SAKO (pl. System Automatycznego Kodowania (en. An Automatic Coding System)) - algorithmic language of Polish computers: XYZ, ZAM-2, ZAM-21, ZAM-41 and computer Mińsk-22* focused on receiving an effective code. Created in years 1959-1960. Initially, it only supported fixed decimal calculations. In the version for ZAM-21 and ZAM-41, a variable decimal point has been added.
General features of the SAKO language:
- commands similar to sentences used in natural language
- shortened the time of learning the principles of programming
- easy to use, reduced coding time
- transparent program code, low probability of making a mistake
It had a static address allocation. It was possible to insert code in SAS macro assembler. The compilation proceeded in two stages:
- From SAKO to simplified SAS macro assembler (SAS-W).
- From SAS-W to machine language.
The most characteristic feature of SAKO are Polish commands, e.g. CZYTAJ, SKOCZ DO. Designed primarily for programming numerical calculations. The larger systems at the Military University of Technology were transformed into a system of calculations using the finite element method.
*Version for Mińsk-22 is drastically different from other versions (I call them standard versions), but is still documented as SAKO
Why am I creating this repository? For fun. I had some time off and was bored.
It took me over thirty hours to find and collect all of this data. (I know I'm not very good at searching)
I even travelled to Warsaw to find some of the information.
Sorry for the bad quality of the files. I had to reduce their size because of how GitHub works.
If you don't know Polish, the English materials are in files:
- CIA_Summary_Automatic_Coding_System_SAKO_Leon_Lukaszewicz (CIA-RDP80T00246A011500230001-8)
- Algorytmy_Vol.1_No.1_PAN
- One summary in Algorytmy_Vol.1_No.2_PAN
- Arithmetic_Formulae_and_the_Use_of_Subroutines_in_SAKO_(A._W._Mazurkiewicz)
- Nonlinear-circuts-on-digital-computers-Ryszard-Lukaszewicz
- Report_of_a_Visit to_Discuss_Common_Programming_Languages_in_Czechoslovakia_and_Poland_1963
- Some_Results_of_Research_on_Automatic_Programming_in_Eastern_Europe_(Wladyslaw_Turski)
- Digital_Computer_Newsletter_Vol_16_No_1
Note, that because authors wanted to make SAKO, and its documentation easier to understand, the commands in English articles are in English. However, those were probably never implemented and used.
I would like to thank especially all of the authors of the documents, redactors and helpers. Also big thanks to the creators of SAKO, and other people participating in it's creation.
Creators of SAKO:
- Leon Łukaszewicz
- Antoni W. Mazurkiewicz
- Jan Borowiec
- Jerzy Swianiewicz
- Jowita Koncewicz
- Piotr Szorc
- Maria Łącka
- Alfred Szurman
- Stefan Sawicki
- Andrzej Wiśniewski
Participating in creation of SAKO:
- Ludwik Czaja
- Jacek Witaszek
- Danuta Kosecka
- Ewa Zaborowska
Authors of documents and books:
- Jan Szmelter
- Krystyna Balińska-Deloff
- Leon Łukaszewicz
- Henryk Zub
- Antoni W. Mazurkiewicz
- Barbara Jung
- Kazimierz Lewandowski
- Jolanta Makowska
- Barbara Jermakowicz
- Aleksandra Kasprowicz
- Franciszek Kern
- Stefan Sawicki
- Tadeusz Szponarski
- Andrzej Wiśniewski
- Jacek Moszczyński
- Jan Borowiec
- Alfred Szurman
- Jerzy Swianiewicz
- Władysław Turski
- Konrad Fiałkowski
And big "Thank you" to all libraries and online archives containing files and documents.
CIA_Summary_Automatic_Coding_System_SAKO_Leon_Lukaszewicz (CIA-RDP80T00246A011500230001-8) - https://historiainformatyki.pl/dokument.php?nonav=1&&nrar=7&nrzesp=1&sygn=VII/1/12&handle=1443
Język programowania SAKO: dla ZAM-41: opis (Jan Szmelter, Krystyna Balińska-Deloff) - https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/publication/25037/edition/23361
System Automatycznego Kodowania SAKO. Część I, Opis języka (Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz) - https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/publication/31819/edition/28222
Algorytmy Vol. 1 No. 2 (Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych PAN) - https://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/5457/edition/5309
Algorytmy Vol. 1 No. 1 (Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych PAN) - https://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/5456/edition/5308
Algorytmy Vol. 2 No. 4 (Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych PAN) - https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/publication/29215/edition/25630
Algorytmy Vol. 3 No. 5 (Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych PAN) - https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/publication/29216/edition/25631
Analysis of nonlinear circuts on digital computer (Ryszard Łukaszewicz) - https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/publication/34961/edition/31207
System automatycznego kodowania SAKO. Wydanie II, poszerzone (Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz) - Main Library of the Military University of Technology
Translator języka SAKO na język MAT dla maszyny Mińsk-22 - Main Library of the Military University of Technology
Programowanie SAKO na Mińsk-22 (Jan Szmelter, Henryk Zub) - Main Library of the Military University of Technology
SAKO-An Automatic Coding System (Leon Łukaszewicz) - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0066413861800086?via%3Dihub
Arithmetic Formulae and the Use of Subroutines in SAKO (Antoni Mazurkiewicz) - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0066413861800098?via%3Dihub
Autokody i programowanie maszyn cyfrowych (Konrad Fiałkowski) - Scanned my own book
System Automatycznego KOdowania SAKO (Barbara Jermakowicz, Aleksandra Kasprowicz, Franciszek Kern, Stefan Sawicki, Jerzy Swianiewicz, Tadeusz Szponarski) - National Library in Poland
System automatycznego kodowania SAKO. Podręcznik programowania maszyny cyfrowej ZAM-41 (Barbara Jung, Kazimierz Lewandowski) - National Library in Poland
Maszyna cyfrowa ZAM-2. Budowa, programowanie, zastosowania (Konrad Fiałkowski) - http://hint.org.pl/hid=D28E8
If you have any information about SAKO not included here, any good suggestion, or something to tell or ask me, feel free to send me an e-mail.