Allow caching from built artifact on local Docker build

[artemkoru]

Fixes #6809

It's the same as PR, now for local Docker builder.

Description
Cause Docker cacheFrom references to the artifact image (which is untagged) to be replaced with the tagged image (possibly affected by the default-repo).

For example:

build:
  artifacts:
  - image: skaffold-example
    docker:
      cacheFrom:
      - skaffold-example
      - gcr.io/k8s-skaffold/skaffold-example:latest # used if the tagged image is not found

Allow disabling by setting SKAFFOLD_DISABLE_DOCKER_CACHE_ADJUSTMENT in the environment.

Note: Docker image caching is a bit complex, and this StackOverflow answer provides helpful details.

User facing changes (remove if N/A)

• Local Docker builds can cache from the previous build by including the artifact image in the cacheFrom.

cc: @briandealwis

[artemkoru]

I have just signed the Contributor License Agreement. Pls rerun the CLA check.

[briandealwis]

Thanks!

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #6904 (c50294b) into main (290280e) will decrease coverage by 1.41%.
The diff coverage is 61.83%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #6904      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   70.48%   69.07%   -1.42%     
==========================================
  Files         515      547      +32     
  Lines       23150    25096    +1946     
==========================================
+ Hits        16317    17334    +1017     
- Misses       5776     6588     +812     
- Partials     1057     1174     +117     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/deploy.go	52.00% <ø> (-1.85%)	⬇️
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/dev.go	84.61% <0.00%> (ø)
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/flags.go	91.00% <0.00%> (+0.18%)	⬆️
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/render.go	36.66% <0.00%> (-4.72%)	⬇️
cmd/skaffold/skaffold.go	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/inspect_tests.go	62.50% <14.28%> (-1.14%)	⬇️
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/fix.go	68.85% <40.00%> (-7.62%)	⬇️
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/lint.go	42.85% <42.85%> (ø)
cmd/skaffold/app/cmd/find_configs.go	48.88% <50.00%> (+0.24%)	⬆️
cmd/skaffold/app/skaffold.go	76.19% <70.00%> (-8.43%)	⬇️
... and 164 more

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