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数据修改(Mutate)

filters/mutate 插件是 Logstash 另一个重要插件。它提供了丰富的基础类型数据处理能力。包括类型转换,字符串处理和字段处理等。

类型转换

类型转换是 filters/mutate 插件最初诞生时的唯一功能。其应用场景在之前 Codec/JSON 小节已经提到。

可以设置的转换类型包括:"integer","float" 和 "string"。示例如下:

filter {
    mutate {
        convert => ["request_time", "float"]
    }
}

注意:mutate 除了转换简单的字符值,还支持对数组类型的字段进行转换,即将 ["1","2"] 转换成 [1,2]。但不支持对哈希类型的字段做类似处理。有这方面需求的可以采用稍后讲述的 filters/ruby 插件完成。

字符串处理

  • gsub

仅对字符串类型字段有效

    gsub => ["urlparams", "[\\?#]", "_"]
  • split
filter {
    mutate {
        split => ["message", "|"]
    }
}

随意输入一串以|分割的字符,比如 "123|321|adfd|dfjld*=123",可以看到如下输出:

{
    "message" => [
        [0] "123",
        [1] "321",
        [2] "adfd",
        [3] "dfjld*=123"
    ],
    "@version" => "1",
    "@timestamp" => "2014-08-20T15:58:23.120Z",
    "host" => "raochenlindeMacBook-Air.local"
}
  • join

仅对数组类型字段有效

我们在之前已经用 split 割切的基础再 join 回去。配置改成:

filter {
    mutate {
        split => ["message", "|"]
    }
    mutate {
        join => ["message", ","]
    }
}

filter 区段之内,是顺序执行的。所以我们最后看到的输出结果是:

{
    "message" => "123,321,adfd,dfjld*=123",
    "@version" => "1",
    "@timestamp" => "2014-08-20T16:01:33.972Z",
    "host" => "raochenlindeMacBook-Air.local"
}
  • merge

合并两个数组或者哈希字段。依然在之前 split 的基础上继续:

filter {
    mutate {
        split => ["message", "|"]
    }
    mutate {
        merge => ["message", "message"]
    }
}

我们会看到输出:

{
       "message" => [
        [0] "123",
        [1] "321",
        [2] "adfd",
        [3] "dfjld*=123",
        [4] "123",
        [5] "321",
        [6] "adfd",
        [7] "dfjld*=123"
    ],
      "@version" => "1",
    "@timestamp" => "2014-08-20T16:05:53.711Z",
          "host" => "raochenlindeMacBook-Air.local"
}

如果 src 字段是字符串,会自动先转换成一个单元素的数组再合并。把上一示例中的来源字段改成 "host":

filter {
    mutate {
        split => ["message", "|"]
    }
    mutate {
        merge => ["message", "host"]
    }
}

结果变成:

{
       "message" => [
        [0] "123",
        [1] "321",
        [2] "adfd",
        [3] "dfjld*=123",
        [4] "raochenlindeMacBook-Air.local"
    ],
      "@version" => "1",
    "@timestamp" => "2014-08-20T16:07:53.533Z",
          "host" => [
        [0] "raochenlindeMacBook-Air.local"
    ]
}

看,目的字段 "message" 确实多了一个元素,但是来源字段 "host" 本身也由字符串类型变成数组类型了!

下面你猜,如果来源位置写的不是字段名而是直接一个字符串,会产生什么奇特的效果呢?

  • strip
  • lowercase
  • uppercase

字段处理

  • rename

重命名某个字段,如果目的字段已经存在,会被覆盖掉:

filter {
    mutate {
        rename => ["syslog_host", "host"]
    }
}
  • update

更新某个字段的内容。如果字段不存在,不会新建。

  • replace

作用和 update 类似,但是当字段不存在的时候,它会起到 add_field 参数一样的效果,自动添加新的字段。