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DragonFFI

DragonFFI is a C Foreign Function Interface (FFI) library written in C++ and based on Clang/LLVM. It allows any language to call C functions throught the provided APIs and bindings.

Feel free to join the Gitter chat for any questions/remarks!

For now, only python bindings and a C++ API are provided.

Please note that this project is still in alpha stage. Documentation is far from complete and, although many efforts have been put into it, its APIs aren't considered stable yet!

Supported OSes/architectures, with Python wheels precompiled and uploaded to PyPI:

• Linux i386/x64, with bindings for Python 3
• Linux/AArch64. with bindings for Python 3
• OSX x64, with bindings for Python 3
• Windows x64, with bindings for Python 3

Why another FFI?

libffi is a famous library that provides FFI for the C language. cffi are python bindings around this library that also uses pycparser to be able to easily declare interfaces and types.

libffi has the issue that it doesn't support recent calling conventions (for instance the MS x64 ABI under Linux x64 OSes), and every ABI has to be hand written in assembly. Moreover, ABIs can become really complex (especially for instance when structure are passed/returned by values).

cffi has the disadvantage of using a C parser that does not support includes and some function attributes. Thus, using a C library usually means adapting by hand the library's headers, which isn't always easily maintainable.

DragonFFI is based on Clang/LLVM, and thanks to that is able to get around these issues:

• it uses Clang to parse header files, allowing direct usage of a C library headers without adaptation
• Clang and LLVM allows on-the-fly compilation of C functions
• support as many calling conventions and function attributes as Clang/LLVM do

Moreover, in theory, thanks to the LLVM jitter, it would be possible for every language bindings to JIT the glue code needed for every function interface, so that the cost of going from on a language to another could be as small as possible. This is not yet implemented but an idea for future versions!

Installation

Python wheels are provided for Linux. Simply use pip to install the pydffi package:

$ pip install pydffi

Compilation from source

LLVM 13 compilation

If your system already provides LLVM development package (e.g. on Debian-based system), you might be able to use them directly. Otherwise, you can compile Clang/LLVM from sources like this:

$ cd /path/to/llvm
$ wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-13.0.0/llvm-13.0.0.src.tar.xz
$ wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-13.0.0/clang-13.0.0.src.tar.xz
$ tar xf llvm-13.0.0.src.tar.xz && tar xf clang-13.0.0.src.tar.xz
$ ln -s $PWD/clang-13.0.0.src llvm-13.0.0.src/tools/clang
$ cd llvm-13.0.0.src && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -G "Ninja" \
    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=release -DLLVM_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF \
    -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF -DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS=ON \
    -DLLVM_ENABLE_BINDINGS=OFF -DLLVM_ENABLE_THREADS=OFF \
    -DLLVM_ENABLE_TERMINFO=OFF -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBEDIT=OFF \
    -DLLVM_ENABLE_ZLIB=OFF
$ ninja -j8

LLVM development packages

Debian-based system

Debian-based system provides development packages for clang & llvm:

$ sudo apt install llvm-13-dev libclang-13-dev llvm-13-tools

The path to llvm-config can be found with which llvm-config-13, and used directly in the CMake command line below.

DragonFFI compilation

After compiling LLVM, DragonFFI can be build:

$ cd /path/to/dragonffi
$ mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. -G "Ninja" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=release -DLLVM_CONFIG=/path/to/llvm/build/bin/llvm-config
$ ninja -j8

Usage examples

Let's compile a C function that performs an addition:

import pydffi

# First, declare an FFI context
F = pydffi.FFI()

# Then, compile a module and get a compilation unit
CU = F.compile("int add(int a, int b) { return a+b; }")

# And call the function
print(int(CU.funcs.add(4, 5)))

The compile API exposes every defined functions . Declared-only functions won't be exposed. cdef can be used for this case, like in this example:

import pydffi

F = pydffi.FFI()
CU = F.cdef("#include <stdio.h>")
CU.funcs.puts("hello world!")

Structures can also be used:

import pydffi

F = pydffi.FFI()
CU = F.compile('''
#include <stdio.h>
struct A {
  int a;
  int b;
};

void print_struct(struct A a) {
  printf("%d %d\\n", a.a, a.b);
}
''')
a = CU.types.A(a=1,b=2)
CU.funcs.print_struct(a)

C++ can be compiled, and used through extern C functions:

import pydffi

FFI = pydffi.FFI(CXX=pydffi.CXXMode.Std17)
CU = FFI.compile('''
template <class T>
static T foo(T a, T b) { return a+b; }
extern "C" int foo_int(int a, int b) { return foo(a,b); }
''')
CU.funcs.foo_int(4,5)

More advanced usage examples are provided in the examples directory.

purectypes generator

DragonFFI can generate purectypes <https://github.com/aguinet/purectypes> types from any C type. The main use case for this is to be able to parse and generate C structures for a given ABI in a portable way. For instance, you could generate the purectypes <https://github.com/aguinet/purectypes> version of the DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3 <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dxgi1_6/ns-dxgi1_6-dxgi_adapter_desc3> DirectX structure, and then parse a blob of data that represents this structure under any OS.

To do such a thing, we first need to generate the purectypes-related code under Windows. Let's install the relevant packages:

> pip install purectypes pydffi

And then export our structure using this Python code:

import pydffi
import purectypes

FFI = pydffi.FFI()
CU = FFI.cdef("#include <dxgi1_6.h>")
G = purectypes.generators.pydffi()
T = G(CU.types.DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3)
open("DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3.py", "w").write(purectypes.dump(T))

We can now import this Python file from any system (for instance under Linux) and parse/generate such structures. For instance, this code will unpack a bunch of bytes:

import purectypes
from DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3 import DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3

Data = bytes.fromhex("...")
Obj = purectypes.unpack(DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3, Data)

We can for instance modify Obj and regenerate the packed structure:

Obj.SharedSystemMemory = 0
Data = purectypes.pack(DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC3, Obj)
hexdump(Data)

purectypes <https://github.com/aguinet/purectypes> is a pure Python module, and does not depend on DragonFFI per se.

Current limitations

Some C features are still not supported by dffi (but will be in future releases):

• C structures with bitfields
• functions with the noreturn attribute
• support for atomic operations

The python bindings also does not support yet:

• proper int128_t support (need support in pybind11)

Do not hesitate to report bugs!

Roadmap

See TODO

Related work

• libffi
• cffi
• Skip the FFI: Embedding Clang for C Interoperability (LLVM developer meeting 2014)

Contact

• [email protected]

Authors

• Adrien Guinet (@adriengnt)