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References and Pointers in C++ && Operator Overloading #243

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149 changes: 119 additions & 30 deletions README.md
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Expand Up @@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ We aim to:
- **Multi-language Support**: Algorithms in multiple programming languages
- **Beginner-Friendly**: Well-structured, easy-to-understand explanations
- **Open Source Contributions**: Welcoming developers at all levels to contribute
- **Community Forum**: A new interactive platform where developers can ask questions, share ideas, and collaborate in real-time. This forum will help bridge the gap between beginners and experts, allowing for deeper engagement and problem-solving.

## Website

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -89,6 +90,13 @@ We are grateful to all the contributors who have helped improve this project. Yo
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96 changes: 96 additions & 0 deletions docs/programming-fundamentals/OperatorOverloading.md
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---
id: programming-fundamentals
title: Operator Overloading
sidebar_label: Introduction to Operator Overloading
sidebar_position: 2
description: 'Operator overloading allows you to redefine the way operators work for user-defined types (classes and structs). It enables you to specify more intuitive ways to perform operations on objects of your classes.'
tags: [dsa, data-structures, Operator Overloading]
---

## 2 Operator Overloading

### Introduction

Operator overloading allows you to redefine the way operators work for user-defined types (classes and structs). It enables you to specify more intuitive ways to perform operations on objects of your classes.

Overloading an operator does not change:
- the operator precedence,
- the associativity of the operator,
- the arity of the operator, or
- the meaning of how the operator works on objects of
built-in types.

### Syntax
An overloaded operator is implemented as a special member function with the keyword `operator` followed by the symbol of the operator being overloaded.

```cpp
class ClassName {
public:
ReturnType operatorOpSymbol (ParameterList) {
// Function body
}
};
```
### Example
```cpp
class Complex {
public:
double real, imag;
Complex(double r = 0, double i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}
// Overload the + operator
Complex operator+ (Complex& obj) {
return Complex(real + obj.real, imag + obj.imag);
}
};
```

### Types of Operators that Can Be Overloaded

- Arithmetic operators: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`
- Relational operators: `==`, `!=`, `<`, `>`, `<=`, `>=`
- Logical operators: `&&`, `||`, `!`
- Bitwise operators: `&`, `|`, `^`, `~`, `<<`, `>>`
- Increment and decrement operators: `++`, `--`
- Assignment operators: `=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=`
- Subscript operator: `[]`
- Function call operator: `()`
- Member access operators: `->`, `.` (only for pointers to members)
- Input and output operators: `>>`, `<<`

Operators that **cannot** be overloaded include: `::`, `.*`, `.`, `? :`, `sizeof`

### Example:
```cpp
#include <iostream>

class Complex {
public:
double real, imag;

Complex(double r = 0, double i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}

// Overload the == operator
bool operator== (const Complex& obj) const {
return (real == obj.real && imag == obj.imag);
}
};

int main() {
Complex c1(3.0, 4.0), c2(3.0, 4.0);
if (c1 == c2) {
std::cout << "c1 and c2 are equal" << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "c1 and c2 are not equal" << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
```

### Operator Overloading Rules

When overloading operators, there are several rules to keep in mind:

1. **Preserve the Operator's Original Meaning**: The overloaded operator should make sense in the context of the operation it performs.
2. **Return Types**: The return type should be appropriate for the operation. For example, `operator+` should return a new object, while `operator+=` should return a reference to `*this`.
3. **Symmetry**: Ensure symmetric behavior where applicable. For example, `a == b` should return the same result as `b == a`.
4. **Do Not Overload Operators Irrelevantly**: Only overload operators that make sense for your class. For example, overloading the arithmetic operators for a class that represents a complex number makes sense, but overloading them for a class that represents a database connection does not.
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