diff --git a/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml b/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml
index 896e5147..017257b6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ jobs:
       GOPRIVATE_KEY: ${{ secrets.XDT_REPO_ACCESS_KEY }}
       GOPRIVATE: "github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt"
     steps:
-      - name: Setup Go 1.18
+      - name: Setup Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
       - name: Checkout code into go module directory
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
@@ -48,3 +48,4 @@ jobs:
           skip-cache: true
           skip-pkg-cache: true
           skip-build-cache: true
+          args: --timeout=3m
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-aes.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-aes.yml
index 6824c02c..ddebe900 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-aes.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-aes.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-auth.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-auth.yml
index 868d3705..bb19f5ee 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-auth.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-auth.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-bert.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-bert.yml
index 6825c4e3..1af974c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-bert.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-bert.yml
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-chained-serving.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-chained-serving.yml
index b39ed7f7..235a3a2e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-chained-serving.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-chained-serving.yml
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-fibonacci.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-fibonacci.yml
index 3e8dccfb..62a7f4e2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-fibonacci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-fibonacci.yml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-excamera.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-excamera.yml
index 4aa84bc9..79c5f022 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-excamera.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-excamera.yml
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Deploy executor function
         working-directory: benchmarks
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-fibonacci.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-fibonacci.yml
index 60dcd858..71161cbd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-fibonacci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-fibonacci.yml
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Deploy executor function
         working-directory: benchmarks
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-llvm.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-llvm.yml
index 2e88f0a3..6b5a925d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-llvm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-gg-llvm.yml
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Deploy executor function
         working-directory: benchmarks
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-hotel.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-hotel.yml
index b49d85ab..c7db56ed 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-hotel.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-hotel.yml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-map-reduce.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-map-reduce.yml
index bc152a03..7123b89a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-map-reduce.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-map-reduce.yml
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-online-shop.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-online-shop.yml
index a463af20..dbb1b948 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-online-shop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-online-shop.yml
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-stacking-training.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-stacking-training.yml
index 09457979..58121256 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-stacking-training.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-stacking-training.yml
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
         run: bash ./runner/scripts/01-kind.sh
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-trace-plotter.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-trace-plotter.yml
index e73e2c20..8d963c0c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-trace-plotter.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-trace-plotter.yml
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Run Trace Plotter
         working-directory: tools/trace-plotter
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-tuning-halving.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-tuning-halving.yml
index 6d691879..a8b4496b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-tuning-halving.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-tuning-halving.yml
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
         run: bash ./runner/scripts/01-kind.sh
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-video-analytics.yml b/.github/workflows/e2e-video-analytics.yml
index 7fab094c..c843ac69 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-video-analytics.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-video-analytics.yml
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       ## Setup a Knative cluster to test the service
       - name: Create k8s Kind Cluster
diff --git a/.github/workflows/invoker-test.yml b/.github/workflows/invoker-test.yml
index 7bd241a4..e5a3468d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/invoker-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/invoker-test.yml
@@ -44,21 +44,18 @@ jobs:
       
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:                             
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
-      - name: Install protoc
-        run: |
-          PROTOC_ZIP=protoc-3.14.0-linux-x86_64
-          curl -OL https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v3.14.0/$PROTOC_ZIP.zip
-          unzip -o $PROTOC_ZIP.zip -d $HOME/.local
-          chmod +x $HOME/.local/bin/protoc
-          rm -f $PROTOC_ZIP.zip
+      - name: Install Protoc
+        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@v2
+        with:
+          version: "23.4"
 
       - name: Build invoker
         working-directory: tools/invoker
         run: |
-          go install google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go@v1.26
-          go install google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc@v1.1
+          go install google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go@v1.31
+          go install google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc@v1.3.0
           chmod +x $(go env GOPATH)/bin/*
           export PATH="$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin"
           make invoker
diff --git a/.github/workflows/relay-test.yml b/.github/workflows/relay-test.yml
index 73851da8..b97190aa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/relay-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/relay-test.yml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
  
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
       
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Setup go dependencies
         run: |
-          go install google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go@v1.26
-          go install google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc@v1.1
+          go install google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go@v1.31
+          go install google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc@v1.3.0
           # chmod +x $(go env GOPATH)/bin/*
           # export PATH="$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin"
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: '1.18'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Start container
         working-directory: benchmarks/aes
diff --git a/.github/workflows/unit_tests.yml b/.github/workflows/unit_tests.yml
index b1b87cbd..b56a71a4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/unit_tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/unit_tests.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - name: Run tests
         run: go test -v -race -cover ./...
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Set up Go 1.18
       uses: actions/setup-go@v4
       with:
-        go-version: 1.18
+        go-version: '1.21'
         
     - name: Set up Python 3.x
       uses: actions/setup-python@v4
diff --git a/benchmarks/aes/go/go.mod b/benchmarks/aes/go/go.mod
index 26dc6b87..a436d5f0 100644
--- a/benchmarks/aes/go/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/aes/go/go.mod
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 module aes
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go => ../../../utils/tracing/go
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/auth/go/go.mod b/benchmarks/auth/go/go.mod
index e3f1da5f..f25b1c46 100644
--- a/benchmarks/auth/go/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/auth/go/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module auth
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go => ../../../utils/tracing/go
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/chained-function-eventing/go.mod b/benchmarks/chained-function-eventing/go.mod
index 36b568e3..39768cc9 100644
--- a/benchmarks/chained-function-eventing/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/chained-function-eventing/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module chained_function_eventing
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/benchmarking_eventing => ../../tools/benchmarking_eventing
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/go.mod b/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/go.mod
index 439cfcee..ee2445fe 100644
--- a/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module tests/chained-functions-serving
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace (
 	github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt/proto/crossXDT => github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt/proto/crossXDT v0.0.0-20221107151004-a0940018d178
diff --git a/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/producer/producer.go b/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/producer/producer.go
index e3ec76d6..276cc354 100644
--- a/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/producer/producer.go
+++ b/benchmarks/chained-function-serving/producer/producer.go
@@ -24,14 +24,15 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	storage "github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/storage/go"
-	"math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 
+	storage "github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/storage/go"
+
 	sdk "github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt/sdk/golang"
 	"github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt/utils"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
diff --git a/benchmarks/corral/go.mod b/benchmarks/corral/go.mod
index 7241e736..a3310a5c 100644
--- a/benchmarks/corral/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/corral/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module tests/word_count/v2
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace (
 	github.com/bcongdon/corral => github.com/ease-lab/corral v0.0.0-20221114011422-c2c72270c3e8
diff --git a/benchmarks/fibonacci/go.mod b/benchmarks/fibonacci/go.mod
index c71521e0..853cc50f 100644
--- a/benchmarks/fibonacci/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/fibonacci/go.mod
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 module fibonacci
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go => ../../utils/tracing/go
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/gg/benchmarks/go.mod b/benchmarks/gg/benchmarks/go.mod
index 6effb187..f2e04028 100644
--- a/benchmarks/gg/benchmarks/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/gg/benchmarks/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module gg/fibonacci
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.48.0
diff --git a/benchmarks/hotel-app/go.mod b/benchmarks/hotel-app/go.mod
index 14739351..4984d5a2 100644
--- a/benchmarks/hotel-app/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/hotel-app/go.mod
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/benchmarks/hotel-app
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go => ../../utils/tracing/go
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/online-shop/checkoutservice/go.mod b/benchmarks/online-shop/checkoutservice/go.mod
index 2c17e6fe..416c7c4b 100644
--- a/benchmarks/online-shop/checkoutservice/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/online-shop/checkoutservice/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/microservices-demo/src/checkoutservice
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/profiler v0.3.0
diff --git a/benchmarks/online-shop/productcatalogservice/go.mod b/benchmarks/online-shop/productcatalogservice/go.mod
index 34246214..4aaade89 100644
--- a/benchmarks/online-shop/productcatalogservice/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/online-shop/productcatalogservice/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/microservices-demo/src/productcatalogservice
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/profiler v0.3.0
diff --git a/benchmarks/online-shop/shippingservice/go.mod b/benchmarks/online-shop/shippingservice/go.mod
index 5212a663..9904d075 100644
--- a/benchmarks/online-shop/shippingservice/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/online-shop/shippingservice/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/microservices-demo/src/shippingservice
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/profiler v0.3.0
diff --git a/benchmarks/video-analytics/go.mod b/benchmarks/video-analytics/go.mod
index 98e52d1d..34c93d38 100644
--- a/benchmarks/video-analytics/go.mod
+++ b/benchmarks/video-analytics/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module tests/video_analytics
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace (
 	github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt/proto/crossXDT => github.com/ease-lab/vhive-xdt/proto/crossXDT v0.0.0-20221107151004-a0940018d178
diff --git a/tools/benchmarking_eventing/go.mod b/tools/benchmarking_eventing/go.mod
index f1637579..14c3b928 100644
--- a/tools/benchmarking_eventing/go.mod
+++ b/tools/benchmarking_eventing/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module eventing
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2 v2.10.1
diff --git a/tools/deployer/client.go b/tools/deployer/client.go
index 89800208..dce36539 100644
--- a/tools/deployer/client.go
+++ b/tools/deployer/client.go
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os/exec"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func main() {
 
 func getFuncSlice(file string) []functionType {
 	log.Debug("Opening JSON file with functions: ", file)
-	byteValue, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file)
+	byteValue, err := os.ReadFile(file)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func writeEndpoints(filePath string, urls []string) {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalln("failed to marshal", err)
 	}
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(filePath, data, 0644); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filePath, data, 0644); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalln("failed to write", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/tools/deployer/go.mod b/tools/deployer/go.mod
index 7a666fbd..894e8dc6 100644
--- a/tools/deployer/go.mod
+++ b/tools/deployer/go.mod
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/deployer
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/endpoint => ../endpoint
 
 require (
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
-	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/endpoint v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
+	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/endpoint v0.0.0-20231002141623-fe250ed33dde
 )
 
-require golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8 // indirect
+require golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0 // indirect
diff --git a/tools/deployer/go.sum b/tools/deployer/go.sum
index ed655373..8d5c1888 100644
--- a/tools/deployer/go.sum
+++ b/tools/deployer/go.sum
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
-github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0 h1:trlNQbNUG3OdDrDil03MCb1H2o9nJ1x4/5LYw7byDE0=
-github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0/go.mod h1:naHLuLoDiP4jHNo9R0sCBMtWGeIprob74mVsIT4qYEQ=
+github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 h1:dueUQJ1C2q9oE3F7wvmSGAaVtTmUizReu6fjN8uqzbQ=
+github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3/go.mod h1:naHLuLoDiP4jHNo9R0sCBMtWGeIprob74mVsIT4qYEQ=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0 h1:nwc3DEeHmmLAfoZucVR881uASk0Mfjw8xYJ99tb5CcY=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8 h1:0A+M6Uqn+Eje4kHMK80dtF3JCXC4ykBgQG4Fe06QRhQ=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0 h1:CM0HF96J0hcLAwsHPJZjfdNzs0gftsLfgKt57wWHJ0o=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c h1:dUUwHk2QECo/6vqA44rthZ8ie2QXMNeKRTHCNY2nXvo=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
diff --git a/tools/endpoint/go.mod b/tools/endpoint/go.mod
index 792949de..4defa8b1 100644
--- a/tools/endpoint/go.mod
+++ b/tools/endpoint/go.mod
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/endpoint
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
diff --git a/tools/invoker/client.go b/tools/invoker/client.go
index cbef9b44..dcdd0bbe 100644
--- a/tools/invoker/client.go
+++ b/tools/invoker/client.go
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ func main() {
 }
 
 func readEndpoints(path string) (endpoints []*endpoint.Endpoint, _ error) {
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/tools/invoker/go.mod b/tools/invoker/go.mod
index 38748421..e7173789 100644
--- a/tools/invoker/go.mod
+++ b/tools/invoker/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/invoker
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace (
 	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/benchmarking_eventing => ../benchmarking_eventing
@@ -10,31 +10,31 @@ replace (
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.5
+	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.6
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
-	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/benchmarking_eventing v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
-	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/endpoint v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
-	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/invoker/proto v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
-	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.40.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.1
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
+	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/benchmarking_eventing v0.0.0-20231002141623-fe250ed33dde
+	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/endpoint v0.0.0-20231002141623-fe250ed33dde
+	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/invoker/proto v0.0.0-20231002141623-fe250ed33dde
+	github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go v0.0.0-20231002141623-fe250ed33dde
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.45.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.2
 )
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/openzipkin/zipkin-go v0.4.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.14.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/zipkin v1.8.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.37.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.14.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.14.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.12.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.11.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230711160842-782d3b101e98 // indirect
+	github.com/openzipkin/zipkin-go v0.4.2 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.19.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/zipkin v1.19.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.19.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.19.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.19.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.15.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20231002182017-d307bd883b97 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/tools/invoker/go.sum b/tools/invoker/go.sum
index e4f77b2e..dfb79376 100644
--- a/tools/invoker/go.sum
+++ b/tools/invoker/go.sum
@@ -1,256 +1,73 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.99.0 h1:y/cM2iqGgGi5D5DQZl6D9STN/3dR/Vx5Mp8s752oJTY=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.21.0 h1:JNBsyXVoOoNJtTQcnEY5uYpZIbeCTYIeDe0Xh1bySMk=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.21.0/go.mod h1:4tCnrn48xsqlwSAiLf1HXMQk8CONslYbdiEZc9FEIbM=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.3 h1:mg4jlk7mCAj6xXp9UJ4fjI9VUI5rubuGBW5aJ7UnBMY=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.3/go.mod h1:VAV5nSsACxMJvgaAuX6Pk2AawlZn8kiOGuCv6gTkwuA=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/Shopify/sarama v1.30.0/go.mod h1:zujlQQx1kzHsh4jfV1USnptCQrHAEZ2Hk8fTKCulPVs=
-github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy/v2 v2.1.6-0.20210914104332-15ea381dcdae/go.mod h1:/cvHQkZ1fst0EmZnA5dFtiQdWCNCFYzb+uE2vqVgvx0=
-github.com/antihax/optional v1.0.0/go.mod h1:uupD/76wgC+ih3iEmQUL+0Ugr19nfwCT1kdvxnR2qWY=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
-github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
-github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20201120205902-5459f2c99403/go.mod h1:WmhPx2Nbnhtbo57+VJT5O0JRkEi1Wbu0z5j0R8u5Hbk=
-github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20210805033703-aa0b78936158/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20230607035331-e9ce68804cb4 h1:/inchEIKaYC1Akx+H+gqO04wryn5h75LSazbRlnya1k=
-github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.5 h1:i9T9XpAWMe11BHMN7pu1BZqOGjXaKTPyz2v+KYOZgkY=
-github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.5/go.mod h1:ieJNCSzASw2shSGYLHx8NAE7WsZ/gEigo5fQ78W5Zvw=
-github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.0-20190314233015-f79a8a8ca69d/go.mod h1:maD7wRr/U5Z6m/iR4s+kqSMx2CaBsrgA7czyZG/E6dU=
-github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
+github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20230607035331-e9ce68804cb4/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
+github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.6 h1:oNAVsnhPoy4BTPQivLgTzI9Oleml9l/+eYIDYXRCYo8=
+github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.6/go.mod h1:SY6lrkkuJT40BVNO37tlYTSnKJnP5AXBc0fhx0q+TJ4=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/eapache/go-resiliency v1.2.0/go.mod h1:kFI+JgMyC7bLPUVY133qvEBtVayf5mFgVsvEsIPBvNs=
-github.com/eapache/go-xerial-snappy v0.0.0-20180814174437-776d5712da21/go.mod h1:+020luEh2TKB4/GOp8oxxtq0Daoen/Cii55CzbTV6DU=
-github.com/eapache/queue v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6eCeP0CKFpHLu8blIFXhExK/dRa7WDZfr6jVFPTqq+I=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.0/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.1-0.20191026205805-5f8ba28d4473/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.4/go.mod h1:6rpuAdCZL397s3pYoYcLgu1mIlRU8Am5FuJP05cCM98=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.9-0.20201210154907-fd9021fe5dad/go.mod h1:cXg6YxExXjJnVBQHBLXeUAgxn2UodCpnH306RInaBQk=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.10-0.20210907150352-cf90f659a021/go.mod h1:AFq3mo9L8Lqqiid3OhADV3RfLJnjiw63cSpi+fDTRC0=
-github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.1.0/go.mod h1:iSmxcyjqTsJpI2R4NaDN7+kN2VEUnK/pcBlmesArF7c=
 github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.0.2 h1:QkIBuU5k+x7/QXPvPPnWXWlCdaBFApVqftFV6k087DA=
-github.com/fortytw2/leaktest v1.3.0/go.mod h1:jDsjWgpAGjm2CA7WthBh/CdZYEPF31XHquHwclZch5g=
-github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.11.3/go.mod h1:wRf/ReqHper53s+kmmSZizM8NamnL3IM0I9ntUbOk+k=
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7/go.mod h1:jwhsz4b93w/PPRr/qN1Yymfu8t87LnFCMoQvtojpjFo=
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.9/go.mod h1:znqG4EE+3YCdAaPaxE2ZRY/06pZUdp0tY4IgpuI1SZQ=
-github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0/go.mod h1:4dBDuWmgqj2HViK6kFavaiC9ZROes6MMH2rRYeMEF04=
+github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.0.2/go.mod h1:GpiZQP3dDbg4JouG/NNS7QWXpgx6x8QiMKdmN72jogE=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.3 h1:2DntVwHkVopvECVRSlL5PSo9eG+cAkDCuckLubN+rq0=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.3/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4 h1:g01GSCwiDw2xSZfjJ2/T9M+S6pFdcNtFYsp+Y43HYDQ=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:mMo/vtBO5dYbehREoey6XUKy/eSumjCCveDpRre4VKE=
-github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20210107165309-348f09dbbbc0/go.mod h1:fyg7847qk6SyHyPtNmDHnmrv/HOrqktSC+C9fM+CJOE=
-github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b/go.mod h1:SBH7ygxi8pfUlaOkMMuAQtPIUF8ecWP5IEl/CR7VP2Q=
-github.com/golang/mock v1.1.1/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.3/go.mod h1:vzj43D7+SQXF/4pzW/hwtAqwc6iTitCiVSaWz5lYuqw=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:ceaxUfeHdC40wWswd/P6IGgMaK3YpKi5j83Wpe3EHw8=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.1.0.20200221234624-67d41d38c208/go.mod h1:xKAWHe0F5eneWXFV3EuXVDTCmh+JuBKY0li0aMyXATA=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.2/go.mod h1:LlEzMj4AhA7rCAGe4KMBDvJI+AwstrUpVNzEA03Pprs=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.4.0.20200313231945-b860323f09d0/go.mod h1:WU3c8KckQ9AFe+yFwt9sWVRKCVIyN9cPHBJSNnbL67w=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0/go.mod h1:jodUvKwWbYaEsadDk5Fwe5c77LiNKVO9IDvqG2KuDX0=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.1/go.mod h1:U8fpvMrcmy5pZrNK1lt4xCsGvpyWQ/VVv6QDs8UjoX8=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.2/go.mod h1:oDoupMAO8OvCJWAcko0GGGIgR6R6ocIYbsSw735rRwI=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.3/go.mod h1:oDoupMAO8OvCJWAcko0GGGIgR6R6ocIYbsSw735rRwI=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.0/go.mod h1:FsONVRAS9T7sI+LIUmWTfcYkHO4aIWwzhcaSAoJOfIk=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2/go.mod h1:XVQd3VNwM+JqD3oG2Ue2ip4fOMUkwXdXDdiuN0vRsmY=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 h1:KhyjKVUg7Usr/dYsdSqoFveMYd5ko72D+zANwlG1mmg=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3/go.mod h1:XVQd3VNwM+JqD3oG2Ue2ip4fOMUkwXdXDdiuN0vRsmY=
-github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5aqRK0M=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.1.2/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
-github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0/go.mod h1:DVbg23sWSpFRCP0SfiEN6jmj59UnW/n46BH5rLB71So=
-github.com/gorilla/securecookie v1.1.1/go.mod h1:ra0sb63/xPlUeL+yeDciTfxMRAA+MP+HVt/4epWDjd4=
-github.com/gorilla/sessions v1.2.1/go.mod h1:dk2InVEVJ0sfLlnXv9EAgkf6ecYs/i80K/zI+bUmuGM=
-github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0/go.mod h1:BDjrQk3hbvj6Nolgz8mAMFbcEtjT1g+wF4CSlocrBnw=
-github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.2/go.mod h1:6SBZvOh/SIDV7/2o3Jml5SYk/TvGqwFJ/bN7x4byOro=
-github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU=
-github.com/jcmturner/aescts/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:AiaICIRyfYg35RUkr8yESTqvSy7csK90qZ5xfvvsoNs=
-github.com/jcmturner/dnsutils/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:b0TnjGOvI/n42bZa+hmXL+kFJZsFT7G4t3HTlQ184QM=
-github.com/jcmturner/gofork v1.0.0/go.mod h1:MK8+TM0La+2rjBD4jE12Kj1pCCxK7d2LK/UM3ncEo0o=
-github.com/jcmturner/goidentity/v6 v6.0.1/go.mod h1:X1YW3bgtvwAXju7V3LCIMpY0Gbxyjn/mY9zx4tFonSg=
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+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.10.0/go.mod h1:kTpgurOux7LqtuxjuyZa4Gj2gdezIt/jQtGnNFfypQI=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0 h1:SqMFp9UcQJZa+pmYuAKjd9xq1f0j5rLcDIk0mj4qAsA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.11.0 h1:LAntKIrcmeSKERyiOh0XMV39LXS8IE9UL2yP7+f5ij4=
-golang.org/x/text v0.11.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190226205152-f727befe758c/go.mod h1:9Yl7xja0Znq3iFh3HoIrodX9oNMXvdceNzlUR8zjMvY=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190311212946-11955173bddd/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190524140312-2c0ae7006135/go.mod h1:RgjU9mgBXZiqYHBnxXauZ1Gv1EHHAz9KjViQ78xBX0Q=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20201224043029-2b0845dc783e/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0 h1:CM0HF96J0hcLAwsHPJZjfdNzs0gftsLfgKt57wWHJ0o=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 h1:ablQoSUd0tRdKxZewP80B+BaqeKJuVhuRxj/dkrun3k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 h1:FZR1q0exgwxzPzp/aF+VccGrSfxfPpkBqjIIEq3ru6c=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200513103714-09dca8ec2884/go.mod h1:55QSHmfGQM9UVYDPBsyGGes0y52j32PQ3BqQfXhyH3c=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230711160842-782d3b101e98 h1:bVf09lpb+OJbByTj913DRJioFFAjf/ZGxEz7MajTp2U=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230711160842-782d3b101e98/go.mod h1:TUfxEVdsvPg18p6AslUXFoLdpED4oBnGwyqk3dV1XzM=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.23.0/go.mod h1:Y5yQAOtifL1yxbo5wqy6BxZv8vAUGQwXBOALyacEbxg=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.27.0/go.mod h1:qbnxyOmOxrQa7FizSgH+ReBfzJrCY1pSN7KXBS8abTk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.1/go.mod h1:fr5YgcSWrqhRRxogOsw7RzIpsmvOZ6IcH4kBYTpR3n0=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.36.0/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAGRRjU=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.41.0/go.mod h1:U3l9uK9J0sini8mHphKoXyaqDA/8VyGnDee1zzIUK6k=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.0 h1:32JY8YpPMSR45K+c3o6b8VL73V+rR8k+DeMIr4vRH8o=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.0/go.mod h1:tgX3ZQDlNJGU96V6yHh1T/JeoBQ2TXdr43YbYSsCJk0=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.20.1-0.20200309200217-e05f789c0967/go.mod h1:A+miEFZTKqfCUM6K7xSMQL9OKL/b6hQv+e19PK+JZNE=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzikPIcrTAo=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.22.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7/go.mod h1:8WjMMxjGQR8xUklV/ARdw2HLXBOI7O7uCIDZVag1xfc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20231002182017-d307bd883b97 h1:6GQBEOdGkX6MMTLT9V+TjtIRZCw9VPD5Z+yHY9wMgS0=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20231002182017-d307bd883b97/go.mod h1:v7nGkzlmW8P3n/bKmWBn2WpBjpOEx8Q6gMueudAmKfY=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.2 h1:SXUpjxeVF3FKrTYQI4f4KvbGD5u2xccdYdurwowix5I=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.58.2/go.mod h1:tgX3ZQDlNJGU96V6yHh1T/JeoBQ2TXdr43YbYSsCJk0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0 h1:g0LDEJHgrBl9N9r17Ru3sqWhkIx2NB67okBHPwC7hs8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
-gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMys=
-gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7/go.mod h1:dt/ZhP58zS4L8KSrWDmTeBkI65Dw0HsyUHuEVlX15mw=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20210107192922-496545a6307b/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
diff --git a/tools/invoker/proto/go.mod b/tools/invoker/proto/go.mod
index a46af3ea..2c7a551c 100644
--- a/tools/invoker/proto/go.mod
+++ b/tools/invoker/proto/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/invoker/proto
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.48.0
diff --git a/tools/knative-eventing-tutorial/go.mod b/tools/knative-eventing-tutorial/go.mod
index 240c828a..e2e4e5fb 100644
--- a/tools/knative-eventing-tutorial/go.mod
+++ b/tools/knative-eventing-tutorial/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module pipeline
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2 v2.10.1
diff --git a/tools/relay/go.mod b/tools/relay/go.mod
index 788c889f..6531d9c0 100644
--- a/tools/relay/go.mod
+++ b/tools/relay/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/relay
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go => ../../utils/tracing/go
 
diff --git a/tools/test-client/go.mod b/tools/test-client/go.mod
index 55f36006..9deb50a3 100644
--- a/tools/test-client/go.mod
+++ b/tools/test-client/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module test-client
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.48.0
diff --git a/tools/trace-plotter/go.mod b/tools/trace-plotter/go.mod
index 682b1733..339d4945 100644
--- a/tools/trace-plotter/go.mod
+++ b/tools/trace-plotter/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/tools/trace-plotter
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	github.com/elastic/go-elasticsearch/v7 v7.17.1
diff --git a/utils/base-images/Dockerfile b/utils/base-images/Dockerfile
index f70caf89..5a0e8e06 100644
--- a/utils/base-images/Dockerfile
+++ b/utils/base-images/Dockerfile
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 
 #---------- golang-builder -----------#
-FROM golang:1.18 AS golang-builder
+FROM golang:1.21 AS golang-builder
 LABEL maintainer="https://github.com/ease-lab"
 
 
diff --git a/utils/protobuf/helloworld/go.mod b/utils/protobuf/helloworld/go.mod
index a1b8d5f7..dd183c09 100644
--- a/utils/protobuf/helloworld/go.mod
+++ b/utils/protobuf/helloworld/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/examples/protobuf/helloworld
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2
diff --git a/utils/storage/go/go.mod b/utils/storage/go/go.mod
index 64ef34fd..012f590a 100644
--- a/utils/storage/go/go.mod
+++ b/utils/storage/go/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/storage/go
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.61
diff --git a/utils/tracing/go/go.mod b/utils/tracing/go/go.mod
index f5b53dc3..56046da6 100644
--- a/utils/tracing/go/go.mod
+++ b/utils/tracing/go/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.6.12
diff --git a/utils/tracing/integ-tests/client-server/goclient/go.mod b/utils/tracing/integ-tests/client-server/goclient/go.mod
index 37fa0986..a9cad802 100644
--- a/utils/tracing/integ-tests/client-server/goclient/go.mod
+++ b/utils/tracing/integ-tests/client-server/goclient/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module tests/tracing/python/client-server
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.21
 
 replace github.com/vhive-serverless/vSwarm/utils/tracing/go => ../../../go