sqlakeyset: offset-free paging for sqlalchemy

sqlakeyset implements keyset-based paging for SQLAlchemy (both ORM and core). Now with full SQLAlchemy 2 support and type hints!

This library is tested with PostgreSQL, MariaDB/MySQL and SQLite. It should work with many other SQLAlchemy-supported databases, too; but caveat emptor - you should verify the results are correct.

Notice: In accordance with Python end-of-life dates, we've stopped supporting Python versions earlier than 3.7. If you really need it, the latest version to support Python 2 is 0.1.1559103842 and Python 3.4 is 1.0.1679209451, but you'll miss out on all the latest features and bugfixes from the latest version. You should be upgrading anyway!

Background

A lot of people use SQL's OFFSET syntax to implement paging of query results. The trouble with that is, the more pages you get through, the slower your query gets. Also, if the results you're paging through change frequently, it's possible to skip over or repeat results between pages. Keyset paging avoids these problems: Selecting even the millionth page is as fast as selecting the first.

Getting Started

Here's how it works with a typical SQLAlchemy 2.0-style query (or SQLAlchemy 1.3 Core):

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, select
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
from sqlakeyset import select_page

from models import Book

engine = create_engine('postgresql:///books')
with Session(engine) as s:
    q = select(Book).order_by(Book.author, Book.title, Book.id)

    # gets the first page
    page1 = select_page(s, q, per_page=20)

    # gets the key for the next page
    next_page = page1.paging.next

    # gets the second page
    page2 = select_page(s, q, per_page=20, page=next_page)

    # returning to the first page, getting the key
    previous_page = page2.paging.previous

    # the first page again, backwards from the previous page
    page1 = select_page(s, q, per_page=20, page=previous_page)

    # what if new items were added at the start?
    if page1.paging.has_previous:

        # go back even further
        previous_page = page1.paging.previous
        page1 = select_page(s, q, per_page=20, page=previous_page)

If you're still using legacy (i.e. SQLAlchemy 1.3-style) ORM queries, you can use get_page instead, which has an identical API other than the omission of the session/connection argument:

from sqlakeyset import get_page
with Session(engine) as s:
    q = s.query(Book).order_by(Book.author, Book.title, Book.id)
    page1 = get_page(q, per_page=20)
    # ...

We also support asyncio, and the API is near-identical - just import from sqlakeyset.asyncio and pass an AsyncSession:

from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, create_async_engine
from sqlakeyset.asyncio import select_page
engine = create_async_engine('postgresql:///books')
async with AsyncSession(engine) as s:
    q = select(Book).order_by(Book.author, Book.title, Book.id)
    page1 = await select_page(s, q, per_page=20)
    # ...

Under the Hood

sqlakeyset does the following to your query in order to get the paged contents:

• adds a where clause, to get only rows after the specified row key.
• if getting the previous page, reverses the order by direction in order the get the rows before the specified bookmark.
• adds a limit clause, to fetch only enough items to fill the page, plus one additional (this additional row is used only to test for the existence of further pages after the current one, and is discarded from the results).
• returns the page contents as an ordinary list that has an attached .paging attribute with the paging information for this and related pages.

Page objects

Paged items/rows are returned in a Page object, which is a vanilla python list extended by an attached Paging object containing paging information.

Properties such as next and previous return a pair containing the ordering key for the row, and a boolean to specify if the direction is forwards or backwards. We refer to such a pair (keyset, backwards) as a marker.

In our above example, the marker specifying the second page might look like:

('Joseph Heller', 'Catch 22', 123), False

The False means the query will fetch the page after the row containing Catch 22. This tuple contains two elements, title and id, to match the order by clause of the query.

The page before this row would be specified as:

('Joseph Heller', 'Catch 22', 123), True

The first and last pages are fetched with None instead of a tuple, so for the first page (this is also the default if the page parameter is not specified):

None, False

And the last page:

None, True

Keyset Serialization

You will probably want to turn these markers into strings for passing around. sqlakeyset includes code to do this, and calls the resulting strings bookmarks. To get a serialized bookmark, just add bookmark_ to the name of the property that holds the keyset you want.

Most commonly you'll want next and previous, so:

>>> page.paging.bookmark_previous
<i:1~i:2015~s:Bad Blood~i:34
>>> page.paging.bookmark_next
>i:1~i:2014~s:Shake It Off~i:31

sqlakeyset uses the python csv row serializer to serialize the bookmark values (using ~ instead of a , as the separator). Direction is indicated by > (forwards/next), or < (backwards/previous) at the start of the string.

Limitations

• Golden Rule: Always ensure your keysets are unique per row. If you violate this condition you risk skipped rows and other nasty problems. The simplest way to do this is to always include your primary key column(s) at the end of your ordering columns.
• Any rows containing null values in their keysets will be omitted from the results, so your ordering columns should be NOT NULL. (This is a consequence of the fact that comparisons against NULL are always false in SQL.) This may change in the future if we work out an alternative implementation; but for now we recommend using coalesce as a workaround if you need to sort by nullable columns:

from sqlalchemy import func
with Session(engine) as s:
    # If Book.cost can be NULL:
    q = select(Book).order_by(func.coalesce(Book.cost, 0), Book.id)
    # Assuming cost is non-negative, page1 will start with books where cost is null:
    page1 = select_page(s, q, per_page=20)

• If you're using the in-built keyset serialization, this only handles basic data/column types so far (strings, ints, floats, datetimes, dates, booleans, and a few others). The serialization can be extended to serialize more advanced types as necessary (documentation on this is forthcoming).

Documentation

Other than this README, there is some basic sphinx documentation, which you can build yourself with e.g. make -C doc html. Hopefully this will be available more conveniently soon - watch this space.

Installation

Assuming you have pip installed, all you need to do is install as follows:

$ pip install sqlakeyset

This will install sqlakeyset and also sqlalchemy if not already installed. Obviously you'll need the necessary database driver for your chosen database to be installed also.