Fixes strings being interpolated multiple times

Similarly to ruby-i18n#599, I've observed issues issues where untrusted user input
that includes interpolation patterns gets unintentionally interpolated
and leads to bogus `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` exceptions.

This happens when multiple lookups are required for a key to be resolved,
which is common when resolving defaults, or resolving a key that itself
resolves to a Symbol.

As an example let's consider these translations, common for Rails apps:

```yaml
en:
  activerecord:
    errors:
      messages:
        taken: "%{value} has already been taken"
```

If the `value` given to interpolate ends up containing interpolation characters,
and Rails specifies default keys (as [described here](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html#error-message-scopes)), resolving
those defaults will cause a `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` to be raised:

```rb
I18n.t('activerecord.errors.models.organization.attributes.name.taken',
  value: '%{dont_interpolate_me}',
  default: [
    :"activerecord.errors.models.organization.taken",
    :"activerecord.errors.messages.taken"
  ]
)

```

Instead of this, we'd expect the translation to resolve to:

```
%{dont_interpolate_me} has already been taken
```

This behaviour is caused by the way that recursive lookups work: whenever a
key can't be resolved to a string directly, the `I18n.translate`
method is called either to walk through the defaults specified, or if a Symbol
is matched, to try to resolve that symbol.

This results in interpolation being executed twice for recursive
lookups... once on the pass that finally resolves to a string, and again
on the original call to `I18n.translate`.

A "proper" fix here would likely revolve around decoupling key resolution
from interpolation... it feels odd to me that the `resolve_entry` method calls
`I18n.translate`... however I see this as a fundamental change beyond
the scope of this fix.

Instead I'm proposing to add a new reserved key `skip_interpolation`
that gets passed down into every recursive call of `I18n.translate` and
instructs the method to skip interpolation.

This ensures that only the initial `I18n.translate` call is the one that
gets its string interpolated.

lib/i18n.rb

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ module I18n
   RESERVED_KEYS = %i[
     cascade
     deep_interpolation
+    skip_interpolation
     default
     exception_handler
     fallback

lib/i18n/backend/base.rb

@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ def translate(locale, key, options = EMPTY_HASH)
         end
 
         deep_interpolation = options[:deep_interpolation]
+        skip_interpolation = options[:skip_interpolation]
         values = Utils.except(options, *RESERVED_KEYS) unless options.empty?
-        if values && !values.empty?
+        if !skip_interpolation && values && !values.empty?
           entry = if deep_interpolation
             deep_interpolate(locale, entry, values)
           else
@@ -151,7 +152,14 @@ def resolve(locale, object, subject, options = EMPTY_HASH)
           result = catch(:exception) do
             case subject
             when Symbol
-              I18n.translate(subject, **options.merge(:locale => locale, :throw => true))
+              I18n.translate(
+                subject,
+                **options.merge(
+                  :locale => locale,
+                  :throw => true,
+                  :skip_interpolation => true
+                )
+              )
             when Proc
               date_or_time = options.delete(:object) || object
               resolve(locale, object, subject.call(date_or_time, **options))

lib/i18n/backend/fallbacks.rb

@@ -71,7 +71,11 @@ def resolve_entry(locale, object, subject, options = EMPTY_HASH)
 
           case subject
           when Symbol
-            I18n.translate(subject, **options.merge(:locale => options[:fallback_original_locale], :throw => true))
+            I18n.translate(subject, **options.merge(
+              :locale => options[:fallback_original_locale],
+              :throw => true,
+              :skip_interpolation => true
+            ))
           when Proc
             date_or_time = options.delete(:object) || object
             resolve_entry(options[:fallback_original_locale], object, subject.call(date_or_time, **options))

lib/i18n/tests/defaults.rb

@@ -47,6 +47,13 @@ def setup
         I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, { :foo => { :bar => 'bar' } }, { :separator => '|' })
         assert_equal 'bar', I18n.t(nil, :default => :'foo|bar', :separator => '|')
       end
+
+      # Addresses issue: #599
+      test "defaults: only interpolates once when resolving defaults" do
+        I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, :greeting => 'hey %{name}')
+        assert_equal 'hey %{dont_interpolate_me}',
+          I18n.t(:does_not_exist, :name => '%{dont_interpolate_me}', default: [:greeting])
+      end
     end
   end
 end

lib/i18n/tests/lookup.rb

@@ -76,6 +76,12 @@ def setup
       test "lookup: a resulting Hash is not frozen" do
         assert !I18n.t(:hash).frozen?
       end
+
+      # Addresses issue: #599
+      test "lookup: only interpolates once when resolving symbols" do
+        I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, foo: :bar, bar: '%{value}')
+        assert_equal '%{dont_interpolate_me}', I18n.t(:foo, value: '%{dont_interpolate_me}')
+      end
     end
   end
 end

lib/i18n/tests/procs.rb

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ def self.filter_args(*args)
           if arg.is_a?(Hash)
             arg.delete(:fallback_in_progress)
             arg.delete(:fallback_original_locale)
+            arg.delete(:skip_interpolation)
           end
           arg
         end.inspect