refactor bucket client to pass config directly #10785

Job	Run time
CodeQL	6m 56s
build	4m 11s
lint	4m 25s
test	15m 53s
test-no-race	7m 21s
integration (requires_docker)	7m 21s
integration (integration_alertmanager)	4m 14s
integration-configs-db	2m 46s
integration (integration_backward_compatibility)	10m 55s
integration (integration_memberlist)	7m 24s
integration (integration_querier)	15m 13s
integration (integration_ruler)	5m 49s
integration (integration_query_fuzz)	4m 58s
deploy_website	0s
deploy	0s
	1h 37m 26s

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