Refactor OAuthDeviceCode to support non-Entra IdPs

[gregertw]

Description

1. Added support for non-Microsoft Entra identity providers:

• New oauth_discovery_url parameter for standard OAuth discovery URLs
• Disabled instance discovery and authority validation for non-Entra authorities

2. Enhanced token caching:

• Added clear_cache option to clear existing token cache
• Introduced mem_cache_only flag for in-memory-only token caching

3. Improved token refresh logic:

• Now checks for valid refresh tokens before initiating a new device code flow

4. Added new convenience methods:

• OAuthDeviceCode.default() for generic identity providers
• OAuthDeviceCode.default_for_azure_ad() for Azure AD with pre-configured settings

5. Updated error handling and user prompts for device code flow

Checklist:

• Tests added/updated.
• Documentation updated. Documentation is generated from docstrings - these must be updated according to your change.
  If a new method has been added it should be referenced in cognite.rst in order to generate docs based on its docstring.
• Changelog updated in CHANGELOG.md.
• Version bumped. If triggering a new release is desired, bump the version number in _version.py and pyproject.toml per semantic versioning.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 50.58824% with 42 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 90.18%. Comparing base (050f53a) to head (88fe60f).
Report is 1 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
cognite/client/credentials.py	50.00%	42 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1892      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.32%   90.18%   -0.14%     
==========================================
  Files         133      133              
  Lines       21131    21200      +69     
==========================================
+ Hits        19086    19119      +33     
- Misses       2045     2081      +36     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
cognite/client/_version.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
cognite/client/credentials.py	82.38% <50.00%> (-8.97%)	⬇️

[doctrino]

Tried the flow and fails with the following error

cognite.client.exceptions.CogniteAuthError: Error generating access token! Error: invalid_client, error description: AADSTS7000218: The request body must contain the following parameter: 'client_assertion' or 'client_secret'. Trace ID: f0fb6991-ed32-4acd-953f-d8f5f333fe00 Correlation ID: 7d3ffed0-ee7d-4412-ba3a-b3a0915947ad Timestamp: 2024-09-02 14:32:11

In addition, some nitpick.