Decentralized Finance Threat Matrix

• v3.0.2 is the latest release (v2022.06.13-302)

Changes

New attacks such as Ex Post/Ex Ante Reorg (On-Chain), Compiler not Optimizing errors (Solidity), BGP Routing Hijacking (Off-chain) and more.

Abstract

This work is inspired by attack.mitre.org. Please use attack for "normal" InfoSec/Dev/Sys security check-listing, this is meant to be specialized towards the unique issues brought about in blockchain/cryptocurrency applications (i.e. protocols).

Repository Structure

• libtx: transaction library with example transactions from hacks in a UML format

• src: Source of the latest DeFi Threat Mapping and Matrix. Provided in .mediawiki and .tsv formats.

Overview of Threat Matrix

version v3.0.2/2022.06

001	002	003	004	005
Market Attacks	Economic Attack	Off-Chain	On-Chain	Solidity
Front-Running	In Arrears liability	Price Feed	Timestamp Dependence	Integer Overflow and Underflow
Coordinated Attack	Insufficient gas griefing	Quote Stuffing	Admin Key	DoS with (Unexpected) revert
Liquidity Pocket	Token Inflation	Spoofing	Timelock	DoS with Block Gas Limit
Quote Stuffing	Circulating Supply Attack	Credential Access	Lateral Movements	Arithmetic Over/Under Flows
Wash Trading	Gas Griefing (DoS)	Reentrancy	Multi-Sig Keys	Forcibly Sending Ether to a Contract
Ramping The Market	Network Congestion (uDoS)	Privilage Esclation	Miner Cartel	Delegatecall
Cornering The Market	Liquidity Squeeze	Credential Access	Finality	Entropy Illusion
Churning	Governance Cartels	Encryption Protections	Honeypot	Short Address/Parameter Attack
Flash Loans	Interlocking Directorate	Phishing	Red Queen	Uninitialised Storage Pointers
Aggregated Transactions	Governance Attack	Unicode Exploits	Sole block synchronization	Floating Points and Numerical Precision
Bulge Bracket Transactions	Slippage Exploit	API	Transaction Pool	Right-To-Left-Override control character (U+202E)
Layering	Safety Check Exploits	DNS Attacks	Performance Fee Minting	Delegatecall to Untrusted Callee
Spoofing	Circulating Supply Dump	Transaction Pool	Front-Running	Requirement Violation
Order Book	Flash "Straddle"	Checksum Address	Sandwhiching	Shadowing State Variables
Market Index Calculation Attack	Structuring	Siphon Funds	Second System Effector	Transaction Order Dependence
Flash Crash	Stalking Horse	Influencers'	Backrunning	Assert Violation
Repo	Like Asset Price Divergance	Synthetic Mint Spread	Block Producer Cartel	Uninitialized Storage Pointer
Excessive Leverage	Reserve Asset Liquidity Manipulation	Syscall Exploit	Unlimited Permissions on Token Approval	Unprotected Ether Withdrawal
Breaking the "Buck"	Stable Reserve Asset Manipulation	Container Priv. Esclation	Naked Call	Floating Pragma
"Fake" News	Price Induced Oracle Volatility	Keyctl missuse (syscall)	Block Constructor Cartel	Outdated Compiler Version
Nested Bot	Fake Token Trading Pair	Supply Chain Dependency	MaliciousAirdrop	Function Default Visibility
Audience of Bots	Volume Manipulation by re-circulating flashloan	Compiled output destructuring const values	Oracle HALT by MultiSig	msg.sender
Arb. Exploit	Persistant de-peg instability	Browser in the Browser attack	Ex Ante Reorg	Wallet Balance
Cascading Loan Failure	Unexpected Fee on Transfer	Man in the Blotter	Ex Post Reorg	Compiler Optimizer not Optimizing
		BGP Routing	Nonstandard Proxy Implementation	Math operations differ in certain pragmas
		IP4/IP6 misconfiguration	Tyranny of the Majority	Uninitialized Contract

v2 Matrix

For Reference use only!

Protocol / Interaction Based	Blockchain Transaction Based	Non-Blockchain Sources	Blockchain Sources	SWC Registry (Solidity Exploits)
Market Attacks	Economic Attack	Off-Chain	On-Chain	Solidity
Front-Running	Front-Running	Price Feed	Timestamp Dependence	Integer Overflow and Underflow
Coordinated Attack	Insufficient gas griefing	Quote Stuffing	Admin Key	DoS with (Unexpected) revert
Liquidity Pocket	Token Inflation	Spoofing	Timelock	DoS with Block Gas Limit
Quote Stuffing	Circulating Supply Attack	Credential Access	Lateral Movements	Arithmetic Over/Under Flows
Wash Trading	Gas Griefing (DoS)	Reentrancy	Multi-Sig Keys	Forcibly Sending Ether to a Contract
Ramping The Market	Network Congestion (uDoS)	Privilege Escalation	Miner Cartel	Delegatecall
Cornering The Market	Liquidity Squeeze	Credential Access	Finality	Entropy Illusion
Churning	Smurfing	Encryption Protections		Short Address/Parameter Attack
Flash Loans		Phishing		Uninitialised Storage Pointers
Aggregated Transactions		Unicode Exploits		Floating Points and Numerical Precision
Bulge Bracket Transactions		API		Right-To-Left-Override control character (U+202E)
Layering	Blockchain Transaction Based	DNS Attacks		Delegatecall to Untrusted Callee
Spoofing	Governance Attack	Transaction Pool	Transaction Pool	Requirement Violation
Order Book	Interlocking Directorate	Checksum Address		Shadowing State Variables
Market Index Calculation Attack	Governance Cartels	Siphon Funds		Transaction Order Dependence
Flash Crash				Assert Violation
Repo	Stalking Horse	Synthetic Mint Spread	Sole block synchronization	Uninitialized Storage Pointer
Excessive Leverage		Syscall Exploit		Unprotected Ether Withdrawal
Breaking the "Buck"		Container Priv. Esclation		Floating Pragma
"Fake" News		Keyctl missuse (syscall)		Outdated Compiler Version
Nested Bot				Function Default Visibility
Audience of Bots		Influencers'
Arb. Exploit
Slippage Exploit
Safety Check Exploits
Circulating Supply Dump
Governance Cartel
Flash "Straddle"
Structuring
Back-Running

UML Diagrams of Real World Attacks

Example: Fake Trading Volume on UniswapV2

Contributions and Acknowledgements

Ali Atiia
John Mardlin
Raul Jack
samczsun
Sam Bacha
James Zaki

v1 Sheet

DeFi Sec Matrix Sheet

v2 Sheet

DeFi Sec Page

• Updates to the Sheet can be found in in the 'legend' section

License

Software Components under Mozilla Public License 2.0

CVE/SWC are licensed under their respective author's licenses.

Everything else is under CC-2.5-NC-ND. If you would like an exemption to this license pleasae contact: [email protected]