Each netdata node runs an independent thread evaluating health monitoring checks. This thread has lock free access to the database, so that it can operate as a watchdog.
Health checks (alarms) are attached to netdata charts, allowing netdata to automatically activate an alarm as soon as a chart is created. This is very important for netdata, since many charts are dynamically created during runtime (for example, the chart tracking network interface packet drops, is automatically created on the first packet dropped).
Netdata also supports alarm templates, so that an alarm can be attached to all the charts of the same context (i.e. all network interfaces, or all disks, or all mysql servers, etc.).
Each alarm can execute a single query to the database using statistical algorithms against past data, but alarms can be combined. So, if you need 2 queries in the database, you can combine 2 alarms together (both will run a query to the database, and the results can be combined).
Each alarm has unlimited access to all the metrics collected. So, a single alarm can use expressions combining the latest value of any number of metrics.
Stock netdata health configuration is in /usr/lib/netdata/conf.d/health.d.
These files can be overwritten by copying them and editing them in /etc/netdata/health.d
(run /etc/netdata/edit-config to edit them).
In /etc/netdata/health.d you can also put any number of files (in any number of sub-directories)
with a suffix .conf to have them processed by netdata.
Health configuration can be reloaded at any time, without restarting netdata. Just send netdata the SIGUSR2 signal, like this:
killall -USR2 netdataThere are 2 entities:
-
alarms, which are attached to specific charts, and
-
templates, which define rules that should be applied to all charts having a specific
context. You can use this feature to apply alarms to all disks, all network interfaces, all mysql databases, all nginx web servers, etc.
Both of these entities have exactly the same format and feature set.
The only difference is the label alarm or template.
Netdata supports overriding templates with alarms. For example, when a template is defined for a set of charts, an alarm with exactly the same name attached to the same chart the template matches, will have higher precedence (i.e. netdata will use the alarm on this chart and prevent the template from being applied to it).
The following lines are parsed.
This line starts an alarm or alarm template.
alarm: NAME
or
template: NAME
This line has to be first on each alarm or template.
NAME is anything you would like to name it (the only symbols allowed are . and _).
This line defines the data the alarm should be attached to.
For alarms:
on: CHART
For CHART you can use a chart id or name of the chart, as shown on the dashboard.
For alarm templates:
on: CONTEXT
CONTEXT is the template of a chart. For example the charts mysql_local.net and
mysql_server2.net have the same context: mysql.net. So, you can use this to apply
alarms to all mysql.net charts.
To find the CONTEXT of a chart hover over its date, above the legend. A tooltip will
appear with this format plugin:nodule, context. For example, the bandwidth chart of
a network interface says:
proc:/proc/dev/dev, net.net
So, plugin = proc, module = /proc/net/dev and context = net.net.
This alarm or template will be used only if the O/S of the host loading it, matches this
pattern list. The value is a space separated list of simple patterns (use * as wildcard,
prefix with ! for a negative match, order is important).
os: linux freebsd macos
This alarm or template will be used only if the hostname of the host loading it, matches
this pattern list. The value is a space separated list of simple patterns (use * as wildcard,
prefix with ! for a negative match, order is important).
hosts: server1 server2 database* !redis3 redis*
The above says: use this alarm on all hosts named server1, server2, database*, and
all redis* except redis3.
This is useful when you centralize metrics from multiple hosts, to one netdata.
This line is only used in alarm templates. It filters the charts. So, if you need to create an alarm template for a few of a kind of chart (a few of your disks, or a few of your network interfaces, or a few your mysql servers, etc), you can create an alarm template that would normally be applied to all of them, and filter them by family.
The format is:
families: SIMPLE PATTERN LIST
The simple pattern syntax and operation is explained in simple patterns.
This line makes a database lookup to find a value. This result of this lookup is available as $this.
The format is:
lookup: METHOD AFTER [at BEFORE] [every DURATION] [OPTIONS] [of DIMENSIONS]
Everything is the same with badges. In short:
-
METHODis one ofaverage,min,max,sum,incremental-sum. This is required. -
AFTERis a relative number of seconds, but it also accepts a single letter for changing the units, like-1s= 1 second in the past,-1m= 1 minute in the past,-1h= 1 hour in the past,-1d= 1 day in the past. You need a negative number (i.e. how far in the past to look for the value). This is required. -
at BEFOREis by default 0 and is not required. Using this you can define the end of the lookup. So data will be evaluated betweenAFTERandBEFORE. -
every DURATIONsets the updated frequency of the lookup (supports single letter units as above too). -
OPTIONSis a space separated list ofpercentage,absolute,min2max,unaligned,match-ids,match-names. Check the badges documentation for more info. -
of DIMENSIONSis optional and has to be the last parameter. Dimensions have to be separated by,or|. The space characters found in dimensions will be kept as-is (a few dimensions have spaces in their names). This accepts netdata simple patterns and thematch-idsandmatch-namesoptions affect the searches for dimensions.
The result of the lookup will be available as $this and $NAME in expressions.
The timestamps of the timeframe evaluated by the database lookup is available as variables
$after and $before (both are unix timestamps).
This expression is evaluated just after the lookup (if any). Its purpose is to apply some
calculation before using the value looked up from the db.
You can also have an expression without a lookup, using other variables that are available.
The result of the calculation will be available as $this in warning and critical expressions
(overwriting the lookup one).
Format:
calc: EXPRESSION
Check Expressions for more information.
Sets the update frequency of this alarm. This is the same to the every DURATION given
in the lookup lines.
Format:
every: DURATION
DURATION accepts s for seconds, m is minutes, h for hours, d for days.
Set the green and red thresholds of a chart. Both are available as $green and $red in
expressions. If multiple alarms define different thresholds, the ones defined by the first
alarm will be used. These will eventually visualized on the dashboard, so only one set of
them is allowed. If you need multiple sets of them in different alarms, use absolute numbers
instead of $red and $green.
Format:
green: NUMBER
red: NUMBER
These expressions should evaluate to true or false (alternatively non-zero or zero). They trigger the alarm. Both are optional.
Format:
warn: EXPRESSION
crit: EXPRESSION
Check Expressions for more information.
This will be the first parameter of the script to be executed when the alarm switches status.
Its meaning is left up to the exec script.
The default exec script, alarm-notify.sh, uses this field as a space separated list of roles,
which are then consulted to find the exact recipients per notification method.
Format:
to: ROLE1 ROLE2 ROLE3 ...
The script that will be executed when the alarm changes status.
Format:
exec: SCRIPT
The default SCRIPT is netdata's alarm-notify.sh, which supports all the notifications
methods netdata supports, including custom hooks.
This is used to provide optional hysteresis settings for the notifications, to defend
against notification floods. These settings do not affect the actual alarm - only the time
the exec script is executed.
Format:
delay: [[[up U] [down D] multiplier M] max X]
-
up Udefines the delay to be applied to a notification for an alarm that raised its status (i.e. CLEAR to WARNING, CLEAR to CRITICAL, WARNING to CRITICAL). For example,up 10s, the notification for this event will be sent 10 seconds after the actual event. This is used in hope the alarm will get back to its previous state within the duration given. The defaultUis zero. -
down Ddefines the delay to be applied to a notification for an alarm that moves to lower state (i.e. CRITICAL to WARNING, CRITICAL to CLEAR, WARNING to CLEAR). For example,down 1mwill delay the notification by 1 minute. This is used to prevent notifications for flapping alarms. The defaultDis zero. -
mutliplier MmultipliesUandDwhen an alarm changes state, while a notification is delayed. The default multiplier is1.0. -
max Xdefines the maximum absolute notification delay an alarm may get. The defaultXismax(U * M, D * M)(i.e. the max duration ofUorDmultiplied once withM).Example:
delay: up 10s down 15m multiplier 2 max 1hThe time is
00:00:00and the status of the alarm is CLEAR.time of event new status delay notification will be sent why 00:00:01 WARNING up 10s00:00:11 first state switch 00:00:05 CLEAR down 15m x200:30:05 the alarm changes state while a notification is delayed, so it was multiplied 00:00:06 WARNING up 10s x2 x200:00:26 multiplied twice 00:00:07 CLEAR down 15m x2 x2 x200:45:07 multiplied 3 times. So:
UandDare multiplied byMevery time the alarm changes state (any state, not just their matching one) and a delay is in place.- All are reset to their defaults when the alarm switches state without a delay in place.
Defines the interval between repeating notifications for the alarms in CRITICAL or WARNING mode. This will override the default interval settings inherited from health settings in netdata.conf. The default settings for repeating notifications are default repeat warning = DURATION and default repeat critical = DURATION which can be found in health stock configuration.
Format:
repeat: [off] [warning DURATION] [critical DURATION]
off: Turns off the repeating feature for the current alarm. This is effective when the default repeat settings has been enabled in health configuration.warning DURATION: Defines the interval when the alarm is in WARNING state. Use0sto turn off the repeating notification for WARNING mode.critical DURATION: Defines the interval when the alarm is in CRITICAL state. Use0sto turn off the repeating notification for CRITICAL mode.
The only possible value for the option line is
option: no-clear-notification
For some alarms we need compare two time-frames, to detect anomalies. For example, health.d/httpcheck.conf has an alarm template called web_service_slow that compares the average http call response time over the last 3 minutes, compared to the average over the last hour. It triggers a warning alarm when the average of the last 3 minutes is twice the average of the last hour. In such cases, it is easy to trigger the alarm, but difficult to tell when the alarm is cleared. As time passes, the newest window moves into the older, so the average response time of the last hour will keep increasing. Eventually, the comparison will find the averages in the two time-frames close enough to clear the alarm. However, the issue was not resolved, it's just a matter of the newer data "polluting" the old. For such alarms, it's a good idea to tell Netdata to not clear the notification, by using the no-clear-notification option.
netdata has an internal infix expression parser. This parses expressions and creates an internal structure that allows fast execution of them.
These operators are supported +, -, *, /, <, <=, <>, !=, >, >=, &&, ||,
!, AND, OR, NOT. Boolean operators result in either 1 (true) or 0 (false).
The conditional evaluation operator ? is supported too. Using this operator IF-THEN-ELSE
conditional statements can be specified. The format is: (condition) ? (true expression) : (false expression). So, netdata will first evaluate the condition and based on the result
will either evaluate true expression or false expression.
Example: ($this > 0) ? ($avail * 2) : ($used / 2).
Nested such expressions are also supported (i.e. true expression and false expression can
contain conditional evaluations).
Expressions also support the abs() function.
Expressions can have variables. Variables start with $. Check below for more information.
There are two special values you can use:
-
nan, for example$this != nanwill check if the variablethisis available. A variable can benanif the database lookup failed. All calculations (i.e. addition, multiplication, etc) with ananresult in anan. -
inf, for example$this != infwill check ifthisis not infinite. A value or variable can be infinite if divided by zero. All calculations (i.e. addition, multiplication, etc) with ainfresult in ainf.
A common (but not necessarily obvious) use of the conditional evaluation operator is to provide hysteresis around the critical or warning thresholds. This usage helps to avoid bogus messages resulting from small variations in the value when it is varying regularly but staying close to the threshold value, without needing to delay sending messages at all.
An example of such usage from the default CPU usage alarms bundled with netdata is:
warn: $this > (($status >= $WARNING) ? (75) : (85))
crit: $this > (($status == $CRITICAL) ? (85) : (95))
The above say:
-
If the alarm is currently a warning, then the threshold for being considered a warning is 75, otherwise it's 85.
-
If the alarm is currently critical, then the threshold for being considered critical is 85, otherwise it's 95.
Which in turn, results in the following behavior:
-
While the value is rising, it will trigger a warning when it exceeds 85, and a critical alert when it exceeds 95.
-
While the value is falling, it will return to a warning state when it goes below 85, and a normal state when it goes below 75.
-
If the value is constantly varying between 80 and 90, then it will trigger a warning the first time it goes above 85, but will remain a warning until it goes below 75 (or goes above 85).
-
If the value is constantly varying between 90 and 100, then it will trigger a critical alert the first time it goes above 95, but will remain a critical alert goes below 85 (at which point it will return to being a warning).
You can find all the variables that can be used for a given chart, using
http://your.netdata.ip:19999/api/v1/alarm_variables?chart=CHART_NAME
Example: variables for the system.cpu chart of the registry.
Hint: If you don't know how to find the CHART_NAME, you can read about it here.
Netdata supports 3 internal indexes for variables that will be used in health monitoring.
The variables below can be used in both chart alarms and context templates.
Although the `alarm_variables` link shows you variables for a particular chart, the same variables can also be used in templates for charts belonging to the same [context](../docs/Charts.md#contexts). The reason is that all charts of a given contexts are essentially identical, with the only difference being the [family](../docs/Charts.md#families) that identifies a particular hardware or software instance. Charts and templates do not apply to specific families anyway, unless if you explicitly limit an alarm with the [alarm line `families`](#alarm-line-families).-
chart local variables. All the dimensions of the chart are exposed as local variables. The value of $this for the other configured alarms of the chart also appears, under the name of each configured alarm.
Charts also define a few special variables:
$last_collected_tis the unix timestamp of the last data collection$collected_total_rawis the sum of all the dimensions (their last collected values)$update_everyis the update frequency of the chart$greenand$redthe threshold defined in alarms (these are per chart - the charts inherits them from the the first alarm that defined them)
Chart dimensions define their last calculated (i.e. interpolated) value, exactly as shown on the charts, but also a variable with their name and suffix
_rawthat resolves to the last collected value - as collected and another with suffix_last_collected_tthat resolves to unix timestamp the dimension was last collected (there may be dimensions that fail to be collected while others continue normally). -
family variables. Families are used to group charts together. For example all
eth0charts, havefamily = eth0. This index includes all local variables, but if there are overlapping variables, only the first are exposed. -
host variables. All the dimensions of all charts, including all alarms, in fullname. Fullname is
CHART.VARIABLE, whereCHARTis either the chart id or the chart name (both are supported). -
special variables* are:
-
$this, which is resolved to the value of the current alarm. -
$status, which is resolved to the current status of the alarm (the current = the last status, i.e. before the current database lookup and the evaluation of thecalcline). This values can be compared with$REMOVED,$UNINITIALIZED,$UNDEFINED,$CLEAR,$WARNING,$CRITICAL. These values are incremental, ie.$status > $CLEARworks as expected. -
$now, which is resolved to current unix timestamp.
-
Alarms can have the following statuses:
-
REMOVED- the alarm has been deleted (this happens when a SIGUSR2 is sent to netdata to reload health configuration) -
UNINITIALIZED- the alarm is not initialized yet -
UNDEFINED- the alarm failed to be calculated (i.e. the database lookup failed, a division by zero occurred, etc) -
CLEAR- the alarm is not armed / raised (i.e. is OK) -
WARNING- the warning expression resulted in true or non-zero -
CRITICAL- the critical expression resulted in true or non-zero
The external script will be called for all status changes.
Check the health/health.d/ directory for all alarms shipped with netdata.
Here are a few examples:
A simple check if an apache server is alive:
template: apache_last_collected_secs
on: apache.requests
calc: $now - $last_collected_t
every: 10s
warn: $this > ( 5 * $update_every)
crit: $this > (10 * $update_every)
The above checks that netdata is able to collect data from apache. In detail:
template: apache_last_collected_secs
The above defines a template named apache_last_collected_secs.
The name is important since $apache_last_collected_secs resolves to the calc line.
So, try to give something descriptive.
on: apache.requests
The above applies the template to all charts that have context = apache.requests
(i.e. all your apache servers).
calc: $now - $last_collected_t
-
$nowis a standard variable that resolves to the current timestamp. -
$last_collected_tis the last data collection timestamp of the chart. So this calculation gives the number of seconds passed since the last data collection.
every: 10s
The alarm will be evaluated every 10 seconds.
warn: $this > ( 5 * $update_every)
crit: $this > (10 * $update_every)
If these result in non-zero or true, they trigger the alarm.
$thisrefers to the value of this alarm (i.e. the result of thecalcline. We could also use$apache_last_collected_secs.
$update_every is the update frequency of the chart, in seconds.
So, the warning condition checks if we have not collected data from apache for 5 iterations and the critical condition checks for 10 iterations.
Check if any of the disks is critically low on disk space:
template: disk_full_percent
on: disk.space
calc: $used * 100 / ($avail + $used)
every: 1m
warn: $this > 80
crit: $this > 95
repeat: warning 120s critical 10s
$used and $avail are the used and avail chart dimensions as shown on the dashboard.
So, the calc line finds the percentage of used space. $this resolves to this percentage.
This is a repeating alarm and if the alarm becomes CRITICAL it repeats the notifications every 10 seconds. It also repeats notifications every 2 minutes if the alarm goes into WARNING mode.
Predict if any disk will run out of space in the near future.
We do this in 2 steps:
Calculate the disk fill rate:
template: disk_fill_rate
on: disk.space
lookup: max -1s at -30m unaligned of avail
calc: ($this - $avail) / (30 * 60)
every: 15s
In the calc line: $this is the result of the lookup line (i.e. the free space 30 minutes
ago) and $avail is the current disk free space. So the calc line will either have a positive
number of GB/second if the disk if filling up, or a negative number of GB/second if the disk is
freeing up space.
There is no warn or crit lines here. So, this template will just do the calculation and
nothing more.
Predict the hours after which the disk will run out of space:
template: disk_full_after_hours
on: disk.space
calc: $avail / $disk_fill_rate / 3600
every: 10s
warn: $this > 0 and $this < 48
crit: $this > 0 and $this < 24
The calc line estimates the time in hours, we will run out of disk space. Of course, only
positive values are interesting for this check, so the warning and critical conditions check
for positive values and that we have enough free space for 48 and 24 hours respectively.
Once this alarm triggers we will receive an email like this:
Check if any network interface is dropping packets:
template: 30min_packet_drops
on: net.drops
lookup: sum -30m unaligned absolute
every: 10s
crit: $this > 0
The lookup line will calculate the sum of the all dropped packets in the last 30 minutes.
The crit line will issue a critical alarm if even a single packet has been dropped.
Note that the drops chart does not exist if a network interface has never dropped a single packet. When netdata detects a dropped packet, it will add the chart and it will automatically attach this alarm to it.
You can compile netdata with debugging and then set in netdata.conf:
[global]
debug flags = 0x0000000000800000
Then check your /var/log/netdata/debug.log. It will show you how it works.
Important: this will generate a lot of output in debug.log.
You can find the context of charts by looking up the chart in either
http://your.netdata:19999/netdata.conf or http://your.netdata:19999/api/v1/charts.
You can find how netdata interpreted the expressions by examining the alarm at http://your.netdata:19999/api/v1/alarms?all. For each expression, netdata will return the expression as given in its config file, and the same expression with additional parentheses added to indicate the evaluation flow of the expression.
The health checks can be controlled at runtime via the health management api.