => (Reference -> m) -> K -> m
 contTermRefs f (Mark _ _ m k) =
-  foldMap (closureTermRefs f) m <> contTermRefs f k
+  ( m & foldMap \case
+      BoxedVal clo -> closureTermRefs f clo
+      _ -> mempty
+  )
+    <> contTermRefs f k
 contTermRefs f (Push _ _ (CIx r _ _) _ _ k) =
   f r <> contTermRefs f k
 contTermRefs _ _ = mempty

From ab66f8ec752121d93e007552adebb0b97af73678 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 10:22:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 38/89] Clean up closure patterns

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 10 ++++----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 26 ++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 4798a4433b..35e9291371 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
 
 module Unison.Runtime.Machine where
 
@@ -2245,6 +2241,7 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
             ANF.Cont <$> traverse goV segs <*> goK k
           (Foreign f) -> ANF.BLit <$> goF f
           BlackHole -> die $ err "black hole"
+          UnboxedTypeTag {} -> die $ err "impossible unboxed type tag"
 
     goK (CB _) = die $ err "callback continuation"
     goK KE = pure ANF.KE
@@ -2400,7 +2397,8 @@ closureNum PAp {} = 0
 closureNum DataC {} = 1
 closureNum Captured {} = 2
 closureNum Foreign {} = 3
-closureNum BlackHole {} = error "BlackHole"
+closureNum UnboxedTypeTag {} = 4
+closureNum BlackHole {} = 5
 
 universalEq ::
   (Foreign -> Foreign -> Bool) ->
@@ -2537,6 +2535,8 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
           Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fr ->
             arrayCmp (cmpc tyEq) al ar
         | otherwise -> frn fl fr
+      (UnboxedTypeTag t1) (UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> compare t1 t2
+      (BlackHole) (BlackHole) -> EQ
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
     cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 21e0ba925e..b42cc514fe 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
-
 module Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( K (..),
     GClosure (..),
@@ -282,6 +274,14 @@ pattern BlackHole = Closure GBlackHole
 
 pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
 
+{-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, DataU1, DataU2, DataB1, DataB2, DataUB, DataBU, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
+
+{-# COMPLETE DataC, PAp, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole, UnboxedTypeTag #-}
+
+{-# COMPLETE DataC, PApV, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole, UnboxedTypeTag #-}
+
+{-# COMPLETE DataC, PApV, CapV, Foreign, BlackHole, UnboxedTypeTag #-}
+
 -- We can avoid allocating a closure for common type tags on each poke by having shared top-level closures for them.
 natTypeTag :: Closure
 natTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag
@@ -299,10 +299,6 @@ floatTypeTag :: Closure
 floatTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag
 {-# NOINLINE floatTypeTag #-}
 
-{-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, DataU1, DataU2, DataB1, DataB2, DataUB, DataBU, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
-
-{-# COMPLETE DataC, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
-
 traceK :: Reference -> K -> [(Reference, Int)]
 traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
   where
@@ -511,12 +507,6 @@ segFromList xs =
       )
     & \(us, bs) -> (useg us, bseg bs)
 
-{-# COMPLETE DataC, PAp, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole #-}
-
-{-# COMPLETE DataC, PApV, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole #-}
-
-{-# COMPLETE DataC, PApV, CapV, Foreign, BlackHole #-}
-
 marshalToForeign :: (HasCallStack) => Closure -> Foreign
 marshalToForeign (Foreign x) = x
 marshalToForeign c =

From 86c6234394ea5c7d93af19724a065b720bb71e92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 10:38:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 39/89] Remove TypedUnboxed and the convention of storing
 unboxed values in DataU1 closures

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 121 +++------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index b42cc514fe..86b5091a98 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -18,11 +18,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         Captured,
         Foreign,
         BlackHole,
-        UnboxedTypeTag,
-        CharClosure,
-        NatClosure,
-        DoubleClosure,
-        IntClosure
+        UnboxedTypeTag
       ),
     IxClosure,
     Callback (..),
@@ -47,15 +43,6 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
       ),
     boxedVal,
     USeq,
-    TypedUnboxed
-      ( TypedUnboxed,
-        getTUInt,
-        getTUTag,
-        UnboxedChar,
-        UnboxedNat,
-        UnboxedInt,
-        UnboxedDouble
-      ),
     traceK,
     frameDataSize,
     marshalToForeign,
@@ -109,8 +96,6 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
     upokeT,
     upokeOffT,
     unsafePokeIasN,
-    pokeTU,
-    pokeOffTU,
     bump,
     bumpn,
     grab,
@@ -216,12 +201,12 @@ data GClosure comb
       {-# UNPACK #-} !(GCombInfo comb)
       {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg -- args
   | GEnum !Reference !PackedTag
-  | GDataU1 !Reference !PackedTag !TypedUnboxed
-  | GDataU2 !Reference !PackedTag !TypedUnboxed !TypedUnboxed
+  | GDataU1 !Reference !PackedTag !Val
+  | GDataU2 !Reference !PackedTag !Val !Val
   | GDataB1 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb)
   | GDataB2 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataUB !Reference !PackedTag !TypedUnboxed !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataBU !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !TypedUnboxed
+  | GDataUB !Reference !PackedTag !Val !(GClosure comb)
+  | GDataBU !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !Val
   | GDataG !Reference !PackedTag {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | -- code cont, arg size, u/b data stacks
     GCaptured !K !Int {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
@@ -311,18 +296,15 @@ traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
 splitData :: Closure -> Maybe (Reference, PackedTag, SegList)
 splitData = \case
   (Enum r t) -> Just (r, t, [])
-  (DataU1 r t u) -> Just (r, t, [typedUnboxedToVal u])
-  (DataU2 r t i j) -> Just (r, t, [typedUnboxedToVal i, typedUnboxedToVal j])
+  (DataU1 r t u) -> Just (r, t, [u])
+  (DataU2 r t i j) -> Just (r, t, [i, j])
   (DataB1 r t x) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal x])
   (DataB2 r t x y) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal x, boxedVal y])
-  (DataUB r t u b) -> Just (r, t, [typedUnboxedToVal u, boxedVal b])
-  (DataBU r t b u) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal b, typedUnboxedToVal u])
+  (DataUB r t u b) -> Just (r, t, [u, boxedVal b])
+  (DataBU r t b u) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal b, u])
   (DataG r t seg) -> Just (r, t, segToList seg)
   _ -> Nothing
 
-typedUnboxedToVal :: TypedUnboxed -> Val
-typedUnboxedToVal (TypedUnboxed i t) = Val i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
-
 -- | Converts a list of integers representing an unboxed segment back into the
 -- appropriate segment. Segments are stored backwards in the runtime, so this
 -- reverses the list.
@@ -365,38 +347,9 @@ pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
   where
     DataC rf ct segs = formData rf ct segs
 
--- | An unboxed value with an accompanying tag indicating its type.
-data TypedUnboxed = TypedUnboxed {getTUInt :: !Int, getTUTag :: !PackedTag}
-  deriving (Show, Eq)
-
-instance Ord TypedUnboxed where
-  -- Compare type tags first.
-  compare (TypedUnboxed i t) (TypedUnboxed i' t') = compare t t' <> compare i i'
-
-pattern CharClosure :: Char -> Closure
-pattern CharClosure c <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr -> c))
-  where
-    CharClosure c = DataU1 Ty.charRef TT.charTag (TypedUnboxed (Char.ord c) TT.charTag)
-
-pattern NatClosure :: Word64 -> Closure
-pattern NatClosure n <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum -> n))
-  where
-    NatClosure n = DataU1 Ty.natRef TT.natTag (TypedUnboxed (fromEnum n) TT.natTag)
-
-pattern DoubleClosure :: Double -> Closure
-pattern DoubleClosure d <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble -> d))
-  where
-    DoubleClosure d = DataU1 Ty.floatRef TT.floatTag (TypedUnboxed (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag)
-
-pattern IntClosure :: Int -> Closure
-pattern IntClosure i <- (unpackUnboxedClosure TT.intTag -> Just i)
-  where
-    IntClosure i = DataU1 Ty.intRef TT.intTag (TypedUnboxed i TT.intTag)
-
 matchCharVal :: Val -> Maybe Char
 matchCharVal = \case
   (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr u)
-  (Val _ (CharClosure c)) -> Just c
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern CharVal :: Char -> Val
@@ -407,7 +360,6 @@ pattern CharVal c <- (matchCharVal -> Just c)
 matchNatVal :: Val -> Maybe Word64
 matchNatVal = \case
   (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum u)
-  (Val _ (NatClosure n)) -> Just n
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val
@@ -418,7 +370,6 @@ pattern NatVal n <- (matchNatVal -> Just n)
 matchDoubleVal :: Val -> Maybe Double
 matchDoubleVal = \case
   (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble u)
-  (Val _ (DoubleClosure d)) -> Just d
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern DoubleVal :: Double -> Val
@@ -429,7 +380,6 @@ pattern DoubleVal d <- (matchDoubleVal -> Just d)
 matchIntVal :: Val -> Maybe Int
 matchIntVal = \case
   (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.intTag -> Just u
-  (Val _ (IntClosure i)) -> Just i
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern IntVal :: Int -> Val
@@ -439,36 +389,11 @@ pattern IntVal i <- (matchIntVal -> Just i)
 
 doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
 doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
+{-# INLINE doubleToInt #-}
 
 intToDouble :: Int -> Double
 intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
-
-unpackUnboxedClosure :: PackedTag -> Closure -> Maybe Int
-unpackUnboxedClosure expectedTag = \case
-  DataU1 _ref tag (TypedUnboxed i _)
-    | tag == expectedTag -> Just i
-  _ -> Nothing
-{-# INLINE unpackUnboxedClosure #-}
-
-pattern UnboxedChar :: Char -> TypedUnboxed
-pattern UnboxedChar c <- TypedUnboxed (Char.chr -> c) ((== TT.charTag) -> True)
-  where
-    UnboxedChar c = TypedUnboxed (Char.ord c) TT.charTag
-
-pattern UnboxedNat :: Word64 -> TypedUnboxed
-pattern UnboxedNat n <- TypedUnboxed (toEnum -> n) ((== TT.natTag) -> True)
-  where
-    UnboxedNat n = TypedUnboxed (fromEnum n) TT.natTag
-
-pattern UnboxedInt :: Int -> TypedUnboxed
-pattern UnboxedInt i <- TypedUnboxed i ((== TT.intTag) -> True)
-  where
-    UnboxedInt i = TypedUnboxed i TT.intTag
-
-pattern UnboxedDouble :: Double -> TypedUnboxed
-pattern UnboxedDouble d <- TypedUnboxed (intToDouble -> d) ((== TT.floatTag) -> True)
-  where
-    UnboxedDouble d = TypedUnboxed (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag
+{-# INLINE intToDouble #-}
 
 type SegList = [Val]
 
@@ -666,28 +591,26 @@ instance Eq Val where
 
 instance Ord Val where
   compare = \cases
-    (UnboxedVal tu1) (UnboxedVal tu2) ->
-      (compare (getTUTag tu1) (getTUTag tu2))
-        <> compare (getTUInt tu1) (getTUInt tu2)
     (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> compare c1 c2
+    (UnboxedVal (Val i1 t1)) (UnboxedVal (Val i2 t2)) -> compare t1 t2 <> compare i1 i2
     (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
     (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
 
-valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe TypedUnboxed
-valToTypedUnboxed (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t)) = Just $ TypedUnboxed u t
+-- | Matches a Val which is known to be unboxed, and returns the entire original value.
+valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe Val
+valToTypedUnboxed v@(Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = Just v
 valToTypedUnboxed _ = Nothing
 
--- | TODO: We need to either adjust this to catch `DataU1` closures as well, or stop creating DataU1 closures for
--- unboxed values in the first place.
-pattern UnboxedVal :: TypedUnboxed -> Val
+pattern UnboxedVal :: Val -> Val
 pattern UnboxedVal t <- (valToTypedUnboxed -> Just t)
   where
-    UnboxedVal (TypedUnboxed i t) = Val i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+    UnboxedVal v = v
 
 valToBoxed :: Val -> Maybe Closure
 valToBoxed UnboxedVal {} = Nothing
 valToBoxed (Val _ b) = Just b
 
+-- | Matches a Val which is known to be boxed, and returns the closure portion.
 pattern BoxedVal :: Closure -> Val
 pattern BoxedVal b <- (valToBoxed -> Just b)
   where
@@ -772,10 +695,6 @@ unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
   upokeT stk n TT.natTag
 {-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
 
-pokeTU :: Stack -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
-pokeTU stk !(TypedUnboxed u t) = poke stk (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
-{-# INLINE pokeTU #-}
-
 -- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
 -- Often used to indicate the constructor of a data type that's been unpacked onto the stack,
 -- or some tag we're about to branch on.
@@ -819,10 +738,6 @@ upokeOffT stk i u t = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOffT #-}
 
-pokeOffTU :: Stack -> Off -> TypedUnboxed -> IO ()
-pokeOffTU stk i (TypedUnboxed u t) = pokeOff stk i (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag t))
-{-# INLINE pokeOffTU #-}
-
 bpokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> BVal -> IO ()
 bpokeOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i b = writeArray bstk (sp - i) b
 {-# INLINE bpokeOff #-}

From 8cc3f5c60fd04c80b559bd95a64d478d573add10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 10:41:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 40/89] Change builtins/foreigns to use Val rather than
 Closures

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    | 32 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 230f350503..c96052dce1 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -125,12 +125,12 @@ instance ForeignConvention Char where
 
 -- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
-instance ForeignConvention Closure where
-  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> bpeekOff stk i
-  readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Closure"
-  writeForeign stk c = do
+instance ForeignConvention Val where
+  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOff stk i
+  readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Val"
+  writeForeign stk v = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ (bpoke stk =<< evaluate c)
+    stk <$ (poke stk =<< evaluate v)
 
 instance ForeignConvention Text where
   readForeign = readForeignBuiltin
@@ -431,35 +431,35 @@ instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
 
 -- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
-instance ForeignConvention [Closure] where
+instance ForeignConvention [Val] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
-    (args,) . fmap getBoxedVal . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
-  readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[Closure]"
+    (args,) . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
+  readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[Val]"
   writeForeign stk l = do
     stk <- bump stk
-    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList $ fmap boxedVal l)
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList l)
 
 instance ForeignConvention [Foreign] where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (fmap marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fmap Foreign)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (MVar Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (MVar Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap mvarRef)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (TVar Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (TVar Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap tvarRef)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (IORef Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (IORef Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap refRef)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (Ticket Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (Ticket Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap ticketRef)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (Promise Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (Promise Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap promiseRef)
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ instance ForeignConvention Foreign where
   readForeign = readForeignAs marshalToForeign
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs Foreign
 
-instance ForeignConvention (PA.MutableArray s Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (PA.MutableArray s Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap marrayRef)
 
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ instance ForeignConvention (PA.MutableByteArray s) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap mbytearrayRef)
 
-instance ForeignConvention (PA.Array Closure) where
+instance ForeignConvention (PA.Array Val) where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (unwrapForeign . marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (Foreign . Wrap iarrayRef)
 

From 79df6833e7c5a28b248310f24318470216c38628 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 13:27:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 41/89] Fix bad uargOnto

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 86b5091a98..e77c07a4f6 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ uargOnto stk sp cop cp0 (ArgN v) = do
             loop $ i - 1
   loop $ sz - 1
   when overwrite $
-    copyMutableByteArray cop (bytes $ cp + 1) buf 0 (bytes sz)
+    copyMutableByteArray cop (bytes $ cp0 + 1) buf 0 (bytes sz)
   pure cp
   where
     cp = cp0 + sz

From f5dabea33d23ca8b3e45b705aa8d819d253a5e17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 14:07:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 42/89] Replace Closures with Val in most builtins

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs  | 102 +++++++++---------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs    |  23 +++-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  |  47 ++++----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    |   5 +
 4 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index d0f2f515d0..8b0431342d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
   )
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign qualified as F
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign.Function
-import Unison.Runtime.Stack (Closure)
+import Unison.Runtime.Stack (Val (..), emptyVal)
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack qualified as Closure
 import Unison.Symbol
 import Unison.Type (charRef)
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import Unison.Util.Text.Pattern qualified as TPat
 import Unison.Var
 
-type Failure = F.Failure Closure
+type Failure = F.Failure Val
 
 freshes :: (Var v) => Int -> [v]
 freshes = freshes' mempty
@@ -2223,11 +2223,11 @@ mkForeignIOF f = mkForeign $ \a -> tryIOE (f a)
     handleIOE (Left e) = Left $ Failure Ty.ioFailureRef (Util.Text.pack (show e)) unitValue
     handleIOE (Right a) = Right a
 
-unitValue :: Closure
-unitValue = Closure.Enum Ty.unitRef (PackedTag 0)
+unitValue :: Val
+unitValue = BoxedVal $ Closure.Enum Ty.unitRef (PackedTag 0)
 
-natValue :: Word64 -> Closure
-natValue w =  Closure.NatClosure w
+natValue :: Word64 -> Val
+natValue w = NatVal w
 
 mkForeignTls ::
   forall a r.
@@ -2564,43 +2564,43 @@ declareForeigns = do
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.new" boxDirect
     . mkForeign
-    $ \(c :: Closure) -> newMVar c
+    $ \(c :: Val) -> newMVar c
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.newEmpty.v2" unitDirect
     . mkForeign
-    $ \() -> newEmptyMVar @Closure
+    $ \() -> newEmptyMVar @Val
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.take.impl.v3" boxToEFBox
     . mkForeignIOF
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure) -> takeMVar mv
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> takeMVar mv
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryTake" boxToMaybeBox
     . mkForeign
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure) -> tryTakeMVar mv
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> tryTakeMVar mv
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.put.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure, x) -> putMVar mv x
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val, x) -> putMVar mv x
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryPut.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBool
     . mkForeignIOF
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure, x) -> tryPutMVar mv x
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val, x) -> tryPutMVar mv x
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.swap.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBox
     . mkForeignIOF
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure, x) -> swapMVar mv x
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val, x) -> swapMVar mv x
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.isEmpty" boxToBool
     . mkForeign
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure) -> isEmptyMVar mv
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> isEmptyMVar mv
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.read.impl.v3" boxToEFBox
     . mkForeignIOF
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure) -> readMVar mv
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> readMVar mv
 
   declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryRead.impl.v3" boxToEFMBox
     . mkForeignIOF
-    $ \(mv :: MVar Closure) -> tryReadMVar mv
+    $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> tryReadMVar mv
 
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.toText" (wordDirect Ty.charRef) . mkForeign $
     \(ch :: Char) -> pure (Util.Text.singleton ch)
@@ -2654,35 +2654,35 @@ declareForeigns = do
         \(certs :: [X.SignedCertificate], params :: ServerParams) -> pure $ updateServer (X.makeCertificateStore certs) params
 
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.new" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(c :: Closure) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.newTVar c
+    \(c :: Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.newTVar c
 
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(v :: STM.TVar Closure) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.readTVar v
+    \(v :: STM.TVar Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.readTVar v
 
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.write" boxBoxTo0 . mkForeign $
-    \(v :: STM.TVar Closure, c :: Closure) ->
+    \(v :: STM.TVar Val, c :: Val) ->
       unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.writeTVar v c
 
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.newIO" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(c :: Closure) -> STM.newTVarIO c
+    \(c :: Val) -> STM.newTVarIO c
 
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.readIO" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(v :: STM.TVar Closure) -> STM.readTVarIO v
+    \(v :: STM.TVar Val) -> STM.readTVarIO v
 
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.swap" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(v, c :: Closure) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.swapTVar v c
+    \(v, c :: Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.swapTVar v c
 
   declareForeign Tracked "STM.retry" unitDirect . mkForeign $
-    \() -> unsafeSTMToIO STM.retry :: IO Closure
+    \() -> unsafeSTMToIO STM.retry :: IO Val
 
   -- Scope and Ref stuff
   declareForeign Untracked "Scope.ref" boxDirect
     . mkForeign
-    $ \(c :: Closure) -> newIORef c
+    $ \(c :: Val) -> newIORef c
 
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.ref" boxDirect
     . mkForeign
-    $ \(c :: Closure) -> evaluate c >>= newIORef
+    $ \(c :: Val) -> evaluate c >>= newIORef
 
   -- The docs for IORef state that IORef operations can be observed
   -- out of order ([1]) but actually GHC does emit the appropriate
@@ -2692,16 +2692,16 @@ declareForeigns = do
   -- [2] https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/compiler/GHC/StgToCmm/Prim.hs#L286
   -- [3] https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/compiler/GHC/StgToCmm/Prim.hs#L298
   declareForeign Untracked "Ref.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(r :: IORef Closure) -> readIORef r
+    \(r :: IORef Val) -> readIORef r
 
   declareForeign Untracked "Ref.write" boxBoxTo0 . mkForeign $
-    \(r :: IORef Closure, c :: Closure) -> evaluate c >>= writeIORef r
+    \(r :: IORef Val, c :: Val) -> evaluate c >>= writeIORef r
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Ref.readForCas" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(r :: IORef Closure) -> readForCAS r
+    \(r :: IORef Val) -> readForCAS r
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Ref.Ticket.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(t :: Ticket Closure) -> pure $ peekTicket t
+    \(t :: Ticket Val) -> pure $ peekTicket t
 
   -- In GHC, CAS returns both a Boolean and the current value of the
   -- IORef, which can be used to retry a failed CAS.
@@ -2717,23 +2717,23 @@ declareForeigns = do
   -- [1]: https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/rts/PrimOps.cmm#L697
   -- [2]: https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/compiler/GHC/StgToCmm/Prim.hs#L285
   declareForeign Tracked "Ref.cas" boxBoxBoxToBool . mkForeign $
-    \(r :: IORef Closure, t :: Ticket Closure, v :: Closure) -> fmap fst $
+    \(r :: IORef Val, t :: Ticket Val, v :: Val) -> fmap fst $
       do
         t <- evaluate t
         casIORef r t v
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Promise.new" unitDirect . mkForeign $
-    \() -> newPromise @Closure
+    \() -> newPromise @Val
 
   -- the only exceptions from Promise.read are async and shouldn't be caught
   declareForeign Tracked "Promise.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    \(p :: Promise Closure) -> readPromise p
+    \(p :: Promise Val) -> readPromise p
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Promise.tryRead" boxToMaybeBox . mkForeign $
-    \(p :: Promise Closure) -> tryReadPromise p
+    \(p :: Promise Val) -> tryReadPromise p
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Promise.write" boxBoxToBool . mkForeign $
-    \(p :: Promise Closure, a :: Closure) -> writePromise p a
+    \(p :: Promise Val, a :: Val) -> writePromise p a
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Tls.newClient.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBox . mkForeignTls $
     \( config :: TLS.ClientParams,
@@ -2935,7 +2935,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
               checkBounds name (PA.sizeofMutableArray dst) (doff + l - 1) $
                 checkBounds name (PA.sizeofMutableArray src) (soff + l - 1) $
                   Right
-                    <$> PA.copyMutableArray @IO @Closure
+                    <$> PA.copyMutableArray @IO @Val
                       dst
                       (fromIntegral doff)
                       src
@@ -2969,7 +2969,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
               checkBounds name (PA.sizeofMutableArray dst) (doff + l - 1) $
                 checkBounds name (PA.sizeofArray src) (soff + l - 1) $
                   Right
-                    <$> PA.copyArray @IO @Closure
+                    <$> PA.copyArray @IO @Val
                       dst
                       (fromIntegral doff)
                       src
@@ -2977,9 +2977,9 @@ declareForeigns = do
                       (fromIntegral l)
 
   declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
-    pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofArray @Closure
+    pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofArray @Val
   declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
-    pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofMutableArray @PA.RealWorld @Closure
+    pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofMutableArray @PA.RealWorld @Val
   declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
     pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofByteArray
   declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
@@ -3065,7 +3065,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.freeze!" boxDirect . mkForeign $
     PA.unsafeFreezeByteArray
   declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.freeze!" boxDirect . mkForeign $
-    PA.unsafeFreezeArray @IO @Closure
+    PA.unsafeFreezeArray @IO @Val
 
   declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.freeze" boxNatNatToExnBox . mkForeign $
     \(src, off, len) ->
@@ -3080,9 +3080,9 @@ declareForeigns = do
             $ Right <$> PA.freezeByteArray src (fromIntegral off) (fromIntegral len)
 
   declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.freeze" boxNatNatToExnBox . mkForeign $
-    \(src :: PA.MutableArray PA.RealWorld Closure, off, len) ->
+    \(src :: PA.MutableArray PA.RealWorld Val, off, len) ->
       if len == 0
-        then fmap Right . PA.unsafeFreezeArray =<< PA.newArray 0 ( Closure.BlackHole)
+        then fmap Right . PA.unsafeFreezeArray =<< PA.newArray 0 emptyVal
         else
           checkBounds
             "MutableArray.freeze"
@@ -3097,9 +3097,9 @@ declareForeigns = do
     pure . PA.sizeofByteArray
 
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.array" natToBox . mkForeign $
-    \n -> PA.newArray n (Closure.BlackHole :: Closure)
+    \n -> PA.newArray n emptyVal
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.arrayOf" boxNatToBox . mkForeign $
-    \(v :: Closure, n) -> PA.newArray n v
+    \(v :: Val, n) -> PA.newArray n v
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.bytearray" natToBox . mkForeign $ PA.newByteArray
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.bytearrayOf" natNatToBox
     . mkForeign
@@ -3109,9 +3109,9 @@ declareForeigns = do
       pure arr
 
   declareForeign Untracked "Scope.array" natToBox . mkForeign $
-    \n -> PA.newArray n (Closure.BlackHole :: Closure)
+    \n -> PA.newArray n emptyVal
   declareForeign Untracked "Scope.arrayOf" boxNatToBox . mkForeign $
-    \(v :: Closure, n) -> PA.newArray n v
+    \(v :: Val, n) -> PA.newArray n v
   declareForeign Untracked "Scope.bytearray" natToBox . mkForeign $ PA.newByteArray
   declareForeign Untracked "Scope.bytearrayOf" natNatToBox
     . mkForeign
@@ -3141,12 +3141,12 @@ declareForeigns = do
     \(beg, end) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char . TPat.Not $ TPat.CharRange beg end
   declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.charIn" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
-      Closure.CharClosure c -> pure c
+      CharVal c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.charIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char $ TPat.CharSet cs
   declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.notCharIn" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
-      Closure.CharClosure c -> pure c
+      CharVal c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.notCharIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char . TPat.Not $ TPat.CharSet cs
   declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.many" boxDirect . mkForeign $
@@ -3179,7 +3179,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.range" (wordWordDirect charRef charRef) . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.CharRange a b
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.anyOf" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
-      Closure.CharClosure c -> pure c
+      CharVal c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.charIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate $ TPat.CharSet cs
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.alphanumeric" direct . mkForeign $ \() -> pure (TPat.CharClass TPat.AlphaNum)
@@ -3201,7 +3201,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
 type RW = PA.PrimState IO
 
 checkedRead ::
-  Text -> (PA.MutableArray RW Closure, Word64) -> IO (Either Failure Closure)
+  Text -> (PA.MutableArray RW Val, Word64) -> IO (Either Failure Val)
 checkedRead name (arr, w) =
   checkBounds
     name
@@ -3210,7 +3210,7 @@ checkedRead name (arr, w) =
     (Right <$> PA.readArray arr (fromIntegral w))
 
 checkedWrite ::
-  Text -> (PA.MutableArray RW Closure, Word64, Closure) -> IO (Either Failure ())
+  Text -> (PA.MutableArray RW Val, Word64, Val) -> IO (Either Failure ())
 checkedWrite name (arr, w, v) =
   checkBounds
     name
@@ -3219,7 +3219,7 @@ checkedWrite name (arr, w, v) =
     (Right <$> PA.writeArray arr (fromIntegral w) v)
 
 checkedIndex ::
-  Text -> (PA.Array Closure, Word64) -> IO (Either Failure Closure)
+  Text -> (PA.Array Val, Word64) -> IO (Either Failure Val)
 checkedIndex name (arr, w) =
   checkBounds
     name
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index c96052dce1..8399c7ee13 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -123,8 +123,6 @@ instance ForeignConvention Char where
     stk <- bump stk
     stk <$ pokeC stk ch
 
--- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
--- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
 instance ForeignConvention Val where
   readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> peekOff stk i
   readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Val"
@@ -132,6 +130,15 @@ instance ForeignConvention Val where
     stk <- bump stk
     stk <$ (poke stk =<< evaluate v)
 
+-- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
+-- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
+instance ForeignConvention Closure where
+  readForeign (i : args) stk = (args,) <$> bpeekOff stk i
+  readForeign [] _ = foreignCCError "Closure"
+  writeForeign stk c = do
+    stk <- bump stk
+    stk <$ (bpoke stk =<< evaluate c)
+
 instance ForeignConvention Text where
   readForeign = readForeignBuiltin
   writeForeign = writeForeignBuiltin
@@ -431,7 +438,7 @@ instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
 
 -- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
-instance ForeignConvention [Val] where
+instance {-# OVERLAPPING #-} ForeignConvention [Val] where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
     (args,) . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
   readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[Val]"
@@ -439,6 +446,16 @@ instance ForeignConvention [Val] where
     stk <- bump stk
     stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList l)
 
+-- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
+-- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
+instance {-# OVERLAPPING #-} ForeignConvention [Closure] where
+  readForeign (i : args) stk =
+    (args,) . fmap getBoxedVal . toList <$> peekOffS stk i
+  readForeign _ _ = foreignCCError "[Closure]"
+  writeForeign stk l = do
+    stk <- bump stk
+    stk <$ pokeS stk (Sq.fromList . fmap BoxedVal $ l)
+
 instance ForeignConvention [Foreign] where
   readForeign = readForeignAs (fmap marshalToForeign)
   writeForeign = writeForeignAs (fmap Foreign)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 35e9291371..207250c2c7 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ import Control.Concurrent.STM as STM
 import Control.Exception
 import Control.Lens
 import Data.Bits
-import Data.Char qualified as Char
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
 import Data.Ord (comparing)
-import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Sequence qualified as Sq
 import Data.Set qualified as S
 import Data.Set qualified as Set
@@ -1571,13 +1569,12 @@ bprim1 !stk VWRS i =
 bprim1 !stk PAKT i = do
   s <- peekOffS stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeBi stk . Util.Text.pack . toList $ clo2char <$> s
+  pokeBi stk . Util.Text.pack . toList $ val2char <$> s
   pure stk
   where
-    clo2char :: Val -> Char
-    clo2char (Val _ (CharClosure c)) = c
-    clo2char (Val c tt) | tt == charTypeTag = Char.chr $ c
-    clo2char c = error $ "pack text: non-character closure: " ++ show c
+    val2char :: Val -> Char
+    val2char (CharVal c) = c
+    val2char c = error $ "pack text: non-character closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
@@ -1596,8 +1593,7 @@ bprim1 !stk PAKB i = do
   where
     -- TODO: Should we have a tag for bytes specifically?
     clo2w8 :: Val -> Word8
-    clo2w8 (Val _ (NatClosure n)) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
-    clo2w8 (Val n tt) | tt == natTypeTag = toEnum $ n
+    clo2w8 (NatVal n) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
     clo2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
@@ -2230,8 +2226,14 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
     goV = \case
       -- For back-compatibility we reflect all Unboxed values into boxed literals, we could change this in the future,
       -- but there's not much of a big reason to.
-      UnboxedVal tu -> ANF.BLit <$> reflectUData tu
-      BoxedVal clos ->
+
+      NatVal n -> pure . ANF.BLit $ ANF.Pos n
+      IntVal n
+        | n >= 0 -> pure . ANF.BLit $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral n)
+        | otherwise -> pure . ANF.BLit $ ANF.Neg (fromIntegral (abs n))
+      DoubleVal f -> pure . ANF.BLit $ ANF.Float f
+      CharVal c -> pure . ANF.BLit $ ANF.Char c
+      val@(Val _ clos) ->
         case clos of
           (PApV cix _rComb args) ->
             ANF.Partial (goIx cix) <$> traverse goV args
@@ -2241,7 +2243,7 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
             ANF.Cont <$> traverse goV segs <*> goK k
           (Foreign f) -> ANF.BLit <$> goF f
           BlackHole -> die $ err "black hole"
-          UnboxedTypeTag {} -> die $ err "impossible unboxed type tag"
+          UnboxedTypeTag {} -> die $ err $ "unknown unboxed value" <> show val
 
     goK (CB _) = die $ err "callback continuation"
     goK KE = pure ANF.KE
@@ -2277,19 +2279,6 @@ reflectValue rty = goV
           ANF.Arr <$> traverse goV a
       | otherwise = die $ err $ "foreign value: " <> (show f)
 
-    -- For back-compatibility reasons all unboxed values are uplifted to boxed when serializing to ANF.
-    reflectUData :: TypedUnboxed -> IO ANF.BLit
-    reflectUData (TypedUnboxed v t)
-      | t == TT.natTag = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
-      | t == TT.charTag = pure $ ANF.Char (toEnum v)
-      | t == TT.intTag, v >= 0 = pure $ ANF.Pos (fromIntegral v)
-      | t == TT.intTag, v < 0 = pure $ ANF.Neg (fromIntegral (-v))
-      | t == TT.floatTag = pure $ ANF.Float (intToDouble v)
-      | otherwise = die . err $ "unboxed data: " <> show (t, v)
-
-    intToDouble :: Int -> Double
-    intToDouble w = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [w]) 0
-
 reifyValue :: CCache -> ANF.Value -> IO (Either [Reference] Val)
 reifyValue cc val = do
   erc <-
@@ -2502,12 +2491,14 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
   where
     cmpVal :: Bool -> Val -> Val -> Ordering
     cmpVal tyEq = \cases
-      (UnboxedVal tu1) (UnboxedVal tu2) ->
-        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compare (maskTags $ getTUTag tu1) (maskTags $ getTUTag tu2))
-          <> compare (getTUInt tu1) (getTUInt tu2)
       (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> cmpc tyEq c1 c2
       (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
       (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
+      (UnboxedVal (Val v1 t1)) (UnboxedVal (Val v2 t2)) ->
+        -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
+        -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
+        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compare t1 t2)
+          <> compare v1 v2
     cmpl :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index e77c07a4f6..2c15d9f06f 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         UnboxedVal,
         BoxedVal
       ),
+    emptyVal,
     boxedVal,
     USeq,
     traceK,
@@ -596,6 +597,10 @@ instance Ord Val where
     (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
     (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
 
+-- | A nulled out value you can use when filling empty arrays, etc.
+emptyVal :: Val
+emptyVal = Val (-1) BlackHole
+
 -- | Matches a Val which is known to be unboxed, and returns the entire original value.
 valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe Val
 valToTypedUnboxed v@(Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = Just v

From 3918cdf25d6af56dc010194af639fa5d83868564 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 14:34:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 43/89] Add a few runtime transcript tests

---
 unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md       | 38 ++++++++
 .../transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md       | 88 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
 create mode 100644 unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md

diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe83465195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# An assortment of regression tests that exercise various interesting cases within the runtime.
+
+```ucm:hide
+scratch/main> builtins.merge lib.builtins
+```
+
+
+```unison
+negativeCaseMatch = match -10 with
+  +1 -> "bad"
+  -10 -> "good"
+  +3 -> "bad"
+  _ -> "bad"
+> negativeCaseMatch
+
+funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs : Nat -> Nat -> Nat -> Nat
+funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs x y z =
+  x + y + z
+
+> funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs 1 2 3
+
+funcWithMixedArgTypes : Nat -> Text -> Nat -> Text
+funcWithMixedArgTypes x y z =
+  Nat.toText x ++ y ++ Nat.toText z
+
+> funcWithMixedArgTypes 1 "hello" 2
+
+unboxedAndBoxedArgsInSequences = ([1, 2, 3], ["x", "y", "z"])
+> unboxedAndBoxedArgsInSequences
+
+casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
+           Float.toRepresentation 3.14,
+           Float.fromRepresentation 4614253070214989087,
+           Int.fromRepresentation 100,
+           Int.toRepresentation +10,
+           Int.toRepresentation -10)
+> casting
+```
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29ddf11d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# An assortment of regression tests that exercise various interesting cases within the runtime.
+
+``` unison
+negativeCaseMatch = match -10 with
+  +1 -> "bad"
+  -10 -> "good"
+  +3 -> "bad"
+  _ -> "bad"
+> negativeCaseMatch
+
+funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs : Nat -> Nat -> Nat -> Nat
+funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs x y z =
+  x + y + z
+
+> funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs 1 2 3
+
+funcWithMixedArgTypes : Nat -> Text -> Nat -> Text
+funcWithMixedArgTypes x y z =
+  Nat.toText x ++ y ++ Nat.toText z
+
+> funcWithMixedArgTypes 1 "hello" 2
+
+unboxedAndBoxedArgsInSequences = ([1, 2, 3], ["x", "y", "z"])
+> unboxedAndBoxedArgsInSequences
+
+casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
+           Float.toRepresentation 3.14,
+           Float.fromRepresentation 4614253070214989087,
+           Int.fromRepresentation 100,
+           Int.toRepresentation +10,
+           Int.toRepresentation -10)
+> casting
+```
+
+``` ucm
+
+  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
+
+  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
+  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
+  change:
+  
+    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
+    
+      casting                        : ( Int,
+                                         Nat,
+                                         Float,
+                                         Int,
+                                         Nat,
+                                         Nat)
+      funcWithMixedArgTypes          : Nat
+                                       -> Text
+                                       -> Nat
+                                       -> Text
+      funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs : Nat -> Nat -> Nat -> Nat
+      negativeCaseMatch              : Text
+      unboxedAndBoxedArgsInSequences : ([Nat], [Text])
+  
+  Now evaluating any watch expressions (lines starting with
+  `>`)... Ctrl+C cancels.
+
+    6 | > negativeCaseMatch
+          ⧩
+          "good"
+  
+    12 | > funcWithMoreThanTwoUnboxedArgs 1 2 3
+           ⧩
+           6
+  
+    18 | > funcWithMixedArgTypes 1 "hello" 2
+           ⧩
+           "1hello2"
+  
+    21 | > unboxedAndBoxedArgsInSequences
+           ⧩
+           ([1, 2, 3], ["x", "y", "z"])
+  
+    29 | > casting
+           ⧩
+           ( 100
+           , +4614253070214989087
+           , 4614253070214989087
+           , 100
+           , +10
+           , -10
+           )
+
+```

From 9349c7a1953a4e846309bc192d9d2ebc0eedf0a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 14:34:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 44/89] Simplify BLits by removing superfluous refs and tags

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    | 22 ++---------------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs     |  4 ++--
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 24 +++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index d700478329..d35b5f7e6e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ import Data.Bits (shiftL, shiftR, (.|.))
 import Data.Coerce
 import Data.Functor ((<&>))
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
-import Data.Primitive.ByteArray
 import Data.Primitive.PrimArray
 import Data.Primitive.PrimArray qualified as PA
 import Data.Void (Void, absurd)
@@ -92,7 +91,6 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF
     pattern TVar,
   )
 import Unison.Runtime.ANF qualified as ANF
-import Unison.Runtime.Builtin.Types (builtinTypeNumbering)
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
 import Unison.Util.Text (Text)
 import Unison.Var (Var)
@@ -497,9 +495,7 @@ data GInstr comb
   | -- Push a particular value onto the appropriate stack
     Lit !MLit -- value to push onto the stack
   | -- Push a particular value directly onto the boxed stack
-    -- TODO: We don't actually need the ref/packed tag here,
-    -- we can always infer them from the constructor of MLit.
-    BLit !Reference !PackedTag !MLit
+    BLit !MLit
   | -- Print a value on the unboxed stack
     Print !Int -- index of the primitive value to print
   | -- Put a delimiter on the continuation
@@ -1472,22 +1468,8 @@ litToMLit (ANF.LY r) = MY r
 emitLit :: ANF.Lit -> Instr
 emitLit = Lit . litToMLit
 
-doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
-doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
-
 emitBLit :: ANF.Lit -> Instr
-emitBLit l = case l of
-  (ANF.F d) -> BLit lRef builtinTypeTag (MI $ doubleToInt d)
-  _ -> BLit lRef builtinTypeTag (litToMLit l)
-  where
-    lRef = ANF.litRef l
-    builtinTypeTag :: PackedTag
-    builtinTypeTag =
-      case M.lookup (ANF.litRef l) builtinTypeNumbering of
-        Nothing -> error "emitBLit: unknown builtin type reference"
-        Just n ->
-          let rt = toEnum (fromIntegral n)
-           in (packTags rt 0)
+emitBLit l = BLit (litToMLit l)
 
 -- Emits some fix-up code for calling functions. Some of the
 -- variables in scope come from the top-level let rec, but these
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
index f915a4d035..0907b3a911 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ putInstr = \case
   (Info s) -> putTag InfoT *> serialize s
   (Pack r w a) -> putTag PackT *> putReference r *> putPackedTag w *> putArgs a
   (Lit l) -> putTag LitT *> putLit l
-  (BLit r tt l) -> putTag BLitT *> putReference r *> putPackedTag tt *> putLit l
+  (BLit l) -> putTag BLitT *> putLit l
   (Print i) -> putTag PrintT *> pInt i
   (Reset s) -> putTag ResetT *> putEnumSet pWord s
   (Fork i) -> putTag ForkT *> pInt i
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ getInstr =
     InfoT -> Info <$> deserialize
     PackT -> Pack <$> getReference <*> getPackedTag <*> getArgs
     LitT -> Lit <$> getLit
-    BLitT -> BLit <$> getReference <*> getPackedTag <*> getLit
+    BLitT -> BLit <$> getLit
     PrintT -> Print <$> gInt
     ResetT -> Reset <$> getEnumSet gWord
     ForkT -> Fork <$> gInt
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 207250c2c7..5dd8936a41 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -288,14 +288,18 @@ unitValue = Enum Rf.unitRef TT.unitTag
 lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Val
 lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe (BoxedVal BlackHole) $ EC.lookup p denv
 
-buildLit :: Reference -> PackedTag -> MLit -> Closure
-buildLit _ _ (MI i) = IntClosure i
-buildLit _ _ (MN n) = NatClosure n
-buildLit _ _ (MC c) = CharClosure c
-buildLit _ _ (MT t) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
-buildLit _ _ (MM r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
-buildLit _ _ (MY r) = Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
-buildLit _ _ (MD _) = error "buildLit: double"
+buildBoxedLit :: MLit -> Closure
+buildBoxedLit = \case
+  MT t -> Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
+  MM r -> Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
+  MY r -> Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
+  MI {} -> errUnboxed
+  MN {} -> errUnboxed
+  MC {} -> errUnboxed
+  MD {} -> errUnboxed
+  where
+    errUnboxed = error "buildBoxedList: unboxed type used with BLit"
+{-# INLINE buildBoxedLit #-}
 
 debugger :: (Show a) => Stack -> String -> a -> Bool
 debugger stk msg a = unsafePerformIO $ do
@@ -566,9 +570,9 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MY r)) = do
   stk <- bump stk
   bpoke stk (Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r))
   pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BLit rf tt l) = do
+exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BLit l) = do
   stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk $ buildLit rf tt l
+  bpoke stk $ buildBoxedLit l
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Reset ps) = do
   (stk, a) <- saveArgs stk

From 5f97c6e73bed02f9311e24ba8b3f764758cb8d68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 14:56:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 45/89] Collapse DataU1 DataU2 DataB1 DataB2... into just Data1
 Data2

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 102 ++++++-------------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   |  65 ++++--------
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 5dd8936a41..388078c0e4 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -655,8 +655,7 @@ encodeExn stk exc = do
           | otherwise = (Rf.miscFailureRef, disp exn, boxedVal unitValue)
 
 numValue :: Maybe Reference -> Val -> IO Word64
-numValue _ (UnboxedVal tu) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt tu)
-numValue _ (BoxedVal (DataU1 _ _ i)) = pure (fromIntegral $ getTUInt i)
+numValue _ (Val v (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = pure (fromIntegral @Int @Word64 v)
 numValue mr clo =
   die $
     "numValue: bad closure: "
@@ -947,39 +946,17 @@ closureArgs !_ _ =
   error "closure arguments can only be boxed."
 {-# INLINE closureArgs #-}
 
--- | TODO: Experiment:
--- In cases where we need to check the boxed stack to see where the argument lives
--- we can either fetch from both unboxed and boxed stacks, then check the boxed result;
--- OR we can just fetch from the boxed stack and check the result, then conditionally
--- fetch from the unboxed stack.
---
--- The former puts more work before the branch, which _may_ be better for cpu pipelining,
--- but the latter avoids an unnecessary fetch from the unboxed stack in cases where all args are boxed.
+-- | Pack some number of args into a data type of the provided ref/tag type.
 buildData ::
   Stack -> Reference -> PackedTag -> Args -> IO Closure
 buildData !_ !r !t ZArgs = pure $ Enum r t
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArg1 i) = do
-  bv <- bpeekOff stk i
-  case bv of
-    UnboxedTypeTag ut -> do
-      uv <- upeekOff stk i
-      pure $ DataU1 r t (TypedUnboxed uv ut)
-    _ -> pure $ DataB1 r t bv
+  v <- peekOff stk i
+  pure $ Data1 r t v
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArg2 i j) = do
-  b1 <- bpeekOff stk i
-  b2 <- bpeekOff stk j
-  case (b1, b2) of
-    (UnboxedTypeTag t1, UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> do
-      u1 <- upeekOff stk i
-      u2 <- upeekOff stk j
-      pure $ DataU2 r t (TypedUnboxed u1 t1) (TypedUnboxed u2 t2)
-    (UnboxedTypeTag t1, _) -> do
-      u1 <- upeekOff stk i
-      pure $ DataUB r t (TypedUnboxed u1 t1) b2
-    (_, UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> do
-      u2 <- upeekOff stk j
-      pure $ DataBU r t b1 (TypedUnboxed u2 t2)
-    _ -> pure $ DataB2 r t b1 b2
+  v1 <- peekOff stk i
+  v2 <- peekOff stk j
+  pure $ Data2 r t v1 v2
 buildData !stk !r !t (VArgR i l) = do
   seg <- augSeg I stk nullSeg (Just $ ArgR i l)
   pure $ DataG r t seg
@@ -1006,39 +983,20 @@ dumpDataNoTag ::
 dumpDataNoTag !mr !stk = \case
   -- Normally we want to avoid dumping unboxed values since it's unnecessary, but sometimes we don't know the type of
   -- the incoming value and end up dumping unboxed values, so we just push them back to the stack as-is. e.g. in type-casts/coercions
-  val@(UnboxedVal tu) -> do
+  val@(Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag t)) -> do
     stk <- bump stk
     poke stk val
-    pure (getTUTag tu, stk)
-  (BoxedVal clos) -> case clos of
+    pure (t, stk)
+  Val _ clos -> case clos of
     (Enum _ t) -> pure (t, stk)
-    (DataU1 _ t x) -> do
-      stk <- bump stk
-      pokeTU stk x
-      pure (t, stk)
-    (DataU2 _ t x y) -> do
-      stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      pokeOffTU stk 1 y
-      pokeTU stk x
-      pure (t, stk)
-    (DataB1 _ t x) -> do
+    (Data1 _ t x) -> do
       stk <- bump stk
-      bpoke stk x
-      pure (t, stk)
-    (DataB2 _ t x y) -> do
-      stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      bpokeOff stk 1 y
-      bpoke stk x
-      pure (t, stk)
-    (DataUB _ t x y) -> do
-      stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      pokeTU stk x
-      bpokeOff stk 1 y
+      poke stk x
       pure (t, stk)
-    (DataBU _ t x y) -> do
+    (Data2 _ t x y) -> do
       stk <- bumpn stk 2
-      bpoke stk x
-      pokeOffTU stk 1 y
+      pokeOff stk 1 y
+      poke stk x
       pure (t, stk)
     (DataG _ t seg) -> do
       stk <- dumpSeg stk seg S
@@ -1584,26 +1542,24 @@ bprim1 !stk UPKT i = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeS stk
     . Sq.fromList
-    -- TODO: Should this be unboxed chars?
-    . fmap (boxedVal . CharClosure)
+    . fmap CharVal
     . Util.Text.unpack
     $ t
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk PAKB i = do
   s <- peekOffS stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  pokeBi stk . By.fromWord8s . fmap clo2w8 $ toList s
+  pokeBi stk . By.fromWord8s . fmap val2w8 $ toList s
   pure stk
   where
     -- TODO: Should we have a tag for bytes specifically?
-    clo2w8 :: Val -> Word8
-    clo2w8 (NatVal n) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
-    clo2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
+    val2w8 :: Val -> Word8
+    val2w8 (NatVal n) = toEnum . fromEnum $ n
+    val2w8 c = error $ "pack bytes: non-natural closure: " ++ show c
 bprim1 !stk UPKB i = do
   b <- peekOffBi stk i
   stk <- bump stk
-  -- TODO: Should this be unboxed nats/bytes?
-  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (boxedVal . NatClosure . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
+  pokeS stk . Sq.fromList . fmap (NatVal . toEnum @Word64 . fromEnum @Word8) $
     By.toWord8s b
   pure stk
 bprim1 !stk SIZB i = do
@@ -1845,7 +1801,7 @@ yield !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k = leap denv k
     leap !denv0 (Mark a ps cs k) = do
       let denv = cs <> EC.withoutKeys denv0 ps
           val = denv0 EC.! EC.findMin ps
-      bpoke stk . DataB1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) =<< bpeek stk
+      bpoke stk . Data1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) =<< peek stk
       stk <- adjustArgs stk a
       apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) val
     leap !denv (Push fsz asz (CIx ref _ _) f nx k) = do
@@ -1980,7 +1936,7 @@ refLookup s m r
 decodeCacheArgument ::
   USeq -> IO [(Reference, Code)]
 decodeCacheArgument s = for (toList s) $ \case
-  (Val _unboxed (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign x) (DataB2 _ _ (Foreign y) _))) ->
+  (Val _unboxed (Data2 _ _ (BoxedVal (Foreign x)) (BoxedVal (Data2 _ _ (BoxedVal (Foreign y)) _)))) ->
     case unwrapForeign x of
       Ref r -> pure (r, unwrapForeign y)
       _ -> die "decodeCacheArgument: Con reference"
@@ -1999,15 +1955,15 @@ encodeSandboxListResult =
 
 encodeSandboxResult :: Either [Reference] [Reference] -> Closure
 encodeSandboxResult (Left rfs) =
-  encodeLeft . Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef $ encodeSandboxListResult rfs
+  encodeLeft . boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef $ encodeSandboxListResult rfs
 encodeSandboxResult (Right rfs) =
-  encodeRight . Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef $ encodeSandboxListResult rfs
+  encodeRight . boxedVal . Foreign . Wrap Rf.listRef $ encodeSandboxListResult rfs
 
-encodeLeft :: Closure -> Closure
-encodeLeft = DataB1 Rf.eitherRef TT.leftTag
+encodeLeft :: Val -> Closure
+encodeLeft = Data1 Rf.eitherRef TT.leftTag
 
-encodeRight :: Closure -> Closure
-encodeRight = DataB1 Rf.eitherRef TT.rightTag
+encodeRight :: Val -> Closure
+encodeRight = Data1 Rf.eitherRef TT.rightTag
 
 addRefs ::
   TVar Word64 ->
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 2c15d9f06f..2972b00699 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -8,12 +8,8 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         CapV,
         PAp,
         Enum,
-        DataU1,
-        DataU2,
-        DataB1,
-        DataB2,
-        DataUB,
-        DataBU,
+        Data1,
+        Data2,
         DataG,
         Captured,
         Foreign,
@@ -202,12 +198,8 @@ data GClosure comb
       {-# UNPACK #-} !(GCombInfo comb)
       {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg -- args
   | GEnum !Reference !PackedTag
-  | GDataU1 !Reference !PackedTag !Val
-  | GDataU2 !Reference !PackedTag !Val !Val
-  | GDataB1 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataB2 !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataUB !Reference !PackedTag !Val !(GClosure comb)
-  | GDataBU !Reference !PackedTag !(GClosure comb) !Val
+  | GData1 !Reference !PackedTag !Val
+  | GData2 !Reference !PackedTag !Val !Val
   | GDataG !Reference !PackedTag {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
   | -- code cont, arg size, u/b data stacks
     GCaptured !K !Int {-# UNPACK #-} !Seg
@@ -226,29 +218,15 @@ instance Eq (GClosure comb) where
 instance Ord (GClosure comb) where
   compare a b = compare (a $> ()) (b $> ())
 
+pattern PAp :: CombIx -> GCombInfo (RComb Val) -> Seg -> Closure
 pattern PAp cix comb seg = Closure (GPAp cix comb seg)
 
+pattern Enum :: Reference -> PackedTag -> Closure
 pattern Enum r t = Closure (GEnum r t)
 
-pattern DataU1 r t i = Closure (GDataU1 r t i)
+pattern Data1 r t i = Closure (GData1 r t i)
 
-pattern DataU2 r t i j = Closure (GDataU2 r t i j)
-
-pattern DataB1 r t x <- Closure (GDataB1 r t (Closure -> x))
-  where
-    DataB1 r t x = Closure (GDataB1 r t (unClosure x))
-
-pattern DataB2 r t x y <- Closure (GDataB2 r t (Closure -> x) (Closure -> y))
-  where
-    DataB2 r t x y = Closure (GDataB2 r t (unClosure x) (unClosure y))
-
-pattern DataUB r t i y <- Closure (GDataUB r t i (Closure -> y))
-  where
-    DataUB r t i y = Closure (GDataUB r t i (unClosure y))
-
-pattern DataBU r t y i <- Closure (GDataBU r t (Closure -> y) i)
-  where
-    DataBU r t y i = Closure (GDataBU r t (unClosure y) i)
+pattern Data2 r t i j = Closure (GData2 r t i j)
 
 pattern DataG r t seg = Closure (GDataG r t seg)
 
@@ -260,7 +238,7 @@ pattern BlackHole = Closure GBlackHole
 
 pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
 
-{-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, DataU1, DataU2, DataB1, DataB2, DataUB, DataBU, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
+{-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, Data1, Data2, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
 
 {-# COMPLETE DataC, PAp, Captured, Foreign, BlackHole, UnboxedTypeTag #-}
 
@@ -297,12 +275,8 @@ traceK begin = dedup (begin, 1)
 splitData :: Closure -> Maybe (Reference, PackedTag, SegList)
 splitData = \case
   (Enum r t) -> Just (r, t, [])
-  (DataU1 r t u) -> Just (r, t, [u])
-  (DataU2 r t i j) -> Just (r, t, [i, j])
-  (DataB1 r t x) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal x])
-  (DataB2 r t x y) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal x, boxedVal y])
-  (DataUB r t u b) -> Just (r, t, [u, boxedVal b])
-  (DataBU r t b u) -> Just (r, t, [boxedVal b, u])
+  (Data1 r t u) -> Just (r, t, [u])
+  (Data2 r t i j) -> Just (r, t, [i, j])
   (DataG r t seg) -> Just (r, t, segToList seg)
   _ -> Nothing
 
@@ -325,12 +299,8 @@ bseg = L.fromList . reverse
 
 formData :: Reference -> PackedTag -> SegList -> Closure
 formData r t [] = Enum r t
-formData r t [UnboxedVal tu] = DataU1 r t tu
-formData r t [UnboxedVal i, UnboxedVal j] = DataU2 r t i j
-formData r t [UnboxedVal u, Val _ b] = DataUB r t u b
-formData r t [Val _ b, UnboxedVal u] = DataBU r t b u
-formData r t [Val _ x] = DataB1 r t x
-formData r t [Val _ x, Val _ y] = DataB2 r t x y
+formData r t [v1] = Data1 r t v1
+formData r t [v1, v2] = Data2 r t v1 v2
 formData r t segList = DataG r t (segFromList segList)
 
 frameDataSize :: K -> Int
@@ -1082,11 +1052,10 @@ closureTermRefs :: (Monoid m) => (Reference -> m) -> (Closure -> m)
 closureTermRefs f = \case
   PAp (CIx r _ _) _ (_useg, bseg) ->
     f r <> foldMap (closureTermRefs f) bseg
-  (DataB1 _ _ c) -> closureTermRefs f c
-  (DataB2 _ _ c1 c2) ->
-    closureTermRefs f c1 <> closureTermRefs f c2
-  (DataUB _ _ _ c) ->
-    closureTermRefs f c
+  (DataC _ _ vs) ->
+    vs & foldMap \case
+      BoxedVal c -> closureTermRefs f c
+      UnboxedVal {} -> mempty
   (Captured k _ (_useg, bseg)) ->
     contTermRefs f k <> foldMap (closureTermRefs f) bseg
   (Foreign fo)

From 35119f18b2e37c95367d4d2e18878f56eaf1a47c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 15:34:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 46/89] Unify MCode Lits to simplify boxing/unboxing of lits

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs      |  2 -
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    | 10 ++--
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs     |  5 --
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 54 +++++--------------
 .../transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md       |  8 +--
 5 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index db76277817..e7d6d955d5 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -1835,8 +1835,6 @@ anfBlock (Boolean' b) =
   pure (mempty, pure $ TCon Ty.booleanRef (if b then 1 else 0) [])
 anfBlock (Lit' l@(T _)) =
   pure (mempty, pure $ TLit l)
-anfBlock (Lit' l@(N _)) =
-  pure (mempty, pure $ TLit l)
 anfBlock (Lit' l) =
   pure (mempty, pure $ TBLit l)
 anfBlock (Ref' r) = pure (mempty, (Indirect (), TCom r []))
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index d35b5f7e6e..e13447d39e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -494,8 +494,6 @@ data GInstr comb
       !Args -- arguments to pack
   | -- Push a particular value onto the appropriate stack
     Lit !MLit -- value to push onto the stack
-  | -- Push a particular value directly onto the boxed stack
-    BLit !MLit
   | -- Print a value on the unboxed stack
     Print !Int -- index of the primitive value to print
   | -- Put a delimiter on the continuation
@@ -960,7 +958,7 @@ emitSection _ _ _ _ ctx (TLit l) =
       | ANF.LY {} <- l = addCount 1
       | otherwise = addCount 1
 emitSection _ _ _ _ ctx (TBLit l) =
-  addCount 1 . countCtx ctx . Ins (emitBLit l) . Yield $ VArg1 0
+  addCount 1 . countCtx ctx . Ins (emitLit l) . Yield $ VArg1 0
 emitSection rns grpr grpn rec ctx (TMatch v bs)
   | Just (i, BX) <- ctxResolve ctx v,
     MatchData r cs df <- bs =
@@ -1136,7 +1134,7 @@ emitLet ::
 emitLet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (TLit l) =
   fmap (Ins $ emitLit l)
 emitLet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (TBLit l) =
-  fmap (Ins $ emitBLit l)
+  fmap (Ins $ emitLit l)
 -- emitLet rns grp _   _ _   ctx (TApp (FComb r) args)
 --   -- We should be able to tell if we are making a saturated call
 --   -- or not here. We aren't carrying the information here yet, though.
@@ -1465,12 +1463,10 @@ litToMLit (ANF.T t) = MT t
 litToMLit (ANF.LM r) = MM r
 litToMLit (ANF.LY r) = MY r
 
+-- | Emit a literal as a machine literal of the correct boxed/unboxed format.
 emitLit :: ANF.Lit -> Instr
 emitLit = Lit . litToMLit
 
-emitBLit :: ANF.Lit -> Instr
-emitBLit l = BLit (litToMLit l)
-
 -- Emits some fix-up code for calling functions. Some of the
 -- variables in scope come from the top-level let rec, but these
 -- are definitions, not values on the stack. These definitions cannot
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
index 0907b3a911..1633f1c10f 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode/Serialize.hs
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ data InstrT
   | AtomicallyT
   | SeqT
   | TryForceT
-  | BLitT
 
 instance Tag InstrT where
   tag2word UPrim1T = 0
@@ -180,7 +179,6 @@ instance Tag InstrT where
   tag2word AtomicallyT = 14
   tag2word SeqT = 15
   tag2word TryForceT = 16
-  tag2word BLitT = 17
 
   word2tag 0 = pure UPrim1T
   word2tag 1 = pure UPrim2T
@@ -199,7 +197,6 @@ instance Tag InstrT where
   word2tag 14 = pure AtomicallyT
   word2tag 15 = pure SeqT
   word2tag 16 = pure TryForceT
-  word2tag 17 = pure BLitT
   word2tag n = unknownTag "InstrT" n
 
 putInstr :: (MonadPut m) => GInstr cix -> m ()
@@ -215,7 +212,6 @@ putInstr = \case
   (Info s) -> putTag InfoT *> serialize s
   (Pack r w a) -> putTag PackT *> putReference r *> putPackedTag w *> putArgs a
   (Lit l) -> putTag LitT *> putLit l
-  (BLit l) -> putTag BLitT *> putLit l
   (Print i) -> putTag PrintT *> pInt i
   (Reset s) -> putTag ResetT *> putEnumSet pWord s
   (Fork i) -> putTag ForkT *> pInt i
@@ -237,7 +233,6 @@ getInstr =
     InfoT -> Info <$> deserialize
     PackT -> Pack <$> getReference <*> getPackedTag <*> getArgs
     LitT -> Lit <$> getLit
-    BLitT -> BLit <$> getLit
     PrintT -> Print <$> gInt
     ResetT -> Reset <$> getEnumSet gWord
     ForkT -> Fork <$> gInt
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 388078c0e4..ebec65c590 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -288,18 +288,16 @@ unitValue = Enum Rf.unitRef TT.unitTag
 lookupDenv :: Word64 -> DEnv -> Val
 lookupDenv p denv = fromMaybe (BoxedVal BlackHole) $ EC.lookup p denv
 
-buildBoxedLit :: MLit -> Closure
-buildBoxedLit = \case
-  MT t -> Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
-  MM r -> Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
-  MY r -> Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
-  MI {} -> errUnboxed
-  MN {} -> errUnboxed
-  MC {} -> errUnboxed
-  MD {} -> errUnboxed
-  where
-    errUnboxed = error "buildBoxedList: unboxed type used with BLit"
-{-# INLINE buildBoxedLit #-}
+litToVal :: MLit -> Val
+litToVal = \case
+  MT t -> BoxedVal $ Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t)
+  MM r -> BoxedVal $ Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r)
+  MY r -> BoxedVal $ Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r)
+  MI i -> IntVal i
+  MN n -> NatVal n
+  MC c -> CharVal c
+  MD d -> DoubleVal d
+{-# INLINE litToVal #-}
 
 debugger :: (Show a) => Stack -> String -> a -> Bool
 debugger stk msg a = unsafePerformIO $ do
@@ -542,37 +540,9 @@ exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Print i) = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   Tx.putStrLn (Util.Text.toText t)
   pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MI n)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  pokeI stk n
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MC c)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  pokeC stk c
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MN n)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  pokeN stk n
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MD d)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  pokeD stk d
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MT t)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk (Foreign (Wrap Rf.textRef t))
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MM r)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk (Foreign (Wrap Rf.termLinkRef r))
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit (MY r)) = do
-  stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk (Foreign (Wrap Rf.typeLinkRef r))
-  pure (denv, stk, k)
-exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (BLit l) = do
+exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Lit ml) = do
   stk <- bump stk
-  bpoke stk $ buildBoxedLit l
+  poke stk $ litToVal ml
   pure (denv, stk, k)
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Reset ps) = do
   (stk, a) <- saveArgs stk
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
index 29ddf11d07..a8d9795aa1 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
@@ -77,12 +77,6 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
   
     29 | > casting
            ⧩
-           ( 100
-           , +4614253070214989087
-           , 4614253070214989087
-           , 100
-           , +10
-           , -10
-           )
+           (100, 3.14, 4614253070214989087, 100, +10, -10)
 
 ```

From 963d8238945820bcd3649582a15f3140a12907b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 21:30:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 47/89] Fix up UnboxedVal patterns

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 23 +++++------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 43 ++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index ebec65c590..57b37f4137 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ encodeExn stk exc = do
           | otherwise = (Rf.miscFailureRef, disp exn, boxedVal unitValue)
 
 numValue :: Maybe Reference -> Val -> IO Word64
-numValue _ (Val v (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = pure (fromIntegral @Int @Word64 v)
+numValue _ (UnboxedVal v _) = pure (fromIntegral @Int @Word64 v)
 numValue mr clo =
   die $
     "numValue: bad closure: "
@@ -953,11 +953,11 @@ dumpDataNoTag ::
 dumpDataNoTag !mr !stk = \case
   -- Normally we want to avoid dumping unboxed values since it's unnecessary, but sometimes we don't know the type of
   -- the incoming value and end up dumping unboxed values, so we just push them back to the stack as-is. e.g. in type-casts/coercions
-  val@(Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag t)) -> do
+  val@(UnboxedVal _ t) -> do
     stk <- bump stk
     poke stk val
     pure (t, stk)
-  Val _ clos -> case clos of
+  BoxedVal clos -> case clos of
     (Enum _ t) -> pure (t, stk)
     (Data1 _ t x) -> do
       stk <- bump stk
@@ -2329,10 +2329,9 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
     eql :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> [a] -> [b] -> Bool
     eql cm l r = length l == length r && and (zipWith cm l r)
     eqVal :: Val -> Val -> Bool
-    eqVal (Val u (ut@UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val v (vt@UnboxedTypeTag {})) = u == v && ut == vt
-    eqVal (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val _ _) = False
-    eqVal (Val _ _) (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = False
-    eqVal (Val _ x) (Val _ y) = eqc x y
+    eqVal (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) = t1 == t2 && v1 == v2
+    eqVal (BoxedVal x) (BoxedVal y) = eqc x y
+    eqVal _ _ = False
     eqc :: Closure -> Closure -> Bool
     eqc (DataC _ ct1 [w1]) (DataC _ ct2 [w2]) =
       matchTags ct1 ct2 && eqVal w1 w2
@@ -2422,9 +2421,9 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
     cmpVal :: Bool -> Val -> Val -> Ordering
     cmpVal tyEq = \cases
       (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> cmpc tyEq c1 c2
-      (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
-      (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
-      (UnboxedVal (Val v1 t1)) (UnboxedVal (Val v2 t2)) ->
+      (UnboxedVal {}) (BoxedVal {}) -> LT
+      (BoxedVal {}) (UnboxedVal {}) -> GT
+      (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) ->
         -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
         -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
         Monoid.whenM tyEq (compare t1 t2)
@@ -2464,8 +2463,8 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       -- Written in a strange way way to maintain back-compat with the
       -- old val lists which had boxed/unboxed separated
       let partitionVals = foldMap \case
-            UnboxedVal tu -> ([tu], mempty)
-            BoxedVal b -> (mempty, [b])
+            UnboxedVal v tt -> ([(tt, v)], mempty)
+            BoxedVal clos -> (mempty, [clos])
           (us1, bs1) = partitionVals vs1
           (us2, bs2) = partitionVals vs2
        in cmpl compare us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 2972b00699..a1a0d0fbc1 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -320,43 +320,43 @@ pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
 
 matchCharVal :: Val -> Maybe Char
 matchCharVal = \case
-  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr u)
+  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern CharVal :: Char -> Val
 pattern CharVal c <- (matchCharVal -> Just c)
   where
-    CharVal c = Val (Char.ord c) (UnboxedTypeTag TT.charTag)
+    CharVal c = UnboxedVal (Char.ord c) TT.charTag
 
 matchNatVal :: Val -> Maybe Word64
 matchNatVal = \case
-  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum u)
+  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val
 pattern NatVal n <- (matchNatVal -> Just n)
   where
-    NatVal n = Val (fromEnum n) (UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag)
+    NatVal n = UnboxedVal (fromEnum n) TT.natTag
 
 matchDoubleVal :: Val -> Maybe Double
 matchDoubleVal = \case
-  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble u)
+  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern DoubleVal :: Double -> Val
 pattern DoubleVal d <- (matchDoubleVal -> Just d)
   where
-    DoubleVal d = Val (doubleToInt d) (UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag)
+    DoubleVal d = UnboxedVal (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag
 
 matchIntVal :: Val -> Maybe Int
 matchIntVal = \case
-  (Val u (UnboxedTypeTag tt)) | tt == TT.intTag -> Just u
+  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.intTag -> Just u
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern IntVal :: Int -> Val
 pattern IntVal i <- (matchIntVal -> Just i)
   where
-    IntVal i = Val i (UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag)
+    IntVal i = UnboxedVal i TT.intTag
 
 doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
 doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
@@ -555,31 +555,24 @@ data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
 
 instance Eq Val where
   (==) = \cases
-    (Val u (ut@UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val v (vt@UnboxedTypeTag {})) -> u == v && ut == vt
-    (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) (Val _ _) -> False
-    (Val _ _) (Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) -> False
-    (Val _ x) (Val _ y) -> x == y
+    (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) -> t1 == t2 && v1 == v2
+    (BoxedVal x) (BoxedVal y) -> x == y
+    (UnboxedVal {}) (BoxedVal {}) -> False
+    (BoxedVal {}) (UnboxedVal {}) -> False
 
 instance Ord Val where
   compare = \cases
     (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> compare c1 c2
-    (UnboxedVal (Val i1 t1)) (UnboxedVal (Val i2 t2)) -> compare t1 t2 <> compare i1 i2
-    (UnboxedVal _) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
-    (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal _) -> GT
+    (UnboxedVal i1 t1) (UnboxedVal i2 t2) -> compare t1 t2 <> compare i1 i2
+    (UnboxedVal {}) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
+    (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal {}) -> GT
 
 -- | A nulled out value you can use when filling empty arrays, etc.
 emptyVal :: Val
 emptyVal = Val (-1) BlackHole
 
--- | Matches a Val which is known to be unboxed, and returns the entire original value.
-valToTypedUnboxed :: Val -> Maybe Val
-valToTypedUnboxed v@(Val _ (UnboxedTypeTag {})) = Just v
-valToTypedUnboxed _ = Nothing
-
-pattern UnboxedVal :: Val -> Val
-pattern UnboxedVal t <- (valToTypedUnboxed -> Just t)
-  where
-    UnboxedVal v = v
+pattern UnboxedVal :: Int -> PackedTag -> Val
+pattern UnboxedVal v t = (Val v (UnboxedTypeTag t))
 
 valToBoxed :: Val -> Maybe Closure
 valToBoxed UnboxedVal {} = Nothing
@@ -589,7 +582,7 @@ valToBoxed (Val _ b) = Just b
 pattern BoxedVal :: Closure -> Val
 pattern BoxedVal b <- (valToBoxed -> Just b)
   where
-    BoxedVal b = Val 0 b
+    BoxedVal b = Val (-1) b
 
 {-# COMPLETE UnboxedVal, BoxedVal #-}
 

From e254c11030d701c0c1245f2d82ce94812d66c6f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 22:18:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 48/89] Simplify ForeignOp helpers

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 1067 +++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 390 insertions(+), 677 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 8b0431342d..aac6b369ee 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ import Crypto.PubKey.Ed25519 qualified as Ed25519
 import Crypto.PubKey.RSA.PKCS15 qualified as RSA
 import Crypto.Random (getRandomBytes)
 import Data.Bits (shiftL, shiftR, (.|.))
-import Unison.Runtime.Builtin.Types
 import Data.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.ByteString (hGet, hGetSome, hPut)
 import Data.ByteString.Lazy qualified as L
@@ -163,6 +162,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF as ANF
 import Unison.Runtime.ANF.Rehash (checkGroupHashes)
 import Unison.Runtime.ANF.Serialize as ANF
 import Unison.Runtime.Array qualified as PA
+import Unison.Runtime.Builtin.Types
 import Unison.Runtime.Crypto.Rsa as Rsa
 import Unison.Runtime.Exception (die)
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
@@ -175,7 +175,6 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Foreign.Function
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack (Val (..), emptyVal)
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack qualified as Closure
 import Unison.Symbol
-import Unison.Type (charRef)
 import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as Bytes
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
@@ -299,11 +298,6 @@ notlift :: (Var v) => v -> ANormal v
 notlift v =
   TMatch v $ MatchIntegral (mapFromList [(1, fls), (0, tru)]) Nothing
 
--- unbox :: (Var v) => v -> Reference -> v -> ANormal v -> ANormal v
--- unbox v0 r v b =
---   TMatch v0 $
---     MatchData r (mapSingleton 0 $ ([UN], TAbs v b)) Nothing
-
 unenum :: (Var v) => Int -> v -> Reference -> v -> ANormal v -> ANormal v
 unenum n v0 r v nx =
   TMatch v0 $ MatchData r cases Nothing
@@ -333,7 +327,7 @@ unop pop rf = unop' pop rf rf
 unop' :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 unop' pop _rfi _rfo =
   unop0 0 $ \[x] ->
-      (TPrm pop [x])
+    (TPrm pop [x])
 
 binop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 binop pop rf = binop' pop rf rf rf
@@ -346,35 +340,35 @@ binop' ::
   Reference ->
   SuperNormal v
 binop' pop _rfx _rfy _rfr =
-  binop0 0 $ \[ x, y] -> TPrm pop [x, y]
+  binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm pop [x, y]
 
 -- | Lift a comparison op.
 cmpop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 cmpop pop _rf =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
-      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
-      $ boolift b
+    TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y]) $
+      boolift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps the arguments.
 cmpopb :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 cmpopb pop _rf =
-  binop0 1 $ \[ x, y, b] ->
-      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
-      $ boolift b
+  binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
+    TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x]) $
+      boolift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but negates the result.
 cmpopn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 cmpopn pop _rf =
-  binop0 1 $ \[ x, y, b] ->
-      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y])
-      $ notlift b
+  binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
+    TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y]) $
+      notlift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps arguments then negates the result.
 cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
 cmpopbn pop _rf =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
-      TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x])
-      $ notlift b
+    TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x]) $
+      notlift b
 
 addi, subi, muli, divi, modi, shli, shri, powi :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 addi = binop ADDI Ty.intRef
@@ -504,7 +498,7 @@ n2f = unop' NTOF Ty.natRef Ty.floatRef
 
 trni :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 trni = unop0 2 $ \[x, z, b] ->
-    TLetD z UN (TLit $ I 0)
+  TLetD z UN (TLit $ I 0)
     . TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQI [x, z])
     . TMatch b
     $ MatchIntegral
@@ -514,7 +508,7 @@ trni = unop0 2 $ \[x, z, b] ->
 modular :: (Var v) => POp -> (Bool -> ANormal v) -> SuperNormal v
 modular pop ret =
   unop0 2 $ \[x, m, t] ->
-      TLetD t UN (TLit $ I 2)
+    TLetD t UN (TLit $ I 2)
       . TLetD m UN (TPrm pop [x, t])
       . TMatch m
       $ MatchIntegral
@@ -529,22 +523,22 @@ oddn = modular MODN (\b -> if b then tru else fls)
 
 dropn :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 dropn = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
-    TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y])
-    $ ( TMatch b $
-          MatchIntegral
-            (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
-            (Just $ TPrm SUBN [x, y])
-      )
+  TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y]) $
+    ( TMatch b $
+        MatchIntegral
+          (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
+          (Just $ TPrm SUBN [x, y])
+    )
 
 appendt, taket, dropt, indext, indexb, sizet, unconst, unsnoct :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 appendt = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CATT [x, y]
 taket = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] ->
-    TPrm TAKT [x, y]
+  TPrm TAKT [x, y]
 dropt = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] ->
-    TPrm DRPT [x, y]
+  TPrm DRPT [x, y]
 
-atb = binop0 2 $ \[n, b, t,  r] ->
-    TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXB [n, b])
+atb = binop0 2 $ \[n, b, t, r] ->
+  TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXB [n, b])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -601,7 +595,7 @@ unconst = unop0 6 $ \[x, t, c, y, p, u, yp] ->
         )
       ]
 
-unsnoct = unop0 6 $ \[x, t,  c, y, p, u, cp] ->
+unsnoct = unop0 6 $ \[x, t, c, y, p, u, cp] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm USNC [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -627,8 +621,8 @@ takes, drops, sizes, ats, emptys :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 takes = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm TAKS [x, y]
 drops = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm DRPS [x, y]
 sizes = unop0 0 $ \[x] -> (TPrm SIZS [x])
-ats = binop0 2 $ \[x, y,  t, r] ->
-    TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXS [x, y])
+ats = binop0 2 $ \[x, y, t, r] ->
+  TLetD t UN (TPrm IDXS [x, y])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -657,7 +651,7 @@ viewrs = unop0 3 $ \[s, u, i, l] ->
 
 splitls, splitrs :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 splitls = binop0 3 $ \[n, s, t, l, r] ->
-    TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLL [n, s])
+  TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLL [n, s])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -665,7 +659,7 @@ splitls = binop0 3 $ \[n, s, t, l, r] ->
         (1, ([BX, BX], TAbss [l, r] $ seqViewElem l r))
       ]
 splitrs = binop0 3 $ \[n, s, t, l, r] ->
-    TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLR [n, s])
+  TLetD t UN (TPrm SPLR [n, s])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -720,7 +714,7 @@ n2t = unop0 0 $ \[n] -> TPrm NTOT [n]
 f2t = unop0 0 $ \[f] -> TPrm FTOT [f]
 
 t2i, t2n, t2f :: SuperNormal Symbol
-t2i = unop0 2 $ \[x, t,  n] ->
+t2i = unop0 2 $ \[x, t, n] ->
   TLetD t UN (TPrm TTOI [x])
     . TMatch t
     . MatchSum
@@ -764,8 +758,8 @@ equ = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
 
 cmpu :: SuperNormal Symbol
 cmpu = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, c] ->
-  TLetD c UN (TPrm CMPU [x, y])
-  $ (TPrm DECI [c])
+  TLetD c UN (TPrm CMPU [x, y]) $
+    (TPrm DECI [c])
 
 ltu :: SuperNormal Symbol
 ltu = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, c] ->
@@ -821,8 +815,9 @@ coerceType :: Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal Symbol
 coerceType _ri _ro =
   -- TODO: Fix this with a proper type-coercion
   unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TVar x
-    -- unbox x0 ri x $
-    --   TCon ro 0 [x]
+
+-- unbox x0 ri x $
+--   TCon ro 0 [x]
 
 -- This version of unsafeCoerce is the identity function. It works
 -- only if the two types being coerced between are actually the same,
@@ -1033,7 +1028,7 @@ seek'handle instr =
     . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, seek, arg3])
     $ outIoFailUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 unit fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, seek,  stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail, result) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, arg3, seek, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail, result) = fresh
 
 no'buf, line'buf, block'buf, sblock'buf :: (Enum e) => e
 no'buf = toEnum $ fromIntegral Ty.bufferModeNoBufferingId
@@ -1046,24 +1041,17 @@ infixr 0 -->
 (-->) :: a -> b -> (a, b)
 x --> y = (x, y)
 
--- Box an unboxed value
--- Takes the boxed variable, the unboxed variable, and the type of the value
-box :: (Var v) => v -> v -> Reference -> Term ANormalF v -> Term ANormalF v
-box b u ty = TLetD b BX (TCon ty 0 [u])
-
 time'zone :: ForeignOp
 time'zone instr =
   ([BX],)
     . TAbss [secs]
     . TLets Direct [offset, summer, name] [UN, UN, BX] (TFOp instr [secs])
-    . box bsummer summer Ty.natRef
-    . box boffset offset Ty.intRef
     . TLetD un BX (TCon Ty.unitRef 0 [])
     . TLetD p2 BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [name, un])
-    . TLetD p1 BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [bsummer, p2])
-    $ TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [boffset, p1]
+    . TLetD p1 BX (TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [summer, p2])
+    $ TCon Ty.pairRef 0 [offset, p1]
   where
-    (secs,  offset, boffset, summer, bsummer, name, un, p2, p1) = fresh
+    (secs, offset, summer, name, un, p2, p1) = fresh
 
 start'process :: ForeignOp
 start'process instr =
@@ -1144,7 +1132,7 @@ get'buffering'output eitherResult stack1 stack2 stack3 resultTag anyVar failVar
 
 get'buffering :: ForeignOp
 get'buffering =
-  inBx arg1 eitherResult $
+  in1 arg1 eitherResult $
     get'buffering'output eitherResult n n2 n3 resultTag anyVar failVar successVar
   where
     (arg1, eitherResult, n, n2, n3, resultTag, anyVar, failVar, successVar) = fresh
@@ -1176,13 +1164,12 @@ crypto'hmac instr =
   where
     (alg, by, x, vl) = fresh
 
--- Input Shape -- these will represent different argument lists a
+-- Input Shape -- these represent different argument lists a
 -- foreign might expect
 --
--- They will be named according to their shape:
---   inBx     : one boxed input arg
---   inNat     : one Nat input arg
---   inBxBx   : two boxed input args
+-- They are named according to their shape:
+--   inUnit : one input arg, unit output
+--   in1 : one input arg
 --
 -- All of these functions will have take (at least) the same three arguments
 --
@@ -1196,19 +1183,23 @@ inUnit :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
 inUnit unit result cont instr =
   ([BX], TAbs unit $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr []) cont)
 
+inN :: forall v. (Var v) => [v] -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+inN args result cont instr =
+  (args $> BX,)
+    . TAbss args
+    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr args) cont
+
 -- a -> ...
-inBx :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBx arg result cont instr =
-  ([BX],)
-    . TAbs arg
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg]) cont
+in1 :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+in1 arg result cont instr = inN [arg] result cont instr
 
--- Nat -> ...
-inNat :: forall v. (Var v) =>  v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inNat nat result cont instr =
-  ([BX],)
-    . TAbs nat
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [nat]) cont
+-- a -> b -> ...
+in2 :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+in2 arg1 arg2 result cont instr = inN [arg1, arg2] result cont instr
+
+-- a -> b -> c -> ...
+in3 :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+in3 arg1 arg2 arg3 result cont instr = inN [arg1, arg2, arg3] result cont instr
 
 -- Maybe a -> b -> ...
 inMaybeBx :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
@@ -1227,20 +1218,6 @@ inMaybeBx arg1 arg2 arg3 mb result cont instr =
         (fromIntegral Ty.someId, ([BX], TAbs arg3 . TLetD mb UN (TLit $ I 1) $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [mb, arg3, arg2]) cont))
       ]
 
--- a -> b -> ...
-inBxBx :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxBx arg1 arg2 result cont instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2]) cont
-
--- a -> b -> c -> ...
-inBxBxBx :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxBxBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result cont instr =
-  ([BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [arg1, arg2, arg3]
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2, arg3]) cont
-
 set'echo :: ForeignOp
 set'echo instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
@@ -1251,29 +1228,9 @@ set'echo instr =
   where
     (arg1, arg2, bol, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail, result) = fresh
 
--- a -> Nat -> ...
-inBxNat :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxNat arg1 arg2 result cont instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2]) cont
-
-inBxNatNat ::
-  (Var v) => v -> v -> v ->  v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 result cont instr =
-  ([BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [arg1, arg2, arg3]
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2, arg3]) cont
-
-inBxNatBx :: (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxNatBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result cont instr =
-  ([BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [arg1, arg2, arg3]
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2, arg3]) cont
-
 -- a -> IOMode -> ...
-inBxIomr :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
-inBxIomr arg1 arg2 fm result cont instr =
+inIomr :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v -> FOp -> ([Mem], ANormal v)
+inIomr arg1 arg2 fm result cont instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
     . unenum 4 arg2 Ty.fileModeRef fm
@@ -1292,24 +1249,11 @@ inBxIomr arg1 arg2 fm result cont instr =
 --
 
 outMaybe :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> ANormal v
-outMaybe maybe result =
-  TMatch result . MatchSum $
-    mapFromList
-      [ (0, ([], none)),
-        (1, ([BX], TAbs maybe $ some maybe))
-      ]
-
-outMaybeNat :: (Var v) => v -> v ->  ANormal v
-outMaybeNat tag result =
+outMaybe tag result =
   TMatch tag . MatchSum $
     mapFromList
       [ (0, ([], none)),
-        ( 1,
-          ( [UN],
-          -- TODO: Fix this?
-            TAbs result $ some result
-          )
-        )
+        (1, ([BX], TAbs result $ some result))
       ]
 
 outMaybeNTup :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
@@ -1354,18 +1298,6 @@ outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
         (1, ([BX], TAbs stack1 $ right stack1))
       ]
 
-outIoFailNat :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outIoFailNat stack1 stack2 stack3 fail extra result =
-  TMatch result . MatchSum $
-    mapFromList
-      [ failureCase stack1 stack2 stack3 extra fail,
-        ( 1,
-          ([UN],)
-            . TAbs stack3
-            $ right stack3
-        )
-      ]
-
 outIoFailChar :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
 outIoFailChar stack1 stack2 stack3 fail extra result =
   TMatch result . MatchSum $
@@ -1398,20 +1330,6 @@ exnCase stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail =
     . TLetD fail BX (TCon Ty.failureRef 0 [stack1, stack2, any])
     $ TReq Ty.exceptionRef 0 [fail]
 
-outIoExnNat ::
-  forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outIoExnNat stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
-  TMatch result . MatchSum $
-    mapFromList
-      [ exnCase stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail,
-        ( 1,
-            -- TODO: Can I simplify this?
-          ([UN],)
-            . TAbs stack1
-            $ TVar stack1
-        )
-      ]
-
 outIoExnUnit ::
   forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
 outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
@@ -1421,18 +1339,18 @@ outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
         (1, ([], TCon Ty.unitRef 0 []))
       ]
 
-outIoExnBox ::
+outIoExn ::
   (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outIoExnBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
+outIoExn stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
   TMatch result . MatchSum $
     mapFromList
       [ exnCase stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail,
         (1, ([BX], TAbs stack1 $ TVar stack1))
       ]
 
-outIoExnEBoxBox ::
+outIoExnEither ::
   (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outIoExnEBoxBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail t0 t1 res =
+outIoExnEither stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail t0 t1 res =
   TMatch t0 . MatchSum $
     mapFromList
       [ exnCase stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail,
@@ -1448,18 +1366,6 @@ outIoExnEBoxBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail t0 t1 res =
         )
       ]
 
-outIoFailBox :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
-outIoFailBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result =
-  TMatch result . MatchSum $
-    mapFromList
-      [ failureCase stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail,
-        ( 1,
-          ([BX],)
-            . TAbs stack1
-            $ right stack1
-        )
-      ]
-
 outIoFailUnit :: forall v. (Var v) => v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> v -> ANormal v
 outIoFailUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 extra fail result =
   TMatch result . MatchSum $
@@ -1526,7 +1432,7 @@ outIoFailG stack1 stack2 stack3 fail result output k =
 --
 -- These are pairings of input and output functions to handle a
 -- foreign call.  The input function represents the numbers and types
--- of the inputs to a forein call.  The output function takes the
+-- of the inputs to a foreign call.  The output function takes the
 -- result of the foreign call and turns it into a Unison type.
 --
 
@@ -1534,72 +1440,37 @@ outIoFailG stack1 stack2 stack3 fail result output k =
 direct :: ForeignOp
 direct instr = ([], TFOp instr [])
 
---  () -> a
-unitDirect :: ForeignOp
-unitDirect instr = ([BX],) . TAbs arg $ TFOp instr [] where arg = fresh1
-
--- a -> b
-boxDirect :: ForeignOp
-boxDirect instr =
-  ([BX],)
-    . TAbs arg
-    $ TFOp instr [arg]
-  where
-    arg = fresh1
-
--- () -> Either Failure Nat
-unitToEFNat :: ForeignOp
-unitToEFNat =
-  inUnit unit result $
-    outIoFailNat stack1 stack2 stack3 fail nat result
-  where
-    (unit, stack1, stack2, stack3, fail, nat, result) = fresh
-
--- () -> Int
-unitToInt :: ForeignOp
-unitToInt =
+-- () -> r
+unitToR :: ForeignOp
+unitToR =
   inUnit unit result $ TVar result
   where
     (unit, result) = fresh
 
 -- () -> Either Failure a
-unitToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-unitToEFBox =
+unitToEF :: ForeignOp
+unitToEF =
   inUnit unit result $
-    outIoFailBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
+    outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (unit, stack1, stack2, stack3, fail, any, result) = fresh
 
--- a -> Int
---
--- TODO: Probably don't need all these boxing type wrapper things now.
-boxToInt :: ForeignOp
-boxToInt = inBx arg result (TVar result)
-  where
-    (arg, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> Nat
-boxToNat :: ForeignOp
-boxToNat = inBx arg result (TVar result)
-  where
-    (arg, result) = fresh
-
-boxIomrToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-boxIomrToEFBox =
-  inBxIomr arg1 arg2 enum result $
-    outIoFailBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
+argIomrToEF :: ForeignOp
+argIomrToEF =
+  inIomr arg1 arg2 enum result $
+    outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, enum, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> ()
-boxTo0 :: ForeignOp
-boxTo0 = inBx arg result (TCon Ty.unitRef 0 [])
+argToUnit :: ForeignOp
+argToUnit = in1 arg result (TCon Ty.unitRef 0 [])
   where
     (arg, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b ->{E} ()
-boxBoxTo0 :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxTo0 instr =
+arg2To0 :: ForeignOp
+arg2To0 instr =
   ([BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
     . TLets Direct [] [] (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2])
@@ -1607,139 +1478,43 @@ boxBoxTo0 instr =
   where
     (arg1, arg2) = fresh
 
--- a -> b ->{E} Nat
-boxBoxToNat :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxToNat instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [arg1, arg2]
-    $ (TFOp instr [arg1, arg2])
+-- ... -> Bool
+argNToBool :: Int -> ForeignOp
+argNToBool n instr =
+  (replicate n BX,)
+    . TAbss args
+    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr args) (boolift result)
   where
-    (arg1, arg2) = fresh
-
--- a -> b -> Option c
+    (result : args) = freshes (n + 1)
 
--- a -> Bool
-boxToBool :: ForeignOp
-boxToBool =
-  inBx arg result $
-    boolift result
-  where
-    (arg, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> b -> Bool
-boxBoxToBool :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxToBool =
-  inBxBx arg1 arg2 result $ boolift result
-  where
-    (arg1, arg2, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> b -> c -> Bool
-boxBoxBoxToBool :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxBoxToBool =
-  inBxBxBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result $ boolift result
-  where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, result) = fresh
-
--- Nat -> c
--- Works for an type that's packed into a word, just
--- pass `wordDirect Ty.natRef`, `wordDirect Ty.floatRef`
--- etc
---
--- TODO: Do we still need this?
-wordDirect :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-wordDirect _wordType instr =
-  ([BX],)
-    . TAbss [ub1]
-    $ TFOp instr [ub1]
-  where
-    ub1 = fresh1
-
--- Nat -> Bool
---
--- TODO: Do we still need this?
-boxWordToBool :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-boxWordToBool _wordType instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, uw1]
-    $ TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [b1, uw1]) (boolift result)
-  where
-    (b1, uw1, result) = fresh
-
--- Nat -> Nat -> c
---
--- TODO: Do we still need this?
-wordWordDirect :: Reference -> Reference -> ForeignOp
-wordWordDirect _word1 _word2 instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [ub1, ub2]
-    $ TFOp instr [ub1, ub2]
+argNDirect :: Int -> ForeignOp
+argNDirect n instr =
+  (replicate n BX,)
+    . TAbss args
+    $ TFOp instr args
   where
-    (ub1, ub2) = fresh
-
--- Nat -> a -> c
--- Works for an type that's packed into a word, just
--- pass `wordBoxDirect Ty.natRef`, `wordBoxDirect Ty.floatRef`
--- etc
---
--- TODO: Do we still need this?
-wordBoxDirect :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-wordBoxDirect _wordType instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [ub1, b2]
-    $ TFOp instr [ub1, b2]
-  where
-    (b2, ub1) = fresh
-
--- a -> Nat -> c
--- works for any second argument type that is packed into a word
---
--- TODO: Do we still need this?
-boxWordDirect :: Reference -> ForeignOp
-boxWordDirect _wordType instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, ub2]
-    $ TFOp instr [b1, ub2]
-  where
-    (b1,  ub2) = fresh
-
--- a -> b -> c
-boxBoxDirect :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxDirect instr =
-  ([BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, b2]
-    $ TFOp instr [b1, b2]
-  where
-    (b1, b2) = fresh
-
--- a -> b -> c -> d
-boxBoxBoxDirect :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxBoxDirect instr =
-  ([BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [b1, b2, b3]
-    $ TFOp instr [b1, b2, b3]
-  where
-    (b1, b2, b3) = fresh
+    args = freshes n
 
 -- a -> Either Failure b
-boxToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-boxToEFBox =
-  inBx arg result $
-    outIoFailBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
+argToEF :: ForeignOp
+argToEF =
+  in1 arg result $
+    outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either Failure (b, c)
-boxToEFTup :: ForeignOp
-boxToEFTup =
-  inBx arg result $
+argToEFTup :: ForeignOp
+argToEFTup =
+  in1 arg result $
     outIoFailTup stack1 stack2 stack3 stack4 stack5 extra fail result
   where
     (arg, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, stack4, stack5, extra, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either Failure (Maybe b)
-boxToEFMBox :: ForeignOp
-boxToEFMBox =
-  inBx arg result
+argToEFM :: ForeignOp
+argToEFM =
+  in1 arg result
     . outIoFailG stack1 stack2 stack3 fail result output
     $ \k ->
       ( [UN],
@@ -1753,222 +1528,161 @@ boxToEFMBox =
     (arg, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, stack4, fail, output) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Maybe b
-boxToMaybeBox :: ForeignOp
-boxToMaybeBox =
-  inBx arg result $ outMaybe maybe result
-  where
-    (arg, maybe, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> Maybe Nat
-boxToMaybeNat :: ForeignOp
-boxToMaybeNat = inBx arg tag $ outMaybeNat tag result
+argToMaybe :: ForeignOp
+argToMaybe = in1 arg tag $ outMaybe tag result
   where
     (arg, tag, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Maybe (Nat, b)
-boxToMaybeNTup :: ForeignOp
-boxToMaybeNTup =
-  inBx arg result $ outMaybeNTup a b u bp p result
+argToMaybeNTup :: ForeignOp
+argToMaybeNTup =
+  in1 arg result $ outMaybeNTup a b u bp p result
   where
     (arg, a, b, u, bp, p, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> Maybe (c, d)
-boxBoxToMaybeTup :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxToMaybeTup =
-  inBxBx arg1 arg2 result $ outMaybeTup a b u bp ap result
+arg2ToMaybeTup :: ForeignOp
+arg2ToMaybeTup =
+  in2 arg1 arg2 result $ outMaybeTup a b u bp ap result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, a, b, u, bp, ap, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either Failure Bool
-boxToEFBool :: ForeignOp
-boxToEFBool =
-  inBx arg result $
+argToEFBool :: ForeignOp
+argToEFBool =
+  in1 arg result $
     outIoFailBool stack1 stack2 stack3 bool fail result
   where
     (arg, stack1, stack2, stack3, bool, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either Failure Char
-boxToEFChar :: ForeignOp
-boxToEFChar =
-  inBx arg result $
+argToEFChar :: ForeignOp
+argToEFChar =
+  in1 arg result $
     outIoFailChar stack1 stack2 stack3 bool fail result
   where
     (arg, stack1, stack2, stack3, bool, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> Either Failure Bool
-boxBoxToEFBool :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxToEFBool =
-  inBxBx arg1 arg2 result $
+arg2ToEFBool :: ForeignOp
+arg2ToEFBool =
+  in2 arg1 arg2 result $
     outIoFailBool stack1 stack2 stack3 bool fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, stack1, stack2, stack3, bool, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> c -> Either Failure Bool
-boxBoxBoxToEFBool :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxBoxToEFBool =
-  inBxBxBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
+arg3ToEFBool :: ForeignOp
+arg3ToEFBool =
+  in3 arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoFailBool stack1 stack2 stack3 bool fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, arg3, stack1, stack2, stack3, bool, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either Failure ()
-boxToEF0 :: ForeignOp
-boxToEF0 =
-  inBx arg result $
+argToEF0 :: ForeignOp
+argToEF0 =
+  in1 arg result $
     outIoFailUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 unit fail result
   where
     (arg, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> Either Failure ()
-boxBoxToEF0 :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxToEF0 =
-  inBxBx arg1 arg2 result $
+arg2ToEF0 :: ForeignOp
+arg2ToEF0 =
+  in2 arg1 arg2 result $
     outIoFailUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 fail unit result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, fail, unit) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> c -> Either Failure ()
-boxBoxBoxToEF0 :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxBoxToEF0 =
-  inBxBxBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
+arg3ToEF0 :: ForeignOp
+arg3ToEF0 =
+  in3 arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoFailUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 fail unit result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, arg3, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, fail, unit) = fresh
 
--- a -> Either Failure Nat
-boxToEFNat :: ForeignOp
-boxToEFNat =
-  inBx arg result $
-    outIoFailNat stack1 stack2 stack3 nat fail result
+-- a -> Either Failure b
+argToEFNat :: ForeignOp
+argToEFNat =
+  in1 arg result $
+    outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 nat fail result
   where
     (arg, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, nat, fail) = fresh
 
 -- Maybe a -> b -> Either Failure c
-maybeBoxToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-maybeBoxToEFBox =
+maybeToEF :: ForeignOp
+maybeToEF =
   inMaybeBx arg1 arg2 arg3 mb result $
     outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, arg3, mb, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> Either Failure c
-boxBoxToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxToEFBox =
-  inBxBx arg1 arg2 result $
+arg2ToEF :: ForeignOp
+arg2ToEF =
+  in2 arg1 arg2 result $
     outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> b -> c -> Either Failure d
-boxBoxBoxToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-boxBoxBoxToEFBox =
-  inBxBxBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
+arg3ToEF :: ForeignOp
+arg3ToEF =
+  in3 arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, arg3, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
--- Nat -> a
--- Nat only
-natToBox :: ForeignOp
-natToBox = wordDirect Ty.natRef
-
--- Nat -> Nat -> a
--- Nat only
-natNatToBox :: ForeignOp
-natNatToBox = wordWordDirect Ty.natRef Ty.natRef
-
--- Nat -> Nat -> a -> b
-natNatBoxToBox :: ForeignOp
-natNatBoxToBox instr =
-  ([BX, BX, BX],)
-    . TAbss [ua1, ua2, a3]
-    $ TFOp instr [ua1, ua2, a3]
-  where
-    (a3, ua1, ua2) = fresh
-
--- a -> Nat -> c
--- Nat only
-boxNatToBox :: ForeignOp
-boxNatToBox = boxWordDirect Ty.natRef
-
--- a -> Nat -> Either Failure b
-boxNatToEFBox :: ForeignOp
-boxNatToEFBox =
-  inBxNat arg1 arg2 result $
-    outIoFail stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
+-- a -> b ->{Exception} c
+arg2ToExn :: ForeignOp
+arg2ToExn =
+  in2 arg1 arg2 result $
+    outIoExn stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
--- a -> Nat ->{Exception} b
-boxNatToExnBox :: ForeignOp
-boxNatToExnBox =
-  inBxNat arg1 arg2 result $
-    outIoExnBox stack1 stack2 stack3 fail any result
-  where
-    (arg1, arg2,  stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> Nat -> b ->{Exception} ()
-boxNatBoxToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
-boxNatBoxToExnUnit =
-  inBxNatBx arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
-    outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
-  where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3,  stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> Nat ->{Exception} Nat
-boxNatToExnNat :: ForeignOp
-boxNatToExnNat =
-  inBxNat arg1 arg2 result $
-    outIoExnNat stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
-  where
-    (arg1, arg2,  stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
-
--- a -> Nat -> Nat ->{Exception} ()
-boxNatNatToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
-boxNatNatToExnUnit =
-  inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
+-- a -> b -> c ->{Exception} ()
+arg3ToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
+arg3ToExnUnit =
+  in3 arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
     outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (arg1, arg2, arg3, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
+    (arg1, arg2, arg3, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, result) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> Nat ->{Exception} b
-boxNatNatToExnBox :: ForeignOp
-boxNatNatToExnBox =
-  inBxNatNat arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
-    outIoExnBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
+arg3ToExn :: ForeignOp
+arg3ToExn =
+  in3 arg1 arg2 arg3 result $
+    outIoExn stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
     (arg1, arg2, arg3, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Nat -> b -> Nat -> Nat ->{Exception} ()
-boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
-boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit instr =
+arg5ToExnUnit :: ForeignOp
+arg5ToExnUnit instr =
   ([BX, BX, BX, BX, BX],)
     . TAbss [a0, ua1, a2, ua3, ua4]
     . TLetD result UN (TFOp instr [a0, ua1, a2, ua3, ua4])
     $ outIoExnUnit stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail result
   where
-    (a0,  a2, ua1, ua3, ua4, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
+    (a0, a2, ua1, ua3, ua4, result, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail) = fresh
 
 -- a ->{Exception} Either b c
-boxToExnEBoxBox :: ForeignOp
-boxToExnEBoxBox instr =
+argToExnE :: ForeignOp
+argToExnE instr =
   ([BX],)
     . TAbs a
     . TLetD t0 UN (TFOp instr [a])
-    $ outIoExnEBoxBox stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail t0 t1 result
+    $ outIoExnEither stack1 stack2 stack3 any fail t0 t1 result
   where
     (a, stack1, stack2, stack3, any, fail, t0, t1, result) = fresh
 
--- Nat -> Either Failure b
--- natToEFBox :: ForeignOp
--- natToEFBox = inNat arg nat result $ outIoFail stack1 stack2 fail result
---   where
---     (arg, nat, stack1, stack2, fail, result) = fresh
-
 -- Nat -> Either Failure ()
-natToEFUnit :: ForeignOp
-natToEFUnit =
-  inNat nat result
+argToEFUnit :: ForeignOp
+argToEFUnit =
+  in1 nat result
     . TMatch result
     . MatchSum
     $ mapFromList
@@ -1983,8 +1697,8 @@ natToEFUnit =
     (nat, result, fail, stack1, stack2, stack3, unit) = fresh
 
 -- a -> Either b c
-boxToEBoxBox :: ForeignOp
-boxToEBoxBox instr =
+argToEither :: ForeignOp
+argToEither instr =
   ([BX],)
     . TAbss [b]
     . TLetD e UN (TFOp instr [b])
@@ -2264,35 +1978,35 @@ mkForeignTlsE f = mkForeign $ \a -> fmap flatten (tryIO2 (tryIO1 (f a)))
 
 declareUdpForeigns :: FDecl Symbol ()
 declareUdpForeigns = do
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.clientSocket.impl.v1" boxBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.clientSocket.impl.v1" arg2ToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(host :: Util.Text.Text, port :: Util.Text.Text) ->
       let hostStr = Util.Text.toString host
           portStr = Util.Text.toString port
        in UDP.clientSocket hostStr portStr True
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.recv.impl.v1" boxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.recv.impl.v1" argToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(sock :: UDPSocket) -> Bytes.fromArray <$> UDP.recv sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.send.impl.v1" boxBoxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.send.impl.v1" arg2ToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(sock :: UDPSocket, bytes :: Bytes.Bytes) ->
       UDP.send sock (Bytes.toArray bytes)
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.close.impl.v1" boxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.close.impl.v1" argToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(sock :: UDPSocket) -> UDP.close sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.close.impl.v1" boxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.close.impl.v1" argToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(sock :: ListenSocket) -> UDP.stop sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.toText.impl.v1" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.UDPSocket.toText.impl.v1" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(sock :: UDPSocket) -> pure $ show sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.serverSocket.impl.v1" boxBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.serverSocket.impl.v1" arg2ToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(ip :: Util.Text.Text, port :: Util.Text.Text) ->
       let maybeIp = readMaybe $ Util.Text.toString ip :: Maybe IP
@@ -2302,19 +2016,19 @@ declareUdpForeigns = do
             (_, Nothing) -> fail "Invalid Port Number"
             (Just ip, Just pt) -> UDP.serverSocket (ip, pt)
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.toText.impl.v1" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.toText.impl.v1" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(sock :: ListenSocket) -> pure $ show sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.recvFrom.impl.v1" boxToEFTup
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.recvFrom.impl.v1" argToEFTup
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ fmap (first Bytes.fromArray) <$> UDP.recvFrom
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ClientSockAddr.toText.v1" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ClientSockAddr.toText.v1" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(sock :: ClientSockAddr) -> pure $ show sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.sendTo.impl.v1" boxBoxBoxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.UDP.ListenSocket.sendTo.impl.v1" arg3ToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(socket :: ListenSocket, bytes :: Bytes.Bytes, addr :: ClientSockAddr) ->
       UDP.sendTo socket (Bytes.toArray bytes) addr
@@ -2322,7 +2036,7 @@ declareUdpForeigns = do
 declareForeigns :: FDecl Symbol ()
 declareForeigns = do
   declareUdpForeigns
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.openFile.impl.v3" boxIomrToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.openFile.impl.v3" argIomrToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $ \(fnameText :: Util.Text.Text, n :: Int) ->
       let fname = Util.Text.toString fnameText
           mode = case n of
@@ -2332,19 +2046,19 @@ declareForeigns = do
             _ -> ReadWriteMode
        in openFile fname mode
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.closeFile.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $ mkForeignIOF hClose
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isFileEOF.impl.v3" boxToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hIsEOF
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isFileOpen.impl.v3" boxToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hIsOpen
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getEcho.impl.v1" boxToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hGetEcho
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.ready.impl.v1" boxToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hReady
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getChar.impl.v1" boxToEFChar $ mkForeignIOF hGetChar
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isSeekable.impl.v3" boxToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hIsSeekable
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.closeFile.impl.v3" argToEF0 $ mkForeignIOF hClose
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isFileEOF.impl.v3" argToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hIsEOF
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isFileOpen.impl.v3" argToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hIsOpen
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getEcho.impl.v1" argToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hGetEcho
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.ready.impl.v1" argToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hReady
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getChar.impl.v1" argToEFChar $ mkForeignIOF hGetChar
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isSeekable.impl.v3" argToEFBool $ mkForeignIOF hIsSeekable
 
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.seekHandle.impl.v3" seek'handle
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(h, sm, n) -> hSeek h sm (fromIntegral (n :: Int))
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.handlePosition.impl.v3" boxToEFNat
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.handlePosition.impl.v3" argToEFNat
     -- TODO: truncating integer
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \h -> fromInteger @Word64 <$> hTell h
@@ -2358,48 +2072,48 @@ declareForeigns = do
 
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.setEcho.impl.v1" set'echo . mkForeignIOF $ uncurry hSetEcho
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getLine.impl.v1" boxToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getLine.impl.v1" argToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       fmap Util.Text.fromText . Text.IO.hGetLine
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getBytes.impl.v3" boxNatToEFBox . mkForeignIOF $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getBytes.impl.v3" arg2ToEF . mkForeignIOF $
     \(h, n) -> Bytes.fromArray <$> hGet h n
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getSomeBytes.impl.v1" boxNatToEFBox . mkForeignIOF $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getSomeBytes.impl.v1" arg2ToEF . mkForeignIOF $
     \(h, n) -> Bytes.fromArray <$> hGetSome h n
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.putBytes.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0 . mkForeignIOF $ \(h, bs) -> hPut h (Bytes.toArray bs)
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.putBytes.impl.v3" arg2ToEF0 . mkForeignIOF $ \(h, bs) -> hPut h (Bytes.toArray bs)
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.systemTime.impl.v3" unitToEFNat $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.systemTime.impl.v3" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> getPOSIXTime
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.systemTimeMicroseconds.v1" unitToInt $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.systemTimeMicroseconds.v1" unitToR $
     mkForeign $
       \() -> fmap (1e6 *) getPOSIXTime
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.monotonic.v1" unitToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.monotonic.v1" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> getTime Monotonic
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.realtime.v1" unitToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.realtime.v1" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> getTime Realtime
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.processCPUTime.v1" unitToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.processCPUTime.v1" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> getTime ProcessCPUTime
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.threadCPUTime.v1" unitToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.threadCPUTime.v1" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> getTime ThreadCPUTime
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.sec.v1" boxToInt $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.sec.v1" (argNDirect 1) $
     mkForeign (\n -> pure (fromIntegral $ sec n :: Word64))
 
   -- A TimeSpec that comes from getTime never has negative nanos,
   -- so we can safely cast to Nat
-  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.nsec.v1" boxToNat $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.nsec.v1" (argNDirect 1) $
     mkForeign (\n -> pure (fromIntegral $ nsec n :: Word64))
 
   declareForeign Tracked "Clock.internals.systemTimeZone.v1" time'zone $
@@ -2411,116 +2125,116 @@ declareForeigns = do
 
   let chop = reverse . dropWhile isPathSeparator . reverse
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getTempDirectory.impl.v3" unitToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getTempDirectory.impl.v3" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> chop <$> getTemporaryDirectory
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.createTempDirectory.impl.v3" boxToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.createTempDirectory.impl.v3" argToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $ \prefix -> do
       temp <- getTemporaryDirectory
       chop <$> createTempDirectory temp prefix
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getCurrentDirectory.impl.v3" unitToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getCurrentDirectory.impl.v3" unitToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \() -> getCurrentDirectory
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.setCurrentDirectory.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.setCurrentDirectory.impl.v3" argToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF setCurrentDirectory
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.fileExists.impl.v3" boxToEFBool $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.fileExists.impl.v3" argToEFBool $
     mkForeignIOF doesPathExist
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getEnv.impl.v1" boxToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getEnv.impl.v1" argToEF $
     mkForeignIOF getEnv
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getArgs.impl.v1" unitToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getArgs.impl.v1" unitToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       \() -> fmap Util.Text.pack <$> SYS.getArgs
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isDirectory.impl.v3" boxToEFBool $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.isDirectory.impl.v3" argToEFBool $
     mkForeignIOF doesDirectoryExist
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.createDirectory.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.createDirectory.impl.v3" argToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF $
       createDirectoryIfMissing True
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.removeDirectory.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.removeDirectory.impl.v3" argToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF removeDirectoryRecursive
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.renameDirectory.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.renameDirectory.impl.v3" arg2ToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF $
       uncurry renameDirectory
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.directoryContents.impl.v3" boxToEFBox $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.directoryContents.impl.v3" argToEF $
     mkForeignIOF $
       (fmap Util.Text.pack <$>) . getDirectoryContents
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.removeFile.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.removeFile.impl.v3" argToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF removeFile
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.renameFile.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.renameFile.impl.v3" arg2ToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF $
       uncurry renameFile
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getFileTimestamp.impl.v3" boxToEFNat
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getFileTimestamp.impl.v3" argToEFNat
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ fmap utcTimeToPOSIXSeconds . getModificationTime
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getFileSize.impl.v3" boxToEFNat
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.getFileSize.impl.v3" argToEFNat
     -- TODO: truncating integer
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \fp -> fromInteger @Word64 <$> getFileSize fp
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.serverSocket.impl.v3" maybeBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.serverSocket.impl.v3" maybeToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \( mhst :: Maybe Util.Text.Text,
          port
          ) ->
         fst <$> SYS.bindSock (hostPreference mhst) port
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Socket.toText" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "Socket.toText" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(sock :: Socket) -> pure $ show sock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Handle.toText" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "Handle.toText" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(hand :: Handle) -> pure $ show hand
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "ThreadId.toText" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "ThreadId.toText" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(threadId :: ThreadId) -> pure $ show threadId
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketPort.impl.v3" boxToEFNat
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketPort.impl.v3" argToEFNat
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(handle :: Socket) -> do
       n <- SYS.socketPort handle
       return (fromIntegral n :: Word64)
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.listen.impl.v3" boxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.listen.impl.v3" argToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \sk -> SYS.listenSock sk 2048
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.clientSocket.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.clientSocket.impl.v3" arg2ToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ fmap fst . uncurry SYS.connectSock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.closeSocket.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.closeSocket.impl.v3" argToEF0 $
     mkForeignIOF SYS.closeSock
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketAccept.impl.v3" boxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketAccept.impl.v3" argToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ fmap fst . SYS.accept
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketSend.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketSend.impl.v3" arg2ToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(sk, bs) -> SYS.send sk (Bytes.toArray bs)
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketReceive.impl.v3" boxNatToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.socketReceive.impl.v3" arg2ToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(hs, n) ->
       maybe mempty Bytes.fromArray <$> SYS.recv hs n
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.kill.impl.v3" boxToEF0 $ mkForeignIOF killThread
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.kill.impl.v3" argToEF0 $ mkForeignIOF killThread
 
   let mx :: Word64
       mx = fromIntegral (maxBound :: Int)
@@ -2530,7 +2244,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
         | n < mx = threadDelay (fromIntegral n)
         | otherwise = threadDelay maxBound >> customDelay (n - mx)
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.delay.impl.v3" natToEFUnit $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.delay.impl.v3" argToEFUnit $
     mkForeignIOF customDelay
 
   declareForeign Tracked "IO.stdHandle" standard'handle
@@ -2544,7 +2258,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
   let exitDecode ExitSuccess = 0
       exitDecode (ExitFailure n) = n
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.call" boxBoxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.call" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(exe, map Util.Text.unpack -> args) ->
       withCreateProcess (proc exe args) $ \_ _ _ p ->
         exitDecode <$> waitForProcess p
@@ -2553,77 +2267,77 @@ declareForeigns = do
     \(exe, map Util.Text.unpack -> args) ->
       runInteractiveProcess exe args Nothing Nothing
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.kill" boxTo0 . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.kill" argToUnit . mkForeign $
     terminateProcess
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.wait" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.wait" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \ph -> exitDecode <$> waitForProcess ph
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.exitCode" boxToMaybeNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.process.exitCode" argToMaybe . mkForeign $
     fmap (fmap exitDecode) . getProcessExitCode
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.new" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.new" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(c :: Val) -> newMVar c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.newEmpty.v2" unitDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.newEmpty.v2" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \() -> newEmptyMVar @Val
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.take.impl.v3" boxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.take.impl.v3" argToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> takeMVar mv
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryTake" boxToMaybeBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryTake" argToMaybe
     . mkForeign
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> tryTakeMVar mv
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.put.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.put.impl.v3" arg2ToEF0
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val, x) -> putMVar mv x
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryPut.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBool
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryPut.impl.v3" arg2ToEFBool
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val, x) -> tryPutMVar mv x
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.swap.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.swap.impl.v3" arg2ToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val, x) -> swapMVar mv x
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.isEmpty" boxToBool
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.isEmpty" (argNToBool 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> isEmptyMVar mv
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.read.impl.v3" boxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.read.impl.v3" argToEF
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> readMVar mv
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryRead.impl.v3" boxToEFMBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.tryRead.impl.v3" argToEFM
     . mkForeignIOF
     $ \(mv :: MVar Val) -> tryReadMVar mv
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.toText" (wordDirect Ty.charRef) . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.toText" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(ch :: Char) -> pure (Util.Text.singleton ch)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.repeat" (wordBoxDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.repeat" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(n :: Word64, txt :: Util.Text.Text) -> pure (Util.Text.replicate (fromIntegral n) txt)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.reverse" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.reverse" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . Util.Text.reverse
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.toUppercase" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.toUppercase" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . Util.Text.toUppercase
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.toLowercase" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.toLowercase" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . Util.Text.toLowercase
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.toUtf8" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.toUtf8" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . Util.Text.toUtf8
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.fromUtf8.impl.v3" boxToEFBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.fromUtf8.impl.v3" argToEF . mkForeign $
     pure . mapLeft (\t -> Failure Ty.ioFailureRef (Util.Text.pack t) unitValue) . Util.Text.fromUtf8
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ClientConfig.default" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ClientConfig.default" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(hostName :: Util.Text.Text, serverId :: Bytes.Bytes) ->
       fmap
         ( \store ->
@@ -2634,7 +2348,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
         )
         X.getSystemCertificateStore
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ServerConfig.default" boxBoxDirect $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ServerConfig.default" (argNDirect 2) $
     mkForeign $
       \(certs :: [X.SignedCertificate], key :: X.PrivKey) ->
         pure $
@@ -2645,42 +2359,42 @@ declareForeigns = do
 
   let updateClient :: X.CertificateStore -> TLS.ClientParams -> TLS.ClientParams
       updateClient certs client = client {TLS.clientShared = ((clientShared client) {TLS.sharedCAStore = certs})}
-   in declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ClientConfig.certificates.set" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+   in declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ClientConfig.certificates.set" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
         \(certs :: [X.SignedCertificate], params :: ClientParams) -> pure $ updateClient (X.makeCertificateStore certs) params
 
   let updateServer :: X.CertificateStore -> TLS.ServerParams -> TLS.ServerParams
       updateServer certs client = client {TLS.serverShared = ((serverShared client) {TLS.sharedCAStore = certs})}
-   in declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ServerConfig.certificates.set" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+   in declareForeign Tracked "Tls.ServerConfig.certificates.set" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
         \(certs :: [X.SignedCertificate], params :: ServerParams) -> pure $ updateServer (X.makeCertificateStore certs) params
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.new" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.new" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(c :: Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.newTVar c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.read" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(v :: STM.TVar Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.readTVar v
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.write" boxBoxTo0 . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.write" arg2To0 . mkForeign $
     \(v :: STM.TVar Val, c :: Val) ->
       unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.writeTVar v c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.newIO" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.newIO" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(c :: Val) -> STM.newTVarIO c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.readIO" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.readIO" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(v :: STM.TVar Val) -> STM.readTVarIO v
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.swap" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "TVar.swap" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(v, c :: Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.swapTVar v c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "STM.retry" unitDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "STM.retry" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \() -> unsafeSTMToIO STM.retry :: IO Val
 
   -- Scope and Ref stuff
-  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.ref" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.ref" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(c :: Val) -> newIORef c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.ref" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.ref" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(c :: Val) -> evaluate c >>= newIORef
 
@@ -2691,16 +2405,16 @@ declareForeigns = do
   -- [1] https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.17.0.0/docs/Data-IORef.html#g:2
   -- [2] https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/compiler/GHC/StgToCmm/Prim.hs#L286
   -- [3] https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/compiler/GHC/StgToCmm/Prim.hs#L298
-  declareForeign Untracked "Ref.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Ref.read" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(r :: IORef Val) -> readIORef r
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Ref.write" boxBoxTo0 . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Ref.write" arg2To0 . mkForeign $
     \(r :: IORef Val, c :: Val) -> evaluate c >>= writeIORef r
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Ref.readForCas" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Ref.readForCas" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(r :: IORef Val) -> readForCAS r
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Ref.Ticket.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Ref.Ticket.read" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(t :: Ticket Val) -> pure $ peekTicket t
 
   -- In GHC, CAS returns both a Boolean and the current value of the
@@ -2716,39 +2430,39 @@ declareForeigns = do
   --
   -- [1]: https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/rts/PrimOps.cmm#L697
   -- [2]: https://github.com/ghc/ghc/blob/master/compiler/GHC/StgToCmm/Prim.hs#L285
-  declareForeign Tracked "Ref.cas" boxBoxBoxToBool . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Ref.cas" (argNToBool 3) . mkForeign $
     \(r :: IORef Val, t :: Ticket Val, v :: Val) -> fmap fst $
       do
         t <- evaluate t
         casIORef r t v
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.new" unitDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.new" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \() -> newPromise @Val
 
   -- the only exceptions from Promise.read are async and shouldn't be caught
-  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.read" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.read" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(p :: Promise Val) -> readPromise p
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.tryRead" boxToMaybeBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.tryRead" argToMaybe . mkForeign $
     \(p :: Promise Val) -> tryReadPromise p
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.write" boxBoxToBool . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.write" (argNToBool 2) . mkForeign $
     \(p :: Promise Val, a :: Val) -> writePromise p a
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.newClient.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBox . mkForeignTls $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.newClient.impl.v3" arg2ToEF . mkForeignTls $
     \( config :: TLS.ClientParams,
        socket :: SYS.Socket
        ) -> TLS.contextNew socket config
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.newServer.impl.v3" boxBoxToEFBox . mkForeignTls $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.newServer.impl.v3" arg2ToEF . mkForeignTls $
     \( config :: TLS.ServerParams,
        socket :: SYS.Socket
        ) -> TLS.contextNew socket config
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.handshake.impl.v3" boxToEF0 . mkForeignTls $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.handshake.impl.v3" argToEF0 . mkForeignTls $
     \(tls :: TLS.Context) -> TLS.handshake tls
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.send.impl.v3" boxBoxToEF0 . mkForeignTls $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.send.impl.v3" arg2ToEF0 . mkForeignTls $
     \( tls :: TLS.Context,
        bytes :: Bytes.Bytes
        ) -> TLS.sendData tls (Bytes.toLazyByteString bytes)
@@ -2761,53 +2475,53 @@ declareForeigns = do
         Left l -> Left l
       asCert :: PEM -> Either String X.SignedCertificate
       asCert pem = X.decodeSignedCertificate $ pemContent pem
-   in declareForeign Tracked "Tls.decodeCert.impl.v3" boxToEFBox . mkForeignTlsE $
+   in declareForeign Tracked "Tls.decodeCert.impl.v3" argToEF . mkForeignTlsE $
         \(bytes :: Bytes.Bytes) -> pure $ mapLeft wrapFailure $ (decoded >=> asCert) bytes
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.encodeCert" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.encodeCert" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(cert :: X.SignedCertificate) -> pure $ Bytes.fromArray $ X.encodeSignedObject cert
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.decodePrivateKey" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.decodePrivateKey" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(bytes :: Bytes.Bytes) -> pure $ X.readKeyFileFromMemory $ L.toStrict $ Bytes.toLazyByteString bytes
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.encodePrivateKey" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.encodePrivateKey" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(privateKey :: X.PrivKey) -> pure $ Util.Text.toUtf8 $ Util.Text.pack $ show privateKey
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.receive.impl.v3" boxToEFBox . mkForeignTls $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.receive.impl.v3" argToEF . mkForeignTls $
     \(tls :: TLS.Context) -> do
       bs <- TLS.recvData tls
       pure $ Bytes.fromArray bs
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.terminate.impl.v3" boxToEF0 . mkForeignTls $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Tls.terminate.impl.v3" argToEF0 . mkForeignTls $
     \(tls :: TLS.Context) -> TLS.bye tls
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Code.validateLinks" boxToExnEBoxBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "Code.validateLinks" argToExnE
     . mkForeign
     $ \(lsgs0 :: [(Referent, Code)]) -> do
       let f (msg, rs) =
             Failure Ty.miscFailureRef (Util.Text.fromText msg) rs
       pure . first f $ checkGroupHashes lsgs0
-  declareForeign Untracked "Code.dependencies" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Untracked "Code.dependencies" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(CodeRep sg _) ->
       pure $ Wrap Ty.termLinkRef . Ref <$> groupTermLinks sg
-  declareForeign Untracked "Code.serialize" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Untracked "Code.serialize" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(co :: Code) ->
       pure . Bytes.fromArray $ serializeCode builtinForeignNames co
-  declareForeign Untracked "Code.deserialize" boxToEBoxBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "Code.deserialize" argToEither
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . deserializeCode . Bytes.toArray
-  declareForeign Untracked "Code.display" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Code.display" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(nm, (CodeRep sg _)) ->
       pure $ prettyGroup @Symbol (Util.Text.unpack nm) sg ""
-  declareForeign Untracked "Value.dependencies" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Untracked "Value.dependencies" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . fmap (Wrap Ty.termLinkRef . Ref) . valueTermLinks
-  declareForeign Untracked "Value.serialize" boxDirect
+  declareForeign Untracked "Value.serialize" (argNDirect 1)
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . Bytes.fromArray . serializeValue
-  declareForeign Untracked "Value.deserialize" boxToEBoxBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "Value.deserialize" argToEither
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . deserializeValue . Bytes.toArray
   -- Hashing functions
@@ -2827,12 +2541,12 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareHashAlgorithm "Blake2s_256" Hash.Blake2s_256
   declareHashAlgorithm "Md5" Hash.MD5
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.hashBytes" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.hashBytes" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(HashAlgorithm _ alg, b :: Bytes.Bytes) ->
       let ctx = Hash.hashInitWith alg
        in pure . Bytes.fromArray . Hash.hashFinalize $ Hash.hashUpdates ctx (Bytes.byteStringChunks b)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.hmacBytes" boxBoxBoxDirect
+  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.hmacBytes" (argNDirect 3)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(HashAlgorithm _ alg, key :: Bytes.Bytes, msg :: Bytes.Bytes) ->
       let out = u alg $ HMAC.hmac (Bytes.toArray @BA.Bytes key) (Bytes.toArray @BA.Bytes msg)
@@ -2861,19 +2575,19 @@ declareForeigns = do
               $ L.toChunks s
        in pure . Bytes.fromArray . hmac alg $ serializeValueForHash x
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Ed25519.sign.impl" boxBoxBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Ed25519.sign.impl" arg3ToEF
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . signEd25519Wrapper
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Ed25519.verify.impl" boxBoxBoxToEFBool
+  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Ed25519.verify.impl" arg3ToEFBool
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . verifyEd25519Wrapper
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Rsa.sign.impl" boxBoxToEFBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Rsa.sign.impl" arg2ToEF
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . signRsaWrapper
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Rsa.verify.impl" boxBoxBoxToEFBool
+  declareForeign Untracked "crypto.Rsa.verify.impl" arg3ToEFBool
     . mkForeign
     $ pure . verifyRsaWrapper
 
@@ -2887,45 +2601,45 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareForeign Untracked "Universal.murmurHash" murmur'hash . mkForeign $
     pure . asWord64 . hash64 . serializeValueForHash
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.randomBytes" natToBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.randomBytes" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \n -> Bytes.fromArray <$> getRandomBytes @IO @ByteString n
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.zlib.compress" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.zlibCompress
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.gzip.compress" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.gzipCompress
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.zlib.decompress" boxToEBoxBox . mkForeign $ \bs ->
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.zlib.compress" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.zlibCompress
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.gzip.compress" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.gzipCompress
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.zlib.decompress" argToEither . mkForeign $ \bs ->
     catchAll (pure (Bytes.zlibDecompress bs))
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.gzip.decompress" boxToEBoxBox . mkForeign $ \bs ->
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.gzip.decompress" argToEither . mkForeign $ \bs ->
     catchAll (pure (Bytes.gzipDecompress bs))
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase16" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase16
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase32" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase32
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase64" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase64
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase64UrlUnpadded" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase64UrlUnpadded
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase16" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase16
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase32" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase32
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase64" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase64
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.toBase64UrlUnpadded" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.toBase64UrlUnpadded
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase16" boxToEBoxBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase16" argToEither . mkForeign $
     pure . mapLeft Util.Text.fromText . Bytes.fromBase16
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase32" boxToEBoxBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase32" argToEither . mkForeign $
     pure . mapLeft Util.Text.fromText . Bytes.fromBase32
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase64" boxToEBoxBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase64" argToEither . mkForeign $
     pure . mapLeft Util.Text.fromText . Bytes.fromBase64
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase64UrlUnpadded" boxToEBoxBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.fromBase64UrlUnpadded" argToEither . mkForeign $
     pure . mapLeft Util.Text.fromText . Bytes.fromBase64UrlUnpadded
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat64be" boxToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat64be
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat64le" boxToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat64le
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat32be" boxToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat32be
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat32le" boxToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat32le
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat16be" boxToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat16be
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat16le" boxToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat16le
-
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat64be" (wordDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat64be
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat64le" (wordDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat64le
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat32be" (wordDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat32be
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat32le" (wordDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat32le
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat16be" (wordDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat16be
-  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat16le" (wordDirect Ty.natRef) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat16le
-
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.copyTo!" boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat64be" argToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat64be
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat64le" argToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat64le
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat32be" argToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat32be
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat32le" argToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat32le
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat16be" argToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat16be
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.decodeNat16le" argToMaybeNTup . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.decodeNat16le
+
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat64be" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat64be
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat64le" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat64le
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat32be" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat32be
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat32le" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat32le
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat16be" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat16be
+  declareForeign Untracked "Bytes.encodeNat16le" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . Bytes.encodeNat16le
+
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.copyTo!" arg5ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ \(dst, doff, src, soff, l) ->
       let name = "MutableArray.copyTo!"
@@ -2942,7 +2656,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
                       (fromIntegral soff)
                       (fromIntegral l)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.copyTo!" boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.copyTo!" arg5ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ \(dst, doff, src, soff, l) ->
       let name = "MutableByteArray.copyTo!"
@@ -2959,7 +2673,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
                       (fromIntegral soff)
                       (fromIntegral l)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.copyTo!" boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.copyTo!" arg5ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ \(dst, doff, src, soff, l) ->
       let name = "ImmutableArray.copyTo!"
@@ -2976,16 +2690,16 @@ declareForeigns = do
                       (fromIntegral soff)
                       (fromIntegral l)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.size" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofArray @Val
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.size" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofMutableArray @PA.RealWorld @Val
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.size" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofByteArray
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.size" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.size" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . fromIntegral @Int @Word64 . PA.sizeofMutableByteArray @PA.RealWorld
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.copyTo!" boxNatBoxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.copyTo!" arg5ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ \(dst, doff, src, soff, l) ->
       let name = "ImmutableByteArray.copyTo!"
@@ -3002,72 +2716,72 @@ declareForeigns = do
                       (fromIntegral soff)
                       (fromIntegral l)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.read" boxNatToExnBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.read" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead "MutableArray.read"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read8" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read8" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead8 "MutableByteArray.read8"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read16be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read16be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead16 "MutableByteArray.read16be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read24be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read24be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead24 "MutableByteArray.read24be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read32be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read32be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead32 "MutableByteArray.read32be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read40be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read40be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead40 "MutableByteArray.read40be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read64be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.read64be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedRead64 "MutableByteArray.read64be"
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.write" boxNatBoxToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.write" arg3ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedWrite "MutableArray.write"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write8" boxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write8" arg3ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedWrite8 "MutableByteArray.write8"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write16be" boxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write16be" arg3ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedWrite16 "MutableByteArray.write16be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write32be" boxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write32be" arg3ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedWrite32 "MutableByteArray.write32be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write64be" boxNatNatToExnUnit
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.write64be" arg3ToExnUnit
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedWrite64 "MutableByteArray.write64be"
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.read" boxNatToExnBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableArray.read" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex "ImmutableArray.read"
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read8" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read8" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex8 "ImmutableByteArray.read8"
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read16be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read16be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex16 "ImmutableByteArray.read16be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read24be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read24be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex24 "ImmutableByteArray.read24be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read32be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read32be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex32 "ImmutableByteArray.read32be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read40be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read40be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex40 "ImmutableByteArray.read40be"
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read64be" boxNatToExnNat
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.read64be" arg2ToExn
     . mkForeign
     $ checkedIndex64 "ImmutableByteArray.read64be"
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.freeze!" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.freeze!" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     PA.unsafeFreezeByteArray
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.freeze!" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.freeze!" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     PA.unsafeFreezeArray @IO @Val
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.freeze" boxNatNatToExnBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.freeze" arg3ToExn . mkForeign $
     \(src, off, len) ->
       if len == 0
         then fmap Right . PA.unsafeFreezeByteArray =<< PA.newByteArray 0
@@ -3079,7 +2793,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
             0
             $ Right <$> PA.freezeByteArray src (fromIntegral off) (fromIntegral len)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.freeze" boxNatNatToExnBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableArray.freeze" arg3ToExn . mkForeign $
     \(src :: PA.MutableArray PA.RealWorld Val, off, len) ->
       if len == 0
         then fmap Right . PA.unsafeFreezeArray =<< PA.newArray 0 emptyVal
@@ -3090,37 +2804,37 @@ declareForeigns = do
             (off + len - 1)
             $ Right <$> PA.freezeArray src (fromIntegral off) (fromIntegral len)
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.length" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "MutableByteArray.length" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . PA.sizeofMutableByteArray @PA.RealWorld
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.length" boxToNat . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "ImmutableByteArray.length" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     pure . PA.sizeofByteArray
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.array" natToBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.array" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \n -> PA.newArray n emptyVal
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.arrayOf" boxNatToBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.arrayOf" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(v :: Val, n) -> PA.newArray n v
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.bytearray" natToBox . mkForeign $ PA.newByteArray
-  declareForeign Tracked "IO.bytearrayOf" natNatToBox
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.bytearray" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ PA.newByteArray
+  declareForeign Tracked "IO.bytearrayOf" (argNDirect 2)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(init, sz) -> do
       arr <- PA.newByteArray sz
       PA.fillByteArray arr 0 sz init
       pure arr
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.array" natToBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.array" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \n -> PA.newArray n emptyVal
-  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.arrayOf" boxNatToBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.arrayOf" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(v :: Val, n) -> PA.newArray n v
-  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.bytearray" natToBox . mkForeign $ PA.newByteArray
-  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.bytearrayOf" natNatToBox
+  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.bytearray" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ PA.newByteArray
+  declareForeign Untracked "Scope.bytearrayOf" (argNDirect 2)
     . mkForeign
     $ \(init, sz) -> do
       arr <- PA.newByteArray sz
       PA.fillByteArray arr 0 sz init
       pure arr
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.literal" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.literal" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \txt -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.Literal txt
   declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.digit" direct . mkForeign $
     let v = TPat.cpattern (TPat.Char (TPat.CharRange '0' '9')) in \() -> pure v
@@ -3134,50 +2848,49 @@ declareForeigns = do
     let v = TPat.cpattern (TPat.Char TPat.Any) in \() -> pure v
   declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.eof" direct . mkForeign $
     let v = TPat.cpattern TPat.Eof in \() -> pure v
-  let ccd = wordWordDirect Ty.charRef Ty.charRef
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.charRange" ccd . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.charRange" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(beg, end) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char $ TPat.CharRange beg end
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.notCharRange" ccd . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.notCharRange" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(beg, end) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char . TPat.Not $ TPat.CharRange beg end
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.charIn" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.charIn" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
       CharVal c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.charIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char $ TPat.CharSet cs
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.notCharIn" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.notCharIn" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
       CharVal c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.notCharIn: non-character closure"
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Char . TPat.Not $ TPat.CharSet cs
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.many" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.many" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(TPat.CP p _) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.Many False p
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.many.corrected" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.many.corrected" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(TPat.CP p _) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.Many True p
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.capture" boxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.capture" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
     \(TPat.CP p _) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.Capture p
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.captureAs" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.captureAs" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(t, (TPat.CP p _)) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.CaptureAs t p
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.join" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ps ->
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.join" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ \ps ->
     evaluate . TPat.cpattern . TPat.Join $ map (\(TPat.CP p _) -> p) ps
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.or" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.or" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(TPat.CP l _, TPat.CP r _) -> evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.Or l r
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.replicate" natNatBoxToBox . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.replicate" (argNDirect 3) . mkForeign $
     \(m0 :: Word64, n0 :: Word64, TPat.CP p _) ->
       let m = fromIntegral m0; n = fromIntegral n0
        in evaluate . TPat.cpattern $ TPat.Replicate m n p
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.run" boxBoxToMaybeTup . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.run" arg2ToMaybeTup . mkForeign $
     \(TPat.CP _ matcher, input :: Text) -> pure $ matcher input
 
-  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.isMatch" boxBoxToBool . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Untracked "Pattern.isMatch" (argNToBool 2) . mkForeign $
     \(TPat.CP _ matcher, input :: Text) -> pure . isJust $ matcher input
 
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.any" direct . mkForeign $ \() -> pure TPat.Any
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.not" boxDirect . mkForeign $ pure . TPat.Not
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.and" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.Intersect a b
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.or" boxBoxDirect . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.Union a b
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.range" (wordWordDirect charRef charRef) . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.CharRange a b
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.anyOf" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.not" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ pure . TPat.Not
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.and" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.Intersect a b
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.or" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.Union a b
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.range" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $ \(a, b) -> pure $ TPat.CharRange a b
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.anyOf" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ \ccs -> do
     cs <- for ccs $ \case
       CharVal c -> pure c
       _ -> die "Text.patterns.charIn: non-character closure"
@@ -3194,8 +2907,8 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.symbol" direct . mkForeign $ \() -> pure (TPat.CharClass TPat.Symbol)
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.separator" direct . mkForeign $ \() -> pure (TPat.CharClass TPat.Separator)
   declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.letter" direct . mkForeign $ \() -> pure (TPat.CharClass TPat.Letter)
-  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.is" (boxWordToBool charRef) . mkForeign $ \(cl, c) -> evaluate $ TPat.charPatternPred cl c
-  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.char" boxDirect . mkForeign $ \c ->
+  declareForeign Untracked "Char.Class.is" (argNToBool 2) . mkForeign $ \(cl, c) -> evaluate $ TPat.charPatternPred cl c
+  declareForeign Untracked "Text.patterns.char" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $ \c ->
     let v = TPat.cpattern (TPat.Char c) in pure v
 
 type RW = PA.PrimState IO

From 2ed0ec62b4bd3cb3937cdbb9816be869f9fb031e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 22:18:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 49/89] Remove unnecessary type references on primops

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 195 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index aac6b369ee..030111c76d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -321,114 +321,105 @@ binop0 n f =
   where
     xs@(x0 : y0 : _) = freshes (2 + n)
 
-unop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-unop pop rf = unop' pop rf rf
-
-unop' :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-unop' pop _rfi _rfo =
+unop :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+unop pop =
   unop0 0 $ \[x] ->
     (TPrm pop [x])
 
-binop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-binop pop rf = binop' pop rf rf rf
-
-binop' ::
+binop ::
   (Var v) =>
   POp ->
-  Reference ->
-  Reference ->
-  Reference ->
   SuperNormal v
-binop' pop _rfx _rfy _rfr =
+binop pop =
   binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm pop [x, y]
 
 -- | Lift a comparison op.
-cmpop :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpop pop _rf =
+cmpop :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+cmpop pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y]) $
       boolift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps the arguments.
-cmpopb :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpopb pop _rf =
+cmpopb :: (Var v) => POp -> SuperNormal v
+cmpopb pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x]) $
       boolift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but negates the result.
-cmpopn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpopn pop _rf =
+cmpopn :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+cmpopn pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y]) $
       notlift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps arguments then negates the result.
-cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp -> Reference -> SuperNormal v
-cmpopbn pop _rf =
+cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+cmpopbn pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x]) $
       notlift b
 
 addi, subi, muli, divi, modi, shli, shri, powi :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-addi = binop ADDI Ty.intRef
-subi = binop SUBI Ty.intRef
-muli = binop MULI Ty.intRef
-divi = binop DIVI Ty.intRef
-modi = binop MODI Ty.intRef
-shli = binop' SHLI Ty.intRef Ty.natRef Ty.intRef
-shri = binop' SHRI Ty.intRef Ty.natRef Ty.intRef
-powi = binop' POWI Ty.intRef Ty.natRef Ty.intRef
+addi = binop ADDI
+subi = binop SUBI
+muli = binop MULI
+divi = binop DIVI
+modi = binop MODI
+shli = binop SHLI
+shri = binop SHRI
+powi = binop POWI
 
 addn, subn, muln, divn, modn, shln, shrn, pown :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-addn = binop ADDN Ty.natRef
-subn = binop' SUBN Ty.natRef Ty.natRef Ty.intRef
-muln = binop MULN Ty.natRef
-divn = binop DIVN Ty.natRef
-modn = binop MODN Ty.natRef
-shln = binop SHLN Ty.natRef
-shrn = binop SHRN Ty.natRef
-pown = binop POWN Ty.natRef
+addn = binop ADDN
+subn = binop SUBN
+muln = binop MULN
+divn = binop DIVN
+modn = binop MODN
+shln = binop SHLN
+shrn = binop SHRN
+pown = binop POWN
 
 eqi, eqn, lti, ltn, lei, len :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-eqi = cmpop EQLI Ty.intRef
-lti = cmpopbn LEQI Ty.intRef
-lei = cmpop LEQI Ty.intRef
-eqn = cmpop EQLN Ty.natRef
-ltn = cmpopbn LEQN Ty.natRef
-len = cmpop LEQN Ty.natRef
+eqi = cmpop EQLI
+lti = cmpopbn LEQI
+lei = cmpop LEQI
+eqn = cmpop EQLN
+ltn = cmpopbn LEQN
+len = cmpop LEQN
 
 gti, gtn, gei, gen :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-gti = cmpopn LEQI Ty.intRef
-gei = cmpopb LEQI Ty.intRef
-gtn = cmpopn LEQN Ty.intRef
-gen = cmpopb LEQN Ty.intRef
+gti = cmpopn LEQI
+gei = cmpopb LEQI
+gtn = cmpopn LEQN
+gen = cmpopb LEQN
 
 inci, incn :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-inci = unop INCI Ty.intRef
-incn = unop INCN Ty.natRef
+inci = unop INCI
+incn = unop INCN
 
 sgni, negi :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-sgni = unop SGNI Ty.intRef
-negi = unop NEGI Ty.intRef
+sgni = unop SGNI
+negi = unop NEGI
 
 lzeron, tzeron, lzeroi, tzeroi, popn, popi :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-lzeron = unop LZRO Ty.natRef
-tzeron = unop TZRO Ty.natRef
-popn = unop POPC Ty.natRef
-popi = unop' POPC Ty.intRef Ty.natRef
-lzeroi = unop' LZRO Ty.intRef Ty.natRef
-tzeroi = unop' TZRO Ty.intRef Ty.natRef
+lzeron = unop LZRO
+tzeron = unop TZRO
+popn = unop POPC
+popi = unop POPC
+lzeroi = unop LZRO
+tzeroi = unop TZRO
 
 andn, orn, xorn, compln, andi, ori, xori, compli :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-andn = binop ANDN Ty.natRef
-orn = binop IORN Ty.natRef
-xorn = binop XORN Ty.natRef
-compln = unop COMN Ty.natRef
-andi = binop ANDN Ty.intRef
-ori = binop IORN Ty.intRef
-xori = binop XORN Ty.intRef
-compli = unop COMN Ty.intRef
+andn = binop ANDN
+orn = binop IORN
+xorn = binop XORN
+compln = unop COMN
+andi = binop ANDN
+ori = binop IORN
+xori = binop XORN
+compli = unop COMN
 
 addf,
   subf,
@@ -439,26 +430,26 @@ addf,
   logf,
   logbf ::
     (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-addf = binop ADDF Ty.floatRef
-subf = binop SUBF Ty.floatRef
-mulf = binop MULF Ty.floatRef
-divf = binop DIVF Ty.floatRef
-powf = binop POWF Ty.floatRef
-sqrtf = unop SQRT Ty.floatRef
-logf = unop LOGF Ty.floatRef
-logbf = binop LOGB Ty.floatRef
+addf = binop ADDF
+subf = binop SUBF
+mulf = binop MULF
+divf = binop DIVF
+powf = binop POWF
+sqrtf = unop SQRT
+logf = unop LOGF
+logbf = binop LOGB
 
 expf, absf :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-expf = unop EXPF Ty.floatRef
-absf = unop ABSF Ty.floatRef
+expf = unop EXPF
+absf = unop ABSF
 
 cosf, sinf, tanf, acosf, asinf, atanf :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-cosf = unop COSF Ty.floatRef
-sinf = unop SINF Ty.floatRef
-tanf = unop TANF Ty.floatRef
-acosf = unop ACOS Ty.floatRef
-asinf = unop ASIN Ty.floatRef
-atanf = unop ATAN Ty.floatRef
+cosf = unop COSF
+sinf = unop SINF
+tanf = unop TANF
+acosf = unop ACOS
+asinf = unop ASIN
+atanf = unop ATAN
 
 coshf,
   sinhf,
@@ -468,33 +459,33 @@ coshf,
   atanhf,
   atan2f ::
     (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-coshf = unop COSH Ty.floatRef
-sinhf = unop SINH Ty.floatRef
-tanhf = unop TANH Ty.floatRef
-acoshf = unop ACSH Ty.floatRef
-asinhf = unop ASNH Ty.floatRef
-atanhf = unop ATNH Ty.floatRef
-atan2f = binop ATN2 Ty.floatRef
+coshf = unop COSH
+sinhf = unop SINH
+tanhf = unop TANH
+acoshf = unop ACSH
+asinhf = unop ASNH
+atanhf = unop ATNH
+atan2f = binop ATN2
 
 ltf, gtf, lef, gef, eqf, neqf :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-ltf = cmpopbn LEQF Ty.floatRef
-gtf = cmpopn LEQF Ty.floatRef
-lef = cmpop LEQF Ty.floatRef
-gef = cmpopb LEQF Ty.floatRef
-eqf = cmpop EQLF Ty.floatRef
-neqf = cmpopn EQLF Ty.floatRef
+ltf = cmpopbn LEQF
+gtf = cmpopn LEQF
+lef = cmpop LEQF
+gef = cmpopb LEQF
+eqf = cmpop EQLF
+neqf = cmpopn EQLF
 
 minf, maxf :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-minf = binop MINF Ty.floatRef
-maxf = binop MAXF Ty.floatRef
+minf = binop MINF
+maxf = binop MAXF
 
 ceilf, floorf, truncf, roundf, i2f, n2f :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-ceilf = unop' CEIL Ty.floatRef Ty.intRef
-floorf = unop' FLOR Ty.floatRef Ty.intRef
-truncf = unop' TRNF Ty.floatRef Ty.intRef
-roundf = unop' RNDF Ty.floatRef Ty.intRef
-i2f = unop' ITOF Ty.intRef Ty.floatRef
-n2f = unop' NTOF Ty.natRef Ty.floatRef
+ceilf = unop CEIL
+floorf = unop FLOR
+truncf = unop TRNF
+roundf = unop RNDF
+i2f = unop ITOF
+n2f = unop NTOF
 
 trni :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 trni = unop0 2 $ \[x, z, b] ->

From 25a67b72f636c5ac049a36a37fbce122387c3a7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 21:43:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 50/89] Rerun transcripts

---
 unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md | 7996 +++++++++++-----------
 unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md      |  549 +-
 2 files changed, 4009 insertions(+), 4536 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md
index e5414c32a8..454a449fe7 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md
@@ -48,2005 +48,2005 @@ scratch/main> add
 
     1 | > range 2000
           ⧩
-          [ 1
-          , 2
-          , 3
-          , 4
-          , 5
-          , 6
-          , 7
-          , 8
-          , 9
-          , 10
-          , 11
-          , 12
-          , 13
-          , 14
-          , 15
-          , 16
-          , 17
-          , 18
-          , 19
-          , 20
-          , 21
-          , 22
-          , 23
-          , 24
-          , 25
-          , 26
-          , 27
-          , 28
-          , 29
-          , 30
-          , 31
-          , 32
-          , 33
-          , 34
-          , 35
-          , 36
-          , 37
-          , 38
-          , 39
-          , 40
-          , 41
-          , 42
-          , 43
-          , 44
-          , 45
-          , 46
-          , 47
-          , 48
-          , 49
-          , 50
-          , 51
-          , 52
-          , 53
-          , 54
-          , 55
-          , 56
-          , 57
-          , 58
-          , 59
-          , 60
-          , 61
-          , 62
-          , 63
-          , 64
-          , 65
-          , 66
-          , 67
-          , 68
-          , 69
-          , 70
-          , 71
-          , 72
-          , 73
-          , 74
-          , 75
-          , 76
-          , 77
-          , 78
-          , 79
-          , 80
-          , 81
-          , 82
-          , 83
-          , 84
-          , 85
-          , 86
-          , 87
-          , 88
-          , 89
-          , 90
-          , 91
-          , 92
-          , 93
-          , 94
-          , 95
-          , 96
-          , 97
-          , 98
-          , 99
-          , 100
-          , 101
-          , 102
-          , 103
-          , 104
-          , 105
-          , 106
-          , 107
-          , 108
-          , 109
-          , 110
-          , 111
-          , 112
-          , 113
-          , 114
-          , 115
-          , 116
-          , 117
-          , 118
-          , 119
-          , 120
-          , 121
-          , 122
-          , 123
-          , 124
-          , 125
-          , 126
-          , 127
-          , 128
-          , 129
-          , 130
-          , 131
-          , 132
-          , 133
-          , 134
-          , 135
-          , 136
-          , 137
-          , 138
-          , 139
-          , 140
-          , 141
-          , 142
-          , 143
-          , 144
-          , 145
-          , 146
-          , 147
-          , 148
-          , 149
-          , 150
-          , 151
-          , 152
-          , 153
-          , 154
-          , 155
-          , 156
-          , 157
-          , 158
-          , 159
-          , 160
-          , 161
-          , 162
-          , 163
-          , 164
-          , 165
-          , 166
-          , 167
-          , 168
-          , 169
-          , 170
-          , 171
-          , 172
-          , 173
-          , 174
-          , 175
-          , 176
-          , 177
-          , 178
-          , 179
-          , 180
-          , 181
-          , 182
-          , 183
-          , 184
-          , 185
-          , 186
-          , 187
-          , 188
-          , 189
-          , 190
-          , 191
-          , 192
-          , 193
-          , 194
-          , 195
-          , 196
-          , 197
-          , 198
-          , 199
-          , 200
-          , 201
-          , 202
-          , 203
-          , 204
-          , 205
-          , 206
-          , 207
-          , 208
-          , 209
-          , 210
-          , 211
-          , 212
-          , 213
-          , 214
-          , 215
-          , 216
-          , 217
-          , 218
-          , 219
-          , 220
-          , 221
-          , 222
-          , 223
-          , 224
-          , 225
-          , 226
-          , 227
-          , 228
-          , 229
-          , 230
-          , 231
-          , 232
-          , 233
-          , 234
-          , 235
-          , 236
-          , 237
-          , 238
-          , 239
-          , 240
-          , 241
-          , 242
-          , 243
-          , 244
-          , 245
-          , 246
-          , 247
-          , 248
-          , 249
-          , 250
-          , 251
-          , 252
-          , 253
-          , 254
-          , 255
-          , 256
-          , 257
-          , 258
-          , 259
-          , 260
-          , 261
-          , 262
-          , 263
-          , 264
-          , 265
-          , 266
-          , 267
-          , 268
-          , 269
-          , 270
-          , 271
-          , 272
-          , 273
-          , 274
-          , 275
-          , 276
-          , 277
-          , 278
-          , 279
-          , 280
-          , 281
-          , 282
-          , 283
-          , 284
-          , 285
-          , 286
-          , 287
-          , 288
-          , 289
-          , 290
-          , 291
-          , 292
-          , 293
-          , 294
-          , 295
-          , 296
-          , 297
-          , 298
-          , 299
-          , 300
-          , 301
-          , 302
-          , 303
-          , 304
-          , 305
-          , 306
-          , 307
-          , 308
-          , 309
-          , 310
-          , 311
-          , 312
-          , 313
-          , 314
-          , 315
-          , 316
-          , 317
-          , 318
-          , 319
-          , 320
-          , 321
-          , 322
-          , 323
-          , 324
-          , 325
-          , 326
-          , 327
-          , 328
-          , 329
-          , 330
-          , 331
-          , 332
-          , 333
-          , 334
-          , 335
-          , 336
-          , 337
-          , 338
-          , 339
-          , 340
-          , 341
-          , 342
-          , 343
-          , 344
-          , 345
-          , 346
-          , 347
-          , 348
-          , 349
-          , 350
-          , 351
-          , 352
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           , 2000
           ]
 
@@ -2070,2005 +2070,2005 @@ Should be cached:
 
     1 | > range 2000
           ⧩
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           , 2000
           ]
 
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md
index 77c84aea6b..7cf1e4f95b 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md
@@ -156,564 +156,37 @@ scratch/main> io.test testOpenClose
     New test results:
   
     1. testOpenClose   ◉ file should be open
-                       ◉ file handle buffering should match what we just set.
                        ◉ file should be closed
                        ◉ bytes have been written
                        ◉ bytes have been written
                        ◉ file should be closed
   
-  ✅ 6 test(s) passing
+    2. testOpenClose   ✗ file handle buffering should match what we just set.
   
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Reading files with getSomeBytes
-
-Tests:
-
-  - getSomeBytes
-  - putBytes
-  - isFileOpen
-  - seekHandle
-
-``` unison
-testGetSomeBytes : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testGetSomeBytes _ =
-  test = 'let
-    tempDir = (newTempDir "getSomeBytes")
-    fooFile = tempDir ++ "/foo"
-
-    testData = "0123456789"
-    testSize = size testData
-
-    chunkSize = 7
-    check "chunk size splits data into 2 uneven sides" ((chunkSize > (testSize / 2)) && (chunkSize < testSize))
-
-
-    -- write testData to a temporary file
-    fooWrite = openFile fooFile Write
-    putBytes fooWrite (toUtf8 testData)
-    closeFile fooWrite
-    check "file should be closed" (not (isFileOpen fooWrite))
-
-    -- reopen for reading back the data in chunks
-    fooRead = openFile fooFile Read
-
-    -- read first part of file
-    chunk1 = getSomeBytes fooRead chunkSize |> fromUtf8
-    check "first chunk matches first part of testData" (chunk1 == take chunkSize testData)
-
-    -- read rest of file
-    chunk2 = getSomeBytes fooRead chunkSize |> fromUtf8
-    check "second chunk matches rest of testData" (chunk2 == drop chunkSize testData)
-
-    check "should be at end of file" (isFileEOF fooRead)
-
-    readAtEOF = getSomeBytes fooRead chunkSize
-    check "reading at end of file results in Bytes.empty" (readAtEOF == Bytes.empty)
-
-    -- request many bytes from the start of the file
-    seekHandle fooRead AbsoluteSeek +0
-    bigRead = getSomeBytes fooRead (testSize * 999) |> fromUtf8
-    check "requesting many bytes results in what's available" (bigRead == testData)
-
-    closeFile fooRead
-    check "file should be closed" (not (isFileOpen fooRead))
-
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-
-  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
-
-  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
-  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
-  change:
-  
-    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
-    
-      testGetSomeBytes : '{IO} [Result]
-
-```
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testGetSomeBytes : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testGetSomeBytes
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testGetSomeBytes   ◉ chunk size splits data into 2 uneven sides
-                          ◉ file should be closed
-                          ◉ first chunk matches first part of testData
-                          ◉ second chunk matches rest of testData
-                          ◉ should be at end of file
-                          ◉ reading at end of file results in Bytes.empty
-                          ◉ requesting many bytes results in what's available
-                          ◉ file should be closed
-  
-  ✅ 8 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Seeking in open files
-
-Tests:
-
-  - openFile
-  - putBytes
-  - closeFile
-  - isSeekable
-  - isFileEOF
-  - seekHandle
-  - getBytes
-  - getLine
-
-``` unison
-testSeek : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testSeek _ =
-  test = 'let
-    tempDir = newTempDir "seek"
-    emit (Ok "seeked")
-    fooFile = tempDir ++ "/foo"
-    handle1 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Append
-    putBytes handle1 (toUtf8 "12345678")
-    closeFile handle1
-
-    handle3 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Read
-    check "readable file should be seekable" (isSeekable handle3)
-    check "shouldn't be the EOF" (not (isFileEOF handle3))
-    expectU "we should be at position 0" 0 (handlePosition handle3)
-
-    seekHandle handle3 AbsoluteSeek +1
-    expectU "we should be at position 1" 1 (handlePosition handle3)
-    bytes3a = getBytes handle3 1000
-    text3a = Text.fromUtf8 bytes3a
-    expectU "should be able to read our temporary file after seeking" "2345678" text3a
-    closeFile handle3
-
-    barFile = tempDir ++ "/bar"
-    handle4 = openFile barFile FileMode.Append
-    putBytes handle4 (toUtf8 "foobar\n")
-    closeFile handle4
-
-    handle5 = openFile barFile FileMode.Read
-    expectU "getLine should get a line" "foobar" (getLine handle5)
-    closeFile handle5
-
-  runTest test
-
-testAppend : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testAppend _ =
-  test = 'let
-    tempDir = newTempDir "openFile"
-    fooFile = tempDir ++ "/foo"
-    handle1 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Write
-    putBytes handle1 (toUtf8 "test1")
-    closeFile handle1
-
-    handle2 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Append
-    putBytes handle2 (toUtf8 "test2")
-    closeFile handle2
-
-    handle3 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Read
-    bytes3 = getBytes handle3 1000
-    text3 = Text.fromUtf8 bytes3
-
-    expectU "should be able to read our temporary file" "test1test2" text3
-
-    closeFile handle3
-
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-
-  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
-
-  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
-  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
-  change:
-  
-    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
-    
-      testAppend : '{IO} [Result]
-      testSeek   : '{IO} [Result]
-
-```
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testAppend : '{IO} [Result]
-    testSeek   : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testSeek
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testSeek   ◉ seeked
-                  ◉ readable file should be seekable
-                  ◉ shouldn't be the EOF
-                  ◉ we should be at position 0
-                  ◉ we should be at position 1
-                  ◉ should be able to read our temporary file after seeking
-                  ◉ getLine should get a line
-  
-  ✅ 7 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-scratch/main> io.test testAppend
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testAppend   ◉ should be able to read our temporary file
-  
-  ✅ 1 test(s) passing
+  🚫 1 test(s) failing, ✅ 5 test(s) passing
   
   Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
 
 ```
-### SystemTime
 
-``` unison
-testSystemTime : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testSystemTime _ =
-  test = 'let
-    t = !systemTime
-    check "systemTime should be sane" ((t > 1600000000) && (t < 2000000000))
 
-  runTest test
-```
 
-``` ucm
+🛑
 
-  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
+The transcript failed due to an error in the stanza above. The error is:
 
-  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
-  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
-  change:
-  
-    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
-    
-      testSystemTime : '{IO} [Result]
-
-```
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testSystemTime : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testSystemTime
 
     New test results:
   
-    1. testSystemTime   ◉ systemTime should be sane
-  
-  ✅ 1 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Get temp directory
-
-``` unison
-testGetTempDirectory : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testGetTempDirectory _ =
-  test = 'let
-    tempDir = reraise !getTempDirectory.impl
-    check "Temp directory is directory" (isDirectory tempDir)
-    check "Temp directory should exist" (fileExists tempDir)
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testGetTempDirectory : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testGetTempDirectory
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testGetTempDirectory   ◉ Temp directory is directory
-                              ◉ Temp directory should exist
-  
-  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Get current directory
-
-``` unison
-testGetCurrentDirectory : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testGetCurrentDirectory _ =
-  test = 'let
-    currentDir = reraise !getCurrentDirectory.impl
-    check "Current directory is directory" (isDirectory currentDir)
-    check "Current directory should exist" (fileExists currentDir)
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testGetCurrentDirectory : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testGetCurrentDirectory
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testGetCurrentDirectory   ◉ Current directory is directory
-                                 ◉ Current directory should exist
-  
-  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Get directory contents
-
-``` unison
-testDirContents : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testDirContents _ =
-  test = 'let
-    tempDir = newTempDir "dircontents"
-    c = reraise (directoryContents.impl tempDir)
-    check "directory size should be"  (size c == 2)
-    check "directory contents should have current directory and parent" let
-      (c == [".", ".."]) || (c == ["..", "."])
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testDirContents : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testDirContents
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testDirContents   ◉ directory size should be
-                         ◉ directory contents should have current directory and parent
-  
-  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Read environment variables
-
-``` unison
-testGetEnv : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testGetEnv _ =
-  test = 'let
-    path = reraise (getEnv.impl "PATH") -- PATH exists on windows, mac and linux.
-    check "PATH environent variable should be set"  (size path > 0)
-    match getEnv.impl "DOESNTEXIST" with
-      Right _ -> emit (Fail "env var shouldn't exist")
-      Left _ -> emit (Ok "DOESNTEXIST didn't exist")
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testGetEnv : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testGetEnv
-
-    New test results:
-  
-    1. testGetEnv   ◉ PATH environent variable should be set
-                    ◉ DOESNTEXIST didn't exist
-  
-  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
-  
-  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
-
-```
-### Read command line args
-
-`runMeWithNoArgs`, `runMeWithOneArg`, and `runMeWithTwoArgs` raise exceptions
-unless they called with the right number of arguments.
-
-``` unison
-testGetArgs.fail : Text -> Failure
-testGetArgs.fail descr = Failure (typeLink IOFailure) descr !Any
-
-testGetArgs.runMeWithNoArgs : '{io2.IO, Exception} ()
-testGetArgs.runMeWithNoArgs = 'let
-  args = reraise !getArgs.impl
-  match args with
-    [] -> printLine "called with no args"
-    _ -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with args")
-
-testGetArgs.runMeWithOneArg : '{io2.IO, Exception} ()
-testGetArgs.runMeWithOneArg = 'let
-  args = reraise !getArgs.impl
-  match args with
-    [] -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with no args")
-    [_] -> printLine "called with one arg"
-    _ -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with too many args")
-
-testGetArgs.runMeWithTwoArgs : '{io2.IO, Exception} ()
-testGetArgs.runMeWithTwoArgs = 'let
-  args = reraise !getArgs.impl
-  match args with
-    [] -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with no args")
-    [_] -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with one arg")
-    [_, _] -> printLine "called with two args"
-    _ -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with too many args")
-```
-
-Test that they can be run with the right number of args.
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testGetArgs.fail             : Text -> Failure
-    testGetArgs.runMeWithNoArgs  : '{IO, Exception} ()
-    testGetArgs.runMeWithOneArg  : '{IO, Exception} ()
-    testGetArgs.runMeWithTwoArgs : '{IO, Exception} ()
-
-scratch/main> run runMeWithNoArgs
-
-  ()
-
-scratch/main> run runMeWithOneArg foo
-
-  ()
-
-scratch/main> run runMeWithTwoArgs foo bar
-
-  ()
-
-```
-Calling our examples with the wrong number of args will error.
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> run runMeWithNoArgs foo
-
-  💔💥
-  
-  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
-  
-    Failure (typeLink IOFailure) "called with args" (Any ())
-  
-  Stack trace:
-    ##raise
-
-```
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> run runMeWithOneArg
-
-  💔💥
-  
-  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
-  
-    Failure (typeLink IOFailure) "called with no args" (Any ())
-  
-  Stack trace:
-    ##raise
-
-```
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> run runMeWithOneArg foo bar
-
-  💔💥
-  
-  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
-  
-    Failure
-      (typeLink IOFailure) "called with too many args" (Any ())
-  
-  Stack trace:
-    ##raise
-
-```
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> run runMeWithTwoArgs
-
-  💔💥
-  
-  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
-  
-    Failure (typeLink IOFailure) "called with no args" (Any ())
-  
-  Stack trace:
-    ##raise
-
-```
-### Get the time zone
-
-``` unison
-testTimeZone = do
-  (offset, summer, name) = Clock.internals.systemTimeZone +0
-  _ = (offset : Int, summer : Nat, name : Text)
-  ()
-```
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testTimeZone : '{IO} ()
-
-scratch/main> run testTimeZone
-
-  ()
-
-```
-### Get some random bytes
-
-``` unison
-testRandom : '{io2.IO} [Result]
-testRandom = do
-  test = do
-    bytes = IO.randomBytes 10
-    check "randomBytes returns the right number of bytes" (size bytes == 10)
-  runTest test
-```
-
-``` ucm
-scratch/main> add
-
-  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
-  
-    testRandom : '{IO} [Result]
-
-scratch/main> io.test testGetEnv
-
-    New test results:
+    1. testOpenClose   ◉ file should be open
+                       ◉ file should be closed
+                       ◉ bytes have been written
+                       ◉ bytes have been written
+                       ◉ file should be closed
   
-    1. testGetEnv   ◉ PATH environent variable should be set
-                    ◉ DOESNTEXIST didn't exist
+    2. testOpenClose   ✗ file handle buffering should match what we just set.
   
-  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
+  🚫 1 test(s) failing, ✅ 5 test(s) passing
   
   Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
 
-```

From 3394a5e872fb4c205f9364277facb49e7491298a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 11:04:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 51/89] Add CAST instruction for runtime type coercion

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs     |  1 +
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 37 ++++++++++----------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs   |  2 ++
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs |  6 ++++
 4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index e7d6d955d5..7d4421e603 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -1353,6 +1353,7 @@ data POp
   | TTON -- textToNat
   | TTOF -- textToFloat
   | FTOT -- floatToText
+  | CAST -- runtime type cast for unboxed values.
   | -- Concurrency
     FORK -- fork
   | -- Universal operations
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 030111c76d..51ca1e5a8f 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ import Unison.Util.Text (Text)
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import Unison.Util.Text.Pattern qualified as TPat
 import Unison.Var
+import qualified Unison.Runtime.TypeTags as TT
 
 type Failure = F.Failure Val
 
@@ -321,7 +322,7 @@ binop0 n f =
   where
     xs@(x0 : y0 : _) = freshes (2 + n)
 
-unop :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+unop :: (Var v) => POp -> SuperNormal v
 unop pop =
   unop0 0 $ \[x] ->
     (TPrm pop [x])
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ binop pop =
   binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm pop [x, y]
 
 -- | Lift a comparison op.
-cmpop :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+cmpop :: (Var v) => POp -> SuperNormal v
 cmpop pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y]) $
@@ -348,14 +349,14 @@ cmpopb pop =
       boolift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but negates the result.
-cmpopn :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+cmpopn :: (Var v) => POp -> SuperNormal v
 cmpopn pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [x, y]) $
       notlift b
 
 -- | Like `cmpop`, but swaps arguments then negates the result.
-cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp ->  SuperNormal v
+cmpopbn :: (Var v) => POp -> SuperNormal v
 cmpopbn pop =
   binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
     TLetD b UN (TPrm pop [y, x]) $
@@ -799,13 +800,13 @@ andb = binop0 0 $ \[p, q] ->
   TMatch p . flip (MatchData Ty.booleanRef) Nothing $
     mapFromList [(0, ([], fls)), (1, ([], TVar q))]
 
--- unsafeCoerce, used for numeric types where conversion is a
--- no-op on the representation. Ideally this will be inlined and
--- eliminated so that no instruction is necessary.
-coerceType :: Reference -> Reference -> SuperNormal Symbol
-coerceType _ri _ro =
-  -- TODO: Fix this with a proper type-coercion
-  unop0 0 $ \[x] -> TVar x
+-- A runtime type-cast. Used to unsafely coerce between unboxed
+-- types at runtime without changing their representation.
+coerceType :: PackedTag -> SuperNormal Symbol
+coerceType (PackedTag destType) =
+  unop0 1 $ \[v, tag] ->
+    TLetD tag UN (TLit $ N destType)
+      $ TPrm CAST [v, tag]
 
 -- unbox x0 ri x $
 --   TCon ro 0 [x]
@@ -1716,8 +1717,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Int.<=", (Untracked, lei)),
         ("Int.>", (Untracked, gti)),
         ("Int.>=", (Untracked, gei)),
-        ("Int.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.natRef Ty.intRef)),
-        ("Int.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.intRef Ty.natRef)),
+        ("Int.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.intTag)),
+        ("Int.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.natTag)),
         ("Int.increment", (Untracked, inci)),
         ("Int.signum", (Untracked, sgni)),
         ("Int.negate", (Untracked, negi)),
@@ -1761,7 +1762,7 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Nat.complement", (Untracked, compln)),
         ("Nat.pow", (Untracked, pown)),
         ("Nat.drop", (Untracked, dropn)),
-        ("Nat.toInt", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.natRef Ty.intRef)),
+        ("Nat.toInt", (Untracked, coerceType TT.intTag)),
         ("Nat.toFloat", (Untracked, n2f)),
         ("Nat.toText", (Untracked, n2t)),
         ("Nat.fromText", (Untracked, t2n)),
@@ -1774,8 +1775,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Float.log", (Untracked, logf)),
         ("Float.logBase", (Untracked, logbf)),
         ("Float.sqrt", (Untracked, sqrtf)),
-        ("Float.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.natRef Ty.floatRef)),
-        ("Float.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.floatRef Ty.natRef)),
+        ("Float.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.floatTag)),
+        ("Float.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.natTag)),
         ("Float.min", (Untracked, minf)),
         ("Float.max", (Untracked, maxf)),
         ("Float.<", (Untracked, ltf)),
@@ -1831,8 +1832,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Debug.trace", (Tracked, gen'trace)),
         ("Debug.toText", (Tracked, debug'text)),
         ("unsafe.coerceAbilities", (Untracked, poly'coerce)),
-        ("Char.toNat", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.charRef Ty.natRef)),
-        ("Char.fromNat", (Untracked, coerceType Ty.natRef Ty.charRef)),
+        ("Char.toNat", (Untracked, coerceType TT.natTag)),
+        ("Char.fromNat", (Untracked, coerceType TT.charTag)),
         ("Bytes.empty", (Untracked, emptyb)),
         ("Bytes.fromList", (Untracked, packb)),
         ("Bytes.toList", (Untracked, unpackb)),
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index e13447d39e..aa6377b0c3 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -360,6 +360,7 @@ data UPrim2
   | LOGB -- logBase
   | MAXF -- max
   | MINF -- min
+  | CAST -- unboxed runtime type cast (int to nat, etc.)
   deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
 data BPrim1
@@ -1240,6 +1241,7 @@ emitPOp ANF.FTOT = emitBP1 FTOT
 emitPOp ANF.TTON = emitBP1 TTON
 emitPOp ANF.TTOI = emitBP1 TTOI
 emitPOp ANF.TTOF = emitBP1 TTOF
+emitPOp ANF.CAST = emitP2 CAST
 -- text
 emitPOp ANF.CATT = emitBP2 CATT
 emitPOp ANF.TAKT = emitBP2 TAKT
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 57b37f4137..c7e64ac796 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1378,6 +1378,12 @@ uprim2 !stk XORN !i !j = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeN stk (xor x y)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk CAST !ti !vi = do
+  newTypeTag <- peekOffN stk ti
+  v <- upeekOff stk vi
+  stk <- bump stk
+  poke stk $ UnboxedVal v (PackedTag newTypeTag)
+  pure stk
 {-# INLINE uprim2 #-}
 
 bprim1 ::

From c57e7a903dcd0d49b11d77e49b0c3286ae2b11a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 11:27:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 52/89] Fix cast

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs | 1 +
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs       | 2 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs     | 2 ++
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
index fb1c53b9e4..4d46a0cdb8 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
@@ -648,6 +648,7 @@ pOpCode op = case op of
   IXOB -> 121
   SDBL -> 122
   SDBV -> 123
+  CAST -> 124
 
 pOpAssoc :: [(POp, Word16)]
 pOpAssoc = map (\op -> (op, pOpCode op)) [minBound .. maxBound]
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index c7e64ac796..fce1050979 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ uprim2 !stk XORN !i !j = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeN stk (xor x y)
   pure stk
-uprim2 !stk CAST !ti !vi = do
+uprim2 !stk CAST !vi !ti = do
   newTypeTag <- peekOffN stk ti
   v <- upeekOff stk vi
   stk <- bump stk
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
index b93dfd3fef..5cd5732226 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
@@ -397,6 +397,7 @@ instance Tag UPrim2 where
   tag2word LOGB = 31
   tag2word MAXF = 32
   tag2word MINF = 33
+  tag2word CAST = 34
 
   word2tag 0 = pure ADDI
   word2tag 1 = pure ADDN
@@ -432,6 +433,7 @@ instance Tag UPrim2 where
   word2tag 31 = pure LOGB
   word2tag 32 = pure MAXF
   word2tag 33 = pure MINF
+  word2tag 34 = pure CAST
   word2tag n = unknownTag "UPrim2" n
 
 instance Tag BPrim1 where

From 848c40631ab9aa6198059203383bef9f483ab42a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 11:27:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 53/89] Fix Nat -> Word conversions

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 2 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 1 +
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 51ca1e5a8f..359b3ee712 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ andb = binop0 0 $ \[p, q] ->
 coerceType :: PackedTag -> SuperNormal Symbol
 coerceType (PackedTag destType) =
   unop0 1 $ \[v, tag] ->
-    TLetD tag UN (TLit $ N destType)
+    TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral destType)
       $ TPrm CAST [v, tag]
 
 -- unbox x0 ri x $
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index fce1050979..bca9092fa9 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1382,6 +1382,7 @@ uprim2 !stk CAST !vi !ti = do
   newTypeTag <- peekOffN stk ti
   v <- upeekOff stk vi
   stk <- bump stk
+  Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "CASTING" (v, newTypeTag)
   poke stk $ UnboxedVal v (PackedTag newTypeTag)
   pure stk
 {-# INLINE uprim2 #-}
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index a1a0d0fbc1..e9274f8160 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ matchNatVal = \case
 pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val
 pattern NatVal n <- (matchNatVal -> Just n)
   where
-    NatVal n = UnboxedVal (fromEnum n) TT.natTag
+    NatVal n = UnboxedVal (fromIntegral n) TT.natTag
 
 matchDoubleVal :: Val -> Maybe Double
 matchDoubleVal = \case

From 82d466dadbbe42fe11fdbbe8a4112a0d7773892f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 17:38:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 54/89] Debugging stack-arg issues

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index bca9092fa9..2d1e822eeb 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -791,14 +791,22 @@ apply !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k !ck !args !val =
       case comb of
         LamI a f entry
           | ck || a <= ac -> do
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-beforeEnsure" ()
               stk <- ensure stk f
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-beforeMove" ()
               stk <- moveArgs stk args
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-afterMove" ()
               stk <- dumpSeg stk seg A
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-afterdumpSeg" ()
               stk <- acceptArgs stk a
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-afteracceptArgs" ()
               eval env denv activeThreads stk k combRef entry
           | otherwise -> do
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamIotherwise-beforeCloseArgs" ()
               seg <- closeArgs C stk seg args
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamIotherwise-afterCloseArgs" ()
               stk <- discardFrame =<< frameArgs stk
+              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamIotherwise-afterDiscardFrame" ()
               stk <- bump stk
               bpoke stk $ PAp cix comb seg
               yield env denv activeThreads stk k
@@ -887,7 +895,9 @@ moveArgs !stk (VArgR i l) = do
   stk <- prepareArgs stk (ArgR i l)
   pure stk
 moveArgs !stk (VArgN as) = do
+  !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "before prepareArgs" as
   stk <- prepareArgs stk (ArgN as)
+  !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "after prepareArgs" as
   pure stk
 moveArgs !stk (VArgV i) = do
   stk <-

From 1657260381cba0d22b1c7321cd91b4eb54f3bb76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 12:27:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 55/89] Stack debugging: Add stack_check macros

---
 unison-runtime/package.yaml                |   5 +
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 142 ++++++++++++++++++---
 unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal        |   8 ++
 3 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/package.yaml b/unison-runtime/package.yaml
index a7526e5b07..6635be308d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/package.yaml
+++ b/unison-runtime/package.yaml
@@ -11,12 +11,17 @@ flags:
   arraychecks:
     manual: true
     default: false
+  stackchecks:
+    manual: true
+    default: false
 
 when:
   - condition: flag(optimized)
     ghc-options: -funbox-strict-fields -O2
   - condition: flag(arraychecks)
     cpp-options: -DARRAY_CHECK
+  - condition: flag(stackchecks)
+    cpp-options: -DSTACK_CHECK
 
 
 library:
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index e9274f8160..57bcd00ba2 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ConstraintKinds #-}
+
 module Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( K (..),
     GClosure (..),
@@ -121,6 +124,7 @@ where
 
 import Control.Monad.Primitive
 import Data.Char qualified as Char
+import Data.Kind (Constraint)
 import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Word
 import GHC.Exts as L (IsList (..))
@@ -135,6 +139,40 @@ import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
 import Prelude hiding (words)
 
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+type DebugCallStack = (HasCallStack :: Constraint)
+
+unboxedSentinel :: Int
+unboxedSentinel = -99
+
+boxedSentinel :: Closure
+boxedSentinel = (Closure GUnboxedSentinel)
+
+assertBumped :: HasCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO ()
+assertBumped (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) i = do
+  u <- readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+  b <- readArray bstk (sp - i)
+  when (u /= unboxedSentinel || b /= boxedSentinel) $ error $ "Expected stack slot to have been bumped, but it was:" <> show (Val u b)
+
+assertUnboxed :: HasCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO ()
+assertUnboxed (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) i = do
+  (u :: Int) <- readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+  b <- readArray bstk (sp - i)
+  case b of
+    UnboxedTypeTag _ -> pure ()
+    _ -> error $ "Expected stack val to be unboxed, but it was:" <> show (Val u b)
+
+pokeSentinelOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO ()
+pokeSentinelOff (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) off = do
+  writeByteArray ustk (sp - off) unboxedSentinel
+  writeArray bstk (sp - off) boxedSentinel
+#else
+-- Don't track callstacks in production, it's expensive
+type DebugCallStack = (() :: Constraint)
+#endif
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
+
 newtype Callback = Hook (Stack -> IO ())
 
 instance Eq Callback where _ == _ = True
@@ -192,6 +230,7 @@ type USeq = Seq Val
 
 type IxClosure = GClosure CombIx
 
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
 data GClosure comb
   = GPAp
       !CombIx
@@ -209,7 +248,11 @@ data GClosure comb
     --  GHC will optimize nullary constructors into singletons.
     GUnboxedTypeTag !PackedTag
   | GBlackHole
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  | GUnboxedSentinel
+#endif
   deriving stock (Show, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 
 instance Eq (GClosure comb) where
   -- This is safe because the embedded CombIx will break disputes
@@ -605,6 +648,7 @@ alloc = do
   pure $ Stack {ap = -1, fp = -1, sp = -1, ustk, bstk}
 {-# INLINE alloc #-}
 
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
 peek :: Stack -> IO Val
 peek stk = do
   u <- upeek stk
@@ -613,11 +657,19 @@ peek stk = do
 {-# INLINE peek #-}
 
 peekI :: Stack -> IO Int
-peekI (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
+peekI _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekI #-}
 
 peekOffI :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
-peekOffI (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+peekOffI _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffI #-}
 
 bpeek :: Stack -> IO BVal
@@ -625,7 +677,11 @@ bpeek (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) = readArray bstk sp
 {-# INLINE bpeek #-}
 
 upeek :: Stack -> IO UVal
-upeek (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
+upeek _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE upeek #-}
 
 peekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Val
@@ -640,7 +696,11 @@ bpeekOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i = readArray bstk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE bpeekOff #-}
 
 upeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO UVal
-upeekOff (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+upeekOff _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE upeekOff #-}
 
 upokeT :: Stack -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
@@ -650,7 +710,10 @@ upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
 {-# INLINE upokeT #-}
 
 poke :: Stack -> Val -> IO ()
-poke (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
+poke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertBumped _stk sp
+#endif
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
   writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE poke #-}
@@ -690,11 +753,15 @@ pokeBool stk b =
 -- | Store a boxed value.
 -- We don't bother nulling out the unboxed stack,
 -- it's extra work and there's nothing to garbage collect.
-bpoke :: Stack -> BVal -> IO ()
-bpoke (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) b = writeArray bstk sp b
+bpoke :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> BVal -> IO ()
+bpoke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp _ustk bstk) b = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertBumped _stk sp
+#endif
+  writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE bpoke #-}
 
-pokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> Val -> IO ()
+pokeOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> Val -> IO ()
 pokeOff stk i (Val u t) = do
   bpokeOff stk i t
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
@@ -706,8 +773,12 @@ upokeOffT stk i u t = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOffT #-}
 
-bpokeOff :: Stack -> Off -> BVal -> IO ()
-bpokeOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i b = writeArray bstk (sp - i) b
+bpokeOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> BVal -> IO ()
+bpokeOff _stk@(Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i b = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertBumped _stk (sp - i)
+#endif
+  writeArray bstk (sp - i) b
 {-# INLINE bpokeOff #-}
 
 -- | Eats up arguments
@@ -756,11 +827,22 @@ ensure stk@(Stack ap fp sp ustk bstk) sze
 {-# INLINE ensure #-}
 
 bump :: Stack -> IO Stack
-bump (Stack ap fp sp ustk bstk) = pure $ Stack ap fp (sp + 1) ustk bstk
+bump (Stack ap fp sp ustk bstk) = do
+  let stk' = Stack ap fp (sp + 1) ustk bstk
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  pokeSentinelOff stk' (sp + 1)
+#endif
+  pure stk'
 {-# INLINE bump #-}
 
 bumpn :: Stack -> SZ -> IO Stack
-bumpn (Stack ap fp sp ustk bstk) n = pure $ Stack ap fp (sp + n) ustk bstk
+bumpn (Stack ap fp sp ustk bstk) n = do
+  let stk' = Stack ap fp (sp + n) ustk bstk
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  for_ [0..n-1] $ \i ->
+    pokeSentinelOff stk' i
+#endif
+  pure stk'
 {-# INLINE bumpn #-}
 
 duplicate :: Stack -> IO Stack
@@ -892,29 +974,53 @@ asize (Stack ap fp _ _ _) = fp - ap
 {-# INLINE asize #-}
 
 peekN :: Stack -> IO Word64
-peekN (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
+peekN _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekN #-}
 
 peekD :: Stack -> IO Double
-peekD (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = readByteArray ustk sp
+peekD _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekD #-}
 
 peekC :: Stack -> IO Char
-peekC (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = Char.chr <$> readByteArray ustk sp
+peekC stk = do
+  Char.chr <$> peekI stk
 {-# INLINE peekC #-}
 
 peekOffN :: Stack -> Int -> IO Word64
-peekOffN (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+peekOffN _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+
+  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffN #-}
 
 peekOffD :: Stack -> Int -> IO Double
-peekOffD (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+peekOffD _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+#endif
+  readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffD #-}
 
 peekOffC :: Stack -> Int -> IO Char
-peekOffC (Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = Char.chr <$> readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
+peekOffC _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+#endif
+  Char.chr <$> readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffC #-}
 
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
+
 pokeN :: Stack -> Word64 -> IO ()
 pokeN stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) n = do
   bpoke stk natTypeTag
diff --git a/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal b/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal
index ba9a8b095e..4b1e56496c 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal
+++ b/unison-runtime/unison-runtime.cabal
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ flag optimized
   manual: True
   default: True
 
+flag stackchecks
+  manual: True
+  default: False
+
 library
   exposed-modules:
       Unison.Codebase.Execute
@@ -142,6 +146,8 @@ library
     ghc-options: -funbox-strict-fields -O2
   if flag(arraychecks)
     cpp-options: -DARRAY_CHECK
+  if flag(stackchecks)
+    cpp-options: -DSTACK_CHECK
 
 test-suite runtime-tests
   type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
@@ -212,3 +218,5 @@ test-suite runtime-tests
     ghc-options: -funbox-strict-fields -O2
   if flag(arraychecks)
     cpp-options: -DARRAY_CHECK
+  if flag(stackchecks)
+    cpp-options: -DSTACK_CHECK

From f85c9588656df7de225959e2f74cc9c70767a928 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 13:27:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 56/89] Add stack arg debugging

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 9 ++++++---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 2d1e822eeb..662143d418 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -306,12 +306,15 @@ debugger stk msg a = unsafePerformIO $ do
   pure False
 
 dumpStack :: Stack -> IO ()
-dumpStack stk@(Stack _ap fp sp _ustk _bstk)
+dumpStack stk@(Stack ap fp sp _ustk _bstk)
   | sp - fp < 0 = Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp "Stack before 👇: Empty"
   | otherwise = do
-      stkResults <- for [0 .. ((sp - fp) - 1)] $ \i -> do
+      stkLocals <- for [0 .. ((sp - fp) - 1)] $ \i -> do
         peekOff stk i
-      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack before 👇:" stkResults
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack frame locals 👇:" stkLocals
+      stkArgs <- for [0 .. ((fp - ap) - 1)] $ \i -> do
+        peekOff stk (i + (sp - fp))
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack args 👇:" stkArgs
 
 -- | Execute an instruction
 exec ::
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 57bcd00ba2..33555671cd 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -501,10 +501,10 @@ uargOnto stk sp cop cp0 (ArgN v) = do
   let loop i
         | i < 0 = return ()
         | otherwise = do
-            (x :: Int) <- readByteArray stk (sp - indexPrimArray v i)
+            (x :: Int) <- readByteArray stk (sp - indexPrimArray v i) --
             writeByteArray buf (boff - i) x
             loop $ i - 1
-  loop $ sz - 1
+  loop $ sz - 1 -- 2
   when overwrite $
     copyMutableByteArray cop (bytes $ cp0 + 1) buf 0 (bytes sz)
   pure cp

From 96fe58e54bc9de5ff35bc4b7431947285a9564fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 11:27:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 57/89] Debug.Interpreter

---
 lib/unison-prelude/src/Unison/Debug.hs | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/lib/unison-prelude/src/Unison/Debug.hs b/lib/unison-prelude/src/Unison/Debug.hs
index 6bbcaa9cac..994b29c96f 100644
--- a/lib/unison-prelude/src/Unison/Debug.hs
+++ b/lib/unison-prelude/src/Unison/Debug.hs
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ data DebugFlag
   | -- | Useful for adding temporary debugging statements during development.
     -- Remove uses of Debug.Temp before merging to keep things clean for the next person :)
     Temp
+  | -- | Debugging the interpreter
+    Interpreter
   | -- | Shows Annotations when printing terms
     Annotations
   | -- | Debug endpoints of the local UI (or Share) server
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ debugFlags = case (unsafePerformIO (lookupEnv "UNISON_DEBUG")) of
       "LSP" -> pure LSP
       "TIMING" -> pure Timing
       "TEMP" -> pure Temp
+      "INTERPRETER" -> pure Interpreter
       "ANNOTATIONS" -> pure Annotations
       "SERVER" -> pure Server
       "PATTERN_COVERAGE" -> pure PatternCoverage
@@ -114,6 +117,10 @@ debugTemp :: Bool
 debugTemp = Temp `Set.member` debugFlags
 {-# NOINLINE debugTemp #-}
 
+debugInterpreter :: Bool
+debugInterpreter = Interpreter `Set.member` debugFlags
+{-# NOINLINE debugInterpreter #-}
+
 debugAnnotations :: Bool
 debugAnnotations = Annotations `Set.member` debugFlags
 {-# NOINLINE debugAnnotations #-}
@@ -187,6 +194,7 @@ shouldDebug = \case
   LSP -> debugLSP
   Timing -> debugTiming
   Temp -> debugTemp
+  Interpreter -> debugInterpreter
   Annotations -> debugAnnotations
   Server -> debugServer
   PatternCoverage -> debugPatternCoverage

From 494b741ccde6250d0b18600151ce9da1dc32e041 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 12:02:11 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 58/89] Put stack debugging behind preprocessor flag

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 47 ++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 662143d418..9d7c06642d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
 
 module Unison.Runtime.Machine where
@@ -17,11 +18,9 @@ import Data.Text qualified as DTx
 import Data.Text.IO qualified as Tx
 import Data.Traversable
 import GHC.Conc as STM (unsafeIOToSTM)
-import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls (exceptionRef, ioFailureRef)
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls qualified as Rf
 import Unison.ConstructorReference qualified as CR
-import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 import Unison.Prelude hiding (Text)
 import Unison.Reference
   ( Reference,
@@ -64,6 +63,13 @@ import UnliftIO (IORef)
 import UnliftIO qualified
 import UnliftIO.Concurrent qualified as UnliftIO
 
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
+import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
+import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
+#endif
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
+
 -- | A ref storing every currently active thread.
 -- This is helpful for cleaning up orphaned threads when the main process
 -- completes.
@@ -238,8 +244,6 @@ apply0 !callback !env !threadTracker !i = do
   let entryCix = (CIx r i 0)
   case unRComb $ rCombSection cmbs entryCix of
     Comb entryComb -> do
-      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Entry Comb" entryComb
-      -- Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "All Combs" cmbs
       apply env denv threadTracker stk (kf k0) True ZArgs . BoxedVal $
         PAp entryCix entryComb nullSeg
     -- if it's cached, we can just finish
@@ -299,22 +303,26 @@ litToVal = \case
   MD d -> DoubleVal d
 {-# INLINE litToVal #-}
 
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
 debugger :: (Show a) => Stack -> String -> a -> Bool
 debugger stk msg a = unsafePerformIO $ do
   dumpStack stk
-  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp (msg ++ ": " ++ show a)
+  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Interpreter (msg ++ ": " ++ show a)
   pure False
 
 dumpStack :: Stack -> IO ()
 dumpStack stk@(Stack ap fp sp _ustk _bstk)
-  | sp - fp < 0 = Debug.debugLogM Debug.Temp "Stack before 👇: Empty"
+  | sp - fp < 0 = Debug.debugLogM Debug.Interpreter "Stack before 👇: Empty"
   | otherwise = do
       stkLocals <- for [0 .. ((sp - fp) - 1)] $ \i -> do
         peekOff stk i
-      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack frame locals 👇:" stkLocals
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Interpreter "Stack frame locals 👇:" stkLocals
       stkArgs <- for [0 .. ((fp - ap) - 1)] $ \i -> do
         peekOff stk (i + (sp - fp))
-      Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "Stack args 👇:" stkArgs
+      Debug.debugM Debug.Interpreter "Stack args 👇:" stkArgs
+#endif
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 
 -- | Execute an instruction
 exec ::
@@ -326,8 +334,12 @@ exec ::
   Reference ->
   MInstr ->
   IO (DEnv, Stack, K)
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
 exec !_ !_ !_ !stk !_ !_ instr
   | debugger stk "exec" instr = undefined
+#endif
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 exec !_ !denv !_activeThreads !stk !k _ (Info tx) = do
   info tx stk
   info tx k
@@ -645,8 +657,12 @@ eval ::
   Reference ->
   MSection ->
   IO ()
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
 eval !_ !_ !_ !stk !_ !_ section
   | debugger stk "eval" section = undefined
+#endif
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (Match i (TestT df cs)) = do
   t <- peekOffBi stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectTextBranch t df cs
@@ -786,30 +802,26 @@ apply ::
   Args ->
   Val ->
   IO ()
+{- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
+#ifdef STACK_CHECK
 apply !_env !_denv !_activeThreads !stk !_k !_ck !args !val
   | debugger stk "apply" (args, val) = undefined
+#endif
+{- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 apply !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k !ck !args !val =
   case val of
     BoxedVal (PAp cix@(CIx combRef _ _) comb seg) ->
       case comb of
         LamI a f entry
           | ck || a <= ac -> do
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-beforeEnsure" ()
               stk <- ensure stk f
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-beforeMove" ()
               stk <- moveArgs stk args
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-afterMove" ()
               stk <- dumpSeg stk seg A
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-afterdumpSeg" ()
               stk <- acceptArgs stk a
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamI-afteracceptArgs" ()
               eval env denv activeThreads stk k combRef entry
           | otherwise -> do
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamIotherwise-beforeCloseArgs" ()
               seg <- closeArgs C stk seg args
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamIotherwise-afterCloseArgs" ()
               stk <- discardFrame =<< frameArgs stk
-              !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "apply-LamIotherwise-afterDiscardFrame" ()
               stk <- bump stk
               bpoke stk $ PAp cix comb seg
               yield env denv activeThreads stk k
@@ -898,9 +910,7 @@ moveArgs !stk (VArgR i l) = do
   stk <- prepareArgs stk (ArgR i l)
   pure stk
 moveArgs !stk (VArgN as) = do
-  !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "before prepareArgs" as
   stk <- prepareArgs stk (ArgN as)
-  !_ <- pure $ debugger stk "after prepareArgs" as
   pure stk
 moveArgs !stk (VArgV i) = do
   stk <-
@@ -1395,7 +1405,6 @@ uprim2 !stk CAST !vi !ti = do
   newTypeTag <- peekOffN stk ti
   v <- upeekOff stk vi
   stk <- bump stk
-  Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "CASTING" (v, newTypeTag)
   poke stk $ UnboxedVal v (PackedTag newTypeTag)
   pure stk
 {-# INLINE uprim2 #-}

From 033df415f5680cafc41dc47d37cc99e989fc4003 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 13:52:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 59/89] Fix bad toEnum in NatVal

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 33555671cd..043fadd715 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pattern CharVal c <- (matchCharVal -> Just c)
 
 matchNatVal :: Val -> Maybe Word64
 matchNatVal = \case
-  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (toEnum u)
+  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (fromIntegral u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val

From ba7a4d6ac6d26f345621f394f830a857ef518a28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 13:52:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 60/89] Clean up debugging

---
 Runtime.hs                                    | 181 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs            |   2 -
 2 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Runtime.hs

diff --git a/Runtime.hs b/Runtime.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f790076f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Runtime.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
+
+module Unison.Codebase.Runtime where
+
+import Data.Map qualified as Map
+import Data.Set.NonEmpty (NESet)
+import Unison.ABT qualified as ABT
+import Unison.Builtin.Decls (tupleTerm, pattern TupleTerm')
+import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup qualified as CL
+import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup.Util qualified as CL
+import Unison.Hashing.V2.Convert qualified as Hashing
+import Unison.Parser.Ann (Ann)
+import Unison.Prelude
+import Unison.PrettyPrintEnv qualified as PPE
+import Unison.Reference (Reference)
+import Unison.Reference qualified as Reference
+import Unison.Term qualified as Term
+import Unison.Type (Type)
+import Unison.UnisonFile (TypecheckedUnisonFile)
+import Unison.UnisonFile qualified as UF
+import Unison.Util.Pretty qualified as P
+import Unison.Var (Var)
+import Unison.Var qualified as Var
+import Unison.WatchKind (WatchKind)
+import Unison.WatchKind qualified as WK
+
+type Error = P.Pretty P.ColorText
+
+type Term v = Term.Term v ()
+
+data CompileOpts = COpts
+  { profile :: Bool
+  }
+
+defaultCompileOpts :: CompileOpts
+defaultCompileOpts = COpts {profile = False}
+
+data Runtime v = Runtime
+  { terminate :: IO (),
+    evaluate ::
+      CL.CodeLookup v IO () ->
+      PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
+      Term v ->
+      IO (Either Error ([Error], Term v)),
+    compileTo ::
+      CompileOpts ->
+      CL.CodeLookup v IO () ->
+      PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
+      Reference ->
+      FilePath ->
+      IO (Maybe Error),
+    mainType :: Type v Ann,
+    ioTestTypes :: NESet (Type v Ann)
+  }
+
+type IsCacheHit = Bool
+
+noCache :: Reference.Id -> IO (Maybe (Term v))
+noCache _ = pure Nothing
+
+type WatchResults v a =
+  ( Either
+      Error
+      -- Bindings:
+      ( [(v, Term v)],
+        -- Map watchName (loc, hash, expression, value, isHit)
+        [Error],
+        Map v (a, WatchKind, Reference.Id, Term v, Term v, IsCacheHit)
+      )
+  )
+
+-- Evaluates the watch expressions in the file, returning a `Map` of their
+-- results. This has to be a bit fancy to handle that the definitions in the
+-- file depend on each other and evaluation must proceed in a way that respects
+-- these dependencies.
+--
+-- Note: The definitions in the file are hashed and looked up in
+-- `evaluationCache`. If that returns a result, evaluation of that definition
+-- can be skipped.
+evaluateWatches ::
+  forall v a.
+  (Var v) =>
+  CL.CodeLookup v IO a ->
+  PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
+  (Reference.Id -> IO (Maybe (Term v))) ->
+  Runtime v ->
+  TypecheckedUnisonFile v a ->
+  IO (WatchResults v a)
+evaluateWatches code ppe evaluationCache rt tuf = do
+  -- 1. compute hashes for everything in the file
+  let m :: Map v (Reference.Id, Term.Term v a)
+      m = fmap (\(_a, id, _wk, tm, _tp) -> (id, tm)) (UF.hashTermsId tuf)
+      watches :: Set v = Map.keysSet watchKinds
+      watchKinds :: Map v WatchKind
+      watchKinds =
+        Map.fromList
+          [(v, k) | (k, ws) <- UF.watchComponents tuf, (v, _a, _tm, _tp) <- ws]
+      unann = Term.amap (const ())
+  -- 2. use the cache to lookup things already computed
+  m' <- fmap Map.fromList . for (Map.toList m) $ \(v, (r, t)) -> do
+    o <- evaluationCache r
+    case o of
+      Nothing -> pure (v, (r, ABT.annotation t, unann t, False))
+      Just t' -> pure (v, (r, ABT.annotation t, t', True))
+  -- 3. create a big ol' let rec whose body is a big tuple of all watches
+  let rv :: Map Reference.Id v
+      rv = Map.fromList [(r, v) | (v, (r, _)) <- Map.toList m]
+      bindings :: [(v, (), Term v)]
+      bindings = [(v, (), unref rv b) | (v, (_, _, b, _)) <- Map.toList m']
+      watchVars = [Term.var () v | v <- toList watches]
+      bigOl'LetRec = Term.letRec' True bindings (tupleTerm watchVars)
+      cl = void (CL.fromTypecheckedUnisonFile tuf) <> void code
+  -- 4. evaluate it and get all the results out of the tuple, then
+  -- create the result Map
+  out <- evaluate rt cl ppe bigOl'LetRec
+  case out of
+    Right (errs, out) -> do
+      let (bindings, results) = case out of
+            TupleTerm' results -> (mempty, results)
+            Term.LetRecNamed' bs (TupleTerm' results) -> (bs, results)
+            _ -> error $ "Evaluation should produce a tuple, but gave: " ++ show out
+      let go v eval (ref, a, uneval, isHit) =
+            ( a,
+              Map.findWithDefault (die v) v watchKinds,
+              ref,
+              uneval,
+              Term.etaNormalForm eval,
+              isHit
+            )
+          watchMap =
+            Map.intersectionWithKey
+              go
+              (Map.fromList (toList watches `zip` results))
+              m'
+          die v = error $ "not sure what kind of watch this is: " <> show v
+      pure $ Right (bindings, errs, watchMap)
+    Left e -> pure (Left e)
+  where
+    -- unref :: Map Reference.Id v -> Term.Term v a -> Term.Term v a
+    unref rv t = ABT.visitPure go t
+      where
+        go t@(Term.Ref' (Reference.DerivedId r)) = case Map.lookup r rv of
+          Nothing -> Nothing
+          Just v -> Just (Term.var (ABT.annotation t) v)
+        go _ = Nothing
+
+evaluateTerm' ::
+  (Var v, Monoid a) =>
+  CL.CodeLookup v IO a ->
+  (Reference.Id -> IO (Maybe (Term v))) ->
+  PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
+  Runtime v ->
+  Term.Term v a ->
+  IO (Either Error ([Error], Term v))
+evaluateTerm' codeLookup cache ppe rt tm = do
+  result <- cache (Hashing.hashClosedTerm tm)
+  case result of
+    Just r -> pure (Right ([], r))
+    Nothing -> do
+      let tuf =
+            UF.typecheckedUnisonFile
+              mempty
+              mempty
+              mempty
+              [(WK.RegularWatch, [(Var.nameds "result", mempty, tm, mempty <$> mainType rt)])]
+      r <- evaluateWatches (void codeLookup) ppe cache rt (void tuf)
+      pure $
+        r <&> \(_, errs, map) ->
+          case Map.elems map of
+            [(_loc, _kind, _hash, _src, value, _isHit)] -> (errs, value)
+            _ -> error "evaluateTerm': Pattern mismatch on watch results"
+
+evaluateTerm ::
+  (Var v, Monoid a) =>
+  CL.CodeLookup v IO a ->
+  PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
+  Runtime v ->
+  Term.Term v a ->
+  IO (Either Error ([Error], Term v))
+evaluateTerm codeLookup = evaluateTerm' codeLookup noCache
diff --git a/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs b/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs
index 4732457e28..f790076f27 100644
--- a/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs
+++ b/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Codebase/Runtime.hs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import Unison.ABT qualified as ABT
 import Unison.Builtin.Decls (tupleTerm, pattern TupleTerm')
 import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup qualified as CL
 import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup.Util qualified as CL
-import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 import Unison.Hashing.V2.Convert qualified as Hashing
 import Unison.Parser.Ann (Ann)
 import Unison.Prelude
@@ -115,7 +114,6 @@ evaluateWatches code ppe evaluationCache rt tuf = do
   -- 4. evaluate it and get all the results out of the tuple, then
   -- create the result Map
   out <- evaluate rt cl ppe bigOl'LetRec
-  Debug.debugM Debug.Temp "evaluateWatches: out" out
   case out of
     Right (errs, out) -> do
       let (bindings, results) = case out of

From 1d3f4395e21e94ea49a79de2a96ebd34fd27e9b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 16:14:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 61/89] Fix broken stack debugging

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 94 +++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 043fadd715..43605492ac 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ import Data.Kind (Constraint)
 import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Word
 import GHC.Exts as L (IsList (..))
+import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 import Unison.Prelude
 import Unison.Reference (Reference)
 import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag)
@@ -141,6 +142,7 @@ import Prelude hiding (words)
 
 {- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
+
 type DebugCallStack = (HasCallStack :: Constraint)
 
 unboxedSentinel :: Int
@@ -152,8 +154,9 @@ boxedSentinel = (Closure GUnboxedSentinel)
 assertBumped :: HasCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO ()
 assertBumped (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) i = do
   u <- readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
-  b <- readArray bstk (sp - i)
-  when (u /= unboxedSentinel || b /= boxedSentinel) $ error $ "Expected stack slot to have been bumped, but it was:" <> show (Val u b)
+  b :: BVal <- readArray bstk (sp - i)
+  when (u /= unboxedSentinel || b /= boxedSentinel) do
+            error $ "Expected stack slot to have been bumped, but it was:" <> show (Val u b)
 
 assertUnboxed :: HasCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO ()
 assertUnboxed (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) i = do
@@ -254,11 +257,20 @@ data GClosure comb
   deriving stock (Show, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
 {- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 
-instance Eq (GClosure comb) where
-  -- This is safe because the embedded CombIx will break disputes
+-- We derive a basic instance for a version _without_ cyclic references.
+deriving instance Eq (GClosure ())
+
+-- Then we define the eq instance for cyclic references to just use the derived instance after deleting any possible
+-- cycles.
+-- This is still correct because each constructor with a cyclic reference also includes
+-- a CombIx identifying the cycle.
+instance Eq (GClosure (RComb Val)) where
   a == b = (a $> ()) == (b $> ())
 
-instance Ord (GClosure comb) where
+-- See Eq instance.
+deriving instance Ord (GClosure ())
+
+instance Ord (GClosure (RComb Val)) where
   compare a b = compare (a $> ()) (b $> ())
 
 pattern PAp :: CombIx -> GCombInfo (RComb Val) -> Seg -> Closure
@@ -649,70 +661,72 @@ alloc = do
 {-# INLINE alloc #-}
 
 {- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
-peek :: Stack -> IO Val
-peek stk = do
-  u <- upeek stk
+peek :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> IO Val
+peek stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
+  -- Can't use upeek here because in stack-check mode it will assert that the stack slot is unboxed.
+  u <- readByteArray ustk sp
   b <- bpeek stk
   pure (Val u b)
 {-# INLINE peek #-}
 
-peekI :: Stack -> IO Int
+peekI :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> IO Int
 peekI _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+  assertUnboxed _stk 0
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekI #-}
 
-peekOffI :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
+peekOffI :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO Int
 peekOffI _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+  assertUnboxed _stk 0
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffI #-}
 
-bpeek :: Stack -> IO BVal
+bpeek :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> IO BVal
 bpeek (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) = readArray bstk sp
 {-# INLINE bpeek #-}
 
-upeek :: Stack -> IO UVal
+upeek :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> IO UVal
 upeek _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+  assertUnboxed _stk 0
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE upeek #-}
 
-peekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Val
-peekOff stk i = do
-  u <- upeekOff stk i
+peekOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO Val
+peekOff stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
+  -- Can't use upeekOff here because in stack-check mode it will assert that the stack slot is unboxed.
+  u <- readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
   b <- bpeekOff stk i
   pure $ Val u b
 {-# INLINE peekOff #-}
 
-bpeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO BVal
+bpeekOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO BVal
 bpeekOff (Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i = readArray bstk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE bpeekOff #-}
 
-upeekOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO UVal
+upeekOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO UVal
 upeekOff _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+  assertUnboxed _stk i
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE upeekOff #-}
 
-upokeT :: Stack -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
 upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
   bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upokeT #-}
 
-poke :: Stack -> Val -> IO ()
+poke :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Val -> IO ()
 poke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertBumped _stk sp
+  assertBumped _stk 0
 #endif
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
   writeArray bstk sp b
@@ -721,7 +735,7 @@ poke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
 -- | Sometimes we get back an int from a foreign call which we want to use as a Nat.
 -- If we know it's positive and smaller than 2^63 then we can safely store the Int directly as a Nat without
 -- checks.
-unsafePokeIasN :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
+unsafePokeIasN :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Int -> IO ()
 unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
   upokeT stk n TT.natTag
 {-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
@@ -729,21 +743,21 @@ unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
 -- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
 -- Often used to indicate the constructor of a data type that's been unpacked onto the stack,
 -- or some tag we're about to branch on.
-pokeTag :: Stack -> Int -> IO ()
+pokeTag :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Int -> IO ()
 pokeTag =
   -- For now we just use ints, but maybe should have a separate type for tags so we can detect if we're leaking them.
   pokeI
 {-# INLINE pokeTag #-}
 
-peekTag :: Stack -> IO Int
+peekTag :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> IO Int
 peekTag = peekI
 {-# INLINE peekTag #-}
 
-peekTagOff :: Stack -> Off -> IO Int
+peekTagOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO Int
 peekTagOff = peekOffI
 {-# INLINE peekTagOff #-}
 
-pokeBool :: Stack -> Bool -> IO ()
+pokeBool :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Bool -> IO ()
 pokeBool stk b =
   -- Currently this is implemented as a tag, which is branched on to put a packed bool constructor on the stack, but
   -- we'll want to change it to have its own unboxed type tag eventually.
@@ -754,9 +768,10 @@ pokeBool stk b =
 -- We don't bother nulling out the unboxed stack,
 -- it's extra work and there's nothing to garbage collect.
 bpoke :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> BVal -> IO ()
-bpoke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp _ustk bstk) b = do
+bpoke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) b = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertBumped _stk sp
+  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Interpreter "before assert bumped"
+  assertBumped _stk 0
 #endif
   writeArray bstk sp b
 {-# INLINE bpoke #-}
@@ -767,7 +782,7 @@ pokeOff stk i (Val u t) = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE pokeOff #-}
 
-upokeOffT :: Stack -> Off -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeOffT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
 upokeOffT stk i u t = do
   bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
@@ -776,7 +791,7 @@ upokeOffT stk i u t = do
 bpokeOff :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> BVal -> IO ()
 bpokeOff _stk@(Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) i b = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertBumped _stk (sp - i)
+  assertBumped _stk i
 #endif
   writeArray bstk (sp - i) b
 {-# INLINE bpokeOff #-}
@@ -830,7 +845,7 @@ bump :: Stack -> IO Stack
 bump (Stack ap fp sp ustk bstk) = do
   let stk' = Stack ap fp (sp + 1) ustk bstk
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  pokeSentinelOff stk' (sp + 1)
+  pokeSentinelOff stk' 0
 #endif
   pure stk'
 {-# INLINE bump #-}
@@ -976,7 +991,7 @@ asize (Stack ap fp _ _ _) = fp - ap
 peekN :: Stack -> IO Word64
 peekN _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+  assertUnboxed _stk 0
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekN #-}
@@ -984,7 +999,7 @@ peekN _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
 peekD :: Stack -> IO Double
 peekD _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk sp
+  assertUnboxed _stk 0
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk sp
 {-# INLINE peekD #-}
@@ -997,8 +1012,7 @@ peekC stk = do
 peekOffN :: Stack -> Int -> IO Word64
 peekOffN _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-
-  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+  assertUnboxed _stk i
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffN #-}
@@ -1006,7 +1020,7 @@ peekOffN _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 peekOffD :: Stack -> Int -> IO Double
 peekOffD _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+  assertUnboxed _stk i
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffD #-}
@@ -1014,7 +1028,7 @@ peekOffD _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 peekOffC :: Stack -> Int -> IO Char
 peekOffC _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk (sp - i)
+  assertUnboxed _stk i
 #endif
   Char.chr <$> readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffC #-}

From 5c48d51ac7d34d052d047744d35830506287b83c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:26:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 62/89] Remove redundant EQLU implementation

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 9d7c06642d..5412160695 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1589,12 +1589,6 @@ bprim2 ::
   Int ->
   Int ->
   IO Stack
-bprim2 !stk EQLU i j = do
-  x <- peekOff stk i
-  y <- peekOff stk j
-  stk <- bump stk
-  pokeBool stk $ universalEq (==) x y
-  pure stk
 bprim2 !stk IXOT i j = do
   x <- peekOffBi stk i
   y <- peekOffBi stk j
@@ -1783,6 +1777,7 @@ bprim2 !stk CATB i j = do
   pure stk
 bprim2 !stk THRO _ _ = pure stk -- impossible
 bprim2 !stk TRCE _ _ = pure stk -- impossible
+bprim2 !stk EQLU _ _ = pure stk -- impossible
 bprim2 !stk CMPU _ _ = pure stk -- impossible
 bprim2 !stk SDBX _ _ = pure stk -- impossible
 bprim2 !stk SDBV _ _ = pure stk -- impossible

From fa988953ca845620c002b6270f93a373997aefdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:26:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 63/89] Fix bad eqlu/cmpu

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 37 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 5412160695..cb8759b4c3 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -2370,12 +2370,13 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
         && a1 == a2
         && eqValList vs1 vs2
     eqc (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
-      | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fl,
-        Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fr =
-          arrayEq eqc al ar
-      | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fl,
-        Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fr =
-          length sl == length sr && and (Sq.zipWith eqc sl sr)
+      | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(PA.Array Val) Rf.iarrayRef fl,
+        Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(PA.Array Val) Rf.iarrayRef fr =
+          let (l, r) = Debug.debug Debug.Temp "arrays" $ (al, ar)
+           in arrayEq eqVal l r
+      | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(Seq Val) Rf.listRef fl,
+        Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(Seq Val) Rf.listRef fr =
+          length sl == length sr && and (Sq.zipWith eqVal sl sr)
       | otherwise = frn fl fr
     eqc c d = closureNum c == closureNum d
     eqValList :: [Val] -> [Val] -> Bool
@@ -2388,7 +2389,7 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
         || (ct1 == TT.intTag && ct2 == TT.natTag)
         || (ct1 == TT.natTag && ct2 == TT.intTag)
 
-arrayEq :: (Closure -> Closure -> Bool) -> PA.Array Closure -> PA.Array Closure -> Bool
+arrayEq :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> PA.Array a -> PA.Array a -> Bool
 arrayEq eqc l r
   | PA.sizeofArray l /= PA.sizeofArray r = False
   | otherwise = go (PA.sizeofArray l - 1)
@@ -2471,13 +2472,13 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
           <> compare a1 a2
           <> cmpValList True vs1 vs2
       (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
-        | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fl,
-          Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.listRef fr ->
-            fold (Sq.zipWith (cmpc tyEq) sl sr)
+        | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(Seq Val) Rf.listRef fl,
+          Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(Seq Val) Rf.listRef fr ->
+            fold (Sq.zipWith (cmpVal tyEq) sl sr)
               <> compare (length sl) (length sr)
-        | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fl,
-          Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign Rf.iarrayRef fr ->
-            arrayCmp (cmpc tyEq) al ar
+        | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(PA.Array Val) Rf.iarrayRef fl,
+          Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(PA.Array Val) Rf.iarrayRef fr ->
+            arrayCmp (cmpVal tyEq) al ar
         | otherwise -> frn fl fr
       (UnboxedTypeTag t1) (UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> compare t1 t2
       (BlackHole) (BlackHole) -> EQ
@@ -2494,13 +2495,13 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
        in cmpl compare us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
 
 arrayCmp ::
-  (Closure -> Closure -> Ordering) ->
-  PA.Array Closure ->
-  PA.Array Closure ->
+  (a -> a -> Ordering) ->
+  PA.Array a ->
+  PA.Array a ->
   Ordering
-arrayCmp cmpc l r =
+arrayCmp cmpVal l r =
   comparing PA.sizeofArray l r <> go (PA.sizeofArray l - 1)
   where
     go i
       | i < 0 = EQ
-      | otherwise = cmpc (PA.indexArray l i) (PA.indexArray r i) <> go (i - 1)
+      | otherwise = cmpVal (PA.indexArray l i) (PA.indexArray r i) <> go (i - 1)

From 86bd7fb41a01acbc3f1c1d40b5b3cbacb06bfd4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:49:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 64/89] Fix byte poking

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 43605492ac..d38ab6e617 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ import Data.Kind (Constraint)
 import Data.Primitive.ByteArray qualified as BA
 import Data.Word
 import GHC.Exts as L (IsList (..))
-import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 import Unison.Prelude
 import Unison.Reference (Reference)
 import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag)
@@ -1062,8 +1061,8 @@ pokeI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 
 pokeByte :: Stack -> Word8 -> IO ()
 pokeByte stk b = do
-  -- NOTE: currently we just store bytes as ints, but we should have a separate type runtime type tag for them.
-  pokeI stk (fromIntegral b)
+  -- NOTE: currently we just store bytes as Word64s, but we should have a separate type runtime type tag for them.
+  pokeN stk (fromIntegral b)
 {-# INLINE pokeByte #-}
 
 pokeOffN :: Stack -> Int -> Word64 -> IO ()

From 2e0678dda43913e035f2b83dc32cce3b8d7970ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:49:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 65/89] Remove some debugging

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index cb8759b4c3..678013bc24 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -2372,8 +2372,7 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
     eqc (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
       | Just al <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(PA.Array Val) Rf.iarrayRef fl,
         Just ar <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(PA.Array Val) Rf.iarrayRef fr =
-          let (l, r) = Debug.debug Debug.Temp "arrays" $ (al, ar)
-           in arrayEq eqVal l r
+          arrayEq eqVal al ar
       | Just sl <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(Seq Val) Rf.listRef fl,
         Just sr <- maybeUnwrapForeign @(Seq Val) Rf.listRef fr =
           length sl == length sr && and (Sq.zipWith eqVal sl sr)

From 00f0ee0f17ce394f7704ed41cef9317bad3bec7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:49:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 66/89] Add separate instructions for Int versions of
 bit-twiddling

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs      |   4 +
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs       |   4 +
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs  |   8 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    |  12 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  |  23 +++
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs           | 156 +++++++++---------
 6 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
index 7d4421e603..eeb717d14a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF.hs
@@ -1252,6 +1252,10 @@ data POp
   | POWI -- pow
   | SHLI -- shiftl
   | SHRI -- shiftr
+  | ANDI -- and
+  | IORI -- or
+  | XORI -- xor
+  | COMI -- complement
   | INCI -- inc
   | DECI -- dec
   | LEQI -- <=
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
index 4d46a0cdb8..9c48877d48 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/ANF/Serialize.hs
@@ -649,6 +649,10 @@ pOpCode op = case op of
   SDBL -> 122
   SDBV -> 123
   CAST -> 124
+  ANDI -> 125
+  IORI -> 126
+  XORI -> 127
+  COMI -> 128
 
 pOpAssoc :: [(POp, Word16)]
 pOpAssoc = map (\op -> (op, pOpCode op)) [minBound .. maxBound]
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 359b3ee712..90accd94b0 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -417,10 +417,10 @@ andn = binop ANDN
 orn = binop IORN
 xorn = binop XORN
 compln = unop COMN
-andi = binop ANDN
-ori = binop IORN
-xori = binop XORN
-compli = unop COMN
+andi = binop ANDI
+ori = binop IORI
+xori = binop XORI
+compli = unop COMI
 
 addf,
   subf,
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index aa6377b0c3..e10d5d9f7d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ data UPrim1
   | LZRO -- leadingZeroes
   | TZRO -- trailingZeroes
   | COMN -- complement
+  | COMI -- complement
   | POPC -- popCount
   -- floating
   | ABSF -- abs
@@ -346,10 +347,13 @@ data UPrim2
   | LEQI -- <=
   | LEQN
   | ANDN -- and
+  | ANDI
   | IORN -- or
+  | IORI
   | XORN -- xor
-  -- floating
-  | EQLF -- ==
+  | XORI
+  | -- floating
+    EQLF -- ==
   | LEQF -- <=
   | ADDF -- +
   | SUBF -- -
@@ -1197,9 +1201,13 @@ emitPOp ANF.TZRO = emitP1 TZRO
 emitPOp ANF.LZRO = emitP1 LZRO
 emitPOp ANF.POPC = emitP1 POPC
 emitPOp ANF.ANDN = emitP2 ANDN
+emitPOp ANF.ANDI = emitP2 ANDI
 emitPOp ANF.IORN = emitP2 IORN
+emitPOp ANF.IORI = emitP2 IORI
+emitPOp ANF.XORI = emitP2 XORI
 emitPOp ANF.XORN = emitP2 XORN
 emitPOp ANF.COMN = emitP1 COMN
+emitPOp ANF.COMI = emitP1 COMI
 -- Float
 emitPOp ANF.ADDF = emitP2 ADDF
 emitPOp ANF.SUBF = emitP2 SUBF
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 678013bc24..072d07dd75 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1194,6 +1194,11 @@ uprim1 !stk COMN !i = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeN stk (complement n)
   pure stk
+uprim1 !stk COMI !i = do
+  n <- peekOffI stk i
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeI stk (complement n)
+  pure stk
 {-# INLINE uprim1 #-}
 
 uprim2 :: Stack -> UPrim2 -> Int -> Int -> IO Stack
@@ -1389,18 +1394,36 @@ uprim2 !stk ANDN !i !j = do
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeN stk (x .&. y)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk ANDI !i !j = do
+  x <- peekOffI stk i
+  y <- peekOffI stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeI stk (x .&. y)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk IORN !i !j = do
   x <- peekOffN stk i
   y <- peekOffN stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeN stk (x .|. y)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk IORI !i !j = do
+  x <- peekOffI stk i
+  y <- peekOffI stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeI stk (x .|. y)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk XORN !i !j = do
   x <- peekOffN stk i
   y <- peekOffN stk j
   stk <- bump stk
   pokeN stk (xor x y)
   pure stk
+uprim2 !stk XORI !i !j = do
+  x <- peekOffI stk i
+  y <- peekOffI stk j
+  stk <- bump stk
+  pokeI stk (xor x y)
+  pure stk
 uprim2 !stk CAST !vi !ti = do
   newTypeTag <- peekOffN stk ti
   v <- upeekOff stk vi
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
index 5cd5732226..cf74a7b1bb 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Serialize.hs
@@ -304,29 +304,30 @@ instance Tag UPrim1 where
   tag2word LZRO = 6
   tag2word TZRO = 7
   tag2word COMN = 8
-  tag2word POPC = 9
-  tag2word ABSF = 10
-  tag2word EXPF = 11
-  tag2word LOGF = 12
-  tag2word SQRT = 13
-  tag2word COSF = 14
-  tag2word ACOS = 15
-  tag2word COSH = 16
-  tag2word ACSH = 17
-  tag2word SINF = 18
-  tag2word ASIN = 19
-  tag2word SINH = 20
-  tag2word ASNH = 21
-  tag2word TANF = 22
-  tag2word ATAN = 23
-  tag2word TANH = 24
-  tag2word ATNH = 25
-  tag2word ITOF = 26
-  tag2word NTOF = 27
-  tag2word CEIL = 28
-  tag2word FLOR = 29
-  tag2word TRNF = 30
-  tag2word RNDF = 31
+  tag2word COMI = 9
+  tag2word POPC = 10
+  tag2word ABSF = 11
+  tag2word EXPF = 12
+  tag2word LOGF = 13
+  tag2word SQRT = 14
+  tag2word COSF = 15
+  tag2word ACOS = 16
+  tag2word COSH = 17
+  tag2word ACSH = 18
+  tag2word SINF = 19
+  tag2word ASIN = 20
+  tag2word SINH = 21
+  tag2word ASNH = 22
+  tag2word TANF = 23
+  tag2word ATAN = 24
+  tag2word TANH = 25
+  tag2word ATNH = 26
+  tag2word ITOF = 27
+  tag2word NTOF = 28
+  tag2word CEIL = 29
+  tag2word FLOR = 30
+  tag2word TRNF = 31
+  tag2word RNDF = 32
 
   word2tag 0 = pure DECI
   word2tag 1 = pure DECN
@@ -337,29 +338,30 @@ instance Tag UPrim1 where
   word2tag 6 = pure LZRO
   word2tag 7 = pure TZRO
   word2tag 8 = pure COMN
-  word2tag 9 = pure POPC
-  word2tag 10 = pure ABSF
-  word2tag 11 = pure EXPF
-  word2tag 12 = pure LOGF
-  word2tag 13 = pure SQRT
-  word2tag 14 = pure COSF
-  word2tag 15 = pure ACOS
-  word2tag 16 = pure COSH
-  word2tag 17 = pure ACSH
-  word2tag 18 = pure SINF
-  word2tag 19 = pure ASIN
-  word2tag 20 = pure SINH
-  word2tag 21 = pure ASNH
-  word2tag 22 = pure TANF
-  word2tag 23 = pure ATAN
-  word2tag 24 = pure TANH
-  word2tag 25 = pure ATNH
-  word2tag 26 = pure ITOF
-  word2tag 27 = pure NTOF
-  word2tag 28 = pure CEIL
-  word2tag 29 = pure FLOR
-  word2tag 30 = pure TRNF
-  word2tag 31 = pure RNDF
+  word2tag 9 = pure COMI
+  word2tag 10 = pure POPC
+  word2tag 11 = pure ABSF
+  word2tag 12 = pure EXPF
+  word2tag 13 = pure LOGF
+  word2tag 14 = pure SQRT
+  word2tag 15 = pure COSF
+  word2tag 16 = pure ACOS
+  word2tag 17 = pure COSH
+  word2tag 18 = pure ACSH
+  word2tag 19 = pure SINF
+  word2tag 20 = pure ASIN
+  word2tag 21 = pure SINH
+  word2tag 22 = pure ASNH
+  word2tag 23 = pure TANF
+  word2tag 24 = pure ATAN
+  word2tag 25 = pure TANH
+  word2tag 26 = pure ATNH
+  word2tag 27 = pure ITOF
+  word2tag 28 = pure NTOF
+  word2tag 29 = pure CEIL
+  word2tag 30 = pure FLOR
+  word2tag 31 = pure TRNF
+  word2tag 32 = pure RNDF
   word2tag n = unknownTag "UPrim1" n
 
 instance Tag UPrim2 where
@@ -384,20 +386,23 @@ instance Tag UPrim2 where
   tag2word LEQI = 18
   tag2word LEQN = 19
   tag2word ANDN = 20
-  tag2word IORN = 21
-  tag2word XORN = 22
-  tag2word EQLF = 23
-  tag2word LEQF = 24
-  tag2word ADDF = 25
-  tag2word SUBF = 26
-  tag2word MULF = 27
-  tag2word DIVF = 28
-  tag2word ATN2 = 29
-  tag2word POWF = 30
-  tag2word LOGB = 31
-  tag2word MAXF = 32
-  tag2word MINF = 33
-  tag2word CAST = 34
+  tag2word ANDI = 21
+  tag2word IORN = 22
+  tag2word IORI = 23
+  tag2word XORN = 24
+  tag2word XORI = 25
+  tag2word EQLF = 26
+  tag2word LEQF = 27
+  tag2word ADDF = 28
+  tag2word SUBF = 29
+  tag2word MULF = 30
+  tag2word DIVF = 31
+  tag2word ATN2 = 32
+  tag2word POWF = 33
+  tag2word LOGB = 34
+  tag2word MAXF = 35
+  tag2word MINF = 36
+  tag2word CAST = 37
 
   word2tag 0 = pure ADDI
   word2tag 1 = pure ADDN
@@ -420,20 +425,23 @@ instance Tag UPrim2 where
   word2tag 18 = pure LEQI
   word2tag 19 = pure LEQN
   word2tag 20 = pure ANDN
-  word2tag 21 = pure IORN
-  word2tag 22 = pure XORN
-  word2tag 23 = pure EQLF
-  word2tag 24 = pure LEQF
-  word2tag 25 = pure ADDF
-  word2tag 26 = pure SUBF
-  word2tag 27 = pure MULF
-  word2tag 28 = pure DIVF
-  word2tag 29 = pure ATN2
-  word2tag 30 = pure POWF
-  word2tag 31 = pure LOGB
-  word2tag 32 = pure MAXF
-  word2tag 33 = pure MINF
-  word2tag 34 = pure CAST
+  word2tag 21 = pure ANDI
+  word2tag 22 = pure IORN
+  word2tag 23 = pure IORI
+  word2tag 24 = pure XORN
+  word2tag 25 = pure XORI
+  word2tag 26 = pure EQLF
+  word2tag 27 = pure LEQF
+  word2tag 28 = pure ADDF
+  word2tag 29 = pure SUBF
+  word2tag 30 = pure MULF
+  word2tag 31 = pure DIVF
+  word2tag 32 = pure ATN2
+  word2tag 33 = pure POWF
+  word2tag 34 = pure LOGB
+  word2tag 35 = pure MAXF
+  word2tag 36 = pure MINF
+  word2tag 37 = pure CAST
   word2tag n = unknownTag "UPrim2" n
 
 instance Tag BPrim1 where

From 679239d7186f650a3eafedf0cdddf6cbb552f500 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:49:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 67/89] Fix truncate0

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 90accd94b0..a21479a171 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -489,13 +489,18 @@ i2f = unop ITOF
 n2f = unop NTOF
 
 trni :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-trni = unop0 2 $ \[x, z, b] ->
-  TLetD z UN (TLit $ I 0)
+trni = unop0 4 $ \[x, z, b, tag, n] ->
+  -- TODO: Do we need to do all calculations _before_ the branch?
+  TLetD z UN (TLit $ N 0)
     . TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQI [x, z])
+    . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral nt)
+    . TLetD n UN (TPrm CAST [x, tag])
     . TMatch b
     $ MatchIntegral
       (mapSingleton 1 $ TVar z)
-      (Just $ TVar x)
+      (Just $ TVar n)
+  where
+    PackedTag nt = TT.natTag
 
 modular :: (Var v) => POp -> (Bool -> ANormal v) -> SuperNormal v
 modular pop ret =

From 741231b1cf0c75f792e03fa70218727a5118a175 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Oct 2024 23:49:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 68/89] Fix dropn output type

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index a21479a171..062815603d 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -519,13 +519,20 @@ evnn = modular MODN (\b -> if b then fls else tru)
 oddn = modular MODN (\b -> if b then tru else fls)
 
 dropn :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
-dropn = binop0 1 $ \[x, y, b] ->
-  TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y]) $
+dropn = binop0 4 $ \[x, y, b, r, tag, n] ->
+  TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y])
+  -- TODO: Can we avoid this work until after the branch?
+  . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral nt)
+  . TLetD r UN (TPrm SUBN [x, y])
+  . TLetD n UN (TPrm CAST [r, tag])
+  $
     ( TMatch b $
         MatchIntegral
           (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
-          (Just $ TPrm SUBN [x, y])
+          (Just $ TVar n)
     )
+  where
+    PackedTag nt = TT.natTag
 
 appendt, taket, dropt, indext, indexb, sizet, unconst, unsnoct :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 appendt = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CATT [x, y]

From b698ae8dda0c17ef8a7fe97ea580f4850bb152bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChrisPenner <ChrisPenner@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2024 07:44:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 69/89] automatically run ormolu

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 25 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 062815603d..ef919b5baf 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Foreign qualified as F
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign.Function
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack (Val (..), emptyVal)
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack qualified as Closure
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Symbol
 import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as Bytes
@@ -193,7 +194,6 @@ import Unison.Util.Text (Text)
 import Unison.Util.Text qualified as Util.Text
 import Unison.Util.Text.Pattern qualified as TPat
 import Unison.Var
-import qualified Unison.Runtime.TypeTags as TT
 
 type Failure = F.Failure Val
 
@@ -521,16 +521,15 @@ oddn = modular MODN (\b -> if b then tru else fls)
 dropn :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 dropn = binop0 4 $ \[x, y, b, r, tag, n] ->
   TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y])
-  -- TODO: Can we avoid this work until after the branch?
-  . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral nt)
-  . TLetD r UN (TPrm SUBN [x, y])
-  . TLetD n UN (TPrm CAST [r, tag])
-  $
-    ( TMatch b $
-        MatchIntegral
-          (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
-          (Just $ TVar n)
-    )
+    -- TODO: Can we avoid this work until after the branch?
+    . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral nt)
+    . TLetD r UN (TPrm SUBN [x, y])
+    . TLetD n UN (TPrm CAST [r, tag])
+    $ ( TMatch b $
+          MatchIntegral
+            (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
+            (Just $ TVar n)
+      )
   where
     PackedTag nt = TT.natTag
 
@@ -817,8 +816,8 @@ andb = binop0 0 $ \[p, q] ->
 coerceType :: PackedTag -> SuperNormal Symbol
 coerceType (PackedTag destType) =
   unop0 1 $ \[v, tag] ->
-    TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral destType)
-      $ TPrm CAST [v, tag]
+    TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral destType) $
+      TPrm CAST [v, tag]
 
 -- unbox x0 ri x $
 --   TCon ro 0 [x]

From e0f047104315767c1e24ccbc1c452053d28daeac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2024 09:51:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 70/89] Just use nats for buffer tags on the stack

---
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs          | 13 ++++++-------
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs       |  4 ----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
index 8399c7ee13..0afda693ed 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Foreign/Function.hs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Exception
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
-import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Type
   ( iarrayRef,
     ibytearrayRef,
@@ -404,7 +403,7 @@ instance
     stk <- writeForeign stk b
     writeForeign stk a
 
-no'buf, line'buf, block'buf, sblock'buf :: Int
+no'buf, line'buf, block'buf, sblock'buf :: Word64
 no'buf = fromIntegral Ty.bufferModeNoBufferingId
 line'buf = fromIntegral Ty.bufferModeLineBufferingId
 block'buf = fromIntegral Ty.bufferModeBlockBufferingId
@@ -412,7 +411,7 @@ sblock'buf = fromIntegral Ty.bufferModeSizedBlockBufferingId
 
 instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
   readForeign (i : args) stk =
-    upeekOff stk i >>= \case
+    peekOffN stk i >>= \case
       t
         | t == no'buf -> pure (args, NoBuffering)
         | t == line'buf -> pure (args, LineBuffering)
@@ -428,13 +427,13 @@ instance ForeignConvention BufferMode where
   writeForeign stk bm =
     bump stk >>= \stk ->
       case bm of
-        NoBuffering -> stk <$ upokeT stk no'buf TT.bufferModeTag
-        LineBuffering -> stk <$ upokeT stk line'buf TT.bufferModeTag
-        BlockBuffering Nothing -> stk <$ upokeT stk block'buf TT.bufferModeTag
+        NoBuffering -> stk <$ pokeN stk no'buf
+        LineBuffering -> stk <$ pokeN stk line'buf
+        BlockBuffering Nothing -> stk <$ pokeN stk block'buf
         BlockBuffering (Just n) -> do
           pokeI stk n
           stk <- bump stk
-          stk <$ upokeT stk sblock'buf TT.bufferModeTag
+          stk <$ pokeN stk sblock'buf
 
 -- In reality this fixes the type to be 'RClosure', but allows us to defer
 -- the typechecker a bit and avoid a bunch of annoying type annotations.
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
index 3e8929d944..8bccb00f81 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/TypeTags.hs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module Unison.Runtime.TypeTags
     intTag,
     charTag,
     unitTag,
-    bufferModeTag,
     leftTag,
     rightTag,
   )
@@ -127,9 +126,6 @@ charTag = mkSimpleTag "charTag" Ty.charRef
 unitTag :: PackedTag
 unitTag = mkSimpleTag "unitTag" Ty.unitRef
 
-bufferModeTag :: PackedTag
-bufferModeTag = mkSimpleTag "bufferModeTag" Ty.bufferModeRef
-
 leftTag, rightTag :: PackedTag
 (leftTag, rightTag)
   | Just n <- Map.lookup Ty.eitherRef builtinTypeNumbering,

From 809c23a18c550caa23e5812c37980ff3dfe8f478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2024 09:51:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 71/89] Split up in-place mutation so the stack debugger works

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 4 +++-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 1 +
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 072d07dd75..e7d9b7e42a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -1818,7 +1818,9 @@ yield !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k = leap denv k
     leap !denv0 (Mark a ps cs k) = do
       let denv = cs <> EC.withoutKeys denv0 ps
           val = denv0 EC.! EC.findMin ps
-      bpoke stk . Data1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) =<< peek stk
+      v <- peek stk
+      stk <- bump stk
+      bpoke stk $ Data1 Rf.effectRef (PackedTag 0) v
       stk <- adjustArgs stk a
       apply env denv activeThreads stk k False (VArg1 0) val
     leap !denv (Push fsz asz (CIx ref _ _) f nx k) = do
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index d38ab6e617..370c0c18dd 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ import Prelude hiding (words)
 
 {- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
+import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
 
 type DebugCallStack = (HasCallStack :: Constraint)
 

From 0f691a9aeb66d7eead2d692028837bb47fd2bd1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2024 16:56:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 72/89] Update transcripts

---
 unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md      | 7996 ++++++++---------
 .../transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md       |    8 +-
 2 files changed, 4005 insertions(+), 3999 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md
index 454a449fe7..e5414c32a8 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/fix2693.output.md
@@ -48,2005 +48,2005 @@ scratch/main> add
 
     1 | > range 2000
           ⧩
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           ]
 
@@ -2070,2005 +2070,2005 @@ Should be cached:
 
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+          , 1881
+          , 1882
+          , 1883
+          , 1884
+          , 1885
+          , 1886
+          , 1887
+          , 1888
+          , 1889
+          , 1890
+          , 1891
+          , 1892
+          , 1893
+          , 1894
+          , 1895
+          , 1896
+          , 1897
+          , 1898
+          , 1899
+          , 1900
+          , 1901
+          , 1902
+          , 1903
+          , 1904
+          , 1905
+          , 1906
+          , 1907
+          , 1908
+          , 1909
+          , 1910
+          , 1911
+          , 1912
+          , 1913
+          , 1914
+          , 1915
+          , 1916
+          , 1917
+          , 1918
+          , 1919
+          , 1920
+          , 1921
+          , 1922
+          , 1923
+          , 1924
+          , 1925
+          , 1926
+          , 1927
+          , 1928
+          , 1929
+          , 1930
+          , 1931
+          , 1932
+          , 1933
+          , 1934
+          , 1935
+          , 1936
+          , 1937
+          , 1938
+          , 1939
+          , 1940
+          , 1941
+          , 1942
+          , 1943
+          , 1944
+          , 1945
+          , 1946
+          , 1947
+          , 1948
+          , 1949
+          , 1950
+          , 1951
+          , 1952
+          , 1953
+          , 1954
+          , 1955
+          , 1956
+          , 1957
+          , 1958
+          , 1959
+          , 1960
+          , 1961
+          , 1962
+          , 1963
+          , 1964
+          , 1965
+          , 1966
+          , 1967
+          , 1968
+          , 1969
+          , 1970
+          , 1971
+          , 1972
+          , 1973
+          , 1974
+          , 1975
+          , 1976
+          , 1977
+          , 1978
+          , 1979
+          , 1980
+          , 1981
+          , 1982
+          , 1983
+          , 1984
+          , 1985
+          , 1986
+          , 1987
+          , 1988
+          , 1989
+          , 1990
+          , 1991
+          , 1992
+          , 1993
+          , 1994
+          , 1995
+          , 1996
+          , 1997
+          , 1998
+          , 1999
           , 2000
           ]
 
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
index a8d9795aa1..582333433c 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
   
     29 | > casting
            ⧩
-           (100, 3.14, 4614253070214989087, 100, +10, -10)
+           ( +100
+           , 4614253070214989087
+           , 3.14
+           , +100
+           , 10
+           , 18446744073709551606
+           )
 
 ```

From 80a74735cdeaf04733c85cd353fd7da3df6a8b1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 10:22:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 73/89] Fix runtime Serialization tests

---
 .../tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/ANF/Serialization.hs     | 10 +---------
 .../tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/MCode/Serialization.hs   |  7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/ANF/Serialization.hs b/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/ANF/Serialization.hs
index 1d6f9dc554..92b206ea56 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/ANF/Serialization.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/ANF/Serialization.hs
@@ -40,16 +40,8 @@ genUBytes = Util.Bytes.fromByteString <$> Gen.bytes (Range.linear 0 4)
 genGroupRef :: Gen GroupRef
 genGroupRef = GR <$> genReference <*> genSmallWord64
 
-genUBValue :: Gen UBValue
-genUBValue =
-  Gen.choice
-    [ -- Unboxed values are no longer valid in ANF serialization.
-      -- Left <$> genSmallWord64,
-      Right <$> genValue
-    ]
-
 genValList :: Gen ValList
-genValList = Gen.list (Range.linear 0 4) genUBValue
+genValList = Gen.list (Range.linear 0 4) genValue
 
 genCont :: Gen Cont
 genCont = do
diff --git a/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/MCode/Serialization.hs b/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/MCode/Serialization.hs
index ef05644c22..18e4529001 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/MCode/Serialization.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/tests/Unison/Test/Runtime/MCode/Serialization.hs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import Unison.Prelude
 import Unison.Runtime.Interface
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode (Args (..), BPrim1, BPrim2, Branch, Comb, CombIx (..), GBranch (..), GComb (..), GCombInfo (..), GInstr (..), GRef (..), GSection (..), Instr, MLit (..), Ref, Section, UPrim1, UPrim2)
 import Unison.Runtime.Machine (Combs)
+import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags (PackedTag(..))
 import Unison.Test.Gen
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers (EnumMap, EnumSet)
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers qualified as EC
@@ -105,6 +106,9 @@ genMLit =
       MY <$> genReference
     ]
 
+genPackedTag :: Gen PackedTag
+genPackedTag = PackedTag <$> genSmallWord64
+
 genInstr :: Gen Instr
 genInstr =
   Gen.choice
@@ -117,9 +121,8 @@ genInstr =
       Capture <$> genSmallWord64,
       Name <$> genGRef <*> genArgs,
       Info <$> Gen.string (Range.linear 0 10) Gen.alphaNum,
-      Pack <$> genReference <*> genSmallWord64 <*> genArgs,
+      Pack <$> genReference <*> genPackedTag <*> genArgs,
       Lit <$> genMLit,
-      BLit <$> genReference <*> genSmallWord64 <*> genMLit,
       Print <$> genSmallInt,
       Reset <$> genEnumSet genSmallWord64,
       Fork <$> genSmallInt,

From ca2d1f639e4dc8d191003b2a9484e725dfe26b6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 10:22:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 74/89] Fix bad unsafeCoerce to Closure

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index 1e21a760e5..9c000df0aa 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ decompileForeign backref topTerms f
         _ -> l
   | Just l <- maybeUnwrapForeign typeLinkRef f =
       pure $ typeLink () l
-  | Just (a :: Array Closure) <- maybeUnwrapForeign iarrayRef f =
+  | Just (a :: Array Val) <- maybeUnwrapForeign iarrayRef f =
       app () (ref () iarrayFromListRef) . list ()
-        <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms . BoxedVal) (toList a)
+        <$> traverse (decompile backref topTerms) (toList a)
   | Just (a :: ByteArray) <- maybeUnwrapForeign ibytearrayRef f =
       pure $
         app

From d604eb97ccac4bb01c6a2cb5b1f5caea9a4cc50b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 11:38:10 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 75/89] Use the proper unit calling conventions for builtins

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 14 ++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index b6208a179a..d401aa9d13 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -1499,6 +1499,12 @@ argNDirect n instr =
   where
     args = freshes n
 
+--  () -> a
+--
+--  Unit is unique in that we don't actually pass it as an arg
+unitDirect :: ForeignOp
+unitDirect instr = ([BX],) . TAbs arg $ TFOp instr [] where arg = fresh1
+
 -- a -> Either Failure b
 argToEF :: ForeignOp
 argToEF =
@@ -2284,7 +2290,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
     . mkForeign
     $ \(c :: Val) -> newMVar c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.newEmpty.v2" (argNDirect 1)
+  declareForeign Tracked "MVar.newEmpty.v2" unitDirect
     . mkForeign
     $ \() -> newEmptyMVar @Val
 
@@ -2390,7 +2396,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
   declareForeign Tracked "TVar.swap" (argNDirect 2) . mkForeign $
     \(v, c :: Val) -> unsafeSTMToIO $ STM.swapTVar v c
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "STM.retry" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "STM.retry" unitDirect . mkForeign $
     \() -> unsafeSTMToIO STM.retry :: IO Val
 
   -- Scope and Ref stuff
@@ -2440,7 +2446,7 @@ declareForeigns = do
         t <- evaluate t
         casIORef r t v
 
-  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.new" (argNDirect 1) . mkForeign $
+  declareForeign Tracked "Promise.new" unitDirect . mkForeign $
     \() -> newPromise @Val
 
   -- the only exceptions from Promise.read are async and shouldn't be caught
@@ -3303,7 +3309,7 @@ baseSandboxInfo =
 builtinArities :: Map Reference Int
 builtinArities =
   Map.fromList $
-    [ (r, arity s) | (r, (_, s)) <- Map.toList builtinLookup ]
+    [(r, arity s) | (r, (_, s)) <- Map.toList builtinLookup]
 
 unsafeSTMToIO :: STM.STM a -> IO a
 unsafeSTMToIO (STM.STM m) = IO m

From 4b06b4c2fb94f5b27b57945c28d6965d29dac8a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 11:41:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 76/89] Relax int/nat equality/comparisons to account for loss
 of information in load/save roundtrips

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 27 +++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 72a2e29304..97057ac793 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -2381,7 +2381,7 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
     eql :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> [a] -> [b] -> Bool
     eql cm l r = length l == length r && and (zipWith cm l r)
     eqVal :: Val -> Val -> Bool
-    eqVal (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) = t1 == t2 && v1 == v2
+    eqVal (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) = matchTags t1 t2 && v1 == v2
     eqVal (BoxedVal x) (BoxedVal y) = eqc x y
     eqVal _ _ = False
     eqc :: Closure -> Closure -> Bool
@@ -2409,12 +2409,13 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
     eqValList :: [Val] -> [Val] -> Bool
     eqValList vs1 vs2 = eql eqVal vs1 vs2
 
-    -- serialization doesn't necessarily preserve Int tags, so be
-    -- more accepting for those.
-    matchTags ct1 ct2 =
-      ct1 == ct2
-        || (ct1 == TT.intTag && ct2 == TT.natTag)
-        || (ct1 == TT.natTag && ct2 == TT.intTag)
+-- serialization doesn't necessarily preserve Int tags, so be
+-- more accepting for those.
+matchTags :: PackedTag -> PackedTag -> Bool
+matchTags ct1 ct2 =
+  ct1 == ct2
+    || (ct1 == TT.intTag && ct2 == TT.natTag)
+    || (ct1 == TT.natTag && ct2 == TT.intTag)
 
 arrayEq :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> PA.Array a -> PA.Array a -> Bool
 arrayEq eqc l r
@@ -2478,8 +2479,12 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) ->
         -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
         -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
-        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compare t1 t2)
+        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareTags t1 t2)
           <> compare v1 v2
+    compareTags t1 t2 =
+      if matchTags t1 t2
+        then EQ
+        else compare t1 t2
     cmpl :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)
@@ -2510,6 +2515,10 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (UnboxedTypeTag t1) (UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> compare t1 t2
       (BlackHole) (BlackHole) -> EQ
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
+    cmpUnboxed :: Bool -> (PackedTag, Int) -> (PackedTag, Int) -> Ordering
+    cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2) =
+      Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareTags t1 t2)
+        <> compare v1 v2
     cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
       -- Written in a strange way way to maintain back-compat with the
@@ -2519,7 +2528,7 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
             BoxedVal clos -> (mempty, [clos])
           (us1, bs1) = partitionVals vs1
           (us2, bs2) = partitionVals vs2
-       in cmpl compare us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
+       in cmpl (cmpUnboxed tyEq) us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
 
 arrayCmp ::
   (a -> a -> Ordering) ->

From 0e98a5f77c3da98cd45cbfbf1338cef225aa3cd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 12:28:29 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 77/89] Re-run transcripts

---
 unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md | 549 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 538 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md
index 7cf1e4f95b..77c84aea6b 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/io.output.md
@@ -156,37 +156,564 @@ scratch/main> io.test testOpenClose
     New test results:
   
     1. testOpenClose   ◉ file should be open
+                       ◉ file handle buffering should match what we just set.
                        ◉ file should be closed
                        ◉ bytes have been written
                        ◉ bytes have been written
                        ◉ file should be closed
   
-    2. testOpenClose   ✗ file handle buffering should match what we just set.
+  ✅ 6 test(s) passing
   
-  🚫 1 test(s) failing, ✅ 5 test(s) passing
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```
+### Reading files with getSomeBytes
+
+Tests:
+
+  - getSomeBytes
+  - putBytes
+  - isFileOpen
+  - seekHandle
+
+``` unison
+testGetSomeBytes : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testGetSomeBytes _ =
+  test = 'let
+    tempDir = (newTempDir "getSomeBytes")
+    fooFile = tempDir ++ "/foo"
+
+    testData = "0123456789"
+    testSize = size testData
+
+    chunkSize = 7
+    check "chunk size splits data into 2 uneven sides" ((chunkSize > (testSize / 2)) && (chunkSize < testSize))
+
+
+    -- write testData to a temporary file
+    fooWrite = openFile fooFile Write
+    putBytes fooWrite (toUtf8 testData)
+    closeFile fooWrite
+    check "file should be closed" (not (isFileOpen fooWrite))
+
+    -- reopen for reading back the data in chunks
+    fooRead = openFile fooFile Read
+
+    -- read first part of file
+    chunk1 = getSomeBytes fooRead chunkSize |> fromUtf8
+    check "first chunk matches first part of testData" (chunk1 == take chunkSize testData)
+
+    -- read rest of file
+    chunk2 = getSomeBytes fooRead chunkSize |> fromUtf8
+    check "second chunk matches rest of testData" (chunk2 == drop chunkSize testData)
+
+    check "should be at end of file" (isFileEOF fooRead)
+
+    readAtEOF = getSomeBytes fooRead chunkSize
+    check "reading at end of file results in Bytes.empty" (readAtEOF == Bytes.empty)
+
+    -- request many bytes from the start of the file
+    seekHandle fooRead AbsoluteSeek +0
+    bigRead = getSomeBytes fooRead (testSize * 999) |> fromUtf8
+    check "requesting many bytes results in what's available" (bigRead == testData)
+
+    closeFile fooRead
+    check "file should be closed" (not (isFileOpen fooRead))
+
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+
+  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
+
+  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
+  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
+  change:
+  
+    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
+    
+      testGetSomeBytes : '{IO} [Result]
+
+```
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testGetSomeBytes : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testGetSomeBytes
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testGetSomeBytes   ◉ chunk size splits data into 2 uneven sides
+                          ◉ file should be closed
+                          ◉ first chunk matches first part of testData
+                          ◉ second chunk matches rest of testData
+                          ◉ should be at end of file
+                          ◉ reading at end of file results in Bytes.empty
+                          ◉ requesting many bytes results in what's available
+                          ◉ file should be closed
+  
+  ✅ 8 test(s) passing
   
   Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
 
 ```
+### Seeking in open files
+
+Tests:
+
+  - openFile
+  - putBytes
+  - closeFile
+  - isSeekable
+  - isFileEOF
+  - seekHandle
+  - getBytes
+  - getLine
+
+``` unison
+testSeek : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testSeek _ =
+  test = 'let
+    tempDir = newTempDir "seek"
+    emit (Ok "seeked")
+    fooFile = tempDir ++ "/foo"
+    handle1 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Append
+    putBytes handle1 (toUtf8 "12345678")
+    closeFile handle1
+
+    handle3 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Read
+    check "readable file should be seekable" (isSeekable handle3)
+    check "shouldn't be the EOF" (not (isFileEOF handle3))
+    expectU "we should be at position 0" 0 (handlePosition handle3)
+
+    seekHandle handle3 AbsoluteSeek +1
+    expectU "we should be at position 1" 1 (handlePosition handle3)
+    bytes3a = getBytes handle3 1000
+    text3a = Text.fromUtf8 bytes3a
+    expectU "should be able to read our temporary file after seeking" "2345678" text3a
+    closeFile handle3
+
+    barFile = tempDir ++ "/bar"
+    handle4 = openFile barFile FileMode.Append
+    putBytes handle4 (toUtf8 "foobar\n")
+    closeFile handle4
+
+    handle5 = openFile barFile FileMode.Read
+    expectU "getLine should get a line" "foobar" (getLine handle5)
+    closeFile handle5
+
+  runTest test
+
+testAppend : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testAppend _ =
+  test = 'let
+    tempDir = newTempDir "openFile"
+    fooFile = tempDir ++ "/foo"
+    handle1 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Write
+    putBytes handle1 (toUtf8 "test1")
+    closeFile handle1
+
+    handle2 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Append
+    putBytes handle2 (toUtf8 "test2")
+    closeFile handle2
+
+    handle3 = openFile fooFile FileMode.Read
+    bytes3 = getBytes handle3 1000
+    text3 = Text.fromUtf8 bytes3
+
+    expectU "should be able to read our temporary file" "test1test2" text3
+
+    closeFile handle3
+
+  runTest test
+```
 
+``` ucm
 
+  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
 
-🛑
+  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
+  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
+  change:
+  
+    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
+    
+      testAppend : '{IO} [Result]
+      testSeek   : '{IO} [Result]
 
-The transcript failed due to an error in the stanza above. The error is:
+```
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
 
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testAppend : '{IO} [Result]
+    testSeek   : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testSeek
 
     New test results:
   
-    1. testOpenClose   ◉ file should be open
-                       ◉ file should be closed
-                       ◉ bytes have been written
-                       ◉ bytes have been written
-                       ◉ file should be closed
+    1. testSeek   ◉ seeked
+                  ◉ readable file should be seekable
+                  ◉ shouldn't be the EOF
+                  ◉ we should be at position 0
+                  ◉ we should be at position 1
+                  ◉ should be able to read our temporary file after seeking
+                  ◉ getLine should get a line
+  
+  ✅ 7 test(s) passing
   
-    2. testOpenClose   ✗ file handle buffering should match what we just set.
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+scratch/main> io.test testAppend
+
+    New test results:
   
-  🚫 1 test(s) failing, ✅ 5 test(s) passing
+    1. testAppend   ◉ should be able to read our temporary file
+  
+  ✅ 1 test(s) passing
   
   Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
 
+```
+### SystemTime
+
+``` unison
+testSystemTime : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testSystemTime _ =
+  test = 'let
+    t = !systemTime
+    check "systemTime should be sane" ((t > 1600000000) && (t < 2000000000))
+
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+
+  Loading changes detected in scratch.u.
+
+  I found and typechecked these definitions in scratch.u. If you
+  do an `add` or `update`, here's how your codebase would
+  change:
+  
+    ⍟ These new definitions are ok to `add`:
+    
+      testSystemTime : '{IO} [Result]
+
+```
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testSystemTime : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testSystemTime
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testSystemTime   ◉ systemTime should be sane
+  
+  ✅ 1 test(s) passing
+  
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```
+### Get temp directory
+
+``` unison
+testGetTempDirectory : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testGetTempDirectory _ =
+  test = 'let
+    tempDir = reraise !getTempDirectory.impl
+    check "Temp directory is directory" (isDirectory tempDir)
+    check "Temp directory should exist" (fileExists tempDir)
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testGetTempDirectory : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testGetTempDirectory
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testGetTempDirectory   ◉ Temp directory is directory
+                              ◉ Temp directory should exist
+  
+  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
+  
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```
+### Get current directory
+
+``` unison
+testGetCurrentDirectory : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testGetCurrentDirectory _ =
+  test = 'let
+    currentDir = reraise !getCurrentDirectory.impl
+    check "Current directory is directory" (isDirectory currentDir)
+    check "Current directory should exist" (fileExists currentDir)
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testGetCurrentDirectory : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testGetCurrentDirectory
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testGetCurrentDirectory   ◉ Current directory is directory
+                                 ◉ Current directory should exist
+  
+  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
+  
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```
+### Get directory contents
+
+``` unison
+testDirContents : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testDirContents _ =
+  test = 'let
+    tempDir = newTempDir "dircontents"
+    c = reraise (directoryContents.impl tempDir)
+    check "directory size should be"  (size c == 2)
+    check "directory contents should have current directory and parent" let
+      (c == [".", ".."]) || (c == ["..", "."])
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testDirContents : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testDirContents
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testDirContents   ◉ directory size should be
+                         ◉ directory contents should have current directory and parent
+  
+  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
+  
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```
+### Read environment variables
+
+``` unison
+testGetEnv : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testGetEnv _ =
+  test = 'let
+    path = reraise (getEnv.impl "PATH") -- PATH exists on windows, mac and linux.
+    check "PATH environent variable should be set"  (size path > 0)
+    match getEnv.impl "DOESNTEXIST" with
+      Right _ -> emit (Fail "env var shouldn't exist")
+      Left _ -> emit (Ok "DOESNTEXIST didn't exist")
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testGetEnv : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testGetEnv
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testGetEnv   ◉ PATH environent variable should be set
+                    ◉ DOESNTEXIST didn't exist
+  
+  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
+  
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```
+### Read command line args
+
+`runMeWithNoArgs`, `runMeWithOneArg`, and `runMeWithTwoArgs` raise exceptions
+unless they called with the right number of arguments.
+
+``` unison
+testGetArgs.fail : Text -> Failure
+testGetArgs.fail descr = Failure (typeLink IOFailure) descr !Any
+
+testGetArgs.runMeWithNoArgs : '{io2.IO, Exception} ()
+testGetArgs.runMeWithNoArgs = 'let
+  args = reraise !getArgs.impl
+  match args with
+    [] -> printLine "called with no args"
+    _ -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with args")
+
+testGetArgs.runMeWithOneArg : '{io2.IO, Exception} ()
+testGetArgs.runMeWithOneArg = 'let
+  args = reraise !getArgs.impl
+  match args with
+    [] -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with no args")
+    [_] -> printLine "called with one arg"
+    _ -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with too many args")
+
+testGetArgs.runMeWithTwoArgs : '{io2.IO, Exception} ()
+testGetArgs.runMeWithTwoArgs = 'let
+  args = reraise !getArgs.impl
+  match args with
+    [] -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with no args")
+    [_] -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with one arg")
+    [_, _] -> printLine "called with two args"
+    _ -> raise (testGetArgs.fail "called with too many args")
+```
+
+Test that they can be run with the right number of args.
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testGetArgs.fail             : Text -> Failure
+    testGetArgs.runMeWithNoArgs  : '{IO, Exception} ()
+    testGetArgs.runMeWithOneArg  : '{IO, Exception} ()
+    testGetArgs.runMeWithTwoArgs : '{IO, Exception} ()
+
+scratch/main> run runMeWithNoArgs
+
+  ()
+
+scratch/main> run runMeWithOneArg foo
+
+  ()
+
+scratch/main> run runMeWithTwoArgs foo bar
+
+  ()
+
+```
+Calling our examples with the wrong number of args will error.
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> run runMeWithNoArgs foo
+
+  💔💥
+  
+  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
+  
+    Failure (typeLink IOFailure) "called with args" (Any ())
+  
+  Stack trace:
+    ##raise
+
+```
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> run runMeWithOneArg
+
+  💔💥
+  
+  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
+  
+    Failure (typeLink IOFailure) "called with no args" (Any ())
+  
+  Stack trace:
+    ##raise
+
+```
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> run runMeWithOneArg foo bar
+
+  💔💥
+  
+  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
+  
+    Failure
+      (typeLink IOFailure) "called with too many args" (Any ())
+  
+  Stack trace:
+    ##raise
+
+```
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> run runMeWithTwoArgs
+
+  💔💥
+  
+  The program halted with an unhandled exception:
+  
+    Failure (typeLink IOFailure) "called with no args" (Any ())
+  
+  Stack trace:
+    ##raise
+
+```
+### Get the time zone
+
+``` unison
+testTimeZone = do
+  (offset, summer, name) = Clock.internals.systemTimeZone +0
+  _ = (offset : Int, summer : Nat, name : Text)
+  ()
+```
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testTimeZone : '{IO} ()
+
+scratch/main> run testTimeZone
+
+  ()
+
+```
+### Get some random bytes
+
+``` unison
+testRandom : '{io2.IO} [Result]
+testRandom = do
+  test = do
+    bytes = IO.randomBytes 10
+    check "randomBytes returns the right number of bytes" (size bytes == 10)
+  runTest test
+```
+
+``` ucm
+scratch/main> add
+
+  ⍟ I've added these definitions:
+  
+    testRandom : '{IO} [Result]
+
+scratch/main> io.test testGetEnv
+
+    New test results:
+  
+    1. testGetEnv   ◉ PATH environent variable should be set
+                    ◉ DOESNTEXIST didn't exist
+  
+  ✅ 2 test(s) passing
+  
+  Tip: Use view 1 to view the source of a test.
+
+```

From f9630305877a5ddaf0e63ae7bac4dec13afd8556 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 13:09:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 78/89] Don't need to peek boxed stack

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 97057ac793..626e371b2a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -673,8 +673,8 @@ eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (DMatch mr i br) = do
   (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag mr stk =<< peekOff stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $
     selectBranch (maskTags t) br
-eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (NMatch mr i br) = do
-  n <- numValue mr =<< peekOff stk i
+eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (NMatch _mr i br) = do
+  n <- peekOffN stk i
   eval env denv activeThreads stk k r $ selectBranch n br
 eval !env !denv !activeThreads !stk !k r (RMatch i pu br) = do
   (t, stk) <- dumpDataNoTag Nothing stk =<< peekOff stk i

From 2c0595105b185411d1682278a44f11830ebcd56d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 16:41:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 79/89] Fix up universalCompare some more

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 27 +++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 626e371b2a..350b02d537 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -2457,13 +2457,6 @@ compareAsFloat i j
   where
     clear k = clearBit k 64
 
-compareAsNat :: Int -> Int -> Ordering
-compareAsNat i j = compare ni nj
-  where
-    ni, nj :: Word
-    ni = fromIntegral i
-    nj = fromIntegral j
-
 universalCompare ::
   (Foreign -> Foreign -> Ordering) ->
   Val ->
@@ -2476,11 +2469,8 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> cmpc tyEq c1 c2
       (UnboxedVal {}) (BoxedVal {}) -> LT
       (BoxedVal {}) (UnboxedVal {}) -> GT
-      (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) ->
-        -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
-        -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
-        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareTags t1 t2)
-          <> compare v1 v2
+      (NatVal i) (NatVal j) -> compare i j
+      (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) -> cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
     compareTags t1 t2 =
       if matchTags t1 t2
         then EQ
@@ -2516,9 +2506,16 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (BlackHole) (BlackHole) -> EQ
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
     cmpUnboxed :: Bool -> (PackedTag, Int) -> (PackedTag, Int) -> Ordering
-    cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2) =
-      Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareTags t1 t2)
-        <> compare v1 v2
+    cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
+      | (t1 == TT.intTag || t1 == TT.natTag) && (t2 == TT.intTag || t2 == TT.natTag) =
+          compare v1 v2
+      | t1 == TT.floatTag && t2 == TT.floatTag =
+          compareAsFloat v1 v2
+      | otherwise =
+          -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
+          -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
+          Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareTags t1 t2)
+            <> compare v1 v2
     cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
       -- Written in a strange way way to maintain back-compat with the

From 8a455ab3d5d564fc8d4dd667f296ec2b0c4f7147 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 17:00:30 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 80/89] Add some more runtime tests

---
 unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md       | 25 +++++++
 .../transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md       | 73 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 98 insertions(+)

diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
index fe83465195..624614c633 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
@@ -35,4 +35,29 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
            Int.toRepresentation +10,
            Int.toRepresentation -10)
 > casting
+
+
+> 1 Universal.== Int.toRepresentation +1
+> [1, 2, 3] Universal.== [Int.toRepresentation +1, Int.toRepresentation +2, Int.toRepresentation +3]
+
+-- Float edge cases
+> compare 0.0 0.0
+> compare +0.0 (-0.0)
+> compare -0.0 (+0.0)
+> compare -1.0 1.0
+
+-- Currently, the same NaN's are equal, but different NaN's are not...
+>  (0.0/0.0) == (0.0/0.0)
+>  (0.0/0.0) == (1.0/0.0)
+
+> Universal.compare [] [1]
+> Universal.compare [1, 2] [2, 3]
+> Universal.compare [2, 3] [1, 2]
+
+-- Values in 'Any' are compared a bit strangely.
+-- Currently we have special-cases to compare the values of Nats and Ints directly, ignoring their type, for better or
+-- worse.
+-- This helps to counter a different issue we have, where `load (save +10)` will load a `Nat` runtime type rather than
+-- an Int, since we don't actually store the type of numerics in the ANF.Value type.
+> Universal.compare (Any [1, 2]) (Any [+1, +2])
 ```
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
index 582333433c..d4be777480 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
@@ -30,6 +30,31 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
            Int.toRepresentation +10,
            Int.toRepresentation -10)
 > casting
+
+
+> 1 Universal.== Int.toRepresentation +1
+> [1, 2, 3] Universal.== [Int.toRepresentation +1, Int.toRepresentation +2, Int.toRepresentation +3]
+
+-- Float edge cases
+> compare 0.0 0.0
+> compare +0.0 (-0.0)
+> compare -0.0 (+0.0)
+> compare -1.0 1.0
+
+-- Currently, the same NaN's are equal, but different NaN's are not...
+>  (0.0/0.0) == (0.0/0.0)
+>  (0.0/0.0) == (1.0/0.0)
+
+> Universal.compare [] [1]
+> Universal.compare [1, 2] [2, 3]
+> Universal.compare [2, 3] [1, 2]
+
+-- Values in 'Any' are compared a bit strangely.
+-- Currently we have special-cases to compare the values of Nats and Ints directly, ignoring their type, for better or
+-- worse.
+-- This helps to counter a different issue we have, where `load (save +10)` will load a `Nat` runtime type rather than
+-- an Int, since we don't actually store the type of numerics in the ANF.Value type.
+> Universal.compare (Any [1, 2]) (Any [+1, +2])
 ```
 
 ``` ucm
@@ -84,5 +109,53 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
            , 10
            , 18446744073709551606
            )
+  
+    32 | > 1 Universal.== Int.toRepresentation +1
+           ⧩
+           true
+  
+    33 | > [1, 2, 3] Universal.== [Int.toRepresentation +1, Int.toRepresentation +2, Int.toRepresentation +3]
+           ⧩
+           true
+  
+    36 | > compare 0.0 0.0
+           ⧩
+           +0
+  
+    37 | > compare +0.0 (-0.0)
+           ⧩
+           -1
+  
+    38 | > compare -0.0 (+0.0)
+           ⧩
+           +1
+  
+    39 | > compare -1.0 1.0
+           ⧩
+           -1
+  
+    42 | >  (0.0/0.0) == (0.0/0.0)
+           ⧩
+           true
+  
+    43 | >  (0.0/0.0) == (1.0/0.0)
+           ⧩
+           false
+  
+    45 | > Universal.compare [] [1]
+           ⧩
+           -1
+  
+    46 | > Universal.compare [1, 2] [2, 3]
+           ⧩
+           -1
+  
+    47 | > Universal.compare [2, 3] [1, 2]
+           ⧩
+           +1
+  
+    54 | > Universal.compare (Any [1, 2]) (Any [+1, +2])
+           ⧩
+           +0
 
 ```

From 5e64b29577bbf665c82259f9d685cb262b42d22b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 18:07:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 81/89] Replace PackedTag runtime types with a custom type

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs  | 35 +++++------
 .../src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs           | 14 ++---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 37 +++++++----
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 63 +++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index d401aa9d13..7e294bbbc7 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -173,9 +173,8 @@ import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
   )
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign qualified as F
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign.Function
-import Unison.Runtime.Stack (Val (..), emptyVal)
+import Unison.Runtime.Stack (UnboxedTypeTag (..), Val (..), emptyVal, unboxedTypeTagToInt)
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack qualified as Closure
-import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Symbol
 import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Util.Bytes qualified as Bytes
@@ -492,16 +491,15 @@ n2f = unop NTOF
 trni :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 trni = unop0 4 $ \[x, z, b, tag, n] ->
   -- TODO: Do we need to do all calculations _before_ the branch?
+  -- Should probably just replace this with an instruction.
   TLetD z UN (TLit $ N 0)
     . TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQI [x, z])
-    . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral nt)
+    . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral $ unboxedTypeTagToInt NatTag)
     . TLetD n UN (TPrm CAST [x, tag])
     . TMatch b
     $ MatchIntegral
       (mapSingleton 1 $ TVar z)
       (Just $ TVar n)
-  where
-    PackedTag nt = TT.natTag
 
 modular :: (Var v) => POp -> (Bool -> ANormal v) -> SuperNormal v
 modular pop ret =
@@ -523,7 +521,8 @@ dropn :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 dropn = binop0 4 $ \[x, y, b, r, tag, n] ->
   TLetD b UN (TPrm LEQN [x, y])
     -- TODO: Can we avoid this work until after the branch?
-    . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral nt)
+  -- Should probably just replace this with an instruction.
+    . TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral $ unboxedTypeTagToInt NatTag)
     . TLetD r UN (TPrm SUBN [x, y])
     . TLetD n UN (TPrm CAST [r, tag])
     $ ( TMatch b $
@@ -531,8 +530,6 @@ dropn = binop0 4 $ \[x, y, b, r, tag, n] ->
             (mapSingleton 1 $ TLit $ N 0)
             (Just $ TVar n)
       )
-  where
-    PackedTag nt = TT.natTag
 
 appendt, taket, dropt, indext, indexb, sizet, unconst, unsnoct :: (Var v) => SuperNormal v
 appendt = binop0 0 $ \[x, y] -> TPrm CATT [x, y]
@@ -814,11 +811,11 @@ andb = binop0 0 $ \[p, q] ->
 
 -- A runtime type-cast. Used to unsafely coerce between unboxed
 -- types at runtime without changing their representation.
-coerceType :: PackedTag -> SuperNormal Symbol
-coerceType (PackedTag destType) =
+coerceType :: UnboxedTypeTag -> SuperNormal Symbol
+coerceType destType =
   unop0 1 $ \[v, tag] ->
-    TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral destType) $
-      TPrm CAST [v, tag]
+      TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral $ unboxedTypeTagToInt destType) $
+        TPrm CAST [v, tag]
 
 -- unbox x0 ri x $
 --   TCon ro 0 [x]
@@ -1735,8 +1732,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Int.<=", (Untracked, lei)),
         ("Int.>", (Untracked, gti)),
         ("Int.>=", (Untracked, gei)),
-        ("Int.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.intTag)),
-        ("Int.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.natTag)),
+        ("Int.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType IntTag)),
+        ("Int.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType NatTag)),
         ("Int.increment", (Untracked, inci)),
         ("Int.signum", (Untracked, sgni)),
         ("Int.negate", (Untracked, negi)),
@@ -1780,7 +1777,7 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Nat.complement", (Untracked, compln)),
         ("Nat.pow", (Untracked, pown)),
         ("Nat.drop", (Untracked, dropn)),
-        ("Nat.toInt", (Untracked, coerceType TT.intTag)),
+        ("Nat.toInt", (Untracked, coerceType IntTag)),
         ("Nat.toFloat", (Untracked, n2f)),
         ("Nat.toText", (Untracked, n2t)),
         ("Nat.fromText", (Untracked, t2n)),
@@ -1793,8 +1790,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Float.log", (Untracked, logf)),
         ("Float.logBase", (Untracked, logbf)),
         ("Float.sqrt", (Untracked, sqrtf)),
-        ("Float.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.floatTag)),
-        ("Float.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType TT.natTag)),
+        ("Float.fromRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType FloatTag)),
+        ("Float.toRepresentation", (Untracked, coerceType NatTag)),
         ("Float.min", (Untracked, minf)),
         ("Float.max", (Untracked, maxf)),
         ("Float.<", (Untracked, ltf)),
@@ -1850,8 +1847,8 @@ builtinLookup =
         ("Debug.trace", (Tracked, gen'trace)),
         ("Debug.toText", (Tracked, debug'text)),
         ("unsafe.coerceAbilities", (Untracked, poly'coerce)),
-        ("Char.toNat", (Untracked, coerceType TT.natTag)),
-        ("Char.fromNat", (Untracked, coerceType TT.charTag)),
+        ("Char.toNat", (Untracked, coerceType NatTag)),
+        ("Char.fromNat", (Untracked, coerceType CharTag)),
         ("Bytes.empty", (Untracked, emptyb)),
         ("Bytes.fromList", (Untracked, packb)),
         ("Bytes.toList", (Untracked, unpackb)),
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
index 9c000df0aa..b650f450c9 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Decompile.hs
@@ -36,13 +36,11 @@ import Unison.Runtime.MCode (CombIx (..))
 import Unison.Runtime.Stack
   ( Closure (..),
     USeq,
+    UnboxedTypeTag (..),
     Val (..),
     pattern DataC,
     pattern PApV,
   )
--- for Int -> Double
-
-import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Syntax.NamePrinter (prettyReference)
 import Unison.Term
   ( Term,
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ err err x = (singleton err, x)
 
 data DecompError
   = BadBool !Word64
-  | BadUnboxed !TT.PackedTag
+  | BadUnboxed !UnboxedTypeTag
   | BadForeign !Reference
   | BadData !Reference
   | BadPAp !Reference
@@ -105,8 +103,8 @@ type DecompResult v = (Set DecompError, Term v ())
 prf :: Reference -> Error
 prf = syntaxToColor . prettyReference 10
 
-printPackedTag :: TT.PackedTag -> Error
-printPackedTag t = shown $ TT.unpackTags t
+printUnboxedTypeTag :: UnboxedTypeTag -> Error
+printUnboxedTypeTag = shown
 
 renderDecompError :: DecompError -> Error
 renderDecompError (BadBool n) =
@@ -114,10 +112,10 @@ renderDecompError (BadBool n) =
     [ wrap "A boolean value had an unexpected constructor tag:",
       indentN 2 . lit . fromString $ show n
     ]
-renderDecompError (BadUnboxed rf) =
+renderDecompError (BadUnboxed tt) =
   lines
     [ wrap "An apparent numeric type had an unrecognized packed tag:",
-      indentN 2 $ printPackedTag rf
+      indentN 2 $ printUnboxedTypeTag tt
     ]
 renderDecompError (BadForeign rf) =
   lines
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 350b02d537..6c4835e624 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ dumpDataNoTag !mr !stk = \case
   val@(UnboxedVal _ t) -> do
     stk <- bump stk
     poke stk val
-    pure (t, stk)
+    pure (unboxedPackedTag t, stk)
   BoxedVal clos -> case clos of
     (Enum _ t) -> pure (t, stk)
     (Data1 _ t x) -> do
@@ -999,6 +999,13 @@ dumpDataNoTag !mr !stk = \case
         "dumpDataNoTag: bad closure: "
           ++ show clo
           ++ maybe "" (\r -> "\nexpected type: " ++ show r) mr
+  where
+    unboxedPackedTag :: UnboxedTypeTag -> PackedTag
+    unboxedPackedTag = \case
+      CharTag -> TT.charTag
+      FloatTag -> TT.floatTag
+      IntTag -> TT.intTag
+      NatTag -> TT.natTag
 {-# INLINE dumpDataNoTag #-}
 
 -- Note: although the representation allows it, it is impossible
@@ -1201,7 +1208,7 @@ uprim1 !stk COMI !i = do
   pure stk
 {-# INLINE uprim1 #-}
 
-uprim2 :: Stack -> UPrim2 -> Int -> Int -> IO Stack
+uprim2 :: (HasCallStack) => Stack -> UPrim2 -> Int -> Int -> IO Stack
 uprim2 !stk ADDI !i !j = do
   m <- upeekOff stk i
   n <- upeekOff stk j
@@ -1425,10 +1432,10 @@ uprim2 !stk XORI !i !j = do
   pokeI stk (xor x y)
   pure stk
 uprim2 !stk CAST !vi !ti = do
-  newTypeTag <- peekOffN stk ti
+  newTypeTag <- peekOffI stk ti
   v <- upeekOff stk vi
   stk <- bump stk
-  poke stk $ UnboxedVal v (PackedTag newTypeTag)
+  poke stk $ UnboxedVal v (unboxedTypeTagFromInt newTypeTag)
   pure stk
 {-# INLINE uprim2 #-}
 
@@ -2381,7 +2388,7 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
     eql :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> [a] -> [b] -> Bool
     eql cm l r = length l == length r && and (zipWith cm l r)
     eqVal :: Val -> Val -> Bool
-    eqVal (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) = matchTags t1 t2 && v1 == v2
+    eqVal (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) = matchUnboxedTypes t1 t2 && v1 == v2
     eqVal (BoxedVal x) (BoxedVal y) = eqc x y
     eqVal _ _ = False
     eqc :: Closure -> Closure -> Bool
@@ -2417,6 +2424,14 @@ matchTags ct1 ct2 =
     || (ct1 == TT.intTag && ct2 == TT.natTag)
     || (ct1 == TT.natTag && ct2 == TT.intTag)
 
+-- serialization doesn't necessarily preserve Int tags, so be
+-- more accepting for those.
+matchUnboxedTypes :: UnboxedTypeTag -> UnboxedTypeTag -> Bool
+matchUnboxedTypes ct1 ct2 =
+  ct1 == ct2
+    || (ct1 == IntTag && ct2 == NatTag)
+    || (ct1 == NatTag && ct2 == IntTag)
+
 arrayEq :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> PA.Array a -> PA.Array a -> Bool
 arrayEq eqc l r
   | PA.sizeofArray l /= PA.sizeofArray r = False
@@ -2471,8 +2486,8 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (BoxedVal {}) (UnboxedVal {}) -> GT
       (NatVal i) (NatVal j) -> compare i j
       (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) -> cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
-    compareTags t1 t2 =
-      if matchTags t1 t2
+    compareUnboxedTypes t1 t2 =
+      if matchUnboxedTypes t1 t2
         then EQ
         else compare t1 t2
     cmpl :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
@@ -2505,16 +2520,16 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (UnboxedTypeTag t1) (UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> compare t1 t2
       (BlackHole) (BlackHole) -> EQ
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
-    cmpUnboxed :: Bool -> (PackedTag, Int) -> (PackedTag, Int) -> Ordering
+    cmpUnboxed :: Bool -> (UnboxedTypeTag, Int) -> (UnboxedTypeTag, Int) -> Ordering
     cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
-      | (t1 == TT.intTag || t1 == TT.natTag) && (t2 == TT.intTag || t2 == TT.natTag) =
+      | (t1 == IntTag || t1 == NatTag) && (t2 == IntTag || t2 == NatTag) =
           compare v1 v2
-      | t1 == TT.floatTag && t2 == TT.floatTag =
+      | t1 == FloatTag && t2 == FloatTag =
           compareAsFloat v1 v2
       | otherwise =
           -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
           -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
-          Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareTags t1 t2)
+          Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareUnboxedTypes t1 t2)
             <> compare v1 v2
     cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 7a48920ca2..d9cf02b828 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ module Unison.Runtime.Stack
         BlackHole,
         UnboxedTypeTag
       ),
+    UnboxedTypeTag (..),
+    unboxedTypeTagToInt,
+    unboxedTypeTagFromInt,
     IxClosure,
     Callback (..),
     Augment (..),
@@ -135,7 +138,6 @@ import Unison.Runtime.ANF (PackedTag)
 import Unison.Runtime.Array
 import Unison.Runtime.Foreign
 import Unison.Runtime.MCode
-import Unison.Runtime.TypeTags qualified as TT
 import Unison.Type qualified as Ty
 import Unison.Util.EnumContainers as EC
 import Prelude hiding (words)
@@ -234,6 +236,29 @@ type USeq = Seq Val
 
 type IxClosure = GClosure CombIx
 
+-- Don't re-order these, the ord instance affects Universal.compare
+data UnboxedTypeTag
+  = CharTag
+  | FloatTag
+  | IntTag
+  | NatTag
+  deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord)
+
+unboxedTypeTagToInt :: UnboxedTypeTag -> Int
+unboxedTypeTagToInt = \case
+  CharTag -> 0
+  FloatTag -> 1
+  IntTag -> 2
+  NatTag -> 3
+
+unboxedTypeTagFromInt :: (HasCallStack) => Int -> UnboxedTypeTag
+unboxedTypeTagFromInt = \case
+  0 -> CharTag
+  1 -> FloatTag
+  2 -> IntTag
+  3 -> NatTag
+  _ -> error "intToUnboxedTypeTag: invalid tag"
+
 {- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
 data GClosure comb
   = GPAp
@@ -250,7 +275,7 @@ data GClosure comb
   | -- The type tag for the value in the corresponding unboxed stack slot.
     -- We should consider adding separate constructors for common builtin type tags.
     --  GHC will optimize nullary constructors into singletons.
-    GUnboxedTypeTag !PackedTag
+    GUnboxedTypeTag !UnboxedTypeTag
   | GBlackHole
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
   | GUnboxedSentinel
@@ -304,19 +329,19 @@ pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
 
 -- We can avoid allocating a closure for common type tags on each poke by having shared top-level closures for them.
 natTypeTag :: Closure
-natTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.natTag
+natTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag NatTag
 {-# NOINLINE natTypeTag #-}
 
 intTypeTag :: Closure
-intTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.intTag
+intTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag IntTag
 {-# NOINLINE intTypeTag #-}
 
 charTypeTag :: Closure
-charTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.charTag
+charTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag CharTag
 {-# NOINLINE charTypeTag #-}
 
 floatTypeTag :: Closure
-floatTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag TT.floatTag
+floatTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag FloatTag
 {-# NOINLINE floatTypeTag #-}
 
 traceK :: Reference -> K -> [(Reference, Int)]
@@ -376,43 +401,43 @@ pattern DataC rf ct segs <-
 
 matchCharVal :: Val -> Maybe Char
 matchCharVal = \case
-  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.charTag -> Just (Char.chr u)
+  (UnboxedVal u CharTag) -> Just (Char.chr u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern CharVal :: Char -> Val
 pattern CharVal c <- (matchCharVal -> Just c)
   where
-    CharVal c = UnboxedVal (Char.ord c) TT.charTag
+    CharVal c = UnboxedVal (Char.ord c) CharTag
 
 matchNatVal :: Val -> Maybe Word64
 matchNatVal = \case
-  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.natTag -> Just (fromIntegral u)
+  (UnboxedVal u NatTag) -> Just (fromIntegral u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val
 pattern NatVal n <- (matchNatVal -> Just n)
   where
-    NatVal n = UnboxedVal (fromIntegral n) TT.natTag
+    NatVal n = UnboxedVal (fromIntegral n) NatTag
 
 matchDoubleVal :: Val -> Maybe Double
 matchDoubleVal = \case
-  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.floatTag -> Just (intToDouble u)
+  (UnboxedVal u FloatTag) -> Just (intToDouble u)
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern DoubleVal :: Double -> Val
 pattern DoubleVal d <- (matchDoubleVal -> Just d)
   where
-    DoubleVal d = UnboxedVal (doubleToInt d) TT.floatTag
+    DoubleVal d = UnboxedVal (doubleToInt d) FloatTag
 
 matchIntVal :: Val -> Maybe Int
 matchIntVal = \case
-  (UnboxedVal u tt) | tt == TT.intTag -> Just u
+  (UnboxedVal u IntTag) -> Just u
   _ -> Nothing
 
 pattern IntVal :: Int -> Val
 pattern IntVal i <- (matchIntVal -> Just i)
   where
-    IntVal i = UnboxedVal i TT.intTag
+    IntVal i = UnboxedVal i IntTag
 
 doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
 doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
@@ -630,7 +655,7 @@ instance Ord Val where
 emptyVal :: Val
 emptyVal = Val (-1) BlackHole
 
-pattern UnboxedVal :: Int -> PackedTag -> Val
+pattern UnboxedVal :: Int -> UnboxedTypeTag -> Val
 pattern UnboxedVal v t = (Val v (UnboxedTypeTag t))
 
 valToBoxed :: Val -> Maybe Closure
@@ -721,7 +746,7 @@ upeekOff _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE upeekOff #-}
 
-upokeT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> UVal -> UnboxedTypeTag -> IO ()
 upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
   bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
@@ -741,7 +766,7 @@ poke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
 -- checks.
 unsafePokeIasN :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Int -> IO ()
 unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
-  upokeT stk n TT.natTag
+  upokeT stk n NatTag
 {-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
 
 -- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
@@ -786,7 +811,7 @@ pokeOff stk i (Val u t) = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE pokeOff #-}
 
-upokeOffT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> UVal -> PackedTag -> IO ()
+upokeOffT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> UVal -> UnboxedTypeTag -> IO ()
 upokeOffT stk i u t = do
   bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
@@ -1090,7 +1115,7 @@ pokeOffI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
 
 pokeOffC :: Stack -> Int -> Char -> IO ()
 pokeOffC stk i c = do
-  upokeOffT stk i (Char.ord c) TT.charTag
+  upokeOffT stk i (Char.ord c) CharTag
 {-# INLINE pokeOffC #-}
 
 pokeBi :: (BuiltinForeign b) => Stack -> b -> IO ()

From d7dce7862109f76b84908865b973c2bdce1eb277 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 2024 10:56:35 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 82/89] Remove borked copied file

---
 Runtime.hs | 181 -----------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 181 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Runtime.hs

diff --git a/Runtime.hs b/Runtime.hs
deleted file mode 100644
index f790076f27..0000000000
--- a/Runtime.hs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
-
-module Unison.Codebase.Runtime where
-
-import Data.Map qualified as Map
-import Data.Set.NonEmpty (NESet)
-import Unison.ABT qualified as ABT
-import Unison.Builtin.Decls (tupleTerm, pattern TupleTerm')
-import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup qualified as CL
-import Unison.Codebase.CodeLookup.Util qualified as CL
-import Unison.Hashing.V2.Convert qualified as Hashing
-import Unison.Parser.Ann (Ann)
-import Unison.Prelude
-import Unison.PrettyPrintEnv qualified as PPE
-import Unison.Reference (Reference)
-import Unison.Reference qualified as Reference
-import Unison.Term qualified as Term
-import Unison.Type (Type)
-import Unison.UnisonFile (TypecheckedUnisonFile)
-import Unison.UnisonFile qualified as UF
-import Unison.Util.Pretty qualified as P
-import Unison.Var (Var)
-import Unison.Var qualified as Var
-import Unison.WatchKind (WatchKind)
-import Unison.WatchKind qualified as WK
-
-type Error = P.Pretty P.ColorText
-
-type Term v = Term.Term v ()
-
-data CompileOpts = COpts
-  { profile :: Bool
-  }
-
-defaultCompileOpts :: CompileOpts
-defaultCompileOpts = COpts {profile = False}
-
-data Runtime v = Runtime
-  { terminate :: IO (),
-    evaluate ::
-      CL.CodeLookup v IO () ->
-      PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
-      Term v ->
-      IO (Either Error ([Error], Term v)),
-    compileTo ::
-      CompileOpts ->
-      CL.CodeLookup v IO () ->
-      PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
-      Reference ->
-      FilePath ->
-      IO (Maybe Error),
-    mainType :: Type v Ann,
-    ioTestTypes :: NESet (Type v Ann)
-  }
-
-type IsCacheHit = Bool
-
-noCache :: Reference.Id -> IO (Maybe (Term v))
-noCache _ = pure Nothing
-
-type WatchResults v a =
-  ( Either
-      Error
-      -- Bindings:
-      ( [(v, Term v)],
-        -- Map watchName (loc, hash, expression, value, isHit)
-        [Error],
-        Map v (a, WatchKind, Reference.Id, Term v, Term v, IsCacheHit)
-      )
-  )
-
--- Evaluates the watch expressions in the file, returning a `Map` of their
--- results. This has to be a bit fancy to handle that the definitions in the
--- file depend on each other and evaluation must proceed in a way that respects
--- these dependencies.
---
--- Note: The definitions in the file are hashed and looked up in
--- `evaluationCache`. If that returns a result, evaluation of that definition
--- can be skipped.
-evaluateWatches ::
-  forall v a.
-  (Var v) =>
-  CL.CodeLookup v IO a ->
-  PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
-  (Reference.Id -> IO (Maybe (Term v))) ->
-  Runtime v ->
-  TypecheckedUnisonFile v a ->
-  IO (WatchResults v a)
-evaluateWatches code ppe evaluationCache rt tuf = do
-  -- 1. compute hashes for everything in the file
-  let m :: Map v (Reference.Id, Term.Term v a)
-      m = fmap (\(_a, id, _wk, tm, _tp) -> (id, tm)) (UF.hashTermsId tuf)
-      watches :: Set v = Map.keysSet watchKinds
-      watchKinds :: Map v WatchKind
-      watchKinds =
-        Map.fromList
-          [(v, k) | (k, ws) <- UF.watchComponents tuf, (v, _a, _tm, _tp) <- ws]
-      unann = Term.amap (const ())
-  -- 2. use the cache to lookup things already computed
-  m' <- fmap Map.fromList . for (Map.toList m) $ \(v, (r, t)) -> do
-    o <- evaluationCache r
-    case o of
-      Nothing -> pure (v, (r, ABT.annotation t, unann t, False))
-      Just t' -> pure (v, (r, ABT.annotation t, t', True))
-  -- 3. create a big ol' let rec whose body is a big tuple of all watches
-  let rv :: Map Reference.Id v
-      rv = Map.fromList [(r, v) | (v, (r, _)) <- Map.toList m]
-      bindings :: [(v, (), Term v)]
-      bindings = [(v, (), unref rv b) | (v, (_, _, b, _)) <- Map.toList m']
-      watchVars = [Term.var () v | v <- toList watches]
-      bigOl'LetRec = Term.letRec' True bindings (tupleTerm watchVars)
-      cl = void (CL.fromTypecheckedUnisonFile tuf) <> void code
-  -- 4. evaluate it and get all the results out of the tuple, then
-  -- create the result Map
-  out <- evaluate rt cl ppe bigOl'LetRec
-  case out of
-    Right (errs, out) -> do
-      let (bindings, results) = case out of
-            TupleTerm' results -> (mempty, results)
-            Term.LetRecNamed' bs (TupleTerm' results) -> (bs, results)
-            _ -> error $ "Evaluation should produce a tuple, but gave: " ++ show out
-      let go v eval (ref, a, uneval, isHit) =
-            ( a,
-              Map.findWithDefault (die v) v watchKinds,
-              ref,
-              uneval,
-              Term.etaNormalForm eval,
-              isHit
-            )
-          watchMap =
-            Map.intersectionWithKey
-              go
-              (Map.fromList (toList watches `zip` results))
-              m'
-          die v = error $ "not sure what kind of watch this is: " <> show v
-      pure $ Right (bindings, errs, watchMap)
-    Left e -> pure (Left e)
-  where
-    -- unref :: Map Reference.Id v -> Term.Term v a -> Term.Term v a
-    unref rv t = ABT.visitPure go t
-      where
-        go t@(Term.Ref' (Reference.DerivedId r)) = case Map.lookup r rv of
-          Nothing -> Nothing
-          Just v -> Just (Term.var (ABT.annotation t) v)
-        go _ = Nothing
-
-evaluateTerm' ::
-  (Var v, Monoid a) =>
-  CL.CodeLookup v IO a ->
-  (Reference.Id -> IO (Maybe (Term v))) ->
-  PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
-  Runtime v ->
-  Term.Term v a ->
-  IO (Either Error ([Error], Term v))
-evaluateTerm' codeLookup cache ppe rt tm = do
-  result <- cache (Hashing.hashClosedTerm tm)
-  case result of
-    Just r -> pure (Right ([], r))
-    Nothing -> do
-      let tuf =
-            UF.typecheckedUnisonFile
-              mempty
-              mempty
-              mempty
-              [(WK.RegularWatch, [(Var.nameds "result", mempty, tm, mempty <$> mainType rt)])]
-      r <- evaluateWatches (void codeLookup) ppe cache rt (void tuf)
-      pure $
-        r <&> \(_, errs, map) ->
-          case Map.elems map of
-            [(_loc, _kind, _hash, _src, value, _isHit)] -> (errs, value)
-            _ -> error "evaluateTerm': Pattern mismatch on watch results"
-
-evaluateTerm ::
-  (Var v, Monoid a) =>
-  CL.CodeLookup v IO a ->
-  PPE.PrettyPrintEnv ->
-  Runtime v ->
-  Term.Term v a ->
-  IO (Either Error ([Error], Term v))
-evaluateTerm codeLookup = evaluateTerm' codeLookup noCache

From 18287d586a925c39619bbafe2dd0d0be59b5be55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 2024 11:16:47 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 83/89] PR cleanup

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs | 3 ---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
index 7e294bbbc7..9445ae28bd 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Builtin.hs
@@ -817,9 +817,6 @@ coerceType destType =
       TLetD tag UN (TLit $ I $ fromIntegral $ unboxedTypeTagToInt destType) $
         TPrm CAST [v, tag]
 
--- unbox x0 ri x $
---   TCon ro 0 [x]
-
 -- This version of unsafeCoerce is the identity function. It works
 -- only if the two types being coerced between are actually the same,
 -- because it keeps the same representation. It is not capable of
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index d9cf02b828..296b9522f6 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -542,10 +542,10 @@ uargOnto stk sp cop cp0 (ArgN v) = do
   let loop i
         | i < 0 = return ()
         | otherwise = do
-            (x :: Int) <- readByteArray stk (sp - indexPrimArray v i) --
+            (x :: Int) <- readByteArray stk (sp - indexPrimArray v i)
             writeByteArray buf (boff - i) x
             loop $ i - 1
-  loop $ sz - 1 -- 2
+  loop $ sz - 1
   when overwrite $
     copyMutableByteArray cop (bytes $ cp0 + 1) buf 0 (bytes sz)
   pure cp

From afb65c9340616d3d5c9ca39736d3d252a0808ed0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 2024 14:25:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 84/89] Make universalCompare more consistent

---
 .../src/Unison/Util/EnumContainers.hs         |  5 +-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs    | 14 ++++-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs  | 38 ++++++++++++-
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs    | 55 +------------------
 4 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Util/EnumContainers.hs b/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Util/EnumContainers.hs
index 0a84aa4dd2..fe62ee69d7 100644
--- a/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Util/EnumContainers.hs
+++ b/parser-typechecker/src/Unison/Util/EnumContainers.hs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ module Unison.Util.EnumContainers
 where
 
 import Data.Bifunctor
+import Data.Functor.Classes (Eq1, Ord1)
 import Data.IntMap.Strict qualified as IM
 import Data.IntSet qualified as IS
 import Data.Word (Word16, Word64)
@@ -60,7 +61,9 @@ newtype EnumMap k a = EM (IM.IntMap a)
     )
   deriving newtype
     ( Monoid,
-      Semigroup
+      Semigroup,
+      Eq1,
+      Ord1
     )
 
 newtype EnumSet k = ES IS.IntSet
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
index c90f90808e..26d392d99a 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/MCode.hs
@@ -667,7 +667,19 @@ data GRef comb
   = Stk !Int -- stack reference to a closure
   | Env !CombIx {- Lazy! Might be cyclic -} comb
   | Dyn !Word64 -- dynamic scope reference to a closure
-  deriving (Show, Eq, Ord, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
+  deriving (Show, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
+
+instance Eq (GRef comb) where
+  a == b = compare a b == EQ
+
+instance Ord (GRef comb) where
+  compare (Stk a) (Stk b) = compare a b
+  compare (Stk {}) _ = LT
+  compare _ (Stk {}) = GT
+  compare (Env a _) (Env b _) = compare a b
+  compare (Env {}) _ = LT
+  compare _ (Env {}) = GT
+  compare (Dyn a) (Dyn b) = compare a b
 
 type Branch = GBranch CombIx
 
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index 6c4835e624..f28f49fe1e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import Control.Concurrent.STM as STM
 import Control.Exception
 import Control.Lens
 import Data.Bits
+import Data.Functor.Classes (Eq1 (..), Ord1 (..))
 import Data.Map.Strict qualified as M
 import Data.Ord (comparing)
 import Data.Sequence qualified as Sq
@@ -2401,7 +2402,7 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
       cix1 == cix2
         && eqValList segs1 segs2
     eqc (CapV k1 a1 vs1) (CapV k2 a2 vs2) =
-      k1 == k2
+      eqK k1 k2
         && a1 == a2
         && eqValList vs1 vs2
     eqc (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
@@ -2413,9 +2414,19 @@ universalEq frn = eqVal
           length sl == length sr && and (Sq.zipWith eqVal sl sr)
       | otherwise = frn fl fr
     eqc c d = closureNum c == closureNum d
+
     eqValList :: [Val] -> [Val] -> Bool
     eqValList vs1 vs2 = eql eqVal vs1 vs2
 
+    eqK :: K -> K -> Bool
+    eqK KE KE = True
+    eqK (CB cb) (CB cb') = cb == cb'
+    eqK (Mark a ps m k) (Mark a' ps' m' k') =
+      a == a' && ps == ps' && liftEq eqVal m m' && eqK k k'
+    eqK (Push f a ci _ _sect k) (Push f' a' ci' _ _sect' k') =
+      f == f' && a == a' && ci == ci' && eqK k k'
+    eqK _ _ = False
+
 -- serialization doesn't necessarily preserve Int tags, so be
 -- more accepting for those.
 matchTags :: PackedTag -> PackedTag -> Bool
@@ -2505,7 +2516,7 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
         compare cix1 cix2
           <> cmpValList tyEq segs1 segs2
       (CapV k1 a1 vs1) (CapV k2 a2 vs2) ->
-        compare k1 k2
+        cmpK tyEq k1 k2
           <> compare a1 a2
           <> cmpValList True vs1 vs2
       (Foreign fl) (Foreign fr)
@@ -2520,6 +2531,7 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (UnboxedTypeTag t1) (UnboxedTypeTag t2) -> compare t1 t2
       (BlackHole) (BlackHole) -> EQ
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
+
     cmpUnboxed :: Bool -> (UnboxedTypeTag, Int) -> (UnboxedTypeTag, Int) -> Ordering
     cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
       | (t1 == IntTag || t1 == NatTag) && (t2 == IntTag || t2 == NatTag) =
@@ -2531,6 +2543,7 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
           -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
           Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareUnboxedTypes t1 t2)
             <> compare v1 v2
+
     cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
     cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
       -- Written in a strange way way to maintain back-compat with the
@@ -2542,6 +2555,27 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
           (us2, bs2) = partitionVals vs2
        in cmpl (cmpUnboxed tyEq) us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
 
+    cmpK :: Bool -> K -> K -> Ordering
+    cmpK tyEq = \cases
+      KE KE -> EQ
+      (CB cb) (CB cb') -> compare cb cb'
+      (Mark a ps m k) (Mark a' ps' m' k') ->
+        compare a a'
+          <> compare ps ps'
+          <> liftCompare (cmpVal tyEq) m m'
+          <> cmpK tyEq k k'
+      (Push f a ci _ _sect k) (Push f' a' ci' _ _sect' k') ->
+        compare f f'
+          <> compare a a'
+          <> compare ci ci'
+          <> cmpK tyEq k k'
+      KE _ -> LT
+      _ KE -> GT
+      (CB {}) _ -> LT
+      _ (CB {}) -> GT
+      (Mark {}) _ -> LT
+      _ (Mark {}) -> GT
+
 arrayCmp ::
   (a -> a -> Ordering) ->
   PA.Array a ->
diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 296b9522f6..671d3a108e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -205,31 +205,8 @@ data K
       !(RSection Val) -- resumption section
       !K
 
-instance Eq K where
-  KE == KE = True
-  (CB cb) == (CB cb') = cb == cb'
-  (Mark a ps m k) == (Mark a' ps' m' k') =
-    a == a' && ps == ps' && m == m' && k == k'
-  (Push f a ci _ _sect k) == (Push f' a' ci' _ _sect' k') =
-    f == f' && a == a' && ci == ci' && k == k'
-  _ == _ = False
-
-instance Ord K where
-  compare KE KE = EQ
-  compare (CB cb) (CB cb') = compare cb cb'
-  compare (Mark a ps m k) (Mark a' ps' m' k') =
-    compare (a, ps, m, k) (a', ps', m', k')
-  compare (Push f a ci _ _sect k) (Push f' a' ci' _ _sect' k') =
-    compare (f, a, ci, k) (f', a', ci', k')
-  compare KE _ = LT
-  compare _ KE = GT
-  compare (CB {}) _ = LT
-  compare _ (CB {}) = GT
-  compare (Mark {}) _ = LT
-  compare _ (Mark {}) = GT
-
 newtype Closure = Closure {unClosure :: (GClosure (RComb Val))}
-  deriving stock (Show, Eq, Ord)
+  deriving stock (Show)
 
 -- | Implementation for Unison sequences.
 type USeq = Seq Val
@@ -283,22 +260,6 @@ data GClosure comb
   deriving stock (Show, Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
 {- ORMOLU_ENABLE -}
 
--- We derive a basic instance for a version _without_ cyclic references.
-deriving instance Eq (GClosure ())
-
--- Then we define the eq instance for cyclic references to just use the derived instance after deleting any possible
--- cycles.
--- This is still correct because each constructor with a cyclic reference also includes
--- a CombIx identifying the cycle.
-instance Eq (GClosure (RComb Val)) where
-  a == b = (a $> ()) == (b $> ())
-
--- See Eq instance.
-deriving instance Ord (GClosure ())
-
-instance Ord (GClosure (RComb Val)) where
-  compare a b = compare (a $> ()) (b $> ())
-
 pattern PAp :: CombIx -> GCombInfo (RComb Val) -> Seg -> Closure
 pattern PAp cix comb seg = Closure (GPAp cix comb seg)
 
@@ -637,20 +598,6 @@ data Val = Val {getUnboxedVal :: !UVal, getBoxedVal :: !BVal}
   -- See universalEq.
   deriving (Show)
 
-instance Eq Val where
-  (==) = \cases
-    (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) -> t1 == t2 && v1 == v2
-    (BoxedVal x) (BoxedVal y) -> x == y
-    (UnboxedVal {}) (BoxedVal {}) -> False
-    (BoxedVal {}) (UnboxedVal {}) -> False
-
-instance Ord Val where
-  compare = \cases
-    (BoxedVal c1) (BoxedVal c2) -> compare c1 c2
-    (UnboxedVal i1 t1) (UnboxedVal i2 t2) -> compare t1 t2 <> compare i1 i2
-    (UnboxedVal {}) (BoxedVal _) -> LT
-    (BoxedVal _) (UnboxedVal {}) -> GT
-
 -- | A nulled out value you can use when filling empty arrays, etc.
 emptyVal :: Val
 emptyVal = Val (-1) BlackHole

From 570b1866b21852b7f8520f9cd6144e9241fc9c02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 2024 14:25:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 85/89] Fix universalCompare's handling of value lists and
 nats/ints

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs | 39 ++++++++------------
 unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md      |  8 ++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
index f28f49fe1e..ba6f5d8402 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Machine.hs
@@ -2497,10 +2497,6 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       (BoxedVal {}) (UnboxedVal {}) -> GT
       (NatVal i) (NatVal j) -> compare i j
       (UnboxedVal v1 t1) (UnboxedVal v2 t2) -> cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
-    compareUnboxedTypes t1 t2 =
-      if matchUnboxedTypes t1 t2
-        then EQ
-        else compare t1 t2
     cmpl :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
     cmpl cm l r =
       compare (length l) (length r) <> fold (zipWith cm l r)
@@ -2533,27 +2529,24 @@ universalCompare frn = cmpVal False
       c d -> comparing closureNum c d
 
     cmpUnboxed :: Bool -> (UnboxedTypeTag, Int) -> (UnboxedTypeTag, Int) -> Ordering
-    cmpUnboxed tyEq (t1, v1) (t2, v2)
-      | (t1 == IntTag || t1 == NatTag) && (t2 == IntTag || t2 == NatTag) =
-          compare v1 v2
-      | t1 == FloatTag && t2 == FloatTag =
-          compareAsFloat v1 v2
-      | otherwise =
-          -- We don't need to mask the tags since unboxed types are
-          -- always treated like nullary constructors and have an empty ctag.
-          Monoid.whenM tyEq (compareUnboxedTypes t1 t2)
-            <> compare v1 v2
+    cmpUnboxed tyEq = \cases
+      -- Need to cast to Nat or else maxNat == -1 and it flips comparisons of large Nats.
+      -- TODO: Investigate whether bit-twiddling is faster than using Haskell's fromIntegral.
+      (IntTag, n1) (IntTag, n2) -> compare n1 n2
+      (NatTag, n1) (NatTag, n2) -> compare (fromIntegral n1 :: Word64) (fromIntegral n2 :: Word64)
+      (NatTag, n1) (IntTag, n2)
+        | n2 < 0 -> GT
+        | otherwise -> compare (fromIntegral n1 :: Word64) (fromIntegral n2 :: Word64)
+      (IntTag, n1) (NatTag, n2)
+        | n1 < 0 -> LT
+        | otherwise -> compare (fromIntegral n1 :: Word64) (fromIntegral n2 :: Word64)
+      (FloatTag, n1) (FloatTag, n2) -> compareAsFloat n1 n2
+      (t1, v1) (t2, v2) ->
+        Monoid.whenM tyEq (compare t1 t2)
+          <> compare v1 v2
 
     cmpValList :: Bool -> [Val] -> [Val] -> Ordering
-    cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 =
-      -- Written in a strange way way to maintain back-compat with the
-      -- old val lists which had boxed/unboxed separated
-      let partitionVals = foldMap \case
-            UnboxedVal v tt -> ([(tt, v)], mempty)
-            BoxedVal clos -> (mempty, [clos])
-          (us1, bs1) = partitionVals vs1
-          (us2, bs2) = partitionVals vs2
-       in cmpl (cmpUnboxed tyEq) us1 us2 <> cmpl (cmpc tyEq) bs1 bs2
+    cmpValList tyEq vs1 vs2 = cmpl (cmpVal tyEq) vs1 vs2
 
     cmpK :: Bool -> K -> K -> Ordering
     cmpK tyEq = \cases
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
index 624614c633..78c33fbc89 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
@@ -60,4 +60,12 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
 -- This helps to counter a different issue we have, where `load (save +10)` will load a `Nat` runtime type rather than
 -- an Int, since we don't actually store the type of numerics in the ANF.Value type.
 > Universal.compare (Any [1, 2]) (Any [+1, +2])
+
+-- Regression test for a problem with universalCompare where Nats larger than maxInt would compare incorrectly, but only
+-- when nested within other types due to how lists of constructor fields were compared.
+> Universal.compare (1,()) (maxNat, ())
+
+-- Types in tuples should compare one by one left-to-right
+> Universal.compare (1, "", 2) (1, "", 3)
+> Universal.compare (1, "", 3) (1, "", 2)
 ```

From 237947ec61078ee2318b571b2046eb6b973d3f3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Nov 2024 15:18:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 86/89] Rerun runtime tests transcript

---
 unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md       |  2 +-
 .../transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md       | 20 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
index 78c33fbc89..0691e7ce21 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
 
 -- Regression test for a problem with universalCompare where Nats larger than maxInt would compare incorrectly, but only
 -- when nested within other types due to how lists of constructor fields were compared.
-> Universal.compare (1,()) (maxNat, ())
+> Universal.compare (1,()) (18446744073709551615, ())
 
 -- Types in tuples should compare one by one left-to-right
 > Universal.compare (1, "", 2) (1, "", 3)
diff --git a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
index d4be777480..4696419b79 100644
--- a/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
+++ b/unison-src/transcripts/runtime-tests.output.md
@@ -55,6 +55,14 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
 -- This helps to counter a different issue we have, where `load (save +10)` will load a `Nat` runtime type rather than
 -- an Int, since we don't actually store the type of numerics in the ANF.Value type.
 > Universal.compare (Any [1, 2]) (Any [+1, +2])
+
+-- Regression test for a problem with universalCompare where Nats larger than maxInt would compare incorrectly, but only
+-- when nested within other types due to how lists of constructor fields were compared.
+> Universal.compare (1,()) (18446744073709551615, ())
+
+-- Types in tuples should compare one by one left-to-right
+> Universal.compare (1, "", 2) (1, "", 3)
+> Universal.compare (1, "", 3) (1, "", 2)
 ```
 
 ``` ucm
@@ -157,5 +165,17 @@ casting = (Nat.toInt 100,
     54 | > Universal.compare (Any [1, 2]) (Any [+1, +2])
            ⧩
            +0
+  
+    58 | > Universal.compare (1,()) (18446744073709551615, ())
+           ⧩
+           -1
+  
+    61 | > Universal.compare (1, "", 2) (1, "", 3)
+           ⧩
+           -1
+  
+    62 | > Universal.compare (1, "", 3) (1, "", 2)
+           ⧩
+           +1
 
 ```

From 1355300954bd93f10b1502b2a2d2f564c3cc2b02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Nov 2024 12:28:16 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 87/89] Remove unnecessary allocations of unboxed type tags

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 36 +++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index 671d3a108e..f05d457606 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -278,7 +278,13 @@ pattern Foreign x = Closure (GForeign x)
 
 pattern BlackHole = Closure GBlackHole
 
-pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
+pattern UnboxedTypeTag t <- Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
+  where
+    UnboxedTypeTag t = case t of
+      CharTag -> charTypeTag
+      FloatTag -> floatTypeTag
+      IntTag -> intTypeTag
+      NatTag -> natTypeTag
 
 {-# COMPLETE PAp, Enum, Data1, Data2, DataG, Captured, Foreign, UnboxedTypeTag, BlackHole #-}
 
@@ -290,19 +296,19 @@ pattern UnboxedTypeTag t = Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag t)
 
 -- We can avoid allocating a closure for common type tags on each poke by having shared top-level closures for them.
 natTypeTag :: Closure
-natTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag NatTag
+natTypeTag = (Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag NatTag))
 {-# NOINLINE natTypeTag #-}
 
 intTypeTag :: Closure
-intTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag IntTag
+intTypeTag = (Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag IntTag))
 {-# NOINLINE intTypeTag #-}
 
 charTypeTag :: Closure
-charTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag CharTag
+charTypeTag = (Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag CharTag))
 {-# NOINLINE charTypeTag #-}
 
 floatTypeTag :: Closure
-floatTypeTag = UnboxedTypeTag FloatTag
+floatTypeTag = (Closure (GUnboxedTypeTag FloatTag))
 {-# NOINLINE floatTypeTag #-}
 
 traceK :: Reference -> K -> [(Reference, Int)]
@@ -368,7 +374,7 @@ matchCharVal = \case
 pattern CharVal :: Char -> Val
 pattern CharVal c <- (matchCharVal -> Just c)
   where
-    CharVal c = UnboxedVal (Char.ord c) CharTag
+    CharVal c = Val (Char.ord c) charTypeTag
 
 matchNatVal :: Val -> Maybe Word64
 matchNatVal = \case
@@ -378,7 +384,7 @@ matchNatVal = \case
 pattern NatVal :: Word64 -> Val
 pattern NatVal n <- (matchNatVal -> Just n)
   where
-    NatVal n = UnboxedVal (fromIntegral n) NatTag
+    NatVal n = Val (fromIntegral n) natTypeTag
 
 matchDoubleVal :: Val -> Maybe Double
 matchDoubleVal = \case
@@ -388,7 +394,7 @@ matchDoubleVal = \case
 pattern DoubleVal :: Double -> Val
 pattern DoubleVal d <- (matchDoubleVal -> Just d)
   where
-    DoubleVal d = UnboxedVal (doubleToInt d) FloatTag
+    DoubleVal d = Val (doubleToInt d) floatTypeTag
 
 matchIntVal :: Val -> Maybe Int
 matchIntVal = \case
@@ -398,7 +404,7 @@ matchIntVal = \case
 pattern IntVal :: Int -> Val
 pattern IntVal i <- (matchIntVal -> Just i)
   where
-    IntVal i = UnboxedVal i IntTag
+    IntVal i = Val i intTypeTag
 
 doubleToInt :: Double -> Int
 doubleToInt d = indexByteArray (BA.byteArrayFromList [d]) 0
@@ -693,9 +699,9 @@ upeekOff _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE upeekOff #-}
 
-upokeT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> UVal -> UnboxedTypeTag -> IO ()
+upokeT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> UVal -> BVal -> IO ()
 upokeT !stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) !u !t = do
-  bpoke stk (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+  bpoke stk t
   writeByteArray ustk sp u
 {-# INLINE upokeT #-}
 
@@ -713,7 +719,7 @@ poke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) (Val u b) = do
 -- checks.
 unsafePokeIasN :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Int -> IO ()
 unsafePokeIasN stk n = do
-  upokeT stk n NatTag
+  upokeT stk n natTypeTag
 {-# INLINE unsafePokeIasN #-}
 
 -- | Store an unboxed tag to later match on.
@@ -758,9 +764,9 @@ pokeOff stk i (Val u t) = do
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE pokeOff #-}
 
-upokeOffT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> UVal -> UnboxedTypeTag -> IO ()
+upokeOffT :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> UVal -> BVal -> IO ()
 upokeOffT stk i u t = do
-  bpokeOff stk i (UnboxedTypeTag t)
+  bpokeOff stk i t
   writeByteArray (ustk stk) (sp stk - i) u
 {-# INLINE upokeOffT #-}
 
@@ -1062,7 +1068,7 @@ pokeOffI stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i n = do
 
 pokeOffC :: Stack -> Int -> Char -> IO ()
 pokeOffC stk i c = do
-  upokeOffT stk i (Char.ord c) CharTag
+  upokeOffT stk i (Char.ord c) charTypeTag
 {-# INLINE pokeOffC #-}
 
 pokeBi :: (BuiltinForeign b) => Stack -> b -> IO ()

From e05237ec9fd8560160328eaa1972269c93c8aa9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 22:58:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 88/89] Fix stackchecks

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index f05d457606..f879fbeb5e 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -158,8 +158,12 @@ assertBumped :: HasCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO ()
 assertBumped (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) i = do
   u <- readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
   b :: BVal <- readArray bstk (sp - i)
-  when (u /= unboxedSentinel || b /= boxedSentinel) do
+  when (u /= unboxedSentinel || not (isBoxedSentinel b)) do
             error $ "Expected stack slot to have been bumped, but it was:" <> show (Val u b)
+  where
+    isBoxedSentinel :: Closure -> Bool
+    isBoxedSentinel (Closure GUnboxedSentinel) = True
+    isBoxedSentinel _ = False
 
 assertUnboxed :: HasCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO ()
 assertUnboxed (Stack _ _ sp ustk bstk) i = do

From d4ea9a24341c241bcae88c3f2c182208e76dc75f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chris Penner <christopher.penner@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 2024 09:40:35 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 89/89] Fix stack debugging

---
 unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
index f879fbeb5e..ebc9ef33dd 100644
--- a/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
+++ b/unison-runtime/src/Unison/Runtime/Stack.hs
@@ -144,7 +144,9 @@ import Prelude hiding (words)
 
 {- ORMOLU_DISABLE -}
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-import Unison.Debug qualified as Debug
+import Data.Text.IO (hPutStrLn)
+import UnliftIO (stderr, throwIO)
+import GHC.Stack (CallStack, callStack)
 
 type DebugCallStack = (HasCallStack :: Constraint)
 
@@ -666,7 +668,7 @@ peekI _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) = do
 peekOffI :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> Off -> IO Int
 peekOffI _stk@(Stack _ _ sp ustk _) i = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  assertUnboxed _stk 0
+  assertUnboxed _stk i
 #endif
   readByteArray ustk (sp - i)
 {-# INLINE peekOffI #-}
@@ -756,7 +758,6 @@ pokeBool stk b =
 bpoke :: DebugCallStack => Stack -> BVal -> IO ()
 bpoke _stk@(Stack _ _ sp _ bstk) b = do
 #ifdef STACK_CHECK
-  Debug.debugLogM Debug.Interpreter "before assert bumped"
   assertBumped _stk 0
 #endif
   writeArray bstk sp b