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Neural complexity

A neural language model that computes various information-theoretic processing complexity measures (e.g., surprisal) for each word given the preceding context. Also, it can function as an adaptive language model (van Schijndel and Linzen, 2018) which adapts to test domains.

Note: Recent updates remove dependencies but break compatibility with pre-2021 models. To use older models, use version 1.1.0: git checkout tags/v1.1.0

Dependencies

Requires the following python packages (available through pip):

The following python packages are optional:

  • progress
  • dill (to handle binarized vocabularies)

Quick Usage

The below all use GPUs. To use CPUs instead, omit the --cuda flag.

To train a Wikitext-2 LSTM model using GPUs:

time python main.py --model_file 'wiki_2_model.pt' --vocab_file 'wiki_2_vocab.txt' --tied --cuda --data_dir './data/wikitext-2/' --trainfname 'train.txt' --validfname 'valid.txt'

To use that model to obtain incremental complexity estimates for the Wikitext-2 test partition:

time python main.py --model_file 'wiki_2_model.pt' --vocab_file 'wiki_2_vocab.txt' --cuda --data_dir './data/wikitext-2/' --testfname 'test.txt' --test --words --nopp > FILENAME.OUTPUT

To instead use the trained model interactively:

time python main.py --model_file 'wiki_2_model.pt' --vocab_file 'wiki_2_vocab.txt' --cuda --interact

Quick Usage (Adaptative Language Modeling)

Take the above trained Wikitext-2 LSTM and adapt it to adaptation_set.txt in data/adaptivecorpus:

time python main.py --model_file 'wiki_2_model.pt' --vocab_file 'wiki_2_vocab.txt' --cuda --data_dir './data/adaptivecorpus/' --testfname 'adaptation_set.txt' --test --words --adapt --adapted_model 'adapted_model.pt' > FILENAME.OUTPUT

To freeze the weights of the adaptive model and evaluate it on heldout_set.txt in data/adaptivecorpus:

time python main.py --model_file 'adapted_model.pt' --vocab_file 'wiki_2_vocab.txt' --cuda --data_dir './data/adaptivecorpus/' --testfname 'heldout_set.txt' --test --words > FILENAME.OUTPUT

Features

  • Outputs incremental word-by-word information-theoretic complexity estimates (i.e. surprisal, entropy, entropy reduction) if the runtime command --words is given.
  • Can function as an adaptive language model if the runtime command --adapt is given (van Schijndel and Linzen, 2018). Complete replication instructions
  • Can operate interactively
  • Early convergence detection (when validation loss does not increase for 3 epochs)
  • Any words in the test corpus which were not seen during training are converted to <unk>. The probability of <unk> can be explicitly trained on <unk> tokens in the training data and/or implicitly learned using new words seen during validation.
  • Can operate directly on gzipped corpora
  • Does not require training data to be present at test time
  • Can handle blank lines and unicode characters in the input corpora
  • Can handle plaintext vocabularies (interpretable by humans, 1/3 the size, and only a few ms slower to load)

Model parameters

These parameters help specify the model

--model {RNN_TANH, RNN_RELU, LSTM, GRU}: Uses the specified type of model (default: LSTM)  
--emsize [INT]: The number of dimensions in the word embedding input layer (default: 200)  
--nhid [INT]: The number of hidden units in each layer (default: 200)  
--nlayers [INT]: The number of layers (default: 2)  
--lr [FLOAT]: The learning rate; gradient is multiplied by this during weight updates (default: 20)  
--clip [FLOAT]: Clips gradients to dampen large updates (default: 0.25)  
--epochs [INT]: Maximum number of training epochs (default: 40)  
                Training will stop early if the loss remains the same for three consecutive epochs  
--batch_size [INT]: Number of parallel sequences to process simultaneously (default: 20)  
--bptt [INT]: How far back in time to propagate error (default: 35)  
--dropout [FLOAT]: Proportion of the network to drop out during training (default: 0.2)  
--tied: If present, ties word embedding weights to output weights (default: absent)  
--seed [INT]: Random seed (default: 1111)  
--cuda: If present, uses GPUs/CUDA (default: absent)

Data parameters

These parameters specify the data to use

--model_file [PATH]: Path for saving/loading trained model (default: model.pt)
--adapted_model [PATH]: Path for saving adapted model (default: adaptedmodel.pt)  
--data_dir [PATH]: Directory of the corpus data (default: data/wikitext-2)  
--vocab_file [PATH]: Path to store the training vocab (default: vocab.txt)
                     If the file has an extension of .bin the vocab will be binarized
--trainfname [FILE]: Name of training file within the data directory (default: train.txt)  
--validfname [FILE]: Name of validation file within the data directory (default: valid.txt)  
--testfname [FILE]: Name of test file within the data directory (default: test.txt)

Runtime parameters

These parameters specify runtime options for using the model

--test: If present, operate on test data; otherwise, train the model (default: absent)  
--single: If present with --cuda, use only a single GPU even if more are present (default: absent)  

--adapt: If present, adapt model weights during evaluation (default: absent)
         See van Schijndel and Linzen (2018) for details
--interact: If present, load the model for interactive use (default: absent)  
--view_layer [INT]: If 0 or greater, output the chosen hidden layer after each input word (default: -1)  

--words: If present, output word-by-word complexity instead of sentence-level loss (default: absent)
--log_interval [INT]: Number of batches between log outputs (default: 200)  
--nopp: If present, suppress evaluation perplexity output (default: absent)  
--nocheader: If present, suppress complexity header in output (default: absent)  
--csep [CHAR]: Use specified character as separator for complexity output (default: ' ')  

--guess: If present, display model's best guess(es) at each time step (default: absent)
--guessn [INT]: Number of guesses for model to make at each time step (default: 1)  
--guesssurps: If present, output guess surps along with each guess (default: absent)  
--guessprobs: If present, output guess probabilities along with each guess (default: absent)  
--complexn [INT]: Compute complexity over best N guesses instead of over full vocab (default: 0 aka full vocab)

Pre-trained models

This code should be compatible with pre-trained pytorch LSTMs (be sure to use git checkout tags/v1.1.0). Here are a few different options depending on what you need (Email me if you'd like me to add your LSTM releases here):

References

Marten van Schijndel and Tal Linzen. "A Neural Model of Adaptation in Reading." In 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2018). 2018.