[DevOps]: CDAT Migration: Replace setup.py with pyproject.toml for modern Python packaging

[tomvothecoder]

Description

• Closes [Feature]: Replace setup.py with pyproject.toml for modern Python packaging #890
• Adds Python 3.11 and 3.12 to GH Actions build workflow matrix
• Update pre-commit config default_stages using pre-commit migrate-config

Checklist

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• My changes generate no new warnings
• Any dependent changes have been merged and published in downstream modules

If applicable:

• New and existing unit tests pass with my changes (locally and CI/CD build)
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• I have noted that this is a breaking change for a major release (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)

[xylar]

@tomvothecoder, most of my comments are really more to do with choices being made in e3sm_diags generally, since I don't look it over that often. Those might be better addressed in separate PRs.

The main ones that are relevant for now are potentially removing wheel and adding matplotlib.

[xylar]

Looks good to me.