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mergekit

mergekit is a toolkit for merging pre-trained language models. mergekit uses an out-of-core approach to perform unreasonably elaborate merges in resource-constrained situations. Merges can be run entirely on CPU or accelerated with as little as 8 GB of VRAM. Many merging algorithms are supported, with more coming as they catch my attention.

Features:

🌐 GUI Launch Alert 🤗 - We are excited to announce the launch of a mega-GPU backed graphical user interface for mergekit in Arcee! This GUI simplifies the merging process, making it more accessible to a broader audience. Check it out and contribute at the Arcee App. There is also a Hugging Face Space with limited amounts of GPUs.

Installation

git clone https://github.com/arcee-ai/mergekit.git
cd mergekit

pip install -e .  # install the package and make scripts available

If the above fails with the error of:

ERROR: File "setup.py" or "setup.cfg" not found. Directory cannot be installed in editable mode:
(A "pyproject.toml" file was found, but editable mode currently requires a setuptools-based build.)

You may need to upgrade pip to > 21.3 with the command python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip

Usage

The script mergekit-yaml is the main entry point for mergekit. It takes a YAML configuration file and an output path, like so:

mergekit-yaml path/to/your/config.yml ./output-model-directory [--cuda] [--lazy-unpickle] [--allow-crimes] [... other options]

This will run the merge and write your merged model to ./output-model-directory.

For more information on the arguments accepted by mergekit-yaml run the command mergekit-yaml --help.

Uploading to Huggingface

When you have a merged model you're happy with, you may want to share it on the Hugging Face Hub. mergekit generates a README.md for your merge with some basic information for a model card. You can edit it to include more details about your merge, like giving it a good name or explaining what it's good at; rewrite it entirely; or use the generated README.md as-is. It is also possible to edit your README.md online once it has been uploaded to the Hub.

Once you're happy with your model card and merged model, you can upload it to the Hugging Face Hub using the huggingface_hub Python library.

# log in to huggingface with an access token (must have write permission)
huggingface-cli login
# upload your model
huggingface-cli upload your_hf_username/my-cool-model ./output-model-directory .

The documentation for huggingface_hub goes into more detail about other options for uploading.

Merge Configuration

Merge configurations are YAML documents specifying the operations to perform in order to produce your merged model. Below are the primary elements of a configuration file:

  • merge_method: Specifies the method to use for merging models. See Merge Methods for a list.
  • slices: Defines slices of layers from different models to be used. This field is mutually exclusive with models.
  • models: Defines entire models to be used for merging. This field is mutually exclusive with slices.
  • base_model: Specifies the base model used in some merging methods.
  • parameters: Holds various parameters such as weights and densities, which can also be specified at different levels of the configuration.
  • dtype: Specifies the data type used for the merging operation.
  • tokenizer_source: Determines how to construct a tokenizer for the merged model.

Parameter Specification

Parameters are flexible and can be set with varying precedence. They can be specified conditionally using tensor name filters, which allows finer control such as differentiating between attention heads and fully connected layers.

Parameters can be specified as:

  • Scalars: Single floating-point values.
  • Gradients: List of floating-point values, specifying an interpolated gradient.

The parameters can be set at different levels, with decreasing precedence as follows:

  1. slices.*.sources.parameters - applying to a specific input slice
  2. slices.*.parameters - applying to a specific output slice
  3. models.*.parameters or input_model_parameters - applying to any tensors coming from specific input models
  4. parameters - catchall

Tokenizer Source

The tokenizer_source field of a configuration file determines what tokenizer is used by the merged model. This also effects how embeddings and language model heads are merged.

This functionality is still experimental and may break. Please file an issue if you encounter any issues with it.

Valid values:

  • base: use the tokenizer from the base model
  • union: construct a tokenizer with all tokens from all models
  • model:<model_path>: use the tokenizer from a specific model

If set, mergekit will find a mapping between each model's vocabulary and the output tokenizer. This allows models with different vocabularies or added tokens to be meaningfully merged.

tokenizer_source is compatible with all merge methods, but when used lm_head/embed_tokens will be merged linearly. For two-model merges, the embed_slerp parameter can be set to true to use SLERP instead.

If the tokenizer_source field is not set, mergekit will fall back to its legacy default behavior. The tokenizer for the base model (or first model in the merge, if no base model is specified) will be copied to the output directory. The parameter matrices for lm_head/embed_tokens will be truncated to the smallest size present in the merge. In most cases this corresponds to using the tokenizer for the base model.

Examples

Several examples of merge configurations are available in examples/.

Merge Methods

A quick overview of the currently supported merge methods:

Method merge_method value Multi-Model Uses base model
Linear (Model Soups) linear ✅ ❌
SLERP slerp ❌ ✅
Task Arithmetic task_arithmetic ✅ ✅
TIES ties ✅ ✅
DARE TIES dare_ties ✅ ✅
DARE Task Arithmetic dare_linear ✅ ✅
Passthrough passthrough ❌ ❌
Model Breadcrumbs breadcrumbs ✅ ✅
Model Breadcrumbs + TIES breadcrumbs_ties ✅ ✅
Model Stock model_stock ✅ ✅
DELLA della ✅ ✅
DELLA Task Arithmetic della_linear ✅ ✅

Linear

The classic merge method - a simple weighted average.

Parameters:

  • weight - relative (or absolute if normalize=False) weighting of a given tensor
  • normalize - if true, the weights of all models contributing to a tensor will be normalized. Default behavior.

SLERP

Spherically interpolate the parameters of two models. One must be set as base_model.

Parameters:

  • t - interpolation factor. At t=0 will return base_model, at t=1 will return the other one.

Task Arithmetic

Computes "task vectors" for each model by subtracting a base model. Merges the task vectors linearly and adds back the base. Works great for models that were fine tuned from a common ancestor. Also a super useful mental framework for several of the more involved merge methods.

Parameters: same as Linear

TIES

Builds on the task arithmetic framework. Resolves interference between models by sparsifying the task vectors and applying a sign consensus algorithm. Allows you to merge a larger number of models and retain more of their strengths.

Parameters: same as Linear, plus:

  • density - fraction of weights in differences from the base model to retain

DARE

In the same vein as TIES, sparsifies task vectors to reduce interference. Differs in that DARE uses random pruning with a novel rescaling to better match performance of the original models. DARE can be used either with the sign consensus algorithm of TIES (dare_ties) or without (dare_linear).

Parameters: same as TIES for dare_ties, or Linear for dare_linear

Passthrough

passthrough is a no-op that simply passes input tensors through unmodified. It is meant to be used for layer-stacking type merges where you have only one input model. Useful for frankenmerging.

Model Breadcrumbs

An extension of task arithmetic that discards both small and and extremely large differences from the base model. As with DARE, the Model Breadcrumbs algorithm can be used with (breadcrumbs_ties) or without (breadcrumbs) the sign consensus algorithm of TIES.

Parameters: same as Linear, plus:

  • density - fraction of weights in differences from the base model to retain
  • gamma - fraction of largest magnitude differences to remove

Note that gamma corresponds with the parameter β described in the paper, while density is the final density of the sparsified tensors (related to γ and β by density = 1 - γ - β). For good default values, try density: 0.9 and gamma: 0.01.

Model Stock

Uses some neat geometric properties of fine tuned models to compute good weights for linear interpolation. Requires at least three models, including a base model.

Parameters:

  • filter_wise: if true, weight calculation will be per-row rather than per-tensor. Not recommended.

DELLA

Building upon DARE, DELLA uses adaptive pruning based on parameter magnitudes. DELLA first ranks parameters in each row of delta parameters and assigns drop probabilities inversely proportional to their magnitudes. This allows it to retain more important changes while reducing interference. After pruning, it rescales the remaining parameters similar to DARE. DELLA can be used with (della) or without (della_linear) the sign elect step of TIES

Parameters: same as Linear, plus:

  • density - fraction of weights in differences from the base model to retain
  • epsilon - maximum change in drop probability based on magnitude. Drop probabilities assigned will range from density - epsilon to density + epsilon. (When selecting values for density and epsilon, ensure that the range of probabilities falls within 0 to 1)
  • lambda - scaling factor for the final merged delta parameters before merging with the base parameters.

LoRA extraction

Mergekit allows extracting PEFT-compatible low-rank approximations of finetuned models.

Usage

mergekit-extract-lora finetuned_model_id_or_path base_model_id_or_path output_path [--no-lazy-unpickle] --rank=desired_rank

Mixture of Experts merging

The mergekit-moe script supports merging multiple dense models into a mixture of experts, either for direct use or for further training. For more details see the mergekit-moe documentation.

Evolutionary merge methods

See docs/evolve.md for details.

✨ Merge in the Cloud ✨

We host merging on Arcee's cloud GPUs - you can launch a cloud merge in the Arcee App. Or through python - grab an ARCEE_API_KEY:

export ARCEE_API_KEY=<your-api-key> pip install -q arcee-py

import arcee
arcee.merge_yaml("bio-merge","./examples/bio-merge.yml")

Check your merge status at the Arcee App

When complete, either deploy your merge:

arcee.start_deployment("bio-merge", merging="bio-merge")

Or download your merge:

!arcee merging download bio-merge

Citation

We now have a paper you can cite for the MergeKit library:

@article{goddard2024arcee,
  title={Arcee's MergeKit: A Toolkit for Merging Large Language Models},
  author={Goddard, Charles and Siriwardhana, Shamane and Ehghaghi, Malikeh and Meyers, Luke and Karpukhin, Vlad and Benedict, Brian and McQuade, Mark and Solawetz, Jacob},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.13257},
  year={2024}
}